mengenai cara menulis karya ilmiah.

1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Riri Fitri Sari MM MSc
riri@ui.ac.id
Pelatihan Penulisan Jurnal Ilmiah
Telkom University
Bandung, 15 Oktober 2015
Rfs 240320141
Writing Academic Paper

2. Agenda
Sistematika/Organisasi Penulisan yang benar
Do and Don’t dalam dalam melakukan penelitian dibidang
teknologi dan mempublikasikannya.
Tips mengenali Jurnal Predator
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3. Sumber
• Tao Xie, How to Write Research Papers, Department of Computer
Science, North Carolina State University,
http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/xie/publications/writepapers.p
df, Aug 2007
• Steve Wallace, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Researchers,
www.editing.tw/download/SpeechB.ppt
• The Academic Essay, UQ
• Mary Shaw, Writing Good Software Engineering Research
Papers, In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on
Software Engineering (ICSE), IEEE Computer Society, 2003, pp.
726-736,
http://ebookbrowse.com/gdoc.php?id=113427605&url=7acbc4e3111a3
• Danial J Jacob, How to Write an Effective Scientific Paper. Harvard
University
Rfs 121120123

4. WHAT IS A SCIENTIFIC PAPER?• It is an addition to human knowledge; this is a reversible statement (addition of
knowledge takes place through scientific papers)
Island of
Human
Knowledge
OCEAN OF
IGNORANCE
your
paper
Sharks
(reviewers)
• A scientific paper is not:
- a technical report or term paper
- a paper is worth writing only if it has general implications for knowledge
- a gospel
- paper should be scholarly but you’re not writing for the ages – others will
come after you with newer data and better models. Think of your role as
guiding their future efforts
- being occasionally wrong is forgiven, being boring is not.

5. Based On
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8. Writing StyleWriting Style
There is an expectation that academic writing
uses formal language
shows strong control over grammar
is cohesive and flowing
follows the correct referencing conventions.

9. More tipsMore tips
 Use impersonal language, avoiding the use of
personal pronouns such as I, you, we.
 Avoid clichés – roller coaster ride, spiralling out of
control, at the end of the day
 Keep sentences to the point – avoid wordiness.
Academic style:Academic style:
 formal, but not verboseformal, but not verbose
 polite, but not personalpolite, but not personal

10. STEP 1: Preparing and Pre-planningSTEP 1: Preparing and Pre-planning
◦ Analysing the question and establishing
prior knowledge
STEP 2: Research and ReadingSTEP 2: Research and Reading
◦ Search strategies and note-making – make
it as visual as possible
STEP 3: Drafting – the first draftSTEP 3: Drafting – the first draft
◦ Organising your ideas into a logical
argument
◦ Editing and proofreading
◦ Checking referencing
STEP 4 : Redrafting – the second andSTEP 4 : Redrafting – the second and
subsequent draftssubsequent drafts
STEP 5: Final draft – CLC can help youSTEP 5: Final draft – CLC can help you
“tweak it”“tweak it”
Stages of Academic Essay

11. The Academic PaperThe Academic Paper
There are four (4) key areas to consider when writing anThere are four (4) key areas to consider when writing an
academic paper.academic paper.
1.1. StructureStructure – Is it set out correctly?
2.2. Writing styleWriting style – Is it formal and following the correct
conventions?
3.3. ResearchResearch – It must be based on scholarly research.
4.4. Informed discussionInformed discussion – Objective and looks at all points
of view.

12. StructureStructure
In all academic writing, there
is a basic but crucial structure to follow:
 IntroductionIntroduction − outline of main points and writer’s overall
position on the topic
 BodyBody − logical development of each main point
 ConclusionConclusion − summary of main findings

13. The academic essay structure
Introduction (about
10% of word limit)
•Grab or motivator
•Map of main ideas
•Thesis statement or
overall position of
the author
Body paragraphs
(number will vary
according to length of
essay – about 250 –
300 words in length)
•Topic sentence –
main idea + how it
relates to the topic
•Prove it points
•Clincher –
summarise main idea
in relation to the
question
Conclusion (about 10% of
word limit)
•Map of main conclusions
•Clincher (final word)
•Restated thesis statement

14. Introduction graphic organiser
Restate the question and place in contextRestate the question and place in context
This essay will discuss …
In this essay…
The purpose of this essay is to ...
Map of main points gleaned from researchMap of main points gleaned from research
On one hand:
1.
2.
3.
On the other hand:
1.
2.
3.
Overall position or thesis statementOverall position or thesis statement
On the whole/Overall/Thus it would appear/Therefore

15. Main Body of an Essay
Information should be logically presented.
Each paragraph contains a main idea/issue.
Each idea is supported by evidence/research.
Single sentence paragraphs or page long paragraphs are not
acceptable.
Information from other sources MUST be referenced
correctly.

16. Paragraphs
Each paragraph deals with only one idea/issue, and
has a lead or topic sentence, which states the idea
is followed by sentences to explain more about the idea
has a final sentence that leads into the next paragraph.
Consider each paragraph as a mini-essay.

17. Be cohesive and flowingBe cohesive and flowing
When writing academically, the information paragraphs
need to be in a sequential order so that the meaning is
cohesive and easy for the reader to follow.

18. Cohesion in writing
Cohesion is a ‘gluing together’ of ideasCohesion is a ‘gluing together’ of ideas
It is the transitional words and phrases and cohesive ties that
◦ link ideas in a text
◦ assist the transition from one sentence to the next so that the unity
of the text is achieved.
Transitional wordsTransitional words
◦ signal words that help readers follow the direction of the writer’s
thoughts.
Cohesive tiesCohesive ties
◦ achieve unity and organisation within the paragraphachieve unity and organisation within the paragraph.
◦ help the reader to understand how the points raised in the
paragraph relate to each other and to the topic sentence.
When cohesion is strong, the text is more readable and thetext is more readable and the
meaning is easier for the audience to interpret.meaning is easier for the audience to interpret.

19. Cohesive devices
Some common transitional words and phrases that can be used toSome common transitional words and phrases that can be used to
cue your reader.cue your reader.
Time - Order
first previously and then finally second next then
after first of
all subsequently before afterwards lastly following that
when
Cause - Effect
Because as so that as a result owing to therefore thus
due to since hence
thereby for (because) for this reason in that case
consequently
Contrast (but)Contrast (but) Similarly (and)Similarly (and)
however like, likewise
yet in the same
way
although/ though/ alternatively similar, similarly
on the one hand / on the other hand in common
meanwhile comparable
contrary to / on the contrary at the same time/ all
the same
while/ whilst
whereas
neither

20. Cohesive devices continued…
Example ConclusionExample Conclusion
for example in conclusion/to conclude
for instance on the whole
such as to sum up
in this case to summarise
in this situation in brief
to demonstrate it can be seen that
as an illustration thus; therefore
to illustrate; hence consequently

21. Cohesive ties cont’d
Add to: Signal changingAdd to: Signal changing
sides:sides:
furthermore/further however
in addition alternatively
moreover on the other hand
similarly conversely
what is more nevertheless
equally important in contrast

22. Remember…
Celebrate your achievements
Learn from feedback
De-stress and keep things in perspective
Remember your goals!
When in doubt: ask, ask, ask!

23. 4%
9%
7%
8%
13%
2%
16%
7%7%
English Errors
27%
Faulty methodology
Inadequate references
Poor quality supporting figures
Outside the scope of journal
Not enough contribution to field
Authors did not follow manuscript instructions
Poor writing style and use of English
Title not representative of study
Subject of little novel interest or not generally
applicable
Reasons for major revision or rejection of
Taiwanese journal papers

24. Habit #5
Writers use the competitive, political and
supportive energy of other researchers.
Supportive energy: Support groups
Competitive energy: Researchers compare themselves with other
researchers and keep score
Political: Researchers are political.
The negative side is that half of peer reviewed articles in top rated
journals are never referenced by anyone, including the author. This
shows that low impact papers are often published in the best journals
because the articles are reviewed by friends of the author. (Holub,
Tappeiner, and Eberharter, SEJ 1991).
Better Citation
“Smith’s model was effective in X problem, however in Y…”
“The X benefit of Smith’s approach are not applicable to Y…”

25. Practice
Cite researchers who like you
Include references to authors who like your papers. They
might become referees.
Include references to people with who you met at
conferences.
This is to get a fair chance. Referees have to make an effort
to be fair to unknown authors.

26. Meet 100 active researchers
 There are about a hundred people in your research field who are likely to be
referees of your papers.
 Prepare a list of one hundred active people in your main research area. Try to
meet them within a five-year period.
 Present papers at, or at least attend, two professional meetings a year. When
presenting papers or attending regional, national, or international meetings, try
to get to know these people.
 This is your best opportunity for networking. When you go to conferences
smile and “work the room.”

27. Practice
Pay attention to reviewers’ comments
“I don’t’ think you treated Smith fairly in your literature
review, his insights deserve more respect.”
“You forgot to include Smith as a reference in your paper.
His work is fundamental to understanding your research.”

28. Scan journal for related articles
Try to find some related articles in the journal to which
you wish to submit your paper.
Authors who published a paper on a related subject are
likely to be referees. The editor still remembers them
and has a connection to them. Obviously, you need to
cite their papers.
Even if they are slightly related, try to use their
references. Explain how your work is related.

29. Emotions on rejected paper
1) Depression
2) Anger at editor.
3) Anger at system.
4) Consider changing job.
5) Reviewing manuscripts and deciding the reviewers had
points

30. Practice
Delete or hide the references to undesirable
potential referees
 You can guess the identity of the reviewers from the reviewers’
comments because of references and writing style.
 Editors select reviewers from your references. If some
reviewers always recommend rejection of your papers, drop
their papers from your references (the first time you submit).
You can add them later (after the paper is accepted). You can
also put them into the body of the paper where they are harder
to find
 This may require rewriting the introduction with a different
perspective

31. Eliminate any trace of prior
rejections
 Do not show when the paper was first written.
 Do not show how many times the paper has been revised.
 Document property check
 Add current references

32. Do not waste time on dead or
dying topics
If your most recent references are ten years old, it is a dead issue.
If the most recent references closely related to your paper are 5
years old, it is a dying issue.
It is also difficult for the editor to find suitable referees for
outdated topics.
Your inability to find enough references indicates
You have not read the literature.
Others are not interested in the topic, so, it is unlikely to get published.

33. How to identify “Hot Topics”
Look for clues to anticipate the next ‘big thing’
Read top journals to identify ‘new problems’
Read letters to the editor
Look for controversies and unexplained findings
Look for crossover areas with other domains
Do database keyword searchs
Attend conferences

34. Perkembangan Terkini
Google Scholar
H-Index peneliti
Scopus IdPeneliti
Webometric ranking of Indonesian Researcher
Simlitabmas
Banyaknya beasiswa S2/S3 yang tersedia
Perkembangan TIK yang sangat cepat
Networking
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35. Journal Predator dan Kita
Definisi
Memulai menulis publikasi: Seminar nasional, Jurnal
Nasional, Seminar Internasional, Jurnal Internasional.
Mencari tujuan publikasi yang tepat
Mengenali Standar-standar yang berlaku
Tips mengenali jurnal predator
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36. Kesimpulan
Penelitian dan penulisan makalah adalah pekerjaan yang
bermula dari kecintaan, passion, dan keinginan untuk tuntas
Bentuk dan adopsilah kebiasaan-kebiasaan baru yang
berkembang dikalangan peneliti, karena perubahan zaman.
Carilah sumber belajar dan bentuklah lingkungan yang
kondusif.
Menulis makalah adalah pekerjaan yang diiterasi terus
menerus, tidak ada garis akhir, namun setiap langkah akan
membawa kita makin dekat ke tujuan.
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37. Referensi
• Tao Xie, How to Write Research Papers, Department of Computer
Science, North Carolina State University,
http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/xie/publications/writepapers.p
df, Aug 2007
• Steve Wallace, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Researchers,
www.editing.tw/download/SpeechB.ppt
• The Academic Essay, UQ
• Mary Shaw, Writing Good Software Engineering Research
Papers, In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on
Software Engineering (ICSE), IEEE Computer Society, 2003, pp.
726-736,
http://ebookbrowse.com/gdoc.php?id=113427605&url=7acbc4e3111a3
• Danial J Jacob, How to Write an Effective Scientific Paper. Harvard
University
Rfs 1211201237