X-RAY TUBE WPS Office.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•63 views
The document discusses the key components of an x-ray tube, including the glass envelope, cathode, anode, and focusing cup. It explains that the filament is made of tungsten wire and works via thermionic emission to emit electrons. The target material is chosen based on its high atomic number, thermal conductivity, and melting point. It also describes factors like focal spot size, line focus principle, space charge effect, and how increasing kilovoltage can overcome this effect.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Study of Xray machines and functions.pdf
In this pdf you will learn how the x ray machines work and how x rays produce, to enhance your knowledge about x rays machine then you have read this. You will get every knowledge about xrays in short and easy language.
X RAY TUBES & PRODUCTION OF.pptx
1) The document discusses the components and functioning of an x-ray tube, including the cathode, thermionic emission, space charge effect, focussing cup, anode, and grid control.
2) It describes how increasing the voltage across the x-ray tube increases the kinetic energy of electrons, producing x-rays via bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation processes.
3) Rotating and stationary anodes are discussed as ways to dissipate heat generated during x-ray production and allow higher power outputs from the tube.
X ray tube production rakesh
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with a metal target in an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons via thermionic emission when heated, and an anode target. Vacuum is necessary to allow electron acceleration and control. Rotating or stationary anode designs improve heat dissipation during x-ray production. Grid controlled tubes allow rapid on/off switching of the electron beam and x-ray output.
ProductionOfXrays.pptx
This document provides an overview of how X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube. It describes the key components of an X-ray tube, including the glass enclosure, cathode, anode, and how they work together. The cathode emits electrons via thermionic emission when heated. These electrons are accelerated towards the anode and decelerate upon impact, producing X-rays. Higher kVp results in more energetic X-rays while higher mA results in more electrons and thus more X-rays. Rotating and stationary anodes aim to dissipate heat from electron bombardment and allow higher outputs.
Production of xrays
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed fluorescent screens glowing in a darkened room when a high voltage was applied to the tube. This led to the discovery that X-rays could pass through and image bones in the human body. Modern X-ray tubes use a tungsten target bombarded by electrons emitted from a heated filament to produce X-rays, which are used in medical imaging and radiation therapy. X-rays are generated via two mechanisms: bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation.
Production of xrays
The copper in a stationary anode plays a dual role:
1. It supports the tungsten target.
2. It efficiently removes heat from the tungsten target.
Copper acts as a heat sink, drawing heat away from the tungsten target to prevent it from overheating due to the energy deposited by bombarding electrons.
X-ray Production
This document provides an overview of x-ray production. It discusses how x-rays are produced through interactions between electrons and heavy atomic number targets. It describes the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen in 1895 and some key properties. The document then explains the basic processes of bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-ray production in more detail. It also discusses x-ray tube design components like the cathode, anode, vacuum, and housing needed to generate x-rays.
X-RAY TUBE.pptx
1. A current is passed through the tungsten filament to heat it up via thermionic emission and release electrons.
2. The electrons are accelerated towards the positively charged anode by the tube voltage and interact with the anode material, primarily releasing x-ray photons via Bremsstrahlung and characteristic interactions.
3. The resulting x-ray beam exits the tube and passes through the patient to form an x-ray image.
Recommended
Study of Xray machines and functions.pdf
In this pdf you will learn how the x ray machines work and how x rays produce, to enhance your knowledge about x rays machine then you have read this. You will get every knowledge about xrays in short and easy language.
X RAY TUBES & PRODUCTION OF.pptx
1) The document discusses the components and functioning of an x-ray tube, including the cathode, thermionic emission, space charge effect, focussing cup, anode, and grid control.
2) It describes how increasing the voltage across the x-ray tube increases the kinetic energy of electrons, producing x-rays via bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation processes.
3) Rotating and stationary anodes are discussed as ways to dissipate heat generated during x-ray production and allow higher power outputs from the tube.
X ray tube production rakesh
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with a metal target in an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons via thermionic emission when heated, and an anode target. Vacuum is necessary to allow electron acceleration and control. Rotating or stationary anode designs improve heat dissipation during x-ray production. Grid controlled tubes allow rapid on/off switching of the electron beam and x-ray output.
ProductionOfXrays.pptx
This document provides an overview of how X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube. It describes the key components of an X-ray tube, including the glass enclosure, cathode, anode, and how they work together. The cathode emits electrons via thermionic emission when heated. These electrons are accelerated towards the anode and decelerate upon impact, producing X-rays. Higher kVp results in more energetic X-rays while higher mA results in more electrons and thus more X-rays. Rotating and stationary anodes aim to dissipate heat from electron bombardment and allow higher outputs.
Production of xrays
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed fluorescent screens glowing in a darkened room when a high voltage was applied to the tube. This led to the discovery that X-rays could pass through and image bones in the human body. Modern X-ray tubes use a tungsten target bombarded by electrons emitted from a heated filament to produce X-rays, which are used in medical imaging and radiation therapy. X-rays are generated via two mechanisms: bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation.
Production of xrays
The copper in a stationary anode plays a dual role:
1. It supports the tungsten target.
2. It efficiently removes heat from the tungsten target.
Copper acts as a heat sink, drawing heat away from the tungsten target to prevent it from overheating due to the energy deposited by bombarding electrons.
X-ray Production
This document provides an overview of x-ray production. It discusses how x-rays are produced through interactions between electrons and heavy atomic number targets. It describes the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen in 1895 and some key properties. The document then explains the basic processes of bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-ray production in more detail. It also discusses x-ray tube design components like the cathode, anode, vacuum, and housing needed to generate x-rays.
X-RAY TUBE.pptx
1. A current is passed through the tungsten filament to heat it up via thermionic emission and release electrons.
2. The electrons are accelerated towards the positively charged anode by the tube voltage and interact with the anode material, primarily releasing x-ray photons via Bremsstrahlung and characteristic interactions.
3. The resulting x-ray beam exits the tube and passes through the patient to form an x-ray image.
Production of x rays & generators
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target anode of an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a stationary or rotating anode target. When electrons collide with the anode, x-rays are produced via two processes: characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions and continuous bremsstrahlung radiation from deflected electrons. Additional components such as filters and housing manage heat dissipation and focus the x-ray beam for medical imaging applications.
Production of x rays chapter -1
Production of x rays
Components of X-ray
Cathode
kVp , mA , mAs .
Line focus principle
Heel effect
anode
Stationary anode x ray tube
Rotating anode x-ray tube
Grid controlled x-ray tube
Saturation voltage
Metal ceramic x – ray tube
Processes of x- ray generation
intensity of the x-ray beams
Effect of kVp on x- ray beam
Effect of tube current on x- ray beam
learn with Me...........MK
if you notice any mistake comment please ......
PHYSICS2.PPT
The document discusses x-ray production in an x-ray tube. It describes the three essentials needed - an electron source, means of acceleration, and a target for impact. Modern tubes use a tungsten filament as the electron source, which is heated to emit electrons. A high voltage is applied to accelerate electrons toward the anode target. Upon impact, a small portion of the kinetic energy is converted to x-rays. Rotating anodes and various cooling methods allow higher outputs by dissipating heat.
PHYSICS2.PPT
The document discusses x-ray production in an x-ray tube. It describes the three essentials needed - an electron source, means of acceleration, and a target for impact. Modern tubes use a tungsten filament as the electron source, which is heated to emit electrons. A high voltage is applied to accelerate electrons toward the anode target. Upon impact, a small portion of the kinetic energy is converted to x-rays. Rotating anodes and various cooling methods allow higher outputs by dissipating heat.
X ray tube and production of xrays
X-rays were discovered accidentally in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. They are produced when a stream of electrons is decelerated upon impact with a metal target in an X-ray tube. The tube contains a cathode that emits electrons via thermionic emission when heated, and an anode that decelerates the electrons. Rotating the anode spreads heat over a larger surface area, allowing higher power outputs. Stationary and rotating anode designs, the line focus principle, and grid control are used to optimize X-ray production and control the electron beam.
Neelam
1. X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon striking a metal target in an x-ray tube.
2. Modern x-ray tubes use a tungsten target and operate under vacuum to allow for control of the electron beam and prevent degradation of the tube.
3. X-ray output is determined by tube voltage (kVp), current (mAs), and filtration - with higher kVp and mAs producing higher quality and quantity respectively.
X ray physics
The document provides an overview of x-ray physics, including a history of x-rays, the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of x-rays, components of an x-ray tube, and interactions between x-rays and matter. It describes how x-rays are produced via thermionic emission in an x-ray tube, where high-speed electrons generated at the cathode strike the tungsten anode, producing bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. It also summarizes the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering that can occur when x-rays interact with matter.
Production of x rays
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with a metal target in an X-ray tube. The tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a rotating anode that absorbs the electrons. Upon electron deceleration, both characteristic X-rays specific to the target material and continuous spectrum bremsstrahlung X-rays are produced. The intensity of the X-ray beam depends on factors like target atomic number, applied voltage, and tube current. Rotating the anode helps dissipate heat and provides a consistent focal spot.
Ch.2-Anatomy of x-ray machine.ppt
The document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray machine. It describes how X-rays are produced via the interaction of electrons with a target in an X-ray tube. The key components of the X-ray tube are the cathode, which emits electrons, and the anode, where the electrons collide. Rotating and stationary anodes are discussed. The document also covers technical components like the generator and control panel, as well as factors that affect X-ray production and quality.
Components of X-Ray Tube
The document summarizes the key components and functioning of an X-ray tube. It describes how X-ray tubes evolved from Crookes tubes and are now used widely in medical imaging and airport security. The main components of an X-ray tube are the glass envelope, cathode, anode and protective housing. The cathode emits electrons via a heated filament. The anode converts the electrons' kinetic energy into X-rays used for imaging. Rotating anodes allow continuous imaging by dispersing heat across a larger surface. The tube is enclosed to safely generate controllable X-rays for medical and industrial applications.
X-Ray Shadowgraph Imaging Technique Lecture
X-Ray Shadowgraph Imaging Technique LectureMilitary Technical College/ Biomedical Engineering Department
This document provides an overview of x-ray imaging techniques. It describes what x-rays are and how they are generated within an x-ray machine. X-rays are generated when high-voltage electrons collide with a metal target, such as tungsten. This causes the electrons to lose energy and emit x-ray photons. The x-ray machine contains an x-ray tube, high voltage generator, and control console to produce x-rays and control their intensity and energy. X-rays can pass through soft tissues but are absorbed by denser bones, allowing x-ray images to reveal internal body structures.X-ray Tube (Cathode)
1. The document discusses the key components of an x-ray tube, including the filament, focusing cup, glass envelope, and tube housing.
2. The filament is made of tungsten wire and emits electrons through thermionic emission when heated. The focusing cup concentrates the electron beam.
3. The glass envelope encloses and evacuates the tube. It is made of borosilicate glass to withstand heat and maintain vacuum. The tube housing provides radiation shielding and insulation for the high voltages used.
Production of x rays
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays. An X-ray tube consists of a glass envelope evacuated to high vacuum containing a cathode filament and anode target, usually made of tungsten. When the filament is heated by electricity it emits electrons which are accelerated towards the positively charged anode. This produces two types of X-rays: Bremsstrahlung and characteristic. X-ray generators use high voltage transformers and rectifiers to produce X-rays and are classified by their output and ripple percentage. The X-ray spectrum depends on the target material and can be hardened through the use of filtration.
Xrayproductionandproperties march 9 2022
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation that were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. They are produced when electrons are accelerated and strike a metal target in an x-ray tube. There are two types of x-rays produced - bremsstrahlung x-rays and characteristic x-rays. Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target nucleus. Characteristic x-rays are produced when an electron collision ejects an inner shell electron, causing an outer shell electron to fill the vacancy and release a photon. The x-ray tube contains a cathode, anode, and evacuated glass enclosure to precisely control the electron beam and produce x-rays, which have properties
DLA 1204 Radiation Physics
This document provides learning objectives and information about radiation physics, specifically related to dental x-rays. It defines key terms like ionization and different types of radiation. It describes the components of an x-ray machine including the tubehead and x-ray tube. It explains how dental x-rays are produced including the role of electricity, circuits, and transformers. It defines primary, secondary, and scatter radiation.
Non conventional processes
The document discusses various laser micromachining techniques including pyrolytic and photolytic processing. It describes the fundamentals of lasers including stimulated emission and different laser types such as solid state, diode, and Ti-sapphire lasers. The effects of nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond laser pulses on material processing are examined for applications such as microfabrication.
12113745.ppt
Thermionic emission sources like lanthanum hexaboride crystals and field emission sources like tungsten needles are commonly used in transmission electron microscopes. Field emission sources provide higher brightness and better coherence but require ultra-high vacuum. The electron gun design controls the electron beam through electrostatic lenses. Operating the source near saturation and at the highest possible voltage generally provides the best image quality without damaging specimens.
Basics of radiation and production of x rays
Electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays, is produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerate, such as when they collide with the target material in an x-ray tube. In an x-ray tube, a stream of electrons is emitted from a heated cathode and accelerated toward the anode. When the electrons collide with the anode, they cause the emission of x-rays. This results in a spectrum of x-rays known as bremsstrahlung radiation. Some electrons may also eject inner shell electrons from the anode atoms, producing characteristic x-ray lines. Modern x-ray tubes use a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow higher outputs.
X-Ray Tube complete-1.pptx
1. The document discusses the functioning of an X-ray transformer control panel and X-ray tube. It describes how transformers are used to increase and decrease voltage for X-ray machines and the components of transformers.
2. The control panel contains meters, switches and buttons to select settings for kilovoltage, milliamperes and exposure time. It also includes safety devices like fuses.
3. The X-ray tube produces X-rays when fast moving electrons emitted from the cathode are stopped by the anode. It contains components like the glass envelope, cathode, anode and focal spot where X-rays are generated.
X ray tube
The document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray tube. It describes the evolution from early gas tubes to modern Coolidge tubes. Key components include a cathode that emits electrons via thermionic emission, a target anode where X-rays are produced, and a rotating anode design that allows for higher power outputs by spreading heat load. Modern tubes operate similarly to Coolidge tubes but with refinements like line focal spots and rotating anodes to improve performance.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
More Related Content
Similar to X-RAY TUBE WPS Office.pptx
Production of x rays & generators
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target anode of an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a stationary or rotating anode target. When electrons collide with the anode, x-rays are produced via two processes: characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions and continuous bremsstrahlung radiation from deflected electrons. Additional components such as filters and housing manage heat dissipation and focus the x-ray beam for medical imaging applications.
Production of x rays chapter -1
Production of x rays
Components of X-ray
Cathode
kVp , mA , mAs .
Line focus principle
Heel effect
anode
Stationary anode x ray tube
Rotating anode x-ray tube
Grid controlled x-ray tube
Saturation voltage
Metal ceramic x – ray tube
Processes of x- ray generation
intensity of the x-ray beams
Effect of kVp on x- ray beam
Effect of tube current on x- ray beam
learn with Me...........MK
if you notice any mistake comment please ......
PHYSICS2.PPT
The document discusses x-ray production in an x-ray tube. It describes the three essentials needed - an electron source, means of acceleration, and a target for impact. Modern tubes use a tungsten filament as the electron source, which is heated to emit electrons. A high voltage is applied to accelerate electrons toward the anode target. Upon impact, a small portion of the kinetic energy is converted to x-rays. Rotating anodes and various cooling methods allow higher outputs by dissipating heat.
PHYSICS2.PPT
The document discusses x-ray production in an x-ray tube. It describes the three essentials needed - an electron source, means of acceleration, and a target for impact. Modern tubes use a tungsten filament as the electron source, which is heated to emit electrons. A high voltage is applied to accelerate electrons toward the anode target. Upon impact, a small portion of the kinetic energy is converted to x-rays. Rotating anodes and various cooling methods allow higher outputs by dissipating heat.
X ray tube and production of xrays
X-rays were discovered accidentally in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. They are produced when a stream of electrons is decelerated upon impact with a metal target in an X-ray tube. The tube contains a cathode that emits electrons via thermionic emission when heated, and an anode that decelerates the electrons. Rotating the anode spreads heat over a larger surface area, allowing higher power outputs. Stationary and rotating anode designs, the line focus principle, and grid control are used to optimize X-ray production and control the electron beam.
Neelam
1. X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon striking a metal target in an x-ray tube.
2. Modern x-ray tubes use a tungsten target and operate under vacuum to allow for control of the electron beam and prevent degradation of the tube.
3. X-ray output is determined by tube voltage (kVp), current (mAs), and filtration - with higher kVp and mAs producing higher quality and quantity respectively.
X ray physics
The document provides an overview of x-ray physics, including a history of x-rays, the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of x-rays, components of an x-ray tube, and interactions between x-rays and matter. It describes how x-rays are produced via thermionic emission in an x-ray tube, where high-speed electrons generated at the cathode strike the tungsten anode, producing bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. It also summarizes the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering that can occur when x-rays interact with matter.
Production of x rays
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with a metal target in an X-ray tube. The tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a rotating anode that absorbs the electrons. Upon electron deceleration, both characteristic X-rays specific to the target material and continuous spectrum bremsstrahlung X-rays are produced. The intensity of the X-ray beam depends on factors like target atomic number, applied voltage, and tube current. Rotating the anode helps dissipate heat and provides a consistent focal spot.
Ch.2-Anatomy of x-ray machine.ppt
The document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray machine. It describes how X-rays are produced via the interaction of electrons with a target in an X-ray tube. The key components of the X-ray tube are the cathode, which emits electrons, and the anode, where the electrons collide. Rotating and stationary anodes are discussed. The document also covers technical components like the generator and control panel, as well as factors that affect X-ray production and quality.
Components of X-Ray Tube
The document summarizes the key components and functioning of an X-ray tube. It describes how X-ray tubes evolved from Crookes tubes and are now used widely in medical imaging and airport security. The main components of an X-ray tube are the glass envelope, cathode, anode and protective housing. The cathode emits electrons via a heated filament. The anode converts the electrons' kinetic energy into X-rays used for imaging. Rotating anodes allow continuous imaging by dispersing heat across a larger surface. The tube is enclosed to safely generate controllable X-rays for medical and industrial applications.
X-Ray Shadowgraph Imaging Technique Lecture
X-Ray Shadowgraph Imaging Technique LectureMilitary Technical College/ Biomedical Engineering Department
This document provides an overview of x-ray imaging techniques. It describes what x-rays are and how they are generated within an x-ray machine. X-rays are generated when high-voltage electrons collide with a metal target, such as tungsten. This causes the electrons to lose energy and emit x-ray photons. The x-ray machine contains an x-ray tube, high voltage generator, and control console to produce x-rays and control their intensity and energy. X-rays can pass through soft tissues but are absorbed by denser bones, allowing x-ray images to reveal internal body structures.X-ray Tube (Cathode)
1. The document discusses the key components of an x-ray tube, including the filament, focusing cup, glass envelope, and tube housing.
2. The filament is made of tungsten wire and emits electrons through thermionic emission when heated. The focusing cup concentrates the electron beam.
3. The glass envelope encloses and evacuates the tube. It is made of borosilicate glass to withstand heat and maintain vacuum. The tube housing provides radiation shielding and insulation for the high voltages used.
Production of x rays
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays. An X-ray tube consists of a glass envelope evacuated to high vacuum containing a cathode filament and anode target, usually made of tungsten. When the filament is heated by electricity it emits electrons which are accelerated towards the positively charged anode. This produces two types of X-rays: Bremsstrahlung and characteristic. X-ray generators use high voltage transformers and rectifiers to produce X-rays and are classified by their output and ripple percentage. The X-ray spectrum depends on the target material and can be hardened through the use of filtration.
Xrayproductionandproperties march 9 2022
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation that were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. They are produced when electrons are accelerated and strike a metal target in an x-ray tube. There are two types of x-rays produced - bremsstrahlung x-rays and characteristic x-rays. Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target nucleus. Characteristic x-rays are produced when an electron collision ejects an inner shell electron, causing an outer shell electron to fill the vacancy and release a photon. The x-ray tube contains a cathode, anode, and evacuated glass enclosure to precisely control the electron beam and produce x-rays, which have properties
DLA 1204 Radiation Physics
This document provides learning objectives and information about radiation physics, specifically related to dental x-rays. It defines key terms like ionization and different types of radiation. It describes the components of an x-ray machine including the tubehead and x-ray tube. It explains how dental x-rays are produced including the role of electricity, circuits, and transformers. It defines primary, secondary, and scatter radiation.
Non conventional processes
The document discusses various laser micromachining techniques including pyrolytic and photolytic processing. It describes the fundamentals of lasers including stimulated emission and different laser types such as solid state, diode, and Ti-sapphire lasers. The effects of nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond laser pulses on material processing are examined for applications such as microfabrication.
12113745.ppt
Thermionic emission sources like lanthanum hexaboride crystals and field emission sources like tungsten needles are commonly used in transmission electron microscopes. Field emission sources provide higher brightness and better coherence but require ultra-high vacuum. The electron gun design controls the electron beam through electrostatic lenses. Operating the source near saturation and at the highest possible voltage generally provides the best image quality without damaging specimens.
Basics of radiation and production of x rays
Electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays, is produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerate, such as when they collide with the target material in an x-ray tube. In an x-ray tube, a stream of electrons is emitted from a heated cathode and accelerated toward the anode. When the electrons collide with the anode, they cause the emission of x-rays. This results in a spectrum of x-rays known as bremsstrahlung radiation. Some electrons may also eject inner shell electrons from the anode atoms, producing characteristic x-ray lines. Modern x-ray tubes use a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow higher outputs.
X-Ray Tube complete-1.pptx
1. The document discusses the functioning of an X-ray transformer control panel and X-ray tube. It describes how transformers are used to increase and decrease voltage for X-ray machines and the components of transformers.
2. The control panel contains meters, switches and buttons to select settings for kilovoltage, milliamperes and exposure time. It also includes safety devices like fuses.
3. The X-ray tube produces X-rays when fast moving electrons emitted from the cathode are stopped by the anode. It contains components like the glass envelope, cathode, anode and focal spot where X-rays are generated.
X ray tube
The document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray tube. It describes the evolution from early gas tubes to modern Coolidge tubes. Key components include a cathode that emits electrons via thermionic emission, a target anode where X-rays are produced, and a rotating anode design that allows for higher power outputs by spreading heat load. Modern tubes operate similarly to Coolidge tubes but with refinements like line focal spots and rotating anodes to improve performance.
Similar to X-RAY TUBE WPS Office.pptx (20)
Recently uploaded
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
What are the different types of Dental implants.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS). Parc Taulí. Sabadell
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdfChulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group
Pollen and Fungal allergy
Presented by Chaloemchai Chumsaengchotsakul, MD.
June 14, 2024 Skin Diseases That Happen During Summer.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
CLEAR ALIGNER THERAPY IN ORTHODONTICS .pptx
Dr. ZANAB FARHEEN FAYAZ ,MDS(ORTHODONTICS & DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS ).
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
Recently uploaded (20)
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...
X-RAY TUBE WPS Office.pptx
- 1. X-RAY TUBE
- 3. X-RAY TUBE COMPONENTS • Glass envelope • Cathode • Anode • Protective housing
- 6. FOCUSING CUP • Metallic shroud containing the two filaments. -Usually made from nickel. • Contains a negative charge. -Designed to repel electrons -Designed to condense electron beam to small area on focal track.
- 8. FILAMENT • Made of thin tungsten wire which is source of electrons. • It works on the phenomenon of thermionic emission. • Tungsten is used because of -High melting point -Less tendency to vapourise -High thermal conductivity -Appropriate threshold or work function.
- 13. TARGET MATERIAL • It is based on three charecteristics: -High atomic number -High thermal conductivity -High melting point
- 14. FOCAL SPOT • It is an area bombarded by the electrons stream on the target. • A small focal spot is required for producing good radiographic detail but it may also lead to overheating of target. • Whereas Large focal spot allows greater heat loading but doesn't produce sharp image. • This problem was now solved by LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE.
- 20. SPACE CHARGE • It is inability to operate the current and voltage of the xray tube independently. • When filament is heated,emission of electrons takes place. • In the absence of high voltage,this electrons remain around the filament. • This cloud repels new electrons from the filament.This tendency is known as SPACE CHARGE EFFECT
- 21. • Since space charge is negatively charged,so its presence around filament prevent further emission of electrons. • When high voltage is applied , electrons move towards anode.Therefore,space charge effect is diminished.
- 22. TUBE CURRENT(mA) • Filament current is not Tube current. It is the rate of electron flow from filament to target electrons per second. • Measured in milliamperes(mA) • Limited by -filament emission(temperature/filament current) -space charge
- 23. KILOVOLTAGE & SPACE CHARGE • Raising kvp gradually overcomes space charge -Higher fraction of electronsmake it to anode as kvp increases. - Below 40kvp,the current flow is limited by space charge effect. -Above 40kvp, this space charge has no influence on current flowing in the xray tube.
- 24. THANK YOU