The document discusses how health issues impact human security in Sub-Saharan Africa. It explains that maternal and child health problems in the region, such as high rates of malnutrition, disease, and maternal mortality, directly threaten human life and security. Vulnerable groups like women, children, and displaced persons are most at risk from these health issues, which weakens human security in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The document discusses the concept of human security, which takes an individual-centered view of security rather than focusing on the state. It defines human security as consisting of economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security. It discusses two schools of thought on human security - freedom from fear, which focuses on protecting individuals from violent conflicts, and freedom from want, which broadens threats to include hunger, disease, and natural disasters. The document also examines the relationship between human development and human security, how different countries rank on human development and security indices, and how Indonesia's government deals with human security issues through policy interventions.
“LEE’s PERCEPTIONS ON HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA”John LEE
This document summarizes Lee's perceptions on human security in Africa. It discusses how human security is threatened in multiple ways across Africa, including economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security dimensions. It also examines factors that shape security, like conflicts, instability, attacks, poverty, and disease. Conflict is prevalent in Africa due to factors like colonial boundaries, poverty, competition over resources, and refugee crises undermine stability. To improve human security, the document recommends policies promoting social inclusion, equitable access to resources, human rights protections, and partnerships between security institutions and other organizations.
Sharing from USAID:
The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is pleased to announce the release of its “Annual Progress Report to Congress: Global Health Programs FY 2014.” The report presents a summary of USAID’s key global health accomplishments during the previous fiscal year. From improving children’s nutrition to supporting antiretroviral treatment for millions of individuals, USAID programs had a great impact in 2014.
As the largest investor in global health, USAID is leading efforts to improve and save lives worldwide. In partnership with countries, non-governmental organizations, the faith-based community, and the private sector, the Agency is reaching people with the greatest need in the most remote areas. USAID works to further President Barack Obama’s vision to end extreme poverty through its ongoing contributions to ending preventable child and maternal deaths, creating an AIDS-free generation and protecting communities from infectious diseases.
A Proposal to Harness Capacities for Promoting Resilience of Egyptian Youth f...Nicholas Cooper
This document proposes using a Sustainable Livelihoods framework to assess Egyptian youth's access to various types of capital (financial, human, social, natural, physical) in order to promote resilient livelihood strategies. It analyzes data on Egyptian youth's current levels of different capital, finding relatively low employment and high poverty. The goal is to inform policies that provide youth with viable alternatives to violence by strengthening their resilience and access to opportunities.
Global health is an emerging field that draws from public health and international health. While these fields share similarities like a focus on populations and prevention, global health is distinct in that it addresses health issues that transcend national borders and involve multiple countries and disciplines. The document presents a definition of global health agreed upon by an international panel as "an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide." It emphasizes transnational health problems and solutions, an interdisciplinary approach, and a balance of population-based prevention and individual clinical care.
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public HealthUWGlobalHealth
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public Health, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Sept. 12, 2009.
Armed conflicts and natural disasters are inherently gendered crises; they can affect women, men, girls and boys in profoundly different ways. It is increasingly accepted that understanding these differences—or adopting a gender perspective—improves the effectiveness of responses to these crises, as well as the efforts of policy-making, advocacy, research and training institutions that focus on them. A gender perspective is more frequently recognised as a core requirement for all personnel involved in these efforts. However, there are many who are expected to engage with gender issues, yet remain unfamiliar with them. For this audience, there is a dearth of literature that provides an introductory overview of gender issues in crisis environments.
This paper is intended to be an educational and awareness-raising resource for those who are beginning to engage with gender issues in crisis environments, whether they are civilian, military or police. It examines gender dimensions commonly observed in conflict and disaster environments, such as differences in casualty trends, risks, threats, vulnerabilities, needs, opportunities and stresses. It provides examples of the operational benefits of a gender perspective and the harmful consequences resulting from the absence of a gender perspective.
Migration and health: opportunities for pane physicians to help change the na...Jo Vearey
1. Migration is a central determinant of health, with a bidirectional relationship between migration and health. Social determinants greatly impact health outcomes for migrants.
2. Migration and health is a global public health priority that requires consideration of migrant health, public health, health systems responses, governance, social justice, and ethics in developing migration-aware and mobility-competent responses.
3. Structural violence in the form of damaging discourses, xenophobia, racism, and scapegoating negatively impact migrant health, as there are competing agendas around securitization of migration versus universal healthcare coverage and migration for development.
The document discusses the concept of human security, which takes an individual-centered view of security rather than focusing on the state. It defines human security as consisting of economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security. It discusses two schools of thought on human security - freedom from fear, which focuses on protecting individuals from violent conflicts, and freedom from want, which broadens threats to include hunger, disease, and natural disasters. The document also examines the relationship between human development and human security, how different countries rank on human development and security indices, and how Indonesia's government deals with human security issues through policy interventions.
“LEE’s PERCEPTIONS ON HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA”John LEE
This document summarizes Lee's perceptions on human security in Africa. It discusses how human security is threatened in multiple ways across Africa, including economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security dimensions. It also examines factors that shape security, like conflicts, instability, attacks, poverty, and disease. Conflict is prevalent in Africa due to factors like colonial boundaries, poverty, competition over resources, and refugee crises undermine stability. To improve human security, the document recommends policies promoting social inclusion, equitable access to resources, human rights protections, and partnerships between security institutions and other organizations.
Sharing from USAID:
The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is pleased to announce the release of its “Annual Progress Report to Congress: Global Health Programs FY 2014.” The report presents a summary of USAID’s key global health accomplishments during the previous fiscal year. From improving children’s nutrition to supporting antiretroviral treatment for millions of individuals, USAID programs had a great impact in 2014.
As the largest investor in global health, USAID is leading efforts to improve and save lives worldwide. In partnership with countries, non-governmental organizations, the faith-based community, and the private sector, the Agency is reaching people with the greatest need in the most remote areas. USAID works to further President Barack Obama’s vision to end extreme poverty through its ongoing contributions to ending preventable child and maternal deaths, creating an AIDS-free generation and protecting communities from infectious diseases.
A Proposal to Harness Capacities for Promoting Resilience of Egyptian Youth f...Nicholas Cooper
This document proposes using a Sustainable Livelihoods framework to assess Egyptian youth's access to various types of capital (financial, human, social, natural, physical) in order to promote resilient livelihood strategies. It analyzes data on Egyptian youth's current levels of different capital, finding relatively low employment and high poverty. The goal is to inform policies that provide youth with viable alternatives to violence by strengthening their resilience and access to opportunities.
Global health is an emerging field that draws from public health and international health. While these fields share similarities like a focus on populations and prevention, global health is distinct in that it addresses health issues that transcend national borders and involve multiple countries and disciplines. The document presents a definition of global health agreed upon by an international panel as "an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide." It emphasizes transnational health problems and solutions, an interdisciplinary approach, and a balance of population-based prevention and individual clinical care.
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public HealthUWGlobalHealth
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public Health, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Sept. 12, 2009.
Armed conflicts and natural disasters are inherently gendered crises; they can affect women, men, girls and boys in profoundly different ways. It is increasingly accepted that understanding these differences—or adopting a gender perspective—improves the effectiveness of responses to these crises, as well as the efforts of policy-making, advocacy, research and training institutions that focus on them. A gender perspective is more frequently recognised as a core requirement for all personnel involved in these efforts. However, there are many who are expected to engage with gender issues, yet remain unfamiliar with them. For this audience, there is a dearth of literature that provides an introductory overview of gender issues in crisis environments.
This paper is intended to be an educational and awareness-raising resource for those who are beginning to engage with gender issues in crisis environments, whether they are civilian, military or police. It examines gender dimensions commonly observed in conflict and disaster environments, such as differences in casualty trends, risks, threats, vulnerabilities, needs, opportunities and stresses. It provides examples of the operational benefits of a gender perspective and the harmful consequences resulting from the absence of a gender perspective.
Migration and health: opportunities for pane physicians to help change the na...Jo Vearey
1. Migration is a central determinant of health, with a bidirectional relationship between migration and health. Social determinants greatly impact health outcomes for migrants.
2. Migration and health is a global public health priority that requires consideration of migrant health, public health, health systems responses, governance, social justice, and ethics in developing migration-aware and mobility-competent responses.
3. Structural violence in the form of damaging discourses, xenophobia, racism, and scapegoating negatively impact migrant health, as there are competing agendas around securitization of migration versus universal healthcare coverage and migration for development.
The document discusses various international organizations involved in health and development. It describes the objectives and activities of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Labour Organization (ILO), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), International Red Cross, CARE International, World Bank, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the Colombo Plan.
This paper explores the relationship between security and development, with a focus on how different types of violence inhibit development in fragile and conflict-affected states.
This paper is based upon a comprehensive literature review of separate pieces of research including academic studies, datasets and policy analysis. It explores statistics and figures that illustrate the barriers that insecurity poses to achieving development outcomes in fragile and conflict-afflicted states. It also examines these dynamics in detail in four countries: Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.
The assignment was not to come up with policy recommendations per se; rather it was to present a comprehensive synopsis of how different types of violence shackles and inhibits development in fragile and conflict-affected states. The research team believes that the material presented will be of use to inform policy debate and development, including in the field of security sector reform.
The analysis is contextualised by focusing on three types of violence: political, criminal and interpersonal. The barriers these different types of violence pose to development is presented throughout the report, and embedded in the country case studies.
The statistics uncovered in the course of the project are stark and unnerving. These statistics, among others, are used to highlight the barriers that different types of violence pose to development. It is not only the financial cost, but also the broader institutional and social costs that generate a series of barriers for meaningful development. Through synthesising these statistics, this paper contributes to the understandings of the links between security and development, paving way for policy recommendations and lines of action for Australia and development practitioners.
This document discusses maternal health as Millennium Development Goal 5. It provides background on how maternal health was identified as an important global issue and included as MDG 5. The target for this goal was to provide universal access to reproductive healthcare by 2015. While progress has been made, debate remains around how much of the goal has been achieved. Key challenges discussed include limited resources in developing countries, lack of infrastructure like clean water, and lack of access to medical care, especially in rural areas. A case study on high maternal mortality rates in Malawi is also provided to illustrate these issues.
Gandhi viewed security as a holistic phenomenon that has nothing to do with weapons. For Gandhi, the highest form of security is possible in a gentle, civilized world without coercion. Gandhi proposed a concentric spheres model for global security with increasing circles of neighbors, developing countries, and then developed powers - all maintained through mutual faith and nonviolence. True security comes from peace and development, not weapons which only provide the illusion of security and the threat of mass destruction.
What is global health? Dr Slim Slama, Geneva University HospitalsGeneva Health Forum
This document discusses the concepts of global health and how it differs from international health. It begins by outlining the definitions of health from the World Health Organization and of public health. It then explores the shift from international to global health, noting changes in terminology and perspectives. Key aspects of global health identified include its transnational nature, focus on health equity worldwide, and emphasis on collaborative multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary approaches. Globalization is discussed as increasing human interactions and connectivity across many domains with important implications for health worldwide. Both opportunities and threats of globalization for health are considered.
This document discusses the role of social, geographical, and political environments in maintaining national and international peace. It examines factors like religion, equality, gender issues, and the roles of governments, NGOs, and corporations in social peacebuilding. Geographically, it discusses the responsibilities of developed and developing countries towards each other. Politically, it analyzes the United Nations, international courts and organizations, and how education, trade, and diplomacy can promote peace. Gandhi's principles of non-violence and India's role in founding the Non-Aligned Movement also contributed to global peace.
Health has gained recognition as a foreign policy concern in recent years. Political leaders increasingly address global health problems within their international relations agendas. The confluence of health and foreign policy has opened these issues to analysis that helps clarify the tenets and determinants of this linkage, offering a new framework for international health policy. Yet as health remains profoundly bound to altruistic values, caution is required before generalizing about the positive outcomes of merging international health and foreign policy principles. In particular, the possible side-effects of this framework deserve further consideration. This paper examines the interaction of health and foreign policy in humanitarian action, where public health and foreign policy are often in direct conflict. Using a case-based approach, this analysis shows that health and foreign policy need not be at odds in this context, although there are situations where altruistic and interest-based values compete. The hierarchy of foreign policy functions must be challenged to avoid misuse of national authority where health interventions do not coincide with national security and domestic interests
Kerry mcbroome Relation Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC United States ...Sandro Suzart
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
Unity, Betrayal and Failed States in Modern TimesDr. Dan EKONGWE
The politics of identity and wars of fragmentation of states stern from broken promises by political leaders and state authorities to respect the convenants reached by founding fathers of most modern states thereby leading to increasing ethno/cultural nationalism and wars of identity. We have seen these across the literature from former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, Rwanda, Sudan, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Ivory Coast.. The application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in its pre UN non approval in Europe to the post application by UN in Lybia has given us the reason to believe that sustainable peace in each state must respect the foundation doctrine of which each country was created, else Africa in particular will continue to witnessed endless wars in age when drone technology and assymetric warfare has gained currency.
Armed conflicts have severe consequences for human rights and society. They often result in direct violence that claims millions of lives, especially of women and children. Conflicts also lead to widespread displacement of populations, leaving many as refugees. Additionally, conflicts are associated with increased sexual violence and exposure to HIV. Beyond physical impacts, conflicts also have psychological impacts and undermine family and social structures. Overall, armed conflicts violate human rights, destroy economies and infrastructure, and can promote a culture of violence.
Violence prevention has proven to be a major challenge to the Government of Nigeria. Some disturbing violent trends have been reported. The incidence of violent conflict increased in Nigeria between 1985 and 2013. By 1999 a total of 18 major violent conflicts were recorded in the country, which suddenly surged between 1999 and 2005. The country became quite volatile in the coming years. In September 2013 alone about 120 violent events were recorded as attacks against unarmed civilians by armed groups occurred 20%-60% of the duration of combat. The 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) revealed that violence against women in Nigeria was higher than 70% in some States while the 2015 Violence Against Children Study (VACS) showed that at least 50% of children in Nigeria experience violence from a tender age. Laws have been enacted in Nigeria and as well policies, guidelines and mechanisms to address violence. However, no measures are in place to evaluate the progress of law implementation and strategies. Also missing is, lack of adequately robust inter-sectoral plans based on which evaluation models could be developed for the country. To understand the progress of the SDGs that aim to address the culture of violence and to steer toward attainment of sustainable peace, a standard for evaluation of intra- and inter-sectoral effort to address violence and progress toward a peaceful Nigeria is needed.
This document discusses the history and concepts of international health. It begins by outlining the field's origins in the early 20th century with international sanitation conferences and the 1907 establishment of the Office International d'Hygiene Publique. Key organizations discussed include the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (1902), the Health Organization of the League of Nations (1923), and the World Health Organization. The document also examines definitions and perspectives of international health, components that define its scope, and methods of collaboration between countries.
A culture of peace is an alternative approach to preventing violence that focuses on managing differences peacefully rather than through force. It involves principles like education for peace, sustainable development, human rights, gender equality, democracy, tolerance, free flow of information, and disarmament. Cultivating peace culture involves designating zones like households, markets, and nature areas as sanctuaries where violence is prohibited. While challenges remain, peace is a social construct that can spread through daily practices that negotiate differences non-violently.
This document is an essay submission cover sheet from a student at the University of York submitting an essay on securitization of humanitarian aid in Afghanistan. The cover sheet confirms the student has followed submission guidelines, including formatting the essay properly, including an accurate word count, and not including their name. The attached essay abstract indicates it will examine the impact of civil-military relations on humanitarian principles in Afghanistan after 9/11, including whether securitization of aid was necessary and the consequences of militarized intervention.
Reflective Case Study - OBSERVATION ON THE 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC (C...Akmal Cikmat
This document is a reflective case study on Malaysia's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses how an effective team was formed in response to the crisis. The team includes frontline workers, government officials, and citizens working towards common goals. It analyzes the team's characteristics, advantages, and challenges. Some problems with coordination and aid distribution are identified, along with recommendations to address transparency and communication issues. Overall, the study finds that Malaysia's response demonstrates how teams can tackle unexpected crises through unity and coordinated efforts, despite inevitable challenges.
The document discusses promoting a culture of peace through education. It outlines the UN's definition of a culture of peace as rejecting violence and solving problems through non-violent means. It then summarizes the Manifesto for a Culture of Peace signed in 2000 that calls for respecting all life, rejecting violence, sharing with others, listening to understand, preserving the planet, and rediscovering solidarity. The document encourages all people and organizations to continue efforts to promote peace through education, conflict prevention, and non-violence.
The United Nations declares October 2nd, Mahatma Gandhi's birthday, as the International Day of Non-Violence to honor Gandhi's ideals. Non-violence requires hard work and sacrifice but leads to the highest ethics and is the goal of evolution. Violence destroys lives, breeds fear and insecurity, and negatively impacts development. A culture of peace is generated when priority is given to children and families, who make up the majority of populations and are naturally peace-loving. On this International Day of Non-Violence, we should pledge to work towards social justice, economic growth, environmental protection, religious tolerance and peace.
Education for peace & sustainable development jd singhjd singh
The document discusses the role of education in peace building and sustainable development. It outlines key concepts such as peace, sustainable development, and education for peace and sustainable development. It discusses the main challenges of and pillars for education for peace building and sustainable development. These include challenges like resolving conflicts and inequality, and pillars like environment, culture, and spirituality. The document argues that education is essential for creating peace, protecting natural resources, developing environmentally friendly technologies, and achieving sustainable development goals. Education must promote values of peace, justice, human rights, and respect for diversity and the environment.
In this file, you can ref interview thank you letter materials for project buyer position such as project buyer interview thank you letter samples, interview thank you letter tips, project buyer interview questions, project buyer resumes, project buyer cover letter …
Transform your business through Cloud technologyFourcast
Cloud technology is trendy, no doubt about that.
Many companies are adopting or testing cloud technologies, but does it bring added value to a company?
ABSOLUTELY! It gives a company finally the chance to transform in order to stay on top of the game!
The document discusses assistive technology (AT), which are devices or services that help individuals with disabilities function better. AT can significantly improve education, employment, and social engagement for those with disabilities. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires schools to consider AT accommodations annually in students' Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). AT includes no-tech, low-tech, and high-tech options and can address needs like mobility, communication, learning, and more. Proper evaluation and trial are important to determine effective AT solutions for each individual.
The document discusses various international organizations involved in health and development. It describes the objectives and activities of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Labour Organization (ILO), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), International Red Cross, CARE International, World Bank, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the Colombo Plan.
This paper explores the relationship between security and development, with a focus on how different types of violence inhibit development in fragile and conflict-affected states.
This paper is based upon a comprehensive literature review of separate pieces of research including academic studies, datasets and policy analysis. It explores statistics and figures that illustrate the barriers that insecurity poses to achieving development outcomes in fragile and conflict-afflicted states. It also examines these dynamics in detail in four countries: Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.
The assignment was not to come up with policy recommendations per se; rather it was to present a comprehensive synopsis of how different types of violence shackles and inhibits development in fragile and conflict-affected states. The research team believes that the material presented will be of use to inform policy debate and development, including in the field of security sector reform.
The analysis is contextualised by focusing on three types of violence: political, criminal and interpersonal. The barriers these different types of violence pose to development is presented throughout the report, and embedded in the country case studies.
The statistics uncovered in the course of the project are stark and unnerving. These statistics, among others, are used to highlight the barriers that different types of violence pose to development. It is not only the financial cost, but also the broader institutional and social costs that generate a series of barriers for meaningful development. Through synthesising these statistics, this paper contributes to the understandings of the links between security and development, paving way for policy recommendations and lines of action for Australia and development practitioners.
This document discusses maternal health as Millennium Development Goal 5. It provides background on how maternal health was identified as an important global issue and included as MDG 5. The target for this goal was to provide universal access to reproductive healthcare by 2015. While progress has been made, debate remains around how much of the goal has been achieved. Key challenges discussed include limited resources in developing countries, lack of infrastructure like clean water, and lack of access to medical care, especially in rural areas. A case study on high maternal mortality rates in Malawi is also provided to illustrate these issues.
Gandhi viewed security as a holistic phenomenon that has nothing to do with weapons. For Gandhi, the highest form of security is possible in a gentle, civilized world without coercion. Gandhi proposed a concentric spheres model for global security with increasing circles of neighbors, developing countries, and then developed powers - all maintained through mutual faith and nonviolence. True security comes from peace and development, not weapons which only provide the illusion of security and the threat of mass destruction.
What is global health? Dr Slim Slama, Geneva University HospitalsGeneva Health Forum
This document discusses the concepts of global health and how it differs from international health. It begins by outlining the definitions of health from the World Health Organization and of public health. It then explores the shift from international to global health, noting changes in terminology and perspectives. Key aspects of global health identified include its transnational nature, focus on health equity worldwide, and emphasis on collaborative multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary approaches. Globalization is discussed as increasing human interactions and connectivity across many domains with important implications for health worldwide. Both opportunities and threats of globalization for health are considered.
This document discusses the role of social, geographical, and political environments in maintaining national and international peace. It examines factors like religion, equality, gender issues, and the roles of governments, NGOs, and corporations in social peacebuilding. Geographically, it discusses the responsibilities of developed and developing countries towards each other. Politically, it analyzes the United Nations, international courts and organizations, and how education, trade, and diplomacy can promote peace. Gandhi's principles of non-violence and India's role in founding the Non-Aligned Movement also contributed to global peace.
Health has gained recognition as a foreign policy concern in recent years. Political leaders increasingly address global health problems within their international relations agendas. The confluence of health and foreign policy has opened these issues to analysis that helps clarify the tenets and determinants of this linkage, offering a new framework for international health policy. Yet as health remains profoundly bound to altruistic values, caution is required before generalizing about the positive outcomes of merging international health and foreign policy principles. In particular, the possible side-effects of this framework deserve further consideration. This paper examines the interaction of health and foreign policy in humanitarian action, where public health and foreign policy are often in direct conflict. Using a case-based approach, this analysis shows that health and foreign policy need not be at odds in this context, although there are situations where altruistic and interest-based values compete. The hierarchy of foreign policy functions must be challenged to avoid misuse of national authority where health interventions do not coincide with national security and domestic interests
Kerry mcbroome Relation Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC United States ...Sandro Suzart
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
Unity, Betrayal and Failed States in Modern TimesDr. Dan EKONGWE
The politics of identity and wars of fragmentation of states stern from broken promises by political leaders and state authorities to respect the convenants reached by founding fathers of most modern states thereby leading to increasing ethno/cultural nationalism and wars of identity. We have seen these across the literature from former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, Rwanda, Sudan, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Ivory Coast.. The application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in its pre UN non approval in Europe to the post application by UN in Lybia has given us the reason to believe that sustainable peace in each state must respect the foundation doctrine of which each country was created, else Africa in particular will continue to witnessed endless wars in age when drone technology and assymetric warfare has gained currency.
Armed conflicts have severe consequences for human rights and society. They often result in direct violence that claims millions of lives, especially of women and children. Conflicts also lead to widespread displacement of populations, leaving many as refugees. Additionally, conflicts are associated with increased sexual violence and exposure to HIV. Beyond physical impacts, conflicts also have psychological impacts and undermine family and social structures. Overall, armed conflicts violate human rights, destroy economies and infrastructure, and can promote a culture of violence.
Violence prevention has proven to be a major challenge to the Government of Nigeria. Some disturbing violent trends have been reported. The incidence of violent conflict increased in Nigeria between 1985 and 2013. By 1999 a total of 18 major violent conflicts were recorded in the country, which suddenly surged between 1999 and 2005. The country became quite volatile in the coming years. In September 2013 alone about 120 violent events were recorded as attacks against unarmed civilians by armed groups occurred 20%-60% of the duration of combat. The 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) revealed that violence against women in Nigeria was higher than 70% in some States while the 2015 Violence Against Children Study (VACS) showed that at least 50% of children in Nigeria experience violence from a tender age. Laws have been enacted in Nigeria and as well policies, guidelines and mechanisms to address violence. However, no measures are in place to evaluate the progress of law implementation and strategies. Also missing is, lack of adequately robust inter-sectoral plans based on which evaluation models could be developed for the country. To understand the progress of the SDGs that aim to address the culture of violence and to steer toward attainment of sustainable peace, a standard for evaluation of intra- and inter-sectoral effort to address violence and progress toward a peaceful Nigeria is needed.
This document discusses the history and concepts of international health. It begins by outlining the field's origins in the early 20th century with international sanitation conferences and the 1907 establishment of the Office International d'Hygiene Publique. Key organizations discussed include the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (1902), the Health Organization of the League of Nations (1923), and the World Health Organization. The document also examines definitions and perspectives of international health, components that define its scope, and methods of collaboration between countries.
A culture of peace is an alternative approach to preventing violence that focuses on managing differences peacefully rather than through force. It involves principles like education for peace, sustainable development, human rights, gender equality, democracy, tolerance, free flow of information, and disarmament. Cultivating peace culture involves designating zones like households, markets, and nature areas as sanctuaries where violence is prohibited. While challenges remain, peace is a social construct that can spread through daily practices that negotiate differences non-violently.
This document is an essay submission cover sheet from a student at the University of York submitting an essay on securitization of humanitarian aid in Afghanistan. The cover sheet confirms the student has followed submission guidelines, including formatting the essay properly, including an accurate word count, and not including their name. The attached essay abstract indicates it will examine the impact of civil-military relations on humanitarian principles in Afghanistan after 9/11, including whether securitization of aid was necessary and the consequences of militarized intervention.
Reflective Case Study - OBSERVATION ON THE 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC (C...Akmal Cikmat
This document is a reflective case study on Malaysia's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses how an effective team was formed in response to the crisis. The team includes frontline workers, government officials, and citizens working towards common goals. It analyzes the team's characteristics, advantages, and challenges. Some problems with coordination and aid distribution are identified, along with recommendations to address transparency and communication issues. Overall, the study finds that Malaysia's response demonstrates how teams can tackle unexpected crises through unity and coordinated efforts, despite inevitable challenges.
The document discusses promoting a culture of peace through education. It outlines the UN's definition of a culture of peace as rejecting violence and solving problems through non-violent means. It then summarizes the Manifesto for a Culture of Peace signed in 2000 that calls for respecting all life, rejecting violence, sharing with others, listening to understand, preserving the planet, and rediscovering solidarity. The document encourages all people and organizations to continue efforts to promote peace through education, conflict prevention, and non-violence.
The United Nations declares October 2nd, Mahatma Gandhi's birthday, as the International Day of Non-Violence to honor Gandhi's ideals. Non-violence requires hard work and sacrifice but leads to the highest ethics and is the goal of evolution. Violence destroys lives, breeds fear and insecurity, and negatively impacts development. A culture of peace is generated when priority is given to children and families, who make up the majority of populations and are naturally peace-loving. On this International Day of Non-Violence, we should pledge to work towards social justice, economic growth, environmental protection, religious tolerance and peace.
Education for peace & sustainable development jd singhjd singh
The document discusses the role of education in peace building and sustainable development. It outlines key concepts such as peace, sustainable development, and education for peace and sustainable development. It discusses the main challenges of and pillars for education for peace building and sustainable development. These include challenges like resolving conflicts and inequality, and pillars like environment, culture, and spirituality. The document argues that education is essential for creating peace, protecting natural resources, developing environmentally friendly technologies, and achieving sustainable development goals. Education must promote values of peace, justice, human rights, and respect for diversity and the environment.
In this file, you can ref interview thank you letter materials for project buyer position such as project buyer interview thank you letter samples, interview thank you letter tips, project buyer interview questions, project buyer resumes, project buyer cover letter …
Transform your business through Cloud technologyFourcast
Cloud technology is trendy, no doubt about that.
Many companies are adopting or testing cloud technologies, but does it bring added value to a company?
ABSOLUTELY! It gives a company finally the chance to transform in order to stay on top of the game!
The document discusses assistive technology (AT), which are devices or services that help individuals with disabilities function better. AT can significantly improve education, employment, and social engagement for those with disabilities. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires schools to consider AT accommodations annually in students' Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). AT includes no-tech, low-tech, and high-tech options and can address needs like mobility, communication, learning, and more. Proper evaluation and trial are important to determine effective AT solutions for each individual.
AWG "Сколько стоит создание интернет-магазина?"awgua
Доклад компании AWG.ua "Сколько стоит создание интернет-магазина?" на семинаре 1С-Битрикс в Одессе 3 октября 2014г, организованный и проведенный совместно с компанией интернет-маркетинга AWG.ua
- Financial institutions and digital security providers are increasingly taking a military approach to defending against cyber attacks through layered defenses. This involves implementing multiple defensive layers throughout the network like firewalls, routers, intrusion detection, and antivirus software.
- In virtualized and cloud environments, security managers can filter and police traffic at each virtual server to separate and isolate traffic by customer and type. This prevents attacks from impacting host systems and improves efficiency.
- The use of threat intelligence databases that identify dangers on the internet in real-time combined with defensive filtering and blocking at the server level provides an additional layer of security against cyber attacks.
The document provides information about a technical communication class. It summarizes key points from several chapters:
1) It analyzes the intended audience for a set of questions - ranging from ages 17-60s, with an intermediate level of expertise and at least an 11th grade education.
2) It discusses important concepts like rhetoric, constructive conflict, and selecting appropriate software programs for technical documents.
3) It provides examples of capabilities of word processing software and considerations for communicating effectively online through social media and varying audiences/cultures.
Abstract — The most common polymer in plastics is
polyethylene (PE), which is made from ethylene monomers
(CH2=CH2). In natural form it is not biodegradable. Low density polyethylene is a vital cause of environmental pollution. It occurs by choking sewer line through mishandling thus posing an everlasting ecological threat, the making of the genetically engineered microbes for bioremediation, the latter being a strategy to develop an accelerated evolution of pathways by DNA restructuring. To enhance the biodegradation of polyethylene, pretreatment strategies were followed. Three different pretreatment strategies were employed for the present study, three duration of Pseudomanas putida treatment to PE were
analyzed on 7, 14, and 28th day. In the first, PE films were
subjected for Bleach with Alkali treatment and in the second they were subjected to UV light (UV-C,>300nm wavelength). Third with the EMS induction of bacterial strains and assessed for polymer biodegradation by Biomass weight loss, estimation of total carbohydrates and total protein in the culture supernatant, followed by DNA isolation for Gel electrophoresis, and Mutated DNA Stability analysis by Capillary Gel electrophoresis were carried out.
Web Guruz is a technology company that focuses on communicating data through innovative technologies. It offers web design, development, and marketing services across various industries like real estate, finance, travel, and automobiles. Web Guruz aims to provide supervised practical training to students through its industrial training program, which includes courses in web development, mobile app development, and personality development skills. The training process involves theoretical classes, full-day practical training, PD classes, live projects, and placement opportunities.
In this file, you can ref interview thank you letter materials for project worker position such as project worker interview thank you letter samples, interview thank you letter tips, project worker interview questions, project worker resumes, project worker cover letter …
This document discusses the short film industry in the UK. It provides information on several UK production companies that specialize in short films, such as The Mob Film Company. Funding for short films comes primarily from government organizations like the UK Film Council and British Film Institute (BFI). The BFI invests over £26 million annually in film development and production in the UK. Short films are made for various reasons by students, young filmmakers, companies testing new ideas, and others wishing to express opinions. The filmmaking process generally involves development, pre-production, production, post-production, distribution and exhibition.
The document discusses the concept of human security. It defines human security as protecting individuals rather than states from threats, and focuses on protection, provision, and empowerment. The UNDP's 1994 Human Development Report originated the concept and defined seven areas of human security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security. There are two schools of thought on human security - freedom from want, which takes a holistic development approach, and freedom from fear, which focuses on protecting individuals from violence. The document also discusses critiques of human security, promoting human security through organizations and policies, and the relationship between human security and gender.
This article briefly discusses on the concept of human security, its dimensions and challenges. The concept of human security is the paradigm shift from state-centered traditional notion of security to individual-centered idea focusing on protection, dignity and sustainable development. In brief it freedom from fear, freedom from want and beyond.
International intellectual property law and human securitySpringer
This document discusses the evolving concept of security from focusing solely on state security to encompassing individual/human security and human rights. It examines different approaches to conceptualizing human security, including as a development and rights-based framework. Key aspects of human security discussed include protecting fundamental freedoms and dignity, addressing both rights violations and deprivations, and taking an integrated approach to reducing threats beyond any single issue. The document also analyzes debates around defining human security and balancing expansiveness with policy usefulness.
Dialectical Relationship Between Terrorism and Human Security: A Sociological...Rula alsawalqa
This article analyzes the dialectical relationship between terrorism and human security to reveal its dimensions and their role in counterterrorism and to understand what motivates individuals to join terrorist groups. Adopting a qualitative methodological design, data were analyzed through deductive reasoning from the sociological perspective. The findings revealed that terrorist threats to human security could not be addressed through traditional mechanisms alone. They require a new consensus that recognizes the linkages and interdependencies between development, human rights, and national security through a comprehensive approach that uses a wide range of new opportunities.
This document provides an overview of the concept of human security. It emerged after the Cold War as a way to ensure freedom from want, fear and to live with dignity for all people in order to tackle global insecurity. The 1994 UN Development Report was groundbreaking in establishing seven components of human security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security. It advocates for a people-centered approach that identifies and addresses the root causes of threats to human survival, livelihood and dignity through both top-down policy frameworks and bottom-up empowerment of individuals. Examples are given of issues human security aims to address.
The document discusses the concept of human security as an alternative to traditional notions of state security. It defines human security as protecting individuals from threats like poverty, disease, and human rights abuses rather than just protecting a state from military aggression. It explains that human security encompasses economic, food, health, environmental, and personal dimensions. It also argues that human security is best achieved by improving conditions at the local level and promoting development.
This document provides an overview of international relations theory, including concepts of security in the international arena. It discusses traditional security approaches focused on the state and military concerns, as well as more modern human security approaches. It also outlines several theoretical perspectives in international relations like realism, liberalism, constructivism, and compares realism and liberalism. Key concepts covered include the multi-sum security principle, women in international security, and the UNDP human security proposal.
The document discusses seven categories of human security:
1. Economic security, including freedom from poverty and access to basic income and employment.
2. Food security, defined as physical and economic access to basic food.
3. Health security, involving access to health care, safe water and environment, and protection from diseases.
4. Environmental security, protecting people from dangers like pollution and environmental depletion.
5. Personal security, ensuring physical safety from violence, crime, abuse, and accidents.
6. Community security, involving cultural survival and protection of ethnic and indigenous groups.
7. Political security, protecting civil and political rights and freedom from oppression.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of security from a traditional state-centric view to a broader human security perspective. It outlines how human security emerged after World War II to consider all aspects of individual and community life, in contrast to the prior focus only on state sovereignty and military threats. The document then compares the traditional and human security paradigms, examining differences in their referents, threats, and means of ensuring security.
This document provides guidance for preparing a human development report that focuses on human security. It defines human security and distinguishes it from human development. There are four common types of human security reports: 1) comprehensive reports that map threats to various freedoms, 2) state-building reports focused on state failure as a threat, 3) citizen security reports on personal safety, and 4) challenge-driven reports on specific threats like food insecurity. The document advises selecting objectives, themes, and the type of report based on the country context. It also outlines the process for conducting research, analysis, and stakeholder engagement to develop an effective human security report.
The document defines human security as protecting core human values and individual safety from threats. It discusses several aspects of human security including economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security. Threats to human security in the Philippine setting include pandemics, state failure, organized crime/violence, and relative poverty. The document suggests students can contribute to national security by educating themselves, learning practical skills, getting the right information, and engaging in real-life activities. It provides examples of classroom activities like singing songs about love and peace or writing acceptance speeches about care, compassion, and consideration.
There is a clear connection between naturally occurring diseases and national security. Diseases do not recognize borders and can threaten a nation's security both directly by infecting military members or weakening health systems, and indirectly by causing economic and social disruption. The document discusses how diseases like the Spanish flu in 1918, Ebola in 2014-2016, and HIV/AIDS have posed national security risks by straining health infrastructure and military readiness. Maintaining strong public health systems and responding rapidly to disease outbreaks is important for national security.
There is a clear connection between naturally occurring diseases and national security. Diseases do not recognize borders and can threaten a nation's security both directly by infecting military members or indirectly by straining economic and healthcare systems. The document discusses how diseases like the Spanish flu in 1918, Ebola in 2014-2016, and HIV/AIDS have posed national security risks by reducing military readiness, overwhelming healthcare infrastructure, and slowing economic activity. Any disease that impacts a large portion of the population or military has implications for a nation's security.
Issues of population explosion has evoked several images characterized by
emotional, value-laden and often paranoiac connotation that cannot be obviously
ignored considering its threatening challenges. It is against the foregoing that this
paper attempt to interrogate the relevance of Thomas Malthus theory on population and
the challenges of the bourgeoning population explosion in Nigeria. The core objective
of this paper is to investigate the relevance of the theory on Nigeria’s population. Other
objectives are to ascertain the effects of the population explosion on the Nigerian urban
areas; food security, crimes and security and poverty. In terms of methodology, the
paper relies on an explanatory design and some empirical data generated through
secondary sources and official documents were examined. The data were analysed using
a descriptive method of analysis. The paper identified the relevance of Malthus theory
on the bourgeoning population explosion on the following key areas: Food Security;
Poverty Rate; Urbanization; crimes and Security Threat. After examination of official
documents and secondary data, the paper concludes that population explosion has
continued to undermine the achievement of development’s goals in Nigeria. A
population growing faster than the output of modern goods and services not only
frustrates development goals; it undermines the credibility of promises made
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
This document discusses the concept of human security. It provides background on how human security became part of international discourse in 1994. It then outlines three conceptions of human security and debates around defining and applying the concept. Key risks to human security are also examined, such as state failure, organized violence, relative poverty, and threats from pandemics, environmental degradation, and terrorism.
The document discusses the human security approach and its evolution from focusing on poverty and human insecurity. It highlights several key aspects of the human security approach including its continued focus on deprivations and downside risks, emphasis on conflicts, need for democracy and empowerment, and integrated framework for action. It also discusses how human security relates to concepts like human development, state security, human rights, and its international dimensions.
Global Securities : Issues & Challenges (Post-Covid Scenario)global securiti...ashimasahni3
OBJECTIVES :-
1. Reviewing the current scope and operation of global security.
2.Identifying New Threats to Global Securities that are emerging ( Covid- times & Post- Covid)
3 whether a change in approaches in the context of global security and complex interdependencies is needed? OVERVIEW
1Deepening globalization has resulted in a new form of asymmetric security threats which looks beyond traditional military philosophy .
2 current security challenges and risks in global security environment are of a military and non-military nature. Global security
1“Absence of Threat”
2Political, Military, and Economic Trends in World
3 Military and Diplomatic Measures that Nations & I- organizations take to ensure mutual safety and security
3 To study sources of potential regional conflict; and emerging threats to the global security environment.
4 How a range of different security agents interact, cooperate and compete, to produce new institutions, practices and forms of security governance. G. G brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at global level to provide public goods, peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry.
The leading institution in charge of G.G is the United Nations
Bretton Woods institutions (W. Bank & IMF)
Regional coordinators (EU & ASEAN)
Strategic or Economic initiatives under the leadership of one country – NATO for the US or China’s Belt and Road Initiative .
Defense or economic integration such as APEC or ANZU
World Economic Forum G20, the G7
Multi-stakeholder institutions that aim to align global standards such as Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). GLOBAL GOVERNANCE : CONCERNS IN COVID TIMES
World’s global and national institutions are increasingly incapable of managing stresses to the system.
Pandemic has highlighted the failed roles of international organization like W.H.O.
U.N. was unsuccessful to bring all the nations to a common platform, thus failing to do its primary role. So, a paradigm shift will be visible in thinking about the collective security system and I. Organizations.
There will be shift from a Collective Security Arrangement to a more Individualistic approach .
New threats -Restrictive measures and tools to contain Pandemic
Restrictive Measures- will challenge values such as freedom, democracy & religious practice, which if added to populist movements can increase pre-existing fractures of states .
Political exploitation of post-COVID crisis will be legitimized through military and non-military meansAim of G.H.S - To Build Collective International public health system for action and averting bio-terrorism &containing risks from infectious disease.
Evolution of G.H.S- 1.A concept that has evolved over the past 30 yrs.Tradit
Global Securities : Issues & Challenges (Post-Covid Scenario)global securiti...
WS509-final paper
1. HUMAN SECURITY AND HEALTH IN AFRICA
Melissa Jennings
WS 509
Dr. Hassan-Yari
Winter Semester 2010
2. 2
Human Security and Health in Africa
Introduction
After the Cold War, not only did the context of security change, the concept of security
was also changed as it was beginning to be defined in terms of ‘non-military
challenges’1
. It is often asked as why health is not considered a part of human security.
The answer to the question is difficult to find but various factors contribute to this
exclusion. The question of the distribution of health is a puzzling one. In addition the
question of who is responsible for setting the security agenda also arises.
Moreover the issue of encountering and fulfilling the ‘basic needs and aspirations’ of the
African people are also of a central concern when it comes to the discussion of human
security and health in Africa2
. Despite the new concern granted in favour of the African
people the continent has been ignored owing largely to the ‘traditional imperatives of
state interests, power, military force and geopolitical instability,’ thus the notion of
security has not achieved the interpretation of humanity and developmental features3
.
Until poor health directly affects the quality or quantity of life in developed countries it is
unlikely that health will become a practical human security priority.
Research Objective
This paper seeks to use the broadening and deepening of security parameters as
defined by discourses on human security to demonstrate the impact of child and
1
Poku, Nana K, Neil Renwick, and Joao Gomes Porto. "Human security and development in Africa." International
Affairs, 2007: 1155-1170,p.1155.
2
Ibid., p.1155
3
Ibid., p.1155
3. 3
maternal health of Sub-Saharan Africans on human security as it has direct implications
in terms of quantity and quality of life. This paper will lay a ground work for discussing
health, examining the definition of human security and how health in Sub-Saharan
Africa is a human security issue. Moreover, the role of the communities, governments
and the developing world is analyzed.
Research Questions
• How is human security is related to health in Sub-Saharan Africa?
• What are the factors that weaken the relationship?
Research Methodology
The research makes the use of secondary sources to explore the impact of child and
maternal health of the Sub-Saharan Africans on human security. The secondary
sources include books, journal articles, etc. Moreover the researcher uses field research
done on Ethiopia in order to make the interpretation of the relationship between health
and human security in Africa clear.
Research Analysis
Shift of interest towards Health Care as Human Security
By the end of the European World Wars, the focus of Human security had evolved in
the West as the protection of refugees, reconstruction after the conflicts and identity
rights were the focus of individual security needs. The period after World War Two also
demanded a shift in discourse, as the state proved unable to provide physical and
4. 4
psychological protection from security threats4
. The Cold War era, although dominated
by national security policy, still had room for humanistic focus; for instance, states
Buzan (1983), which included the three pillars of identity, institutions and population in
order to sustain a sovereign state5
.
Buzan (1983), in his discussion of nations, states and nation-states, further explored the
role of individual identity (identities) in state creation and maintenance6
. According to
Buzan (1983), individual security is a societal concern with four types of societal threats,
physical, economic, rights, and position/status, all of which are not mutually exclusive7
.
By 1989, Tuchman Mathews had expanded on Buzan’s list of threats to human security
and included overpopulation, patterns of land tenure, the environment and reproductive
health as well8
.
The 1994 Human Development Report was the first to approach the subject in a
formalized way by presenting the freedom from fear, freedom from want agenda. The
report goes further in defining seven aspects of HS, the third one being health security9
.
Already an influence on setting the tone for global security discourse, the United
Nations Development Program’s 1994 Human Development Report is generally
recognized as the watershed moment for the international recognition of human security
as a priority. The Report is all-encompassing and integrative, in that it includes an
urging for the protection of seven elements of HS — economic, food, health,
4
MacFarlane, Neil S, and Yuen Foong Khong. Human security and the UN: a critical history. Indiana University
Press, 2006.
5
Buzan, Barry. People, states, and fear: the national security problem in international relations. Wheatsheaf
Books, 1983.
6
as in 10
7
As in 10
8
Mathews, Jessica Tuchman. "Redefining Security." Foreign Affairs, 1989.
9
United Nations Development Programmed, Human Development Report, 1994 (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1994), p. 24.
5. 5
environmental, personal, community and political security.10
Later attempts to narrow
the concept of human security have run into problems with value judgments, cultural
relatively and exclusion, as will be outlined here in a later section.
Since 1994, a pivotal year in terms in of human security as a result of the UNDP Report
mentioned earlier and the Rwandan Genocide, the relationship between states and
individuals in terms of human security has come under greater international scrutiny,
with a focus on development, peace building, policy and military-strategic approaches.
The concept of human security today thus represents a major shift in the way
government, organizations, academics and individuals think about human security, as it
places greater legal emphasis on the welfare of ordinary people.
Political theorist, Roland Paris, has defined human security as a category of security
studies research, reserved for studies of non military threats to the protection of people
and entities, community11
. Arguing that there is a lack of evidence to support the theory
of a paradigm shift in security studies towards human security, Paris has
compartmentalized ever existing issues to better navigate the complexities of analyzing
security threats.
This contrasts with the widening discourse, led by Buzan and the Copenhagen school,
which includes individuals and communities as potential subjects of threats.12
A
Constructivist understanding is one that further involves non state actors as responders
to security threats rather than just victims13
.
10
UNDP. UN Human Development Report. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
11
Paris, Roland. "Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?" International Security, 2007: 87-102.
12
Frerks, Georg, and Berma Klein Goldewijk. Human security and international insecurity. Wageningen Academic
Publishers, 2007.
13
As in 17
6. 6
Paris’ cells do not offer categories for complex emergencies or the interdependence of
threats, nor does it explain the role of various actors. Regardless of whether or not
academia or policy-makers in the West have decided that there has been a paradigm
shift towards individual security in the developing world this is moot point. Security
issues for the majority of the world’s population are indeed more inclusive than survival
of inter-state warfare or avoiding super-power conflict; they include power, vulnerability,
accessibility and disconnection in an increasingly globalized world. From the Realist
perspective, Human Security based in the UNDP’s freedom from fear, freedom from
want agenda has been determined as too broad to be considered for policy.
It is my aspiration, says Kofi Annan (the former Secretary General of the United
Nations), that health will finally be seen not as a blessing to be wished for but as a
human right to be fought for14
. The altruism of Annan’s statement, as quoted by Ganguli
(2008), is evident from the fact that health is so important an aspect of human life but it
has been ignored by policy makers and public speakers whenever they talk discuss
security.
Aim and objective of Human Security in Africa
Making a link between health and human security requires some indirect associations
as well as illuminating some often overlooked relationships between cause and effect in
time of war and peace. Some researchers are of the view that if a life is lost
precociously then it is an enormous insecurity to the human beings. One aim of human
security has been to arm people against health threats or illnesses15
. As soon as the
Sub-Saharan African countries gained independence they engaged in multifarious
14
Ganguli, Mary. "Health, human rights, and the Golden Rule." Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 2008: 8
15
Michael, Sarah. "The Role of NGOs in Human Security." Commission on Human Security, 2002: 1-30, p.1.
7. 7
conflicts which also asserted a profound impact on ‘maternal and child health’ and the
ratio of demise as a consequence of ‘malnutrition’ has increased to a perilous extent16
.
Although one of the first African leaders, Kwame Nkrumah, celebrated in 1954 for his
aim to make the Gold Coast a paradise once independence was gained but he, along
with many others narrowed the notion of paradise in order to focus on military security
while he ignored issues around the health perspective17
. The most important of all tasks,
that of building a ‘prosperous society’ was utterly ignored18
.
Threats to Health Care & Public Health Emergencies
These include emerging new diseases that include SARS, Avian Influenza etc.
Moreover, as well as emergencies that require responses on a humanitarian basis.
These emergencies could result from changes in climate conditions such as
degradation of environmental setup or potential threats to an entire population which
requires swift responses by health bodies. In response to those health issues that could
have potential impact on the people, overall society and economy, international health
security plays a most important role. ICESCR, International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, by the General Assembly of the UN, in 1996, is aimed to
make human rights accessible and feasible for all individuals, including rights to primary
health care resources and facilities.
There has been a lack of statistics to manifest the meticulous details regarding the
number of deaths as a result of malnutrition; moreover the absence of adequate system
16
O'Hare, Bernadette, and David Southhall. "First do no harm: the impact of recent armed conflict on maternal and
child health in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2007: 564–570.
17
As in 2,p.1156
18
As in 2,p.1156
8. 8
for ‘registration’ of the birth and death further aggravates the problem19
. In addition
‘internally displaced persons’ in Sub-Saharan Africa are prone to the threats of abuse
and violence20
. As an example, O'Hare and Southhall (2007) report on the increase in
‘maternal mortality’ during conflict in Congo and also the increase in ‘child mortality
rate’ among displaced persons which makes the condition grave21
. O'Hare and
Southhall (2007) segregate death rates into ‘direct conflict deaths’ and ‘indirect conflict
deaths’22
. Where the first category includes demise as a consequence of bloodshed, the
second category includes demise as a result of illness and starvation. There are many
aspects of health that directly affect human security which include food and nutrition,
water and sanitation, disease, child and maternal/ sexual and reproductive health.
These aspects pose threats to security and insert direct impact on quantity of life.
The Most affected Group
The most ‘vulnerable group’, say MacFarlane and Foong Khong (2006), include
children, ‘women in war’ and ‘displaced persons’ whose protection is of utmost
importance23
. As women, particularly pregnant women, and children are more prone to
the threats of malnutrition therefore ‘maternal malnutrition’ has become an important
element in ‘morbidity and mortality’ in African women and 20 % of these pregnant
women have a ‘low BMI as a result of chronic hunger’24
. The insuficient access to food,
multifarious diseases and infections as well as ‘suboptimal infant feeding practices’ all
19
As in 6
20
As in 6
21
As in 6
22
As in 6
23
As in 9,p.202
24
Lartey, Anna. "Maternal and Child Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Interventions." Proceedings
of the Nutrition Society, 2008: 105-108, p.105.
9. 9
contribute to increased rate of deaths of children25
. Moreover, various environmental
and economical factors also pose problems for children and women in the regions of
Sub-Saharan Africa26
. The threat of HIV infection is also enormous due to disease
transmission when the HIV infected mothers breast-feed their children making them
prone to the infection as well27
.
While it is accepted that mothers are the pillars of any sustainable community
development initiative, women and particularly mothers receive very little in terms of
support and recognition for their role in communities and the problem becomes acute
when it comes to the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. With their many capabilities
women and mothers raise children, produce and sell food, work in the formal and
informal sector, participate in politics and micro-enterprise among other things. Child
soldiers, human trafficking, rape as tool of war, preventable births and deaths, gender
based violence are all major problems concerning mothers in Africa.
“A woman in sub-Saharan Africa has a 1 in 16 chance of dying in pregnancy or
childbirth, compared to a 1 in 4,000 risk in a developing country”28
. Children born in
developing countries, of which all Sub-Saharan countries are, are over 13 times more
likely to die under the age of 5 than children born in developed countries29
. Women and
children in impoverished areas of sub-Saharan Africa are at heightened risk due to the
patriarchal system at local social level. Any threats that men and boys face in
pastoralists/rural environment along with environment with dense population, urban or
25
As in 25, p.105.
26
As in 25,p.105
27
As in 25,p.106
28
UNICEF, “5. Improve Maternal Health,” Millennium Development Goals, Accessed 10 March 201:
http://www.unicef.org/mdg/maternal.html
29
United Nations Development Program, “Reduce Child Mortality,” MDG Monitor: Tracking the Millennium
Development Goals, 2007. Accessed 10 March 2010: http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal4.cfm
10. 10
rural settings, for women these are compounded by their denied access to nutrition,
maternal/pre/post-natal health and opportunities including literacy and education shape
their health indicators and consequently their human security.
The people most affected by health security are those that lack access to treatment and
prevention tools including various vulnerable groups such as the rural and urban poor.
Due to their constant mobility, occupying life on the periphery of society and often
mistrust of people from outside the community, pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa have
very limited access to health education, medical supplies/medicine and medical
facilities. Paired with this, governments and NGOs have very little interest in treating
and supporting pastoralist health as the geographical regions they occupy are on the
margins of society, sometimes in dangerous/conflict prone/cross-border areas and they
have very little political influence.
Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa
As a result of urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa has also given rise to the level of
poverty in the region and many governmental and non-governmental organizations
have attempted to lay considerable emphasis on the issue of addressing the increase in
poverty30
. According to a cautious reckon, reports Hanson (2007), over ‘one-third’ of
Sub-Saharan African population inhabirs the urban areas and the increase will continue
in the coming years31
. Moreover, Hanson (2007) states the statistics collected by the
‘UN population Fund’s State of World Population’ show that seventy per cent of the
population of Sub-Saharan Africa survives ‘under slum conditions’ which tends to
30
Hanson, Stephanie. "Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa ." Council on Foreign Relations, 2007
31
As in 32
11. 11
hamper the prospect of economic prosperity32
. These high density, impoverished urban
areas are at a particularly high risk of mortality due to poor health. Although much
attention is paid to these communities by governments and NGOs because of their
close proximity, political influence and highly publicized needs, the explosive rate of
urban migration, lack of infrastructure and declining or stagnate human resource
capacity render any gains marginal. The refugees, migrant labourers and internally
displaced persons living in these areas face the compounded challenges that are
existing for both rural and urban dwellers of the slum areas. Life in overcrowded, non-
permanent dwellings where survival is a daily task is extremely risky when it comes to
communicable and injury related health risks.
Premature mortality
The Global Burden of Disease project undertaken by World Health Organization
attempts to quantify the risks to health based on premature mortality due to a number of
major causes, disaggregated by age, sex and region with a goal to continue tracking
these results in future as well33
. The utility of this endeavour for Human Security lies in
its ability to highlight threats, weakness and trends in who is most at risk in terms of
quantity of life indicators. Not surprisingly an enormous number of all deaths including
communicable, non-communicable and death due to injury occurred in developing
regions with the highest rate of death falling squarely on sub-Saharan Africa.
It is not a surprising fact that the ‘infant and child mortality rate’ in sub-Saharan Africa is
still highest in the world but the immensity of the problem must be gauged from the fact
32
As in 32
33
Lopez, Alan D, and Disease Control Priorities Project. Global burden of disease and risk factors. World Bank
Publications, 2006.
12. 12
that the data to identify the relevant causes of demise is not only inadequate but is of
‘questionable quality’34
. The life expectancy in the region is extremely low and various
diseases, including HIV, serve to exert a horrendous impact on the rate of life
expectancy.
HIV threat
The major threats to Sub-Saharan regions includes making the provision of health care
possible as well as coping with the rise in deaths owing to HIV/AIDS infection. AIDS
was considered a disease in 1980s but it was accompanied by the dreadful realization
that ‘a new epidemic of unprecedented proportions was spreading throughout Sub-
Saharan Africa’35
. The population of Africa is an estimated forty million, as reported by
the World Bank and Jaminson (2006), ’28.5 million’ people were reportedly found to be
infected in Sub-Saharan Africa.36
‘Voluntary testing’, ‘counseling programmes’ and use
of ‘ARVs’ can help in the treatement of AIDS,37
and a heavy imposition of the USAID led
Abstinince, Be faithful, Condom (ABC) policy has been applied to prevent further spread
of the epidimic. Moreover the number of children orphaned as a result of the disease
has increased to a dangerous extent. Boutayeb (2009) discusses the impact of HIV on
the development of the African countries as it is not only a threat in terms of health care
sphere but to all the spheres of life and poses a serious threat to human security in
Africa.38
Threats include economical, infection as a tool of war (including the Rwandan
34
Ewbank, Douglas C, and James N Gribble. Effects of health programs on child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa.
National Academies Press, 1993, p.1.
35
Jaminson, Tean T, and World Bank. Disease and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa . World Bank Publications,
2006,p. 237.
36
As in 45, p.237.
37
As in 45, p.242.
38
Boutayeb, Abdesslam. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on human development in African countries." BMC Public
Health, 2009: 1471-2458.
13. 13
genocide), education, public and private service capacity, military infection rates and so
on.
Roles & Responsibilities
If the responsibility of various sectors is assessed it must be concluded that the role of
communities in the wake of human security and health in Africa is the most significant
among all. Educating communities on safe birthing methods, infant care and traditional
harmful practices can only be done effectively by community members themselves.
The instance of African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) is important to
discuss when it comes to the role of community as the foundation aims for the provision
of health in Africa as a possible feat in various African countries. Moreover, the
foundation encourages research in the area of health care along with making the
communities strong so that they could be able to aid in improving health care systems.
Although it is easy for donor countries to set agendas that incorporate broad definitions
of human security, the next step of acting on these words has been problematic. The
role to be played by governmental and non-governmental organizations and national
and international community is of utmost importance in regard to the health and human
security in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The role of international community in the provision of support for the purpose of
maintaining human security and health in Africa is said to be ‘critical’39
. The United
Nations has attempted to provide human security frameworks along with ‘national’,
‘societal’ and ‘environmental’ agendas in Africa40
. The ‘human security’ role, notes
Moller (2005), of the UN include the protection of the human beings against the ‘malign
39
As in 2,p.1170
40
As in 1,p.4
14. 14
consequences’ of poverty which victimizes innocent children and women and more
particularly ‘child soldiers and rape victims41
. In 2007 on the eve of the World Health
Day the theme of the event was ‘health security’ with an aim to draw attention of the
various organizations and institutions towards the significance and urgency to invest in
the projects of health in order to make the future safer. The World Health Organization
is charged as the body responsible for world-wide guidance in the field of public health.
After the end of the Cold War nations became sensitive to threats that the world was to
face due to the health crisis making the WHO initiative possible. This sensitivity and
interest of the nations was potentially beneficial for the developing countries like those
in Sub-Saharan Africa where the threats were so dangerous. Various attempts have
been made to formulate global health policy but none have been granted the legitimacy
required to make health a human security issue.
The role of the Non Governmental Organizations is also important but they are often
caught in the middle of what ought to be done and what is being done. However, many
NGOs focus their efforts mainly in urban, easily accesible areas, largely ignoring other
vulnerable populations including the rural and pastoralist communities. Pressures
placed on NGOs from various donors, governments, emergencies and thier own internal
policies makes advocacy work in terms of security and health a low priority.
Conclusion
Human security is indivisible’, reflects Thomas (1999), therefore must be assured to
every member of the society regardless of any impediments as it is the ‘central pillar’ of
41
As in 1,p.5
15. 15
society42
. Moreover, human security must aim to eliminate gulf between polarities
existent in the society or countries43
. By institutionalizing health as a global security
concern we are protecting the agents of sustainable development initiatives, punishing
the perpetrators of insecurity and ensuring a stable future in Africa.
The bottom line is that poor health, like war, will result in avoidable deaths within a
population. Health as a human security issue falls into the widely accepted “freedom
from fear” and also into the much debated ‘freedom from want’ categories. “The
emphasis on conventional security whilst millions die without good reason reflects the
power relations threaded throughout international relations, between rich and poor,
males and females, marginal and included, vulnerable and secure’44
. There is still an
acute need to stay on focusing health as a human security in the Sub-Saharan African
region which is encircled with multiple problems and diseases. Health must now be
considered as a state of emergency.
42
Thomas, Caroline. "Furthering the Debate on Human Security." In Globalization, human security, and the African
experience, by Caroline Thomas and Peter Wilkins, 179-184. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999,p.183.
43
As in 55,p.183.
44
Roberts, David. "The Science of Human Security: A Response from Political Science." Medicine, Conflict and
Survival, 2008: 16-22.
16. 16
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