The document discusses the use of prepositions in data presentation, emphasizing trends in sales and recycling rates between 2005 and 2015 in Germany, the UK, and France. It explains the application of compound adjectives and the appropriate prepositions for increases and decreases in sales figures. The overall trends reveal an increase in Germany and the UK, while France saw a decline followed by a slight rise.

1. WRITING TASK 1: USING
PREPOSITION IN PRESENTING DATA
9/20/2023-second meeting

3. What is the trend?
• The graph shows a decline in the number of books sold between
2008 and 2016.
• The graph shows a decline in the number of grammar books sold over
an eight-year period.

4. Compound Adjectives
• A compound adjective is when a hyphen is used to join two or more
words together to make an adjective.
• Note: Sometimes native English speakers don’t put the hyphen
between the two words but YOU are expected to do so for the exam.
A bonus reason to use compound adjectives is that it shows the
examiner you have a very good level of English.
• Let’s see some more examples of compound adjectives used with
periods of time.
• He works a forty-hour week. (There is NO S after hour)
• He went on a three-week vacation. (There is no S after week)
• It is a four-month contract. (Again, no S after month)

5. Now change the following sentences to include a
compound adjective:
He works 8 hours a day.
He works an eight-hour day.
• Her daughter is five months old.
• She has a five-month-old daughter.
• There was a difference of 20 seconds.
• There was a twenty-second difference.
• The document had 7 pages.
• It was a seven-page document.
• The class lasted two hours.
• It was a two-hour class.

9. Increase and Decrease as Nouns
As nouns, increase, decrease, rise and fall normally have the
preposition IN after them ….. when we do NOT specify a number.
• There was an increase in the number of emergency kits sold in 2012.
• There was a rise in sales after appearing on television.
• There has been a decrease in the consumption of sugar this decade.
The moment we include a number or specify a number, we use the
preposition OF after the noun increase or decrease.
• There was an increase of 70% in sales of emergency kits sold in 2012.

10. Summary
• INCREASE (noun) + IN … when we do NOT specify a number
INCREASE (noun) + OF… when we specify a number

11. Increase and Decrease as Verbs
• Sales increased from 100 to 130 units.
FROM is with the start point of a trend.
TO is with the end point of a trend
What is the difference between 100 and 130? It is 30.
To show this difference we can use the preposition BY.
Increase (or decrease etc.) + BY + the amount of change.
• Sales increased by 30 units.
BY = the amount of change between two different periods of time or values.
When we use a percentage instead of another number, the preposition BY is optional.
• Sales increased by 30%. … OR
• Sales increased 30%. (both are correct)

12. BY vs. TO
Let’s look at the following sentences:
• It declined by 5%
• It declined to 5%
We have a different preposition in each sentence and they both change the
meaning of it significantly. Let’s see how…
• What is the difference between these two prepositions if the starting point is
100%?
It declined BY 5% means it only drops a small amount from 100% to 95%
BY is used to show the difference between the two numbers.
The difference between 100 and 95 which is 5.
• It declined TO 5% means it fell from 100% all the way down to 5% which is a huge
drop.
We use TO because we are talking about the end point, in this case the end point
is 5%.
• It declined to 5% is a short way of saying: It declined from 100% to 5%.

13. Starting and Ending – Prepositions
• After verbs that start and end, we mostly use the preposition AT before a
number:
• To start AT
To begin AT
To end AT
To finish AT
Some example sentences:
• Initial prices started at $300 per unit.
• Production began at 70 units per day in March.
• Production ended at 90 units per day in August.
• We can also use the preposition AT with the verb To Peak
• Crime peaked at 200 incidents per night in April.

15. TASK
The Graph describe the difference Regional household recycling rate in three countries: UK, France and, Germany
In Germany, the number of regional household recycling rates in 2005 increase from 20% to slightly under 60% in
2015. During ten-year period the number goes up by almost 40%.
The figure in UK started at 35% in 2005 and increase slightly to 35% in 2007. From 2007 to 2009 It remain contant at
40% and than substantially increase to 55% in 2011. Finally, the number gradually peaked a little over 60% in the end
of the period.
Things happened differently in France. It was started from 50% in 2005 and gradually decline to 30% in the 2013. it
decrease the number by 20% in six-year period. In 2013 the graph shows a rise from 30% to almost 40% in 2015.

16. The line graph below shows the household recycling rates in three different countries between 2005 and 2015.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.