Consumers’ growing interest in functional food and beverages, which promote natural ingredients, health and well-being, is spotlighting Yerba Mate in product launches worldwide.
Native to the subtropical regions of South America, Yerba Mate is naturally rich in antioxidants, caffeine and phenolic compounds, qualities that meet with the demands of consumers.
Duas Rodas Industrial, born into the largest biome of the world, has a diversified portfolio of standardized extracts, including Yerba Mate.
We prepared an exclusive material to learn more about this Green Jewel and how it can be used to make food healthier.
#YerbaMateExtract #FruitttionBotanicals #FunctionalIngredient
Let’s Protect Ayuvedic Medical Plants in Sri LankaBuddiniFernando1
This document discusses several important herbal plants found in Sri Lanka, including moringa, ginger, coriander, and bael flowers. It notes that herbal plants should be protected because they are less expensive, have fewer side effects, can be used flexibly, and are good for multiple conditions. The threats to herbal plants are habitat destruction through deforestation, overexploitation, lack of regulation, and unawareness. Some ways to protect herbal plants mentioned are cultivating them in gardens, using ayurvedic rather than western medicines, preserving them through drying or capsules, storing seeds, and genetically modifying plants. The document also lists some conserved areas in Sri Lanka that protect medicinal plants.
This document discusses medicinal plants and their prospects in Bihar, India. It provides background on the ancient use of plants for medicine dating back 60,000 years. It outlines some early civilizations and medical systems that incorporated plants, including Ayurveda. The document then focuses on Bihar's potential for growing medicinal plants due to its natural factors. It provides examples of economically important plants grown in Bihar like lemon grass, ashwagandha, and garlic. It also describes the uses of other plants like tulsi, ginger, brahmi, arjuna, and five-leaved chaste tree. Former President Abdul Kalam helped promote medicinal plant cultivation in Bihar. Finally, it
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
This document discusses breeding efforts to develop improved varieties of the medicinal plant Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). It describes the development of two promising lines, DWS 132 and DWS 135, as well as a dwarf pure line called DWS 327. A new procumbent plant type was developed called DWS-6. For the first time, a male sterile line was developed in ashwagandha. Growth studies showed active ingredients decrease with maturity. Some identified descriptors for distinctness, uniformity and stability include plant height, type, branching pattern and root branching.
This document summarizes information about the Baobab tree and its various parts used for food, medicine, and other applications. It discusses the Baobab fruit pulp, red funicles, oil, and leaves. The fruit pulp is rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Red funicles have powerful antioxidant properties. Baobab oil moisturizes skin and hair. The leaves also have nutritional and medicinal benefits. The document also interviews Martin Spaeth of Biomega e.U. who works with local partners in Senegal to sustainably harvest and process Baobab fruits while maintaining quality and providing jobs.
- Ethnobotany is the study of how indigenous communities make use of local plant species, including their traditional knowledge of the surrounding plant diversity and the relationships between societies and the plant world.
- The document provides examples of plant species from the Arabian Peninsula and their traditional medicinal and other uses by local communities, such as using extracts from various plants to treat illnesses, bruises, headaches, and more.
- It also lists some plant species used for non-medicinal purposes, such as construction materials, perfume manufacturing, firewood, and the ecological roles of mangrove species along coastal regions.
This document examines the effects of air and time on the acidity levels of various fruits. Titrimetric experiments were conducted to determine the average volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed to reach the endpoint for fruit juice samples over multiple time periods. The results showed that for most fruits, exposure to air decreased acidity levels over time, as indicated by a decreasing volume of sodium hydroxide needed. However, for pineapple the volume increased with more time, suggesting its acidity increases with ripening. For banana, acidity sharply increased with longer exposure, also relating to ripening. The document concludes that air interaction and ripening degree impact fruit acidity levels.
Let’s Protect Ayuvedic Medical Plants in Sri LankaBuddiniFernando1
This document discusses several important herbal plants found in Sri Lanka, including moringa, ginger, coriander, and bael flowers. It notes that herbal plants should be protected because they are less expensive, have fewer side effects, can be used flexibly, and are good for multiple conditions. The threats to herbal plants are habitat destruction through deforestation, overexploitation, lack of regulation, and unawareness. Some ways to protect herbal plants mentioned are cultivating them in gardens, using ayurvedic rather than western medicines, preserving them through drying or capsules, storing seeds, and genetically modifying plants. The document also lists some conserved areas in Sri Lanka that protect medicinal plants.
This document discusses medicinal plants and their prospects in Bihar, India. It provides background on the ancient use of plants for medicine dating back 60,000 years. It outlines some early civilizations and medical systems that incorporated plants, including Ayurveda. The document then focuses on Bihar's potential for growing medicinal plants due to its natural factors. It provides examples of economically important plants grown in Bihar like lemon grass, ashwagandha, and garlic. It also describes the uses of other plants like tulsi, ginger, brahmi, arjuna, and five-leaved chaste tree. Former President Abdul Kalam helped promote medicinal plant cultivation in Bihar. Finally, it
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
This document discusses breeding efforts to develop improved varieties of the medicinal plant Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). It describes the development of two promising lines, DWS 132 and DWS 135, as well as a dwarf pure line called DWS 327. A new procumbent plant type was developed called DWS-6. For the first time, a male sterile line was developed in ashwagandha. Growth studies showed active ingredients decrease with maturity. Some identified descriptors for distinctness, uniformity and stability include plant height, type, branching pattern and root branching.
This document summarizes information about the Baobab tree and its various parts used for food, medicine, and other applications. It discusses the Baobab fruit pulp, red funicles, oil, and leaves. The fruit pulp is rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Red funicles have powerful antioxidant properties. Baobab oil moisturizes skin and hair. The leaves also have nutritional and medicinal benefits. The document also interviews Martin Spaeth of Biomega e.U. who works with local partners in Senegal to sustainably harvest and process Baobab fruits while maintaining quality and providing jobs.
- Ethnobotany is the study of how indigenous communities make use of local plant species, including their traditional knowledge of the surrounding plant diversity and the relationships between societies and the plant world.
- The document provides examples of plant species from the Arabian Peninsula and their traditional medicinal and other uses by local communities, such as using extracts from various plants to treat illnesses, bruises, headaches, and more.
- It also lists some plant species used for non-medicinal purposes, such as construction materials, perfume manufacturing, firewood, and the ecological roles of mangrove species along coastal regions.
This document examines the effects of air and time on the acidity levels of various fruits. Titrimetric experiments were conducted to determine the average volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed to reach the endpoint for fruit juice samples over multiple time periods. The results showed that for most fruits, exposure to air decreased acidity levels over time, as indicated by a decreasing volume of sodium hydroxide needed. However, for pineapple the volume increased with more time, suggesting its acidity increases with ripening. For banana, acidity sharply increased with longer exposure, also relating to ripening. The document concludes that air interaction and ripening degree impact fruit acidity levels.
This document provides information on producing and marketing edible flowers. It discusses that edible flowers are best grown as part of a diversified operation along with other crops like herbs and lettuce. Organic production is important to avoid chemical residues on flowers. Popular edible flower varieties are listed. Flowers should be harvested fully open and cooled before storage. Some flowers like violas and pansies can be stored for a week to 10 days under refrigeration. Highly toxic non-edible flowers are identified. Marketing strategies suggest assessing the local restaurant market and maintaining consistent supply.
Proposal Cultivation, Value Addition, Warehousing & Marketing of Medicinal Pl...Sanjay Talukdar
This document provides details on a proposal submitted to the National Medicinal Plant Board in India for assistance to Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) and Village Forest Management Committees (VFMCs) for the cultivation, processing, storage, and marketing of medicinal plants. The proposal's objectives are to conserve and sustainably manage 17 medicinal and aromatic plant species in Nagaland, India through the involvement of local communities. It provides background on the medicinal plants resources in Nagaland and lists over 100 plant species and their traditional medicinal uses by local tribes.
Conservation & Sustainable Utility of Medicinal Plants - Dr Akhilraj A RAkhilraj A R
This document summarizes the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. It discusses how medicinal plants have been used for centuries as the primary healthcare for 80% of developing countries. However, increasing demand and habitat loss have endangered many species. Overharvesting, deforestation, and lack of traditional knowledge threaten medicinal plants. Conservation strategies like protected areas, propagation, and reducing anthropogenic pressures can help sustainably use the estimated 6,000-7,000 medicinal plant species in India. Both in situ and ex situ conservation are needed to protect biodiversity and ensure continued access to medicinal plants.
Moringa-Moringa Aleifera the miracle herb
The moringa tree otherwise called the ”miracle tree” is truly nature’ miracle.This tree actually purifies water (this is used in Haiti and some parts of Africa).For centuries, the natives of Northern India and many parts of Africa have known about the many benefits of Moringa Oleifera, and now this little-known tree is making headlines in the Western World. Moringa translates to mean “miracle”. Packed with over 90 nutrients and 46 antioxidants, this plant is being hailed as the “nutritional dynamite of the century.”
The document discusses the incredible nutritional benefits of Moringa leaves. It states that Moringa leaves contain more protein than yogurt, more vitamin A than carrots, and more vitamin C than citrus fruits. It also contains all essential amino acids. Moringa leaves provide significant amounts of calcium, iron, and other important vitamins and minerals. Moringa trees are easy to grow with little water or care needed, and produce fruits and leaves within 8 months that can be consumed fresh or dried.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document discusses the importance of medicinal and aromatic plants to economies and healthcare. It notes that ancient civilizations relied predominantly on plant-based medicines and traditional systems like Ayurveda referenced medicinal plant use dating back thousands of years. Currently, about 80% of people in developing countries use traditional plant medicines. The document then outlines various plant-based industries and institutions in India and lists key medicinal plants like poppy, ergot, cinchona, ipecac, aloe, and senna along with their active constituents and uses.
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Cassava, taro, yams, plantains, tree tomatoes, soursop, and cherimoya are some local foods commonly found and used in tropical regions. Cassava is the third largest source of food carbohydrates and can be prepared in many ways like boiled, fried, or made into flour. Taro has over 1500 varieties and is eaten throughout the tropics, while yams were an important crop on slave ships for their long storage life. Plantains are cooking bananas served fried or in dishes. Tree tomatoes can be eaten fresh, in compotes or curries. Soursop has a flavor like strawberry and pineapple and is high in vitamin C. Cherimoya is related to s
one should be aware of value of plants for the better existence of human civilization. Bilva is an indigenous secred tree besides incomparable medicinal value,so it must be protected.
India has a great heritage of traditional foods. Every state has its own special food which is consumed in a particular season and occasion. Soru-chakli is one of such traditional food of West Bengal, consumed during rainy season and is made from the batter of raw rice flour and palmyra palm (Borassua flabellifer) pulp. It has an attractive yellow colour and pleasant flavor. The present study has the objectives of documenting the traditional knowledge pertaining to preparing soru-chakli. Traditional knowledge offers enormous potential for development of social-economic conditions of the particular area and state. Therefore, every effort must be made to preserve this traditional knowledge so that they can carry on with their aesthetic beauty & knowledge into prosperity.
This document discusses threatened medicinal plant diversity in Gujarat, India. It provides background information on the number of plants identified globally and in India/Gujarat. It then discusses 16 threatened tree species, 8 shrub species, and 12 herb species that are indigenous to Gujarat and widely used for medicine. For each species, it provides the local name, botanical name, family, habitat, parts used, traditional and classical medicinal uses, and examples of classical medicines using that plant. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving these threatened medicinal plant species and their traditional uses in Gujarat.
Fruit Trees & Useful Plants in Amazonian LifeKyle Lima
This document lists 20 technical papers published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on non-wood forest products. The papers cover a wide range of topics including plant-derived flavors, colors, gums, resins, latexes, edible nuts, and medicinal plants. Other papers analyze the use and trade of non-wood forest products in agroforestry systems, management of rattan and bamboo resources, and the role of bees and non-timber forest products in supporting forest livelihoods. The list of papers was published between 1995 and 2011 and highlights over 15 years of FAO's work researching and documenting non-wood forest products.
Ethnobotany - Relation between Plants and Human M Nadeem Akram
Ethnobotany is the study of relationships between people and plants. It examines how plants are used across cultures for food, medicine, textiles, and other purposes. Some key points in the document include:
- Ethnobotany aims to document, describe, and explain complex relationships between cultures and plant uses.
- Several important figures contributed to the early history and development of ethnobotany, including Dioscorides, Fuchs, Ray, and Linnaeus.
- The document provides examples of ethnobotanical uses for several plants from India, including Nigella sativa, Achyranthes aspera, Phoenix dactylifera, Cannabis sativa
Earthman herbals herbal list and thier benefitsledopensigns
This document discusses several Jamaican medicinal herbs, their traditional uses, and active chemical components. It provides descriptions of herbs like Andrographis paniculata, used for fever and colds, and Dianthera pectoralis, used for cuts. The document also examines plant families commonly found in Jamaica and used medicinally, such as Amaranthaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, and Araliaceae. It summarizes the traditional uses and chemical constituents of many individual herb species.
The document discusses a study that assessed the effect of different drying methods (sun, shade, oven) on the nutritive value of drumstick leaves compared to fresh leaves. The results showed that drying methods significantly increased nutrient levels in the leaves, making them more concentrated sources of nutrients. Shade-dried leaves had the highest nutrient retention, followed by sun-dried and oven-dried leaves, though the differences were not statistically significant. Overall, drying drumstick leaves through various methods can help preserve and concentrate their nutritional value.
Medicinal plants as a non timber forest product(NTFP) of Sri lankaPabasara Gunawardane
Sri Lanka is a tropical country which is enriched with biodiversity. Forest products are a major sector in Sri Lanka's non-timber forest products (NTFP).
All rights reserved: Bhagya karunatillake
COMMERCIALIZATION OF GE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OR DRUGSavinash sharma
INTRODUCTION
CURRENT STATUS OF MDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
VARIOUS SPECIES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
BIOTRANSFORMATION IN VARIOUS SPECIES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
COMMERCIAL COSMETIC PRODUCT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
USES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
RELEASES VARIETIES AND PATENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
COMMERCIALISATION OF DRUGS.
COMPANIES/ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN PROCUREMENT, PROCESS AND MARKETING OF MEDICINAL HERBS IN KARNATAKA
WEBSITE LINKS.
Role of Biotechnological Approaches in Underutilized Tropical Fruit Improveme...AKHILRDONGA
PG SEMINAR on Role of Biotechnological Approaches in Underutilized Tropical Fruit Improvements ppt file delivered by Hardiksinh Chavda (M.Sc. in Plant molecular biology and biotechnology) at C. P. College of Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
This document provides information on producing and marketing edible flowers. It discusses that edible flowers are best grown as part of a diversified operation along with other crops like herbs and lettuce. Organic production is important to avoid chemical residues on flowers. Popular edible flower varieties are listed. Flowers should be harvested fully open and cooled before storage. Some flowers like violas and pansies can be stored for a week to 10 days under refrigeration. Highly toxic non-edible flowers are identified. Marketing strategies suggest assessing the local restaurant market and maintaining consistent supply.
Proposal Cultivation, Value Addition, Warehousing & Marketing of Medicinal Pl...Sanjay Talukdar
This document provides details on a proposal submitted to the National Medicinal Plant Board in India for assistance to Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) and Village Forest Management Committees (VFMCs) for the cultivation, processing, storage, and marketing of medicinal plants. The proposal's objectives are to conserve and sustainably manage 17 medicinal and aromatic plant species in Nagaland, India through the involvement of local communities. It provides background on the medicinal plants resources in Nagaland and lists over 100 plant species and their traditional medicinal uses by local tribes.
Conservation & Sustainable Utility of Medicinal Plants - Dr Akhilraj A RAkhilraj A R
This document summarizes the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. It discusses how medicinal plants have been used for centuries as the primary healthcare for 80% of developing countries. However, increasing demand and habitat loss have endangered many species. Overharvesting, deforestation, and lack of traditional knowledge threaten medicinal plants. Conservation strategies like protected areas, propagation, and reducing anthropogenic pressures can help sustainably use the estimated 6,000-7,000 medicinal plant species in India. Both in situ and ex situ conservation are needed to protect biodiversity and ensure continued access to medicinal plants.
Moringa-Moringa Aleifera the miracle herb
The moringa tree otherwise called the ”miracle tree” is truly nature’ miracle.This tree actually purifies water (this is used in Haiti and some parts of Africa).For centuries, the natives of Northern India and many parts of Africa have known about the many benefits of Moringa Oleifera, and now this little-known tree is making headlines in the Western World. Moringa translates to mean “miracle”. Packed with over 90 nutrients and 46 antioxidants, this plant is being hailed as the “nutritional dynamite of the century.”
The document discusses the incredible nutritional benefits of Moringa leaves. It states that Moringa leaves contain more protein than yogurt, more vitamin A than carrots, and more vitamin C than citrus fruits. It also contains all essential amino acids. Moringa leaves provide significant amounts of calcium, iron, and other important vitamins and minerals. Moringa trees are easy to grow with little water or care needed, and produce fruits and leaves within 8 months that can be consumed fresh or dried.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document discusses the importance of medicinal and aromatic plants to economies and healthcare. It notes that ancient civilizations relied predominantly on plant-based medicines and traditional systems like Ayurveda referenced medicinal plant use dating back thousands of years. Currently, about 80% of people in developing countries use traditional plant medicines. The document then outlines various plant-based industries and institutions in India and lists key medicinal plants like poppy, ergot, cinchona, ipecac, aloe, and senna along with their active constituents and uses.
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Cassava, taro, yams, plantains, tree tomatoes, soursop, and cherimoya are some local foods commonly found and used in tropical regions. Cassava is the third largest source of food carbohydrates and can be prepared in many ways like boiled, fried, or made into flour. Taro has over 1500 varieties and is eaten throughout the tropics, while yams were an important crop on slave ships for their long storage life. Plantains are cooking bananas served fried or in dishes. Tree tomatoes can be eaten fresh, in compotes or curries. Soursop has a flavor like strawberry and pineapple and is high in vitamin C. Cherimoya is related to s
one should be aware of value of plants for the better existence of human civilization. Bilva is an indigenous secred tree besides incomparable medicinal value,so it must be protected.
India has a great heritage of traditional foods. Every state has its own special food which is consumed in a particular season and occasion. Soru-chakli is one of such traditional food of West Bengal, consumed during rainy season and is made from the batter of raw rice flour and palmyra palm (Borassua flabellifer) pulp. It has an attractive yellow colour and pleasant flavor. The present study has the objectives of documenting the traditional knowledge pertaining to preparing soru-chakli. Traditional knowledge offers enormous potential for development of social-economic conditions of the particular area and state. Therefore, every effort must be made to preserve this traditional knowledge so that they can carry on with their aesthetic beauty & knowledge into prosperity.
This document discusses threatened medicinal plant diversity in Gujarat, India. It provides background information on the number of plants identified globally and in India/Gujarat. It then discusses 16 threatened tree species, 8 shrub species, and 12 herb species that are indigenous to Gujarat and widely used for medicine. For each species, it provides the local name, botanical name, family, habitat, parts used, traditional and classical medicinal uses, and examples of classical medicines using that plant. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving these threatened medicinal plant species and their traditional uses in Gujarat.
Fruit Trees & Useful Plants in Amazonian LifeKyle Lima
This document lists 20 technical papers published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on non-wood forest products. The papers cover a wide range of topics including plant-derived flavors, colors, gums, resins, latexes, edible nuts, and medicinal plants. Other papers analyze the use and trade of non-wood forest products in agroforestry systems, management of rattan and bamboo resources, and the role of bees and non-timber forest products in supporting forest livelihoods. The list of papers was published between 1995 and 2011 and highlights over 15 years of FAO's work researching and documenting non-wood forest products.
Ethnobotany - Relation between Plants and Human M Nadeem Akram
Ethnobotany is the study of relationships between people and plants. It examines how plants are used across cultures for food, medicine, textiles, and other purposes. Some key points in the document include:
- Ethnobotany aims to document, describe, and explain complex relationships between cultures and plant uses.
- Several important figures contributed to the early history and development of ethnobotany, including Dioscorides, Fuchs, Ray, and Linnaeus.
- The document provides examples of ethnobotanical uses for several plants from India, including Nigella sativa, Achyranthes aspera, Phoenix dactylifera, Cannabis sativa
Earthman herbals herbal list and thier benefitsledopensigns
This document discusses several Jamaican medicinal herbs, their traditional uses, and active chemical components. It provides descriptions of herbs like Andrographis paniculata, used for fever and colds, and Dianthera pectoralis, used for cuts. The document also examines plant families commonly found in Jamaica and used medicinally, such as Amaranthaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, and Araliaceae. It summarizes the traditional uses and chemical constituents of many individual herb species.
The document discusses a study that assessed the effect of different drying methods (sun, shade, oven) on the nutritive value of drumstick leaves compared to fresh leaves. The results showed that drying methods significantly increased nutrient levels in the leaves, making them more concentrated sources of nutrients. Shade-dried leaves had the highest nutrient retention, followed by sun-dried and oven-dried leaves, though the differences were not statistically significant. Overall, drying drumstick leaves through various methods can help preserve and concentrate their nutritional value.
Medicinal plants as a non timber forest product(NTFP) of Sri lankaPabasara Gunawardane
Sri Lanka is a tropical country which is enriched with biodiversity. Forest products are a major sector in Sri Lanka's non-timber forest products (NTFP).
All rights reserved: Bhagya karunatillake
COMMERCIALIZATION OF GE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OR DRUGSavinash sharma
INTRODUCTION
CURRENT STATUS OF MDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
VARIOUS SPECIES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
BIOTRANSFORMATION IN VARIOUS SPECIES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
COMMERCIAL COSMETIC PRODUCT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
USES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
RELEASES VARIETIES AND PATENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
COMMERCIALISATION OF DRUGS.
COMPANIES/ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN PROCUREMENT, PROCESS AND MARKETING OF MEDICINAL HERBS IN KARNATAKA
WEBSITE LINKS.
Role of Biotechnological Approaches in Underutilized Tropical Fruit Improveme...AKHILRDONGA
PG SEMINAR on Role of Biotechnological Approaches in Underutilized Tropical Fruit Improvements ppt file delivered by Hardiksinh Chavda (M.Sc. in Plant molecular biology and biotechnology) at C. P. College of Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
Malunggay, a horseradish tree, as useful as the multivitaminConnie Dello Buono
This document provides information on mineral nutrients, micro-nutrients, and other elements found in leaves of the Malunggay plant (Moringa oleifera) sampled from various locations in the Philippines. It finds that the leaf blades contain high concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, potassium, sulfur, and iron. The concentrations of nutrients and elements in the leaves and leaf stalks vary depending on soil chemistry and conditions of the sampled areas. The document summarizes the nutrient contents in tables and figures to facilitate comparison between locations and plant parts.
Nutritive Evaluation, Mineral Composition and Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf ...ijtsrd
Fresh green leaves of Daucus Carota was harvested and processed with a view to analyse its photochemical constituents and nutritional potentials. Proximate analysis, mineral analysis and phytochemical analysis was determining using standard analytical techniques. The nutrient composition of the leaf protein concentrate revealed Moisture content 8.69±0.03 g 100g, crude protein 18.38±0.08 g 100g, crude fibre 14.81±0.02 g 100g, crude fat 5.69±0.23 g 100g, Ash 19.69±0.02g 100g , and NFE 32.74±0.43 g 100g.The mineral analysis of the sample shows the concentrations of the elements in the following descending order of magnitude Ca P Mg Na Fe K Zn Cu Mn Se while Hg was not detected in the sample. The photochemical constituents also revealed Tanin 3.66±0.16 mg 100g, Saponin 4.34±0.06 mg 100g, Alkaloid 10.49±0.02 mg 100g, Oxalate 6.89±0.04 mg 100g, Phytate 14.62±0.05 mg 100g, Phenolics 3.75±0.82 mg 100g, Flavonoids 3.62±0.43 mg 100g. High Concentration of Calcium and Phosphorus indicates that Daucus carota leaf protein concentrates is fit for consumption by children, pregnant women and weaned infants for good teeth and bone formation. The constituents of Daucus carota leaf protein concentrates present values of significant nutritional benefits and can find application in various food additives, binders, flavonoids and vitamins. It could also be used as additives in some drugs if the active compounds present in it could be analysed to detect its suitability. Sodamade, A. | Raimi, S. M. | Owonikoko, A. D. | Adebimpe, A. T. "Nutritive Evaluation, Mineral Composition and Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Protein Concentrates of Daucus carota" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26427.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/26427/nutritive-evaluation-mineral-composition-and-phytochemical-analysis-of-leaf-protein-concentrates-of-daucus-carota/sodamade-a
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People managing landscapes and watersheds: Agroecology and social processesFAO
Presentation from Irene Cardoso, Professor at the Federal University of Viçosa (Brazil), describing experiences with, and benefits of Agroecology in Brazil. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of ...Paulo Cumbane
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from the bulb of Gladiolus psittacinus, a plant used in traditional medicine in Mozambique. Various extracts were prepared from dried and fresh bulb samples. Qualitative phytochemical analysis found compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The extracts were tested against bacteria and fungi. Most extracts showed strong inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungi, as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The aqueous extract interacted antagonistically with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, while the fresh bulb juice had an additive effect.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of ...Paulo Cumbane
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity and qualitative phytochemical screening of extracts from the bulb of Gladiolus psittacinus Hook. In Mozambique, the bulb is traditionally used to treat various ailments. The study extracted dried and fresh bulb samples using different solvents and tested the extracts against several bacteria and fungi. Most extracts showed strong inhibitory activity against Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The aqueous extract revealed antagonism with ciprofloxacin while the fresh bulb juice showed an additive effect. The study aimed to validate traditional medicinal uses of G. psittacinus through antimicrobial and phytochem
Effect of Different Method on Processing and Mineral Composition of Portulaca...ijtsrd
In the present scenario, people consume plant substances not only for the satisfaction of hunger or to fulfill the nutrients requirement to maintain the body processes but also to obtain those substances which help to endorse health by reducing the risk of disease. Green leafy vegetables GLV have been the mainstay of human diet as a source of micronutrients and gives an important contribution in combating micronutrient malnutrition in addition of food security as compared to conventional cultivated other vegetables Flyman and Afolyan, 2006 . Judicious use of GLV on a regular basis can replace or reduce the use of expensive medicines and supplements to maintain the health of individuals. Navita Pareek | Ayesha Jamal "Effect of Different Method on Processing and Mineral Composition of Portulaca Oleracea Leaves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48035.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-and-nutrition/48035/effect-of-different-method-on-processing-and-mineral-composition-of-portulaca-oleracea-leaves/navita-pareek
Journal preparation of banana chips and banana powderRina Ana Maria
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Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
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408-784-7371
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and treatment of diseases. Currently, according to the World
Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of the world’s population
still resorts to traditional medicine as primary health care, using
in most cases medicinal plants or their bioactive compounds
(SILVA; BARREIRA; OLIVEIRA, 2016).
The benefits of a plant-rich diet for human health are already
evident in many studies. Products of natural origin, obtained
from plants, are rich and exclusive sources of a diversity
of phytochemicals that have proven beneficial effects on
health and constitute an important basis for the development
of medicines, functional foods and health supplements
(CARDOZO-JUNIOR; MORAND, 2016; GAN et al., 2018; SILVA;
BARREIRA; OLIVEIRA, 2016).
The well-known correlation between diet and physiology, allied
to the growing interest of consumers for products that promote
health and well-being, brings great possibilities in the areas
of food science and technology with the development and
characterization of natural ingredients that can be incorporated
into functional foods.
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rigorous standards and full quality assurance.
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3. YERBA
MATE
“Mate” is a traditional drink obtained from
the infusion of yerba mate leaves (Ilex
paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.), a native species
from South America with great regional
importance. The origin of mate consumption
is associated with the Guarani tradition, pre-
Columbian ethnicity that inhabited different
parts of South America (Brazil, Uruguay,
Paraguay and Argentina) (CARDOZO-
JUNIOR; MORAND, 2016).
The name “Mate” comes from a word
quichua, meaning “gourd / calabash”, fruit of
the species Crescentiae cujete Linneu. The
name used to the container was also used
for its contents, and was then adopted by
all the South American people to name the
product resulting from the infusion of yerba
mate leaves (MARTINS, 1926).
After the Jesuit settlers decided to
promote commercial cultivation and the
industrialization of mate, the drink became
widespread to the population. The cultural
mix between the South America Indians
and the European colonizers (Spanish
and Portuguese) has resulted in a tradition
Yerba Mate Guarani Legend:
The story goes that a Guaraní warrior was
sad because he was too old to war. His only
consolation was his daughter, Yari, who had
refused many marriage proposals in order to
better care for her father.
One day, a strange traveler with exotic clothes and
blue eyes came to the house of the old Guaraní.
Yari and her father were hospitable, sang to the
traveler and offered him their best food. The
next day, the thankful traveler turned out to be a
messenger from Tupã and, to repay them for their
kindness, would fulfill any wish they had.
The old man asked that the forces of youth be
restored to him, so that his daughter would be
free to marry. The messenger gave the old man
the foliage of the Caá plant and taught him how to
cultivate it and how to prepare an infusion with it.
The magic potion that gave the old Indian back his
spirit was yerba maté tea. Caá-Yari is the guaraní
goddess of the herbs, of the cure and patroness of
the drink.
Source: https://escolaeducacao.com.br/lenda-da-erva-mate/
4. strongly linked to local culture that plays until
today a social and almost ritualistic role of mate
consumption (BRACESCO et al. , 2011).
Yerba Mate is commercially exploited and
industrialized for the production of tonic
beverages and non-alcoholic stimulants.
Yerba Mate is not consumed in its natural
state, needing to go through some stages of
processing before reaching the consumer.
The stages involve bleaching, drying and in
some cases the maturation of the leaves. The
conditions for processing are dependent on
the desired aroma and characteristics of the
final product. For consumption, the products
obtained from mate leaves are prepared by
aqueous extraction (infusion) at different
temperatures (HACK; MEJIA, 2007). The
traditional products obtained receive different
names according to the industrial process and
the temperature of the water used to prepare
the infusion. Mate, mate cocido or chimarrão
is the drink produced with hot water, most
consumed in Southern Brazil, Argentina and
Uruguay. Tererê is the beverage produced with
cold water, most consumed in Paraguay and
the Brazilian Midwest. Mate tea is obtained
from roasted leaves and consumed as an
infusion or as an iced instant drink in Brazil
(CARDOZO-JUNIOR; MORAND, 2016).
The industrial processing of Ilex paraguariensis
leaves follows the traditional steps of each country,
as represented in the flowchart in Figure 1:
Figure 1 - Processing steps for yerba mate products in different countries (CARDOZO-JUNIOR; MORAND, 2016).
Brazil
Leaves and stems are
collected and forwarded
for processing
6 to 12 months
leaves and stems 400ºC/ 8min.
Belt dryer: 90 - 110°C/3
hours
Rotating cylinder: 350
°C/ 30min
The dried product is
ground, packaged and
marketed without
maturation or matured
for 12 months.
Chimarrão or Mate
(Green Mate)
The material is quickly
heated in a rotating
cylinder directly over fire
to inactivate oxidative
enzymes
Leaves/stems are
dryed in rotating
cylinder or belt drying
The product is ground
to large particles and
placed in maturation
chambers
Mate or chimarrão (70%
leaves + 30% stems);
specific particle size of
each product
6 to 12 months leaves
and stems
400°C/ 8min Rotating cylinder:
350 °C/ 30min
120°C/ 15 min. Mate tea
(Roasted Mate)
Argentine
Tender, younger
leaves and stems
500°C/ 10 sec. to 3
min. 120 a 140°C/
20-40 sec.
Pre-drying: 80 – 100°C/
3 to 5 min. Then dryed
in belt system at 90 -
110°C/ 2 or 3 hours
Natural maturation: 9-12
months at temp. and
room humidity; Forced
maturation: 62 days at 69
° C / 49% humidity.
Mate
Paraguay
Tender, younger
leaves and stems
500°C / 10 sec.
to 3 min.
Pre-drying: 80 – 100°C/
3 to 5 min.
Natural maturation: 9-12
months at temp. and
room humidity;
Mate
Mate cocido
Tererê
Harvest Bleaching Drying Maturation Product
Harvest Bleaching Drying Roasting Product
5. The association between mate consumption
and improved life quality in old age, as presented
in the Guarani myth, has great relevance
for understanding its biological functions.
Phytochemical studies reveal yerba mate as
a rich source of bioactive compounds, which
has aroused interest not only due it’s high
caffeine content, but also due to the presence
of high levels of phenolic compounds, related to
important biological activities (BRACESCO et al.,
2011; CARDOZO-JUNIOR; MORAND, 2016).
Yerba Mate has a variety of constituents
including water soluble nutrients, minerals and
vitamins (Table 1). It is also characterized by
high amounts of phytochemicals, particularly
polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids),
alkaloids (methylxanthines including caffeine,
theobromine and theophylline) and terpenes
(carotenoids and saponins) (CARDOZO-
JUNIOR; MORAND, 2016).
Several aspects such as plant nutrition,
progeny, cultivation system, seasonality,
rainfall index, temperature, among others, can
influence the secondary metabolites content
of plants (GOBBO-NETO; LOPES, 2007).
Investigations carried out on the species Ilex
paraguariesis demonstrate strong influence
of genetic factors and leaf age on distribution
of components such as polylphenols and
methylxanthines (BLUM-SILVA et al., 2015).
Table 1 - Nutritional composition of dried yerba
mate leaves (62.5 g serving)PHYTOCHEMICAL
COMPOSITION Protein (N × 5.75)
Carbohydrates
Total Fat
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulphur
Calcium
Phosphorus
Manganese
Zinc
Iron
Copper
Vitamin C
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B6
0.8g
6.5
0.5 g
58 mg
185 mg
59 mg
44 mg
41 mg
34 mg
2.26 mg
0.33 mg
0.29 mg
15.0 mg
3.60 mg
1.20 mg
0.47 mg
Components Content
6. THE MAJOR SECONDARY
METABOLITES OF
THE PLANT MAY BE
ASSOCIATED IN THE
FOLLOWING GROUPS:
Polyphenols comprise one of the largest
groups of bioactive compounds in plants
and are subdivided into classes according
to the chemical structure of each substance
(FALLER; FIALHO, 2009). Ilex paraguariensis
leaves higher levels of polyphenols than
those observed in green tea and are similar
to those found in red wine (GUGLIUCCI et al.,
2009; SOUZA et al., 2015). The polyphenolic
compounds found in mate differ significantly
from green tea, yerba mate contains high
concentrations of chlorogenic acids and no
catechins (HACK; MEJIA, 2007). Phenolic acids,
flavonoids, tannins and saponins are among
the main groups of polyphenols found in mate
leaves.
Analyses performed with commercial samples
of mate leaves enabled the quantification of
58 different polyphenols, 90% of which were
derived from hydroxycinnamic acid and 10%
flavonoids (MATEOS et al., 2018). Among the
Saponins are water-soluble glycosidic
compounds and with agitation result in
persistent foaming (SIMÃO et al., 1999).
Saponins have a bitter taste, and it is believed
that they are responsable of characteristic
taste of mate (HACK; MEJIA, 2007). Yerba mate
POLYPHENOLS
SAPONINS
predominant polyphenols, approximately
10% of the dry weight of the extracts
are derived from cafeoilquinic acid
(3-cafeoilquinic, 5-cafeoilquinic,
4-cafeoilquinic and 3.5-dicafeoilquinic)
(FILIP, et al., 2001). I. paraguariensis leaves
also present in their composition significant
amounts of flavonoids rutin, quercetin and
kaempferol (MATEOS et al., 2018).
Due its high content of chlorogenic acids, yerba
mate is considered a promising source for
extraction of these compounds. Results from a
study conducted by Butiuk et al. (2015) shows
higher levels of chlorogenic acids in green leaves
and stems. After processing, due to the bleaching
step, a significant reduction in the contents of
these compounds was observed. In addition,
the influence of seasonality on the composition
of chlorogenic acids in I. paraguariensis aerial
parts was observed, highest concentrations were
found at the beginning of the collection season
(April and May).
contains relatively high amounts of triterpene
saponins (10 to 15 mg / g of dry leaves),
the first molecules of this class identified in
mate called matesaponins 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
(PUANGPRAPHANT et al., 2011).
7. Xanthines are purinic alkaloids found in various
plants, and are important chemical constituents
of various food or stimulant beverages, such as
coffee, green tea, guarana, cola, among others
(SIMÕES et al., 1999). The methylxanthins found
in mate leaves, responsible for the bitter taste
and stimulating action are: caffeine, theophylline
and theobromine. Of these, caffeine is presented
in larger quantities, between 1.0 and 2.0%,
followed by the theobromine (0.3 to 0.9%). The
theophylline is found in low quantities (traces),
for being considered an intermediate of the
catabolism of caffeine in the plant (ATHAYDE;
COELHO; SCHENKEL, 2000; HACK; MEJIA, 2007).
Some studies demonstrate the influence
of the leaves age on the concentration of
XANTHINES
methylxanthines in I. paraguariensis. Younger
leaves (less than 6 months old) have caffeine
and theobromine levels significantly higher
than in older leaves, in which there is a
tendency to reduce over time (BLUM-SILVA et
al., 2015; MAZZAFERA, 1994; ESMELINDRO
et al., 2004). Higher levels of methylxanthins
were found in leaves collected during spring
and early summer (SCHUBERT et al. 2006;
COELHO et al. 2001). The consumption of
caffeine in a glass of yerba mate (78 mg) is
similar to that found in a glass of coffee (85
mg), however, in the traditional way of mate
consumption, in which repeated additions of
hot water to the yerba mate are made, more
than 260 mg of caffeine is reached per serving
(SCHMALKO; ALZAMORA, 2007).
In recent years, there has been a significant
increase in published studies regarding the
properties of Ilex paraguariensis. The interest
in mate consumption is mainly due to its
central nervous system stimulation induced by
caffeine. However, other properties have been
attributed to the presence of phytochemical
content and the peculiarity of its phenolic profile,
BIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITIES
characterized by its richness in caffeoylquinic
acids. Available data from studies performed
in vitro, in vivo and in humans attributes
to yerba mate antioxidant, vasodilator and
antiinflammatory actions.Positive effects on lipid
profile, blood glucose and weight reduction are
also evidenced are also evidenced (BRACESCO et
al., 2011; CARDOZO-JUNIOR; MORAND, 2016).
AVAILABLE DATA FROM
STUDIES PERFORMED
IN VITRO, IN VIVO
AND IN HUMANS
ATTRIBUTES TO YERBA
MATE ANTIOXIDANT,
VASODILATOR AND
ANTIINFLAMMATORY
ACTIONS.
8. A large amount of published data report
a positive impact of mate intake on some
cardiovascular factors, mainly through
positive effects on blood lipid profile and
action on glucose metabolism. In addition, it is
suggested that mate supplementation prevents
liver fat deposition, reduces insulin resistance
and improves endothelial function by inhibiting
the progression of atherosclerosis (CARDOZO-
JUNIOR; MORAND, 2016).
Human studies have shown that yerba mate
infusion intake improved lipid parameters in
normolipidemic and dyslipidemic subjects
and provided an additional reduction in LDL-
cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects
on statin treatment (MORAIS et al., 2009; SILVA
et al. ., 2008). Supplementation with mate
extracts associated with a high fat diet resulted
in prevention of endothelial dysfunction and
increased nitric oxide production, as well as
modulating the expression of lipid metabolic
regulators. Nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms
are also involved in regulating blood pressure,
reinforcing the action of polyphenol-rich foods in
reducing cardiovascular risk (GAO et al., 2013).
Oxidative stress and inflammation
are closely linked to the early stages
of dysfunction and development of
atherosclerosis. The beneficial effects of
mate consumption on cardiometabolic
health mechanisms may be associated
with the ability to potentiate endogenous
antioxidants and their anti-inflammatory
effects (MOSIMANN et al., 2006).
CARDIOVASCULAR
9. The stimulating properties of mate, widely known
and reported by South American inhabitants, are
attributed to the presence of methylxanthines
(caffeine and tebromine). Caffeine speeds up
tissue oxygen metabolism and utilization, and
has significant effects on metabolic targets
such as satiety, thermogenesis, and fat oxidation
(WESTERTERP-PLANTENGA et al. 2006).
Yerba mate is a Central Nervous System
stimulant. The metabolic effects of mate include
the ability to maintain aerobic carbohydrate
breakdown during exercise for a short period of
time. As a result, more calories are burned, thus
increasing cardiac efficiency and slowing down
the action of lactic acid (BASTOS et al. 2007).
Caffeine-induced improvements in cognitive
performance are well established, and given
the complexity of the plant matrix, more and
more studies have sought to evaluate the
influence of other phytochemical compounds
on caffeine-stimulating action. Phytochemical
compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids
and phenolic acids can contribute to the positive
effects of foods and beverages containing
methylxanthines in two main ways: acting in
synergy and enhancing caffeine / theobromine
effects or minimizing certain adverse caffeine
effects, enabling caffeine-sensitive people to be
less negatively affected by its stimulating action
(SCHUSTER; MITCHELL, 2019).
The complex mixture of phytochemicals in
natural products has been shown to provide
beneficial health effects due to additive or
synergistic effects between different compounds.
In a study with rodents, the action of coffee in
reducing cognitive and motor decline due to
aging was demonstrated, and it was shown that
caffeine alone was not responsible for improving
animal performance, reinforcing the importance
of the presence of polyphenolic compounds
(SHUKITT -HALE et al., 2013). Santos et al. (2015)
proved the anxiolytic and stimulating action of
the hydroalcoholic extract of Ilex paraguariesis,
and neuroprotective action of the aqueous
extract of the species.
Yerba maté-based drinks and supplements
have been used as useful tools in the battle
against obesity. A growing number of research
point out the effects of mate tea in the area
of weight management and loss through
different mechanisms, such as improvement
of lipid parameters in human and animal
models, modulation of the expression of
genes that are altered in the obese state
restoring them to normal expression levels,
and reductive effect on insulin resistance
(GAMBERO; RIBEIRO, 2015).
Rats submitted to a diet rich in fats and treated
with yerba mate extract exhibited attenuation
in weight gain and adiposity, reduction of
epididymal fat and restoration of serum levels
of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol
and glucose (ARÇARI et al., 2009). An increase
in energy expenditure was observed in humans
after consumption of mate tea (MARTINET
et al., 1999). Using animal models of diet-
induced obesity, it was observed by Kang and
collaborators (2012) that yerba mate has the
ability to reduce the differentiation of pre-
adipocytes and to reduce the accumulation
of lipids in cells, which contribute to a
lower growth rate in fat tissue, lower body
weight gain and obesity. In addition, it was
demonstrated that the treatment with yerba
mate affects the digestion of food, resulting
in higher energy expenditure, attributed to
increased basal metabolism in mice treated
with yerba mate.
Gosman and collaborators (2012) point out
that the polyphenolic portion of mate extract
as responsible for the anti-adipogenic activity
in vivo. The I. paraguariensis polyphenol-rich
extract inhibited lipid storage in adipocytes,
partly suppressing the expression of various
genes related to adipogenesis. In addition, the
major constituents of mate dekafeoilquinic
acids and matesaponins induced a significant
increase in satiety and modulation of serum
leptin levels (HUSSEIN et al., 2011).
STIMULATINGWEIGHT
REDUCTION
10. Yerba mate consumption contributes
significantly to the overall intake of
antioxidants and provides high amounts of
caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, with potentially
beneficial biological effects on human health
(BRAVO et al., 2007). Yerba mate dry extract
has potent antioxidant activity, and its activity
is related to the total content of polyphenols,
ie high concentrations of caffeic acid,
5-caffeoylinoic acid, rutin and total phenolics
(BERTÉ et al., 2011).
In a human study where capsules containing
yerba mate extract were administered to
healthy individuals three times a day, an
increase in antioxidant biomarkers with a
concomitant reduction in short- and long-term
lipid peroxidation biomarkers was observed
(BECKER et al., 2019).
ANTI-OXIDANT
Yerba mate is a rich source of phenolic
compounds that vary depending on
geographical origin and mode of preparation.
The infusion of I. paraguariesis leaves has
high antioxidant capacity and in experiments
in vitro showed significant inhibitory action
on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell
growth, representing a potential source of
chemopreventive agents (MEJÍA et al., 2010).
Mate’s ability to suppress reactive oxygen
species (ROS) has been correlated with
peroxidase-like activity and strongly related to
polyphenol concentration. This means, from a
biological point of view, that polyphenols act
in the same way as the natural antioxidant
enzymes present in our body and can be
potent defenders of these systems (HECK;
MEJIA, 2007).
Although there are reports of the
consumption of mate for centuries, and its
use is spreading among millions of people,
there are considerably few toxicity studies
published about I. paraguariensis aqueous
or dry extracts. Miranda and collaborators
(2008) reported that the administration of
up to 2.0 g/kg in mice for 60 days did not
promote toxicity indicators. In addition, yerba
maté had no genotoxic effect on the liver,
kidney, and bladder cells. Consumption of
yerba mate also increased DNA resistance
in contact with H2O2 ex vivo, and improved
DNA repair in liver cells (Miranda et al.,
2008). In a study carried out by Morais and
collaborators (2009), the consumption of
mate infusions by healthy volunteers did not
alter the hematological characteristics and
serum biochemical parameters indicative of
kidney or liver damage.
TOXICOLOGY
AND SPECIAL CARE
Total daily intake, as well as the main source
of caffeine, varies worldwide. Caffeine intake
in countries such as Brazil and Argentina
is believed to be high due to the popular
consumption of mate tea and coffee. Most
human studies conducted over the past
decade show that moderate (<400 mg /
day) caffeine consumption does not pose
significant health risks to most consumers
(NAWROT et al., 2003). Several authorized
regulatory agencies around the world have
reviewed, regulated and authorized the addition
of caffeine to specific beverages in which
caffeine does not occur naturally. This addition
was generally allowed to caffeine levels of
350 mg / L, comparable to those provided
by coffee and yerba mate. Some regulatory
agencies have established guidelines for daily
caffeine intake of up to 450 mg / day for adults
(HECKMAN; WEIL; MEJIA, 2010).
11. Brazilian biodiversity and the great
scientific advance involving chemical and
pharmacological studies of its species are
fundamental factors in the development of
food products with high functional appeal.
Concerned with meeting the needs of food
industry professionals in the development
of healthy and functional products, the
Fruittion line was created, composed of
natural extracts of native plants from Latin
America, standardized in their respective
active principles. Standardization of the
extracts is performed using specific,
sensitive and reproducible analytical
methodologies such as High Performance
Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and
Mass Spectrometry Coupled Gas
Chromatography (GC-MS).
Duas Rodas currently offers in its portfolio
a wide variety of extracts of green or
toasted mate, in liquid or powder form,
standardized in methylxanthines and
polyphenols, in different concentration
ranges. Among other options, Guarana
extracts (Paullinia Cupana), Açaí (Euterpe
oleracea) and Acerola (Malphigia
glabra), standardized on metixanthines,
anthocyanins and ascorbic acid,
respectively.
Duas Rodas is one of Latin America’s
leading flavoring and extracting
industries, and is recognized for seals
and certificates attesting to food safety
and environmental preservation, such as
FSSC 22000, Organic, Fair For Life, Kosher
and Halal. Aware of the growing search
for natural and healthy ingredients, Duas
Rodas offers a broad portfolio of flavoring
and natural ingredients obtained with
rigorous production standards and full
quality assurance.
For more information contact:
duasrodas.com
12. ARÇARI, D. P.; BARTCHEWSKY, W.; SANTOS, T. W.;
OLIVEIRA, K. A.; FUNCK, A.; PEDRAZZOLI, J.; SOUZA,
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