The WTO is the world's largest international economic organization, with 164 member states representing over 98% of global trade and global GDP. World Trade ..
The document provides information on various forms of cross-national cooperation and economic agreements between countries, including:
1) Bilateral, regional, and global integration agreements that give preference to member countries.
2) International organizations like the WTO and regional groups in Europe (EU, EFTA), Asia (ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, GCC), and Africa (SADC, COMESA) that aim to reduce trade barriers and foster economic cooperation.
3) Examples of regional economic communities like the EU that have advanced from free trade areas to customs unions and common markets with coordinated economic and political policies.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was formed on January 1, 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO has 153 member countries and its goal is to promote free trade by reducing barriers between nations and resolving trade issues. The WTO aims to increase global trade, employment, and standards of living through cooperation of member countries.
The document provides an overview of major international economic institutions including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and South-South Cooperation. It discusses the origins, objectives, and roles of each institution in facilitating international trade and economic cooperation between countries.
The document discusses several major international trade institutions: the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It describes their roles in regulating trade, maintaining global economic stability, and promoting cooperation between member nations. The WTO oversees trade agreements and resolves disputes. The IMF provides financial assistance and policy advice to stabilize economies. And the OECD fosters growth and coordination among developed countries. Together these organizations shape international economic relations.
The globalization of economic relationsThirdy Malit
This document discusses various dimensions of economic globalization including the globalization of trade, financial markets, production, technology and communication. It defines key concepts like absolute advantage, trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas. It also explains different types of trade agreements from free trade areas and customs unions to common markets like NAFTA, Mercosur, ASEAN, the European Union and the Gulf Cooperation Council. Preferential trade agreements have proliferated but WTO and its predecessor GATT have sought to establish rules for open and nondiscriminatory global trade.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
The document discusses the history and purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade, building upon previous agreements like GATT. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote sustainable development and raise living standards by encouraging predictable and non-discriminatory trade policies. It provides various services to members and works to help developing economies through trade.
The document provides information on the history and development of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and various regional trading blocs. It discusses how the WTO was established in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and outlines some of the WTO's main activities. It also summarizes four major regional trading blocs - the European Union, ASEAN, Mercosur, and NAFTA - and provides some key details about their founding, goals, and membership.
The document provides information on various forms of cross-national cooperation and economic agreements between countries, including:
1) Bilateral, regional, and global integration agreements that give preference to member countries.
2) International organizations like the WTO and regional groups in Europe (EU, EFTA), Asia (ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, GCC), and Africa (SADC, COMESA) that aim to reduce trade barriers and foster economic cooperation.
3) Examples of regional economic communities like the EU that have advanced from free trade areas to customs unions and common markets with coordinated economic and political policies.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was formed on January 1, 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO has 153 member countries and its goal is to promote free trade by reducing barriers between nations and resolving trade issues. The WTO aims to increase global trade, employment, and standards of living through cooperation of member countries.
The document provides an overview of major international economic institutions including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and South-South Cooperation. It discusses the origins, objectives, and roles of each institution in facilitating international trade and economic cooperation between countries.
The document discusses several major international trade institutions: the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It describes their roles in regulating trade, maintaining global economic stability, and promoting cooperation between member nations. The WTO oversees trade agreements and resolves disputes. The IMF provides financial assistance and policy advice to stabilize economies. And the OECD fosters growth and coordination among developed countries. Together these organizations shape international economic relations.
The globalization of economic relationsThirdy Malit
This document discusses various dimensions of economic globalization including the globalization of trade, financial markets, production, technology and communication. It defines key concepts like absolute advantage, trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas. It also explains different types of trade agreements from free trade areas and customs unions to common markets like NAFTA, Mercosur, ASEAN, the European Union and the Gulf Cooperation Council. Preferential trade agreements have proliferated but WTO and its predecessor GATT have sought to establish rules for open and nondiscriminatory global trade.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
The document discusses the history and purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade, building upon previous agreements like GATT. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote sustainable development and raise living standards by encouraging predictable and non-discriminatory trade policies. It provides various services to members and works to help developing economies through trade.
The document provides information on the history and development of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and various regional trading blocs. It discusses how the WTO was established in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and outlines some of the WTO's main activities. It also summarizes four major regional trading blocs - the European Union, ASEAN, Mercosur, and NAFTA - and provides some key details about their founding, goals, and membership.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade between its 161 member states. The WTO aims to help producers, exporters, and importers conduct business according to transparent, predictable rules. Key functions of the WTO include administering trade agreements, settling disputes, and assisting developing countries. While the WTO aims to promote free trade, some believe greater benefits must be ensured for developing nations.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 to promote international trade and establish global trade rules and agreements. It operates to reduce trade barriers and resolve disputes between member countries. The WTO has 164 member countries and aims to lower trade barriers, increase employment and economic growth, and take steps to promote development in poorer nations through its principles of non-discriminatory trade, freer trade, transparency, and fair competition. The organization administers trade agreements, acts as a forum for negotiations, settles disputes between members, and provides technical assistance to developing countries.
The document discusses key aspects of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes the WTO as an international organization that regulates trade between countries through negotiating trade agreements, settling disputes, and maintaining a global trading system based on rules. The document outlines two main tariff systems used by WTO members: the Most Favored Nation tariff, which requires equal trade advantages be given to all member countries, and the Least Developed Country tariff, which aims to help developing economies through preferential market access. It also provides background on the establishment of the WTO and lists its current director general and 157 member countries.
The document discusses the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade, succeeding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established after World War II. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote sustainable development and raise living standards through non-discriminatory trade policies. It resolves disputes and provides technical assistance to developing countries. The organizational structure of the WTO consists of councils, committees, and a ministerial conference to govern international trade agreements.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade. It was established in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade. The WTO currently has 164 member countries and aims to ensure a rules-based trading system, lower trade barriers, and settle disputes between members. Key topics regulated by the WTO include agriculture, health and safety measures, textiles and clothing, intellectual property, investment measures, and dispute settlement procedures.
The document discusses several international economic organizations including UNCTAD, which aims to integrate developing countries into the global economy; the Common Fund for Commodities, which facilitates international commodity agreements; and WIPO, which protects intellectual property rights globally. It also describes different types of regional trade agreements from preferential trading to economic unions and lists major regional trade blocks and India’s participation in them. Finally, it provides overviews of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank Group.
The document discusses the history and purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade, succeeding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established after World War II. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote free trade, raise living standards, encourage development and ensure predictability and transparency in trade policies. It outlines the organizational structure and key agreements of the WTO relating to agriculture, health and safety measures, textiles, intellectual property rights, investment measures, and dispute settlement.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides details about:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 159 member countries. It oversees international trade and resolves trade disputes between nations.
- The key objectives of the WTO are to promote trade liberalization and ensure fair trade practices. It aims to help developing countries increase their trade competitiveness.
- The WTO built upon previous trade agreements like GATT. Compared to GATT, the WTO has stronger commitments and also covers trade in services and intellectual property.
- India has benefited from being a founding WTO member, seeing increased exports and stronger trade rules. While issues remain, the WTO has largely
This document discusses economic integration and trading blocs. It defines economic integration as agreements between nations to reduce trade barriers and boost cooperation. Trading blocs are preferential trade agreements between groups of countries that establish liberal trade rules for members. The document outlines different types of trading blocs from free trade areas to political unions. It provides examples like the EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, EFTA, and SAARC. Both opportunities and threats of trading blocs are mentioned. Key aspects of major trading blocs are summarized.
This document provides an overview of regional economic integration agreements. It discusses the objectives of economic integration such as strengthening political ties and improving bargaining power. It describes different levels of integration from free trade areas to economic unions. Examples of regional agreements discussed include the European Union, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and ASEAN. The EU eliminated trade barriers and allowed free movement of goods, services, and factors of production. NAFTA achieved trade liberalization between the US, Canada, and Mexico. Regional agreements in Latin America and Southeast Asia aimed to accelerate economic development among developing countries.
Regional integration refers to the process where states enter agreements to enhance cooperation through regional institutions and rules. The key objectives of regional integration include strengthening trade, private sector development, economic growth, good governance, and reducing social exclusion. Regional trade agreements (RTAs) like the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) aim to reduce tariffs and trade barriers between member nations. Other RTAs discussed include the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) which seeks to establish a free trade area across South Asia.
The document discusses the formation and purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It states that the WTO was formed on January 1, 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after the Uruguay Round negotiations. The WTO aims to promote free trade by reducing barriers and resolving trade issues between its 153 member countries. Key goals include increasing global trade, employment, and living standards while taking steps to help developing nations.
This document discusses trade blocs, including their definition, objectives, advantages, disadvantages, and types. It provides examples of major trade blocs such as NAFTA, the EU, ASEAN, SAARC, MERCOSUR, CACM, and ALADI. NAFTA has been replaced by USMCA, and the EU continues expanding to new member countries while also dealing with Brexit. Trade blocs aim to reduce trade barriers between members and impose barriers on non-members to encourage regional economic integration and development.
Lecture no. 17 world trade organization and regional trade agreementDildar Ali
The document discusses various trade organizations and agreements including:
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was established in 1947 and became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
- Important rounds of GATT negotiations including the Kennedy, Tokyo, and Uruguay rounds which established the WTO and expanded trade rules.
- Regional trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the US, Canada, and Mexico, and proposals for further agreements in other regions.
- Other existing regional organizations and trade blocs in Asia (ASEAN), South America (Mercosur), the Caribbean (CARICOM), and former Soviet states (CIS).
In a highly competitive global world, mastering international business administration is becoming necessary for managers worldwide to successfully perform diverse business activities with other parties in different countries.
The document provides an overview of the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in international marketing. It begins with defining international marketing and trade, describing some of the largest trading partners of India. It then discusses the benefits of international trade and barriers such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The document explains the transition from GATT to the establishment of the WTO in 1995 following the Uruguay Round negotiations. It outlines the objectives and functions of the WTO, including administering trade agreements, implementing trade barrier reductions, examining member trade policies, and settling disputes. The document emphasizes that the WTO operates on consensus among member governments. Finally, it discusses some benefits for developing countries in joining the WTO.
Latest Development in World Economic Integration and FTA'sNor Aini
Economic integration involves reducing or eliminating tariffs and trade barriers between countries to increase trade. It aims to lower costs for consumers and businesses while boosting trade between member nations. There are various levels of economic integration ranging from free trade areas to political unions. Regional trade agreements establish preferential trading agreements between neighboring countries while the World Trade Organization operates as the main global trade body. Both present opportunities but also challenges for developing nations.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 and has 160 member countries. It regulates and liberalizes international trade through agreements negotiated and ratified by member states. The main purpose of the WTO is to ensure fair and predictable global trade through principles of non-discrimination, open markets, and binding dispute resolution.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates and liberalizes international trade between its member states. It seeks to ensure fair competition and a predictable trading system through agreements covering agriculture, telecommunications, intellectual property and more. The WTO has over 160 member countries and its decisions are made by consensus or majority vote. It also provides a dispute resolution process to handle trade disputes between members. While the WTO has reduced trade barriers and increased market access, developing countries argue it has adversely impacted poor farmers by exposing them to competition from heavily subsidized agricultural imports from developed nations. India has called on the WTO to prioritize agreements that would allow developing countries to temporarily increase duties to counter such import surges and protect domestic food security programs
WTO & Trade Issues - Legal and Ethical Issues in International Marketing.pptxDiksha Vashisht
Making the leap into overseas marketing involves more than just identifying a new market and going after it. The process requires plenty of foresight and local knowledge if the pitfalls of legal and cultural issues are to be avoided. Linguistic and cultural differences, shifting political systems, and governmental protections for home-grown brands will all have to be planned for and dealt with first.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Trade Environment.pptxDiksha Vashisht
To better understand how modern global trade has evolved, it’s important to understand how countries traded with one another historically. Over time, economists have developed theories to explain the mechanisms of global trade.
The main historical theories are called classical and are from the perspective of a country, or country-based.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade between its 161 member states. The WTO aims to help producers, exporters, and importers conduct business according to transparent, predictable rules. Key functions of the WTO include administering trade agreements, settling disputes, and assisting developing countries. While the WTO aims to promote free trade, some believe greater benefits must be ensured for developing nations.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 to promote international trade and establish global trade rules and agreements. It operates to reduce trade barriers and resolve disputes between member countries. The WTO has 164 member countries and aims to lower trade barriers, increase employment and economic growth, and take steps to promote development in poorer nations through its principles of non-discriminatory trade, freer trade, transparency, and fair competition. The organization administers trade agreements, acts as a forum for negotiations, settles disputes between members, and provides technical assistance to developing countries.
The document discusses key aspects of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes the WTO as an international organization that regulates trade between countries through negotiating trade agreements, settling disputes, and maintaining a global trading system based on rules. The document outlines two main tariff systems used by WTO members: the Most Favored Nation tariff, which requires equal trade advantages be given to all member countries, and the Least Developed Country tariff, which aims to help developing economies through preferential market access. It also provides background on the establishment of the WTO and lists its current director general and 157 member countries.
The document discusses the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade, succeeding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established after World War II. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote sustainable development and raise living standards through non-discriminatory trade policies. It resolves disputes and provides technical assistance to developing countries. The organizational structure of the WTO consists of councils, committees, and a ministerial conference to govern international trade agreements.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade. It was established in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade. The WTO currently has 164 member countries and aims to ensure a rules-based trading system, lower trade barriers, and settle disputes between members. Key topics regulated by the WTO include agriculture, health and safety measures, textiles and clothing, intellectual property, investment measures, and dispute settlement procedures.
The document discusses several international economic organizations including UNCTAD, which aims to integrate developing countries into the global economy; the Common Fund for Commodities, which facilitates international commodity agreements; and WIPO, which protects intellectual property rights globally. It also describes different types of regional trade agreements from preferential trading to economic unions and lists major regional trade blocks and India’s participation in them. Finally, it provides overviews of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank Group.
The document discusses the history and purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade, succeeding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established after World War II. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote free trade, raise living standards, encourage development and ensure predictability and transparency in trade policies. It outlines the organizational structure and key agreements of the WTO relating to agriculture, health and safety measures, textiles, intellectual property rights, investment measures, and dispute settlement.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides details about:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 159 member countries. It oversees international trade and resolves trade disputes between nations.
- The key objectives of the WTO are to promote trade liberalization and ensure fair trade practices. It aims to help developing countries increase their trade competitiveness.
- The WTO built upon previous trade agreements like GATT. Compared to GATT, the WTO has stronger commitments and also covers trade in services and intellectual property.
- India has benefited from being a founding WTO member, seeing increased exports and stronger trade rules. While issues remain, the WTO has largely
This document discusses economic integration and trading blocs. It defines economic integration as agreements between nations to reduce trade barriers and boost cooperation. Trading blocs are preferential trade agreements between groups of countries that establish liberal trade rules for members. The document outlines different types of trading blocs from free trade areas to political unions. It provides examples like the EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, EFTA, and SAARC. Both opportunities and threats of trading blocs are mentioned. Key aspects of major trading blocs are summarized.
This document provides an overview of regional economic integration agreements. It discusses the objectives of economic integration such as strengthening political ties and improving bargaining power. It describes different levels of integration from free trade areas to economic unions. Examples of regional agreements discussed include the European Union, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and ASEAN. The EU eliminated trade barriers and allowed free movement of goods, services, and factors of production. NAFTA achieved trade liberalization between the US, Canada, and Mexico. Regional agreements in Latin America and Southeast Asia aimed to accelerate economic development among developing countries.
Regional integration refers to the process where states enter agreements to enhance cooperation through regional institutions and rules. The key objectives of regional integration include strengthening trade, private sector development, economic growth, good governance, and reducing social exclusion. Regional trade agreements (RTAs) like the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) aim to reduce tariffs and trade barriers between member nations. Other RTAs discussed include the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) which seeks to establish a free trade area across South Asia.
The document discusses the formation and purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It states that the WTO was formed on January 1, 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after the Uruguay Round negotiations. The WTO aims to promote free trade by reducing barriers and resolving trade issues between its 153 member countries. Key goals include increasing global trade, employment, and living standards while taking steps to help developing nations.
This document discusses trade blocs, including their definition, objectives, advantages, disadvantages, and types. It provides examples of major trade blocs such as NAFTA, the EU, ASEAN, SAARC, MERCOSUR, CACM, and ALADI. NAFTA has been replaced by USMCA, and the EU continues expanding to new member countries while also dealing with Brexit. Trade blocs aim to reduce trade barriers between members and impose barriers on non-members to encourage regional economic integration and development.
Lecture no. 17 world trade organization and regional trade agreementDildar Ali
The document discusses various trade organizations and agreements including:
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was established in 1947 and became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
- Important rounds of GATT negotiations including the Kennedy, Tokyo, and Uruguay rounds which established the WTO and expanded trade rules.
- Regional trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the US, Canada, and Mexico, and proposals for further agreements in other regions.
- Other existing regional organizations and trade blocs in Asia (ASEAN), South America (Mercosur), the Caribbean (CARICOM), and former Soviet states (CIS).
In a highly competitive global world, mastering international business administration is becoming necessary for managers worldwide to successfully perform diverse business activities with other parties in different countries.
The document provides an overview of the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in international marketing. It begins with defining international marketing and trade, describing some of the largest trading partners of India. It then discusses the benefits of international trade and barriers such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The document explains the transition from GATT to the establishment of the WTO in 1995 following the Uruguay Round negotiations. It outlines the objectives and functions of the WTO, including administering trade agreements, implementing trade barrier reductions, examining member trade policies, and settling disputes. The document emphasizes that the WTO operates on consensus among member governments. Finally, it discusses some benefits for developing countries in joining the WTO.
Latest Development in World Economic Integration and FTA'sNor Aini
Economic integration involves reducing or eliminating tariffs and trade barriers between countries to increase trade. It aims to lower costs for consumers and businesses while boosting trade between member nations. There are various levels of economic integration ranging from free trade areas to political unions. Regional trade agreements establish preferential trading agreements between neighboring countries while the World Trade Organization operates as the main global trade body. Both present opportunities but also challenges for developing nations.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 and has 160 member countries. It regulates and liberalizes international trade through agreements negotiated and ratified by member states. The main purpose of the WTO is to ensure fair and predictable global trade through principles of non-discrimination, open markets, and binding dispute resolution.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates and liberalizes international trade between its member states. It seeks to ensure fair competition and a predictable trading system through agreements covering agriculture, telecommunications, intellectual property and more. The WTO has over 160 member countries and its decisions are made by consensus or majority vote. It also provides a dispute resolution process to handle trade disputes between members. While the WTO has reduced trade barriers and increased market access, developing countries argue it has adversely impacted poor farmers by exposing them to competition from heavily subsidized agricultural imports from developed nations. India has called on the WTO to prioritize agreements that would allow developing countries to temporarily increase duties to counter such import surges and protect domestic food security programs
Similar to WTO-World Trade Organization .pptx (20)
WTO & Trade Issues - Legal and Ethical Issues in International Marketing.pptxDiksha Vashisht
Making the leap into overseas marketing involves more than just identifying a new market and going after it. The process requires plenty of foresight and local knowledge if the pitfalls of legal and cultural issues are to be avoided. Linguistic and cultural differences, shifting political systems, and governmental protections for home-grown brands will all have to be planned for and dealt with first.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Trade Environment.pptxDiksha Vashisht
To better understand how modern global trade has evolved, it’s important to understand how countries traded with one another historically. Over time, economists have developed theories to explain the mechanisms of global trade.
The main historical theories are called classical and are from the perspective of a country, or country-based.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Promotional Strategies.pptxDiksha Vashisht
Communication is the basis of promotional activities. Companies attempt to convey product information to potential customers. Promotion involves marketing efforts that inform, remind and persuade customers. Product or service promotion is carried through communication and certain tools are adopted for this:
Advertising: The advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of goods and services by the identified sponsor in the exchange of a fee
WTO & Trade Issues - International Product Policy.pptxDiksha Vashisht
International product life cycle discusses the consumption pattern of the product in many countries. This concept explains that the products pass through several stages of the product life cycle.
The, product is innovated in country, usually a developed country, to satisfy the needs of the consumers.
The innovator country wants to exploit the technological breakthrough and start marketing the products in foreign country.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Pricing.pptxDiksha Vashisht
The price of the product for domestic and export purposes shall be calculated in somewhat different manner. There are various methods of pricing the product in international market. Exporter may follow any method to calculate price. But before that he must be able to identify competitor’s price.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Marketing Introduction.pptxDiksha Vashisht
International Marketing is the application of marketing principles by industries in one or more than one country
International marketing is based on an extension of a company’s local marketing strategy, with special attention paid to marketing identification, targeting, and decisions internationally
WTO & Trade Issues - International Marketing Environment.pptxDiksha Vashisht
International Marketing environment refers to the controllable and uncontrollable forces that influence upon the marketing decision making of a firm globally. International Marketing environment is comprised of those components which shape policies, programmes and strategies of an international marketer.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Financial Institutions.pptxDiksha Vashisht
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that promotes global economic growth and financial stability, encourages international trade, and reduces poverty. Quotas of member countries are a key determinant of the voting power in IMF decisions.
Votes comprise one vote per 100,000 special drawing right (SDR) of quota plus basic votes. SDRS are an international type of monetary reserve currency created by the IMF as a supplement to the existing money reserves of member countries.
Foreign Trade Policy is a set of guidelines and instructions established by the DGFT in matters related to the import and export of goods in India. The Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry announces Export Import Policy every five years.
Exporting marketing is the practice by which a company sells products or services to a foreign country. Products are produced or distributed from the company's home country to buyers in international locations. Hereby a company markets the products/services in international locations
Consumer Behavior is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and all the activities associated with the purchase, use & disposal of goods & services & how the consumer’s emotions, attitudes & preferences affect buying behavior.
Retailer’s Classification on the basics of Operational Structure.pptxDiksha Vashisht
Store Based: Store based formats can be further classified into two formats based on the basis of Ownership or Merchandise offered. Non Store Based Classification: Non Store retail organizations focus on establishing direct contact with the consumer.
A retail outlet or store is a retail sales establishment which has a genuine retail activity and which therefore has a sales area. This therefore excludes ancillary establishments such as warehouses or the offices of commercial enterprises without their own turnover..
A service blueprint is a diagram that visualizes the relationships between different service components — people, props (physical or digital evidence), and processes — that are directly tied to touchpoints in a specific customer journey. Think of service blueprints as a part two to customer journey maps.
Since 1890, Dressed in white outfit and traditional Gandhi Cap, Mumbai Army of 5,000 Dabbawalas fulfilling the hunger of almost 200,000 Mumbaikar with .
Globalization has given impetus of international trade which is increasing by the day. International trade involves multiple agencies, transportation agents, carriers as well as Customs and Banks etc of the two countries involved in trade.
Export and Import transactions are essentially dependant upon documentation and information to flow across all related agencies smoothly.
International Trade Logistics - Type of Duties.pptxDiksha Vashisht
Internationally, all import and export shipments originating or entering in a country are regulated through the customs laws and regulations of respective country. In India, all import and export shipments are cleared through various customs check points as per provisions contained in the Indian Customs Act (ICA) 1962.
International Trade Logistics - Documentation.pptxDiksha Vashisht
Documents are at the heart of all logistics processes. Invoices, bills of lading, shipping slips, customs documents, and packing lists are just a few of the (typically) paper documents that are passed through many hands from supplier to receiver to end customer
- Foreign exchange involves the trading of one currency for another between nations. The exchange rate is the price of one currency relative to another.
- The foreign exchange market is a global network where currencies are bought and sold. It operates 24/7 across different time zones.
- The primary functions of the foreign exchange market are to facilitate international trade and transfers of funds between countries, provide short-term credit to importers, and allow hedging against foreign exchange risk.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Gamify it until you make it Improving Agile Development and Operations with ...Ben Linders
So many challenges, so little time. While we’re busy developing software and keeping it operational, we also need to sharpen the saw, but how? Gamification can be a way to look at how you’re doing and find out where to improve. It’s a great way to have everyone involved and get the best out of people.
In this presentation, Ben Linders will show how playing games with the DevOps coaching cards can help to explore your current development and deployment (DevOps) practices and decide as a team what to improve or experiment with.
The games that we play are based on an engagement model. Instead of imposing change, the games enable people to pull in ideas for change and apply those in a way that best suits their collective needs.
By playing games, you can learn from each other. Teams can use games, exercises, and coaching cards to discuss values, principles, and practices, and share their experiences and learnings.
Different game formats can be used to share experiences on DevOps principles and practices and explore how they can be applied effectively. This presentation provides an overview of playing formats and will inspire you to come up with your own formats.
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
2. Headquarters : Centre William Rappard, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Establish : 1January 1995
Created By : Uruguay Round
Negotiation(1986-94)
Membership :159 Countries on 2 March 2013
Budget :197 Million Swiss Francs for 2013
Secretariat Staff : 640
Director-General : Robert Azevedo
INTRODUCTION
4. OBJECTIVE OF WTO
Promotes trade flows by encouraging nations to adopt non-
discriminatory & predictable trade policies
Raising standard of living & income.
Introduce sustainable development.
5. United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
Abbreviation UNCTAD
Formation 30 December 1964; 55 years ago
Legal status Active
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
Head Secretary-General
Mukhisa Kituyi
Parent organization United Nations General Assembly
United Nations Secretariat
6. ◦ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):
◦ UNO declared 1960-70 as Development Decade. In 1961 UNO attempted to increase the income of developing countries with a
growth rate of 5% p.a. during this development decade. In July 1962, a conference of developing countries was held at Cairo,
which resolved to convene a World Conference for this purpose. Economic and Social Council of the UNO called a World Trade
and Development Conference, which was held between March 31, 1964 and June 16, 1964. A worldwide international trade
policy was determined in this conference. Various issues related to extension of international trade of developing countries
were also discussed in this Conference. This Conference came to be known as UNCTAD.
◦ Functions of UNCTAD:
◦ ADVERTISEMENTS:
◦ i) To promote international trade all eve; the world-between developed and developing countries with different socioeconomic
systems, and thus to accelerate economic development.
◦ ii) To formulate principles and policies on international trade and related problems of economic development.
◦ iii) To make proposals for putting the said principle and policies into effect.
◦ iv) Generally, to review and facilitate the co-ordination of activities of the other institutions within the U.N. system in the field
of international trade.
◦ ADVERTISEMENTS:
◦ v) To be available as a centre for harmonious trade and related documents in development policies of governments.
7. ◦ What is Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
◦ Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a preferential tariff system extended by developed countries to developing
countries (also known as preference receiving countries or beneficiary countries). It is a preferential arrangement in the
sense that it allows concessional low/zero tariff imports from developing countries.
◦ Developed countries including the US, EU, UK, Japan etc., gives GSPs to imports from developing countries. GSP
involves reduced/zero tariffs of eligible products exported by beneficiary countries to the markets of GSP providing
countries.
◦ The US has a strong GSP regime for developing countries since its launch in 1976, by the Trade Act of 1974. In the past,
thousands of products were imported from nearly 120 designated beneficiary countries and territories.
◦ What is the objective of GSP?
◦ The objective of GSP was to give development support to poor countries by promoting exports from them into the
developed countries. According to the US Trade Representative Office website, GSP promotes sustainable development
in beneficiary countries by helping these countries to increase and diversify their trade with the United States. “GSP
provide opportunities for many of the world’s poorest countries to use trade to grow their economies and climb out of
poverty” – USTR.
◦ According to the USTR, “GSP also boosts American competitiveness by reducing costs of imported inputs used by U.S.
companies to manufacture goods in the United States.”
8. ◦ European Union (EU), international organization comprising 27 European
countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies.
Originally confined to western Europe, the EU undertook a robust expansion into
central and eastern Europe in the early 21st century. The EU’s members
are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland
, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden.
The United Kingdom, which had been a founding member of the EU, left the
organization in 2020. The EU was created by the Maastricht Treaty, which entered
into force on November 1, 1993. The treaty was designed to enhance European
political and economic integration by creating a single currency (the euro), a
unified foreign and security policy, and common citizenship rights and by
advancing cooperation in the areas of immigration, asylum, and judicial affairs.
The EU was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2012, in recognition of the
organization’s efforts to promote peace and democracy in Europe.
9. North American Free Trade Agreement
◦ North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) established a free-
trade zone in North America; it was signed in 1992 by Canada, Mexico,
and the United States and took effect on Jan. 1, 1994. NAFTA
immediately lifted tariffs on the majority of goods produced by the
signatory nations. It also calls for the gradual elimination, over a period
of 15 years, of most remaining barriers to cross-border investment and
to the movement of goods and services among the three countries.
10. Pros and Cons of the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
• ProsLower grocery prices
• Lower gas prices
• Increased trade and growth
ConsManufacturing jobs moved to Mexico
• U.S. workers saw lower wages
• Worker exploitation in Mexico
11. Association of South-East Asian Nations
◦ ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok by the five
original member countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam joined on 8 January 1984, Vietnam
on 28 July 1995, Laos and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia
on 30 April 1999.