tHIS IS A SAMPLE RESEARCH

1. CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
Pest repellents play a vital role in managing pest infestations and ensuring public
health. They include various products, from topical treatments to devices like lanterns
and candles aimed at dispersing repellents (Li, 2021). Effective pest control is essential
for reducing food waste, maintaining food sanitation standards, and protecting public
health. Without proper pest management measures, approximately 20% of the world's
food crops are lost to rodents annually (Wild Pest Control, 2023).
In the realm of pest repellents, there's a divide between natural and chemical
solutions. Organic pesticides utilize naturally occurring chemicals, while traditional
chemical pesticides rely on synthetic compounds (Love the Garden, 2023). The use of
natural pest control solutions offers numerous advantages, including safety,
sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and improved product quality (Greenwood, 2023).
Conversely, chemical pest repellents pose significant health risks to humans, including
neurological symptoms, reproductive toxicity, cardiovascular effects, and increased
cancer susceptibility (Aktar et al., 2009).
On the other hand, Boedeker et al. (2020) conducted a comprehensive study
aimed at assessing the prevalence of unintentional acute pesticide poisoning (UAPP)
globally, filling a significant gap in the literature since the last estimate by the World
Health Organization (WHO) in 1990. Through a systematic review of scientific literature
published between 2006 and 2018, supplemented by WHO mortality data, the researchers

2. synthesized data from 141 countries. Their findings revealed an alarming annual estimate
of approximately 385 million cases of UAPP worldwide, resulting in around 11,000
fatalities and over 733,000 non-fatal cases. Notably, they found that a significant
proportion of farmers and farmworkers, accounting for approximately 44% of the
worldwide farming population, are affected by pesticide poisoning each year. The study
underscores the urgent need to recognize the substantial burden of non-fatal UAPP and
calls for a shift in focus from solely addressing fatalities to implementing robust risk
assessment and prevention strategies. The authors advocate for the adoption of
international recommendations to phase out highly hazardous pesticides by the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) Council as a key step in mitigating the global public
health challenge posed by acute pesticide poisoning.
To address these concerns, researchers are exploring environmentally friendly
alternatives to chemical pest repellents. One such study proposes the use of fermented
Cavendish banana and fresh kamias extract as potential solutions. Notable studies have
contributed to this field, including research Dequina (2020) on "Alternative Insecticide
from Bilimbi Extract," and insights from Isman (2019) highlighting the evolution of pest
management strategies towards more diverse and sustainable approaches. Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) has emerged as a holistic framework to minimize pesticide usage
while maximizing crop protection. According to Sanchez (n.d), climate of the Philippines
is at the same time a blessing and a handicap. While it allows us to grow rice the year,
also means that insect pests multiply continuously. Because of it should be apparent that
insect pest management systems developed for temperate countries cannot be used under
our conditions. This research holds significance in the Philippines, where bananas and

3. kamias are abundant. Investigating the insecticidal properties of fermented banana and
kamias extracts addresses prevalent cockroach infestations and offers potentially eco-
friendly and economically viable solutions. If proven effective, these natural repellents
could mitigate health risks associated with synthetic pesticides and promote sustainable
pest management practices nationwide.
Exploring natural alternatives to chemical pesticides is crucial for mitigating
environmental harm and protecting public health. Through innovative research endeavors
like the proposed study on fermented banana and kamias extracts, we can move towards a
more sustainable and ecologically conscious approach to pest control.

4. Conceptual Framework
FERMENTED CAVEDISH
BANANA AND A FRESH
EXTRACT OF KAMIAS AS AN
ALTERNATIVE PESTS’
REPELLENT
The banana peels will be a
natural insecticide, which can be
non-toxic to humans and pets
and safe for the environment
(Patrol, 2016)
25mL Fermented
cavendish banana
and fresh extract of
kamias
25mL Fermented
cavendish banana
and fresh extract of
kamias
25mL Fermented
cavendish banana
and fresh extract of
kamias
 10mL of
water
 5mL of oil
 5mL of
water
 10mL of oil
 10mL of
water
 10mL of oil
Test of effectiveness in terms of:
a. Odor
b. Repellent effective period
c. Behavioral changes
ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the Study

5. the diagram shows the relationship that exists between the application of
fermented Cavendish banana and fresh kamias extract as pest repellents and their
effectiveness in repelling common pests in the Philippines.
In this study, the independent variables are the application of fermented
Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata) and a fresh extract of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) as
pests’ repellent. The dependent variable is the effectiveness of these treatments in
repelling common pests in the Philippines.
As illustrated in the conceptual framework, the application of fermented
Cavendish banana and fresh kamias extract is expected to influence the effectiveness of
pests’ repellent. It is hypothesized that these natural substances possess inherent
properties that deter common pests, thereby reducing pest damage and promoting crop
yield. The arrows in the conceptual framework indicate the direction of the expected
relationship between the variables. The application of fermented Cavendish banana and
fresh kamias extract is anticipated to positively impact the effectiveness of pest repellent,
as indicated by the downward arrow pointing towards the dependent variable. This will
serve as a conceptual basis for the study, guiding the formulation of hypotheses and the
interpretation of results. It highlights the interconnections of the variables and
underscores the importance of investigating the efficacy of natural pest repellents in
agricultural contexts.
Related Literature
This chapter presents literature relevant to the research, aiding in comprehensive
studies on the benefits and definition of 'organic pest repellent,' as well as the notable
differences between chemical pesticides, which may pose risks to users. This section
aims to highlight how organic pest repellents can benefit both the agricultural sector and

6. households. Specifically, it will focus on reviewing the overview of pest-related issues in
agriculture and households, emphasizing the importance of organic pest repellents, and
briefly discussing the components of cavendish banana and kamias that may influence
pest behavior.
Insect repellents have been applied for generation in traditional practices as a
protection against different pest, insects, or bugs. The repellent properties of plants
against pests are well known due to the use of synthetic chemicals. Traditionally, people
used natural pest repellent such as bio-organic that are made up of plants to protect
themselves against the contact of pests. Many of the plants contain insecticidal or insect-
repellent substances (Maia & Moorie, 2011). Additionally, insect repellent refers to a
substance applied in clothing or items that deters insects from contacting or moving on a
certain area. It is vital for preventing insect-borne diseases reducing bothersome pest or
insect bites. Essentially, it is any chemical or natural element that makes pests move
away from its source.
These researchers Da Silva Monteiro et al. (2021) stated that, “Hazards and
concerns related to using pesticides in homes and agriculture is referred to as ‘pest
issues”. Family farmers are especially vulnerable to the harm that pesticides may bring
since they may not be aware of the risks and may lack the necessary safety equipment.
The use of pesticides in vegetable farming can lead to economic burdens and health costs
for households, particularly for small-scale farmers (Atreya et al., 2012). Tong (2016)
also noted that small-scale farmers play a crucial role in the production of agricultural
products, and their behavior in applying pesticides can significantly impact the quality of
these products. Integrated health and agriculture promotion approaches are necessary to

7. address the determinants of pesticide use and handling in small farm households (Orozco
et al., 2011). Most farmers use pesticides to protect their crops and soils so they can
maximize their production. However, excessive use of pesticides may result in harmful
and may contaminate the soil and water, thus, adversely affect the food chain.
According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), Insecticides are
toxicants used for chemical control. Insecticides frequently are used on a big graduated
table. Low-flying aeroplanes and choppers treat Fields, woods, and swamps with insect
powders. Large power- driven sprayers protect groves. Gaseous insect powders called
fumigants are used in enclosed infinites, such as grain warehouses, Ship, and aeroplanes.
In places, eople use spray guns and aerosol bombs to kill plagues. The excessive use of
pesticides can have negative effects on human health and the environment, including
degeneration of soil ecosystems and potential harm to human health (K et al., 2020).
On the other hand, organic pest repellents are used to control pests in agriculture
while maintaining the benefits of organic farming. These repellents are made from
natural substances such as plant extracts and essential oils, which have been found to be
effective in repelling a wide range of pests. They are considered to be inexpensive,
biodegradable, and have low toxicity, making them a more environmentally friendly
alternative to synthetic insecticides (Afroze & Kaur, 2021). Additionally, lemongrass can
serve as a natural insect repellent (Mutebi & Gimnig, 2011). Natural pesticides are
products manufactured only for naturally occurring compounds that are a good way to
keep pests and insects away from the subject. Organic pest repellent may not affect the
surroundings due to their natural substances.

8. Furthermore, organic pesticides such as those made out of garlic and clover, citrus
oils, and other plant extracts, are 100% natural. These repellents can be used to repel
various pests such as insects, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, bed bugs, and ticks (Huabiao,
2017). Along with posing no threat to humans, these organic solutions pose no greater
threat to the environment than the pest problem we are using them for (Tudi et al., 2021).
Overall, organic pest repellents offer a natural and eco-friendly solution for pest
management in agriculture.
Pests have significant effects on agriculture. They can cause severe damage to
crops, resulting in economic losses totaling billions of pounds per year globally (“Pests,”
2023). Most insect bites and stings cause small reactions that are confined to the area of
the bite—localized reactions. They are usually treated at home but with preventions like
using natural insecticides like banana peels, which will kill insects without damaging the
environment. (Clark, 2012)
Most species are picky about the temperature, humidity, odor, and even lights
(Yigzaw, 2017). Cockroaches are attracted from food that are open and left out of the
counter, dirty dishes in the sink, and of course crumbs laying on the floor. They are also
attracted to moisture, such as from leaky pipe underneath a bathroom sink or kitchen sink
(Scherzinger, 2015).
An alignment of the study from Huabiao (2017b) stated that, organic pest
repellents are effective in repelling pests due to several reasons. Firstly, they are
composed of natural and organic raw materials, such as garlic, welsh-onion stalk, star
anise, and tobacco shreds, and etc. These ingredients are safe for human and pet use and
do not cause any harm to the environment (Huimin et al., 2017). Secondly, organic pest

9. repellents utilize the properties of specific plants and herbs, such as lavender, common
nepenthes, geranium, and folium artemisiae argyi, which have natural insect-repellent
properties. These plants release compounds that discourage pests from approaching
(Waite, 2017). Additionally, organic pest repellents can activate the nutrients in the soil
and improve the quality of crops, leading to stable plant growth and increased crop yields
(Lei, 2016). Overall, the combination of natural ingredients and the use of insect-
repellent plants make organic pest repellents effective in repelling pests.
Banana contains several components that act as pests’ repellents. These
components include styrene, benzothiazole, camphor, borneol, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, 1-
octen-3-ol, and 3-cyclohepten-1-one Lozano-Soria et al. (2020).
Related Studies
Synthetic pesticides resulting from petrochemical industry, and is the most
commonly used method to control insects and/or pests. However, the excessive and
continuous application may result insect resistance, environmental pollution, and food
contamination, which may affect the health of the people. In dealing with this critical
situation, fermentation of agricultural waste emerges as a new strategy for natural
biopesticide production (Omarini et al. 2009).
The attraction of different insects to volatile compounds opened new possibilities
for the development of traps using fermented products as baits for pest control. It has
been demonstrated that its control can be carried out through traps using fermented fruit
which is characterized by significant acetic acid content (Omarini et al., 2016).
Additionally, stated by Davis et al. (2013), the aromas generated by fermented fruit act as
an attractant of insect.

10. Fermentation is the most common biological conversion process of plant-based
carried out by microorganisms. According to the research of Sadh et al. (2018), through
the process of fermentation, microorganisms have the ability to recycle different types of
plant-based materials and produce high-value compounds and useful products in different
industries.
Cavendish banana fermentation is a crucial ingredient in repelling the pests. As
the fermentation may produce many content that can repel an insect and/or pest. For
example, the fermentation of Parkia Biglobosa (African locust bean) produced
metabolites that acted as insecticides against Callosobruchus maculatus (Olukunle &
Sanusi, 2018). Likewise, the extract obtained after the fermentation of neem leaves and
wild garlic mixture was the most effective formulation in reducing the population density
of whitefly and aphids (Nzanza & Mashela, 2012). Additionally, studies have found that
banana peels contain more tannin. Tannins are in great use for food preservation, and an
element of an insecticide (Haider, 2013).
According to Clark (2013), banana peels can also be natural alternative sources of
shoe polish, teeth whitener, and a tomato plant fertilizer. It also has compounds that can
be used as insecticides. Banana peels are also good in depression, sleeping better,
lowering cholesterol, and being safe from cardiovascular diseases (Haider, 2013).
Kamias fruit on the other hand, is considered as an anti-bacterial, astringent, and
refrigerant. The fruit has a high oxalic acid content that is a crucial ingredient for pest
repellent. According to De Menezes Lima et al. (2001), oxalic content of Averrhoa
Bilimbi (kamias) has been reported to range between 8.57 and 10.32 mg/g with highest
level seen in half ripe fruit in rainy season and lowest levels ripe fruits in dry season.

11. Oxalic acid dihydrate is one of the most organic acids used for the control of Varroa
destructor and it has been known to be effective against the parasite (Rademacher et al.,
2017).
A Kamias fruit is produced on the bare stem and trunk. Kamias are greenish in
color with a firm and juicy flesh which becomes soft on ripening. The fruit juice is sour
and extremely acidic. In the study of these researchers De Menezes Lima et al. (2001), a
bilimbi holds great value in complementary medicine as evidenced by the substantial
amount of research on it.
Kamias has been used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of
ailments. Infusions and decoctions of the leaves are used as an antibacterial,
antiscorbutic, astringent, postpartum protective medicine, in the treatment of fever,
inflammation of the rectum, and diabetes. The paste of leaves is used in the treatment of
itches, boils, skin eruptions, and bites of poisonous creatures, rheumatism, cough, cold,
mumps, and syphilis (Goh, 1995).
According to Alhassam and Ahmed (2016), Averrhoa bilimbi is principally
cultivated for medicinal purposes in many tropical and subtropical contries of the world.
The prime objective of this review is to organize literature based on traditional claims and
correlate those with closed findings of the use of Averrhoa bilimbi in the management of
different ailments. A similar literature survey of this study stated that Averrhoa bilimbi is
also used for medicinal purposes.
Further studies must be needed to claim the effectiveness of Averrhoa bilimbi and
Fermented Cavendish Banana for the use of pest repellent. However, many of the studies
claimed that the two has significant benefits in creating an organic pest repellent that will

12. not harm the environment. Fermentation of food is a good product in producing an acid
called ‘acetic acid’. And Averrhoa bilimbi (kamias) is a good product for having an acid
called ‘oxatic acid”.
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
In response to the ongoing challenges faced by agricultural sectors in the
Philippines due to the prevalence of common pests, this study endeavors to explore
innovative and sustainable solutions by investigating the efficacy of Cavendish banana
(Fermented Musa Acuminata) and fresh extract of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) as
potential natural pest repellents. With the increasing demand for environmentally friendly
pest management strategies, the study aims to delve into the effectiveness and

13. mechanisms of action of these natural repellents is crucial for sustainable pest
management practices in agricultural settings.
Specifically, the study seeks to address the following research questions:
1. Is there a significant difference in the repellent effectiveness of fermented
cavendish banana and a fresh extract of kamias mixture in terms of odor from
various concentrations?
a. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 5mL
oil
b. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 15L
oil
c. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water;
10mL oil
2. Is there a significant difference in the repellent effective period of the mixture
containing fermented cavendish banana and a fresh extract of kamias when tested
against different types of pests (cockroaches, red ants, and mosquitoes)?
a. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 5mL oil
b. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 15mL
oil
c. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 10mL
oil
3. Is there a significant difference in behavioral changes of pests when exposed to
the mixture of fermented cavendish banana and a fresh extract of kamias?
a. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 5mL oil

14. b. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 5mL of water; 10mL oil
c. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 10mL
oil
4. Is there a significant difference in the repellent effectiveness of Fermented
Cavendish Banana & Kamias mixture compared to available commercially
available natural repellent in terms of:
a. Odor
b. Effective period
c. Behavioral changes
Statement of the Null Hypothesis
H01: There is no significance difference in the repellent effectiveness of
Fermented Cavendihs Banana and a fresh extract of kamias mixture in terms of
odor from various concentrations.
a. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 5mL oil
b. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 15L oil
c. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 10mL oil
H02: There is no significant difference in the repellent effective period of the
mixture containing Fermented Cavendish banana and a fresh extract kamias when
tested against different tyoes of pests (cockroaches, red ants, and mosquitoes).
a. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 5mL oil
b. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 15mL
oil
c. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 10mL oil

15. H03: There is no significant difference in behavioral changes of pests when
exposed to the mixture of fermented cavendish banana and a fresh extract of
kamias.
a. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 5mL oil
b. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 5mL of water; 10mL oil
c. 25mL of Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamias; 10mL of water; 10mL oil
H04: there is no significant difference in the repellent effectiveness of Fermented
Cavendish Banana & Kamias mixture compared to available commercially
available natural repellent in terms of:
a. Odor
b. Effective period
c. Behavioral changes
Scope And Delimitation of the Study
The researchers have developed an organic pest repellent tailored to the needs of
household protection, ensuring effective pest control without the use of harmful
chemicals. The mentioned organic pest repellent is composed of kamias and cavendish
banana. The researchers will conduct experiments to assess the repellent properties of
these substances. The study will explore the potential applicability of these natural
repellents in integrated pest management strategies for both residential and commercial
settings.
The limitation of this study is its focus solely on testing the efficacy of banana

16. and kamias as pest repellents. While these natural products are abundant and affordable
in Cebu, where they are necessities, the study's narrow scope may limit the
generalizability of its findings to other potential pest management solutions. Additionally,
the exclusive reliance on banana and kamias may overlook the potential benefits of
integrating other available resources or alternative approaches to pest control. While the
affordability and accessibility of banana and kamias make them as an attractive option,
their effectiveness in comparison to commercially available pest repellents remains to be
fully assessed. As such, the study's conclusions may be constrained by its delimited scope
and exclusive focus on inexpensive local products.
Significance of the Study
The beneficiaries of creating a plant-based pest repellent, especially one that targets pests
like cockroaches, would include a wide range of individuals and entities. Here's a
breakdown ofthe potential beneficiaries:
1. Households: An efficient insect repellent would be beneficial for both families and
individuals, as it would aid in keeping cockroaches and other pests out of their homes.
This might result in enhanced living circumstances and decreased health hazards related
to antinfestations.
2. Agricultural Sector: Farmers and gardeners could use this pest repellent to protect

17. their crops and plants from pests, thus increasing agricultural productivity and decreasing
pesticide use.
3. Public Health: A decrease in cockroach infections may result in fewer health
problems connected with bites or contamination of food and water sources. This would
help with improved
public health and cheaper healthcare expenses.
4. Environmental Conservation: An eco-friendly pest repellant can help protect the
environment by avoiding the usage of hazardous chemical pesticides. This could result in
a better ecosystem and less pollution.
5. Future Researchers: Understanding the chemical components and methods
underlying the pest repellent abilities of Cavendish Bananas and Kamias will be
beneficial to future researchers.This knowledge could be used to develop and improve
environmentally friendly pest control methods.
In summary, the beneficiaries of this research include individuals, homes, farmers, public
health, the environment, and the broader scientific community, since it provides an eco-
friendly and cost-effective solution to the pest problem, particularly with ants, in the
Philippines.

18. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the methodology and the procedures applied to achieve the
objectives of the study. This chapter will discuss every component involved in
conducting this research from research design, research subject which explains further the
main subject, the research materials and tools used for production, the research procedure
that indicates the research methods being done in the research, and the statistical
treatment which presents the strategies used in order to present the data being gathered.
Finally, this chapter provides a detail explanation of the selected mode of analysis used
and data collection method.
Research Design
This study utilized a quantitative research which the process of collecting and
analyzing numerical data, finding patterns and averages, making predictions, testing
causal was implemented (Bhandari, 2020). This information in an assortment of thoughts
from the information gathered in the free-streaming way and decided the effectivity of
Fermented Cavendish Banana and Kamas as insect repellents to finding the result of the
study. This study also made use of experimental design in dealing with the manipulation
or handling of different variables for instance, dependent variable and independent
variable present in the study. Experimental design was used in this research for the study
dealt with different variables and experimental measures to make the results more
accurate and objective.
Research Locale
The research will be conducted both at a residence in Middle Nevil Hills, Lahug,
Cebu City, and at the University of Cebu Banilad campus for laboratory use. Middle

19. Nevil Hills was selected due to its convenient location and access to the necessary
materials for the study. Additionally, the clean and safe environment of the area will aid
in preserving the integrity of the investigatory project. The processing of Arrerhoa
bilimbi and Cavendish banana to create the new pesticide will take place at the mentioned
residence, while laboratory experiments and analyses will be carried out at the UC
Banilad campus.
Longitude: 123.911933062773 Latidude: 10.338666
Figure 1: University of Cebu – Banilad, SHS Bldg., Hon. B. Tudtud Private Rd, Cebu
City, 6000 Cebu
Longitude: 123.8954213 Latitude: 10.3423411
Figure 2: Middle Nevil Hills, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu