You are the Security Manager of MegaBucks Industries, Inc. You recently completed a refresher course on Contingency Planning, and, based on this course, have made an appointment with CEO to discuss this topic. You realized that MegaBucks Industries, Inc. has no plans to handle the issues you reviewed in class. How would you describe what Contingency Planning is to the CEO and what items would you suggest the company work on to handle potential issues? Solution A contingency plan is the plan which is devised for an outcome other than in the expected plan. It is utilized for risk management whenever an exceptional risk that, though unlikely, may have catastrophic effects. Contingency plans are devised by governments as well as businesses.The requirement for drawing up contingency plans flows from a full analysis of the risks that your organization faces. It\'s useful in thinking about new as well as ongoing projects: what will happen if \'Plan A\' doesn\'t work out as expected? Sometimes Plan A only means \'business as usual.\' At other times, with more advanced risk management plans, Plan A could be the first response to deal with an identified risk , and if Plan A does not work, you may utilize your contingency plan. Principles in risk assessment process: Identify the risks involved Prioritizing the risks The Risk Impact/Probability Charts enables you find this balance. With the help of these, you can analyze the impact of each risk, and also estimate a likelihood of its occurring. You can then find out which risks need the expense and the effort for risk mitigation. Business processes crucial to long-term survival.

1. You are the superintendent of a 10 MGD potable water treatment facility. It has been brought to
your attention that your source water is excessively hard. Using a combination of lime
(Ca(OH)2) and soda ash (Na2CO3) you will soften the water for use in your distribution system.
Chemical analysis of the water revealed the constituent concentrations in the table below. (a)
Complete the table below and use the results to (b) sketch a meq/L bar graph that indicates the
acid/base balance in the water prior to softening, and (c) calculate the quantity of softening
materials required on a daily basis (assume 24 hr operation).concentration mg/Lmolecular weight
in g/mol# of equivilentsequivilent weight in g/mol eqequivilent concentration
meq/Lconcentration as CaCO3CO28Ca2+40Mg2+14.7Na+13.7Alkalinity135SO4 2-29Cl-17.8
Solution
Cations
Anions
Ion
MW
Charge
Conc
Equiv.
Ion
MW
Conc
Equiv.
(mg/L)
(meq/L)
(mg/L)
(meq/L)
CO2
44
2
8.8
0.40
Ca2+
40
2

2. 40
2.00
Alk (HCO3–)
50
1
135
2.70
Mg2+
24.3
2
14.7
1.21
SO42–
96
2
29
0.60
Na+
23
1
13.7
0.60
Cl –
35.5
1
17.8
0.50
Check charge balance:
Total cations:
3.81
Total anions:
3.81
Hardness =
3.21
meq/L
160

3. mg/L as CaCO3
Strong bases =
3.81
meq/L
190
mg/L as CaCO3
Strong acids =
1.11
meq/L
55
mg/L as CaCO3
Alk =
2.70
meq/L
135
mg/L as CaCO3
Carb hardness =
2.70
meq/L
135
mg/L as CaCO3
Ca carb hardness =
2.00
meq/L
100
mg/L as CaCO3
Mg carb hardness =
0.71
meq/L
36
mg/L as CaCO3
Non-carb hardness =
0.51
meq/L
25
mg/L as CaCO3

4. Mg NCH =
0.51
meq/L
25
mg/L as CaCO3
Lime requirement:
Component
mg/L as
meq/L
Lime as
CaCO3
CaCO3
Lime for CO2
CO2
20
0.40
20
Lime for Ca CH
Ca(HCO3)2
100
2.00
100
Lime for Mg CH
Mg(HCO3)2
36
0.71
71
*
Lime for non-carb hardness
NCH
25
0.51
25
Total lime needed
Total

5. 181
3.62
216
Total lime as CaO
121
mg/L as CaO
Plus excess lime
35
mg/L as CaO
Total lime including excess
156
mg/L as CaO
Cations
Anions
Ion
MW
Charge
Conc
Equiv.
Ion
MW
Conc
Equiv.
(mg/L)
(meq/L)
(mg/L)
(meq/L)
CO2
44
2
8.8
0.40
Ca2+
40
2
40

6. 2.00
Alk (HCO3–)
50
1
135
2.70
Mg2+
24.3
2
14.7
1.21
SO42–
96
2
29
0.60
Na+
23
1
13.7
0.60
Cl –
35.5
1
17.8
0.50
Check charge balance:
Total cations:
3.81
Total anions:
3.81