Cells have organelles that perform specialized functions. The Golgi apparatus packages chemicals in membranes and sends them out of the cell. Mitochondria convert sugars and starches into usable energy for cells. The endoplasmic reticulum transports chemicals within the cell and looks like stacked membranes. Vesicles and lysosomes package toxic chemicals in the Golgi body and transport them out of the cell to protect it.

1. Year 10 Science
BIOCHEMISTRY
Cells in their Environment
Cell structure

2. Cell Theory
• All organisms are composed of cells
• all cells come from pre existing cells
• Cells are the smallest living
organisational unit

3. All Cells
• Cytoplasm is enclosed within an outer
cell membrane
• hereditary information is carried in the
form of DNA

4. Cell Organelles
• These have a cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• the cytoplasm has many organelles
• these organelles include a membrane
bound nucleus
• Organelles are similar to organs, but on
a smaller scale

5. Plant and Animal Cells

6. Cell Environment
• Normal cell function depends on their
extracellular (outside the cell)
environment
• cell membranes are permeable (allow to
pass through) to water and oil soluble
substances (alcohol) and some small
molecules
• the make up of extracellular fluid is
important to the cell

7. Cell Environment
• Salt concentrations can affect the
passage of water and therefore stability
of the cell
• Optimal (best) cell activities could also
depend on
– temperature
– levels of nutrients
– pH
– removal of wastes

8. Organelles
• Organelles are specialised structures
found within cells.

9. Golgi Apparatus

10. Golgi Apparatus

11. Golgi Apparatus
• It is the despatches department of the
cell
• Chemicals are packaged in membranes
at the Golgi and then sent out of the cell

12. Golgi Body

13. Chloroplasts

14. Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are found only in Plants
• They are responsible for
Photosynthesis
• They convert inorganic materials such
as water and carbon dioxide to useable
food such as sugar and starch.

15. Chloroplasts
• The unique green colour is due to the
chemical chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll converts light energy into
useable chemical energy

16. Grana

17. Mitochondria

18. Mitochondrium

19. Mitochondria
• This is the powerhouse of the cell
• It converts sugars and starches into
useable energy for cells

20. Endoplasmic Reticulum

21. Endoplasmic Reticulum

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• It is the transport system of the cell
• It is able to transport toxic chemicals to
the Golgi Body
• It looks like a series of membranes
stacked within the cells

23. Vesicles & Lysosomes

24. Vesicles & Lysosomes
• Once the toxic chemicals are in the
Golgi Body they are packaged
• These packages are membrane bound
so as to protect the rest of the cell
• These packages are often sent out of
the cell.
• These packages are Lysosomes and
Vesicles

25. Evolution Of Organelles

26. Pinocytosis