2. INTRODUCTION
International trade institutions play a pivotal role in shaping
the global economic landscape. From the World Trade
Organization (WTO) to regional trade blocs, these
organizations foster cooperation, regulate trade practices, and
promote economic growth on a global scale. Join me on a
journey through the intricate web of international trade
agreements, policies, and their profound impact on nations
and businesses worldwide.
So, what are the international trade institutions and what is
their role ?
3. Plan de travail
Introduction
World trade organization (wto)
International monetary fund (imf)
Organization for economic cooperation and
developement (oecd)
Conclusion
4. World trade organization (wto)
The World Trade Organization is‘member-driven’, with decisions taken by General
agreement among all member of governments and it deals with the rules of trade
between nations at global or near-global level..
They deal with: agriculture, textiles and clothing, banking, telecommunications,
government purchases, industrial standards and product safety, food sanitation
regulations, intellectual property,
The WTO agreements are lengthy and complex because they are legal texts covering a
wide range of activities.
5. HISTORY OF THE WTO
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) came into being on January 1st 1995. It was
the outcome of the lengthy (1986-1994) Uruguay round of GATT negotiations. The
WTO was essentially an extension of GATT.
• It extended GATT in two major ways. First GATT became only one of the three
major trade agreements that went into the WTO (the other two being the General
Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the agreements on Trade Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)).
6. Second the WTO was put on a much sounder institutional footing than GATT. With
GATT the support services that helped maintain the agreement had come into
being in an ad hoc manner as the need arose. The WTO by contrast is a fully
fledged institution (GATT also was, at least formally, only an agreement between
contracting parties and had no independent existence of its own while the WTO is
a corporate body recognized under international law).
7. FACT FILE OF WTO
Location Geneva, Switzerland
Established 1 January 1995
Created by Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)
Membership 164 countries on 29 July 2016
Budget 189 million Swiss francs for 2009
Secretariat staff 625
Head Pascal Lamy (DirectorGeneral)
8. FUNCTIONS OF THE WTO
• Administering WTO trade agreements
• Forum for trade negotiations
• Handling trade disputes
• Monitoring national trade policies
• Technical assistance and training for developing
countries
• Cooperation with other international organizations
9. PRINCIPLES OF THE WTO
The basic principles of the WTO (according to the WTO):
• Trade Without Discrimination
1. Most-favoured-nation (MFN): treating other people equally Under the WTO
agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading
partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for
one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.
2. National treatment: Treating foreigners and locals equally Imported and locally-
produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have
entered the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and
to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents.
10. • Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation Lowering trade barriers is one of the
most obvious means of encouraging trade. The barriers concerned include customs
duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict
quantities selectively
• Predictability: through binding and transparency Sometimes, promising not to
raise a trade barrier can be as important as lowering one, because the promise
gives businesses a clearer view of their future opportunities. With stability and
predictability, investment is encouraged, jobs are created and consumers can fully
enjoy the benefits of competition — choice and lower prices. The multilateral
trading system is an attempt by governments to make the business environment
stable and predictable.
11. • Promoting fair competition The WTO is sometimes described as a “free trade”
institution, but that is not entirely accurate. The system does allow tariffs and, in
limited circumstances, other forms of protection. More accurately, it is a system of
rules dedicated to open, fair and undistorted competition.
• Encouraging development and economic reform. The WTO system contributes to
development. On the other hand, developing countries need flexibility in the time
they take to implement the system’s agreements. And the agreements themselves
inherit the earlier provisions of GATT that allow for special assistance and trade
concessions for developing countries.
12. ROLE OF THE WTO
• The main goal of WTO is to help the trading industry to become smooth, fair, free
and predictable. It was organized to become the administrator of multilateral trade
and business agreements between its member nations. It supports all occurring
negotiations for latest agreements for trade. WTO also tries to resolve trade
disputes between member nations.
• Multi-lateral agreements are always made between several countries in the past.
Because of this, such agreements become very difficult to negotiate but are so
powerful and influential once all the parties agree and sign the multi-lateral
agreement. WTO acts as the administrator. If there are unfair trade practices or
dumping and there is complain filed, the staff of WTO are expected to investigate
and check if there are violations based on the multi-lateral agreements.
13. RELEVANTS OF THE WTO
• The system helps promote peace.
• The system allows disputes to be handled constructively.
• A system based on rules rather than power makes life
easier for all.
• Freer trade cuts the cost of living.
• It gives consumers more choice and a broader range of
qualities to choose from.
• Trade raises incomes.
• Trade stimulates economic growth and that can be good
news for employment
• The basic principles make the system economically more
efficient, and they cut costs.
14. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
IMF is the intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system
by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular
those with an impact on exchange rate and the balance of payments.
It is an organization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing international
exchange rates and facilitating development through the enforcement of
liberalising economic policies on other countries as a condition for loans,
restructuring or aid.
The IMF was created to support orderly international currency exchanges and to
help nations having balance of payment problems through short term loans of
cash.
Its headquarters are in Washington, United States.
15. PURPOSES OF IMF
Promote international monetary cooperation.
Expansion and balanced growth of international trade.
Promote exchange rate stability.
The elimination of restrictions on the international flow of capital.
Make resources of the Fund available to members
Help establish multilateral system of payments and
eliminate foreign exchange restrictions.
Shorten the duration and lessen the degree of
disequilibrium in international balances of payment.
Foster economic growth and high levels of employment.
Temporary financial assistance to countries to help
the balance of payments adjustments.
16. ROLE OF IMF
Promoting research in various areas of international economics and monetary
economics.
Providing a forum for discussion and consultation among member countries. Being
in the center of competence.
Focusing on its core macroeconomic and financial areas of responsibility.
Working in a complementary fashion with other institutions established.
17. FUNCTIONS OF IMF
Surveillance (like a doctor) Gathering data and assessing economic policies of
countries.
Technical Assistance (like a teacher) Strengthening human skills and institutional
capacity of countries.
Financial Assistance (like a banker) Lending to countries to support reforms
18. IMF RELATIONS
The IMF collaborates with
the World Bank,
the regional development banks,
the World Trade Organization,
United Nations agencies, and
other international bodies.
Each of these institutions has its own area of responsibility and specialization and its
particular contribution to make to the world economy.
19. ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPEMENT
is a unique forum where the governments of 30 market democracies work together
to address the economic, social and governance challenges of globalization as well
as to exploit its opportunities.
*The Organization provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and co-
ordinate domestic and international policies.
The OECD helps governments to foster prosperity and fight poverty through
economic growth, financial stability, trade and investment, technology, innovation,
entrepreneurship and development co-operation.
*For more than 40 years, the OECD has been one of the world’s largest and most
reliable sources of comparable statistical, economic and social data.
20. HISTORY OF OECD
The OECD grew out of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation
(OEEC), which was set up in 1948 with support from the United States and Canada
to co-ordinate the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II
.
*Created as an economic counterpart to NATO, the OECD took over from the OEEC
in 1961 and, since then, its mission has been to help governments achieve
sustainable economic growth and employment and rising standards of living in
member countries while maintaining financial stability, so contributing to the
development of the world economy.
21. ROLE OF OECD
*The OECD provides a setting for reflection and discussion, based on policy
research and analysis that helps governments shape policy that may lead to a
formal agreement among member governments or be acted on in domestic or
other international fora.
*The OECD’s way of working consists of a highly effective process that begins with
data collection and analysis and moves on to collective discussion of policy, then
decision-making and implementation.
*Crucial analytical work and consensus-building on trade issues, such as trade in
services, feed into the success of international trade negotiations.
22. OECD IN DETAIL
DEVELOPMENT
OECD donor countries grouped in the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
account for more than 90% of official development assistance (ODA) worldwide.
The Development Co-operation Directorate (DCD) supports the work of the DAC
and of the OECD as a whole by assisting with policy formulation, policy co-
ordination and information systems for development.
ECONOMICS AND GROWTH
The Economics Department examines economic and financial developments in
OECD countries and selected non-member economies.
23. EDUCATION
The Directorate for Education helps member countries achieve high-quality learning
for all that contributes to personal development, sustainable economic growth and
social cohesion
EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL COHESION
The Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs oversees work on the inter-
inter-related policy areas that can promote employment and prevent social exclusion.
Its activities are focused on four main themes: employment and training, health,
international migration and social issues.
ENERGY
Energy issues are handled by two specialised agencies:- The International Energy
Agency (IEA) which consider means of improving energy supply and enhancing
efficient energy use; integrating energy and environmental policies; and opening
dialogue between energy producers and consumers within and beyond its own
membership
24. The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) helps its 28 members to maintain and develop
through international co-operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases
required for the safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy
for peaceful purposes.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
The OECD’s Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development fosters the
development of an entrepreneurial society, capable of innovating, creating jobs and
seizing the opportunities provided by globalisation while helping to promote
sustainable growth, integrated development and social cohesion.
ENVIRONMENT
The Environment Directorate helps member countries to design and implement
efficient, effective policies to address environmental problems and to manage natural
resources in a sustainable way.
25. FINANCIAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS
The Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs takes up public policy challenges
of direct concern to business to enhance economic growth and development, ensure
financial stability and promote the effective integration of nonOECD countries in the
global economy.
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
The Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate helps countries to
adapt their government systems and territorial policies to the changing needs of
society.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY
The Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry helps OECD countries
understand and shape the evolution of a knowledge-based economy, in order to
achieve the highest innovation potential and adapt national policies to opportunities
provided by globalisation.
26. STATISTICS
The Statistics Directorate collects economic statistics from across the OECD. These are
standardized to make them internationally comparable and are published in both
printed and electronic form.
TAXATION
The Centre for Tax Policy and Administration examines all aspects of taxation,
including tax policy and tax administration. It also fosters dialogue with non-OECD
economies, thereby promoting international co-operation in taxation.
TRADE AND AGRICULTURE
The work of the Directorate for Trade and Agriculture provides support for a strong,
rules-based multilateral trading system (MTS), and advice to help OECD and non-
member governments design and implement policies in both the trade and
agriculture domains that achieve their goals, in effective, efficient and least
marketdistorting ways.
27. GLOBAL RELATIONS
*Over time, the OECD’s focus has broadened to include extensive contacts with
non-member economies and it now maintains co-operative relations with more
than 100 of them. These contacts aim to further economic integration by making
the OECD’s experience available to other countries and enabling the OECD to profit
from the insights and perspectives of non-members.
*The Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members develops and oversees the
strategic orientations of the OECD’s global relations with non-members. It
coordinates a number of programmes linked to the key themes of OECD work in
areas such as improving the investment climate, public and corporate governance,
trade, agriculture, competition and taxation.
28. OECD AND THE PUBLIC
Effective communication is essential to enable the OECD to fulfill its mission to
promote intergovernmental co-operation, as well as to explain its activities to a
broad range of audiences and stakeholders from policy makers to business
representatives, academia, labour, civil society, the media and the general public.
The OECD Centres in Berlin, Mexico, Tokyo and Washington organize lectures,
seminars and other events to disseminate the Organization’s work, often helping to
bridge language gaps.
The OECD Observer, the Organization’s public magazine, also keeps readers up to
date on key issues related to OECD work.
29. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this presentation has highlighted the significant roles played by the
World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in the global
landscape. These international organizations have each contributed to shaping
and regulating international trade, economic stability, and policy coordination.
While the WTO promotes fair trade and resolves disputes, the IMF stabilizes
economies through financial assistance and policy advice, and the OECD fosters
economic growth and cooperation among developed nations. Their collective
efforts contribute to a more interconnected and prosperous world, addressing the
complex challenges of the global economy.
