stages of writing

1. COMMUNICATION
SKILLS

2. What is
COMMUNICATI
ON?

3. STAGES OF WRITING
1.Pre- writing
2.Actual writing
3.Revision or editing
4.Final writing

4. PRE- WRITING
Decide what topic you want to
write about.

5. PRE- WRITING
Narrow down the topic.

6. WAYS TO LIMIT A TOPIC
Limiting category
↓
Broad
↓
Specific

7. LIMITING CATEGORY BROAD SPECIFIC
Economic Strata Lifestyle of Urban
families
How my rich city
cousins spend their
summer vacation
Age How to relate to
people with AIDS
How to relate to
Filipino teens with
AIDS
Number Philippine Medical
herbs
The three most
accessible medical
herbs in the
Philippines

8. PRE- WRITING
Clearly state to yourself the
purpose in writing about it.

9. PRE- WRITING
Know who your main reader
will be.

10. PRE- WRITING
Think more deeply about your topic, read up
about it in the library or in the internet, talk to
people whom you know are knowledgeable about
your topic.

11. PRE- WRITING
Formulate a topic outline and or a
thesis for your composition.

12. SENTENCE
AND
SENTENCE PROBLEM

13. MOST COMMON
PROBLEMS IN
SENTENCE

14. FRAGMENTS
A group of words that may sound
like a sentence but actually has
some missing parts to make the
set of words into a complete and
sensible sentence.

15. After the choir sang
my favorite piece.

16. ADD AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
After the choir sang my
favorite piece, I left the
auditorium to see Mr.
Reyes.

17. DELETING THE SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION
The choir sang my
favorite song.

18. To make up for his
low grades.

19. ADD AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
THAT EXPRESSES THE DOER OF
ACTION
To make up his low grades,
Patrick asked the teacher to give
him additional tasks and
assignments.

20. COMMA SPLICE
AND
RUN-ON SENTENCES

21. COMMON SPLICE
When two independent clauses (or
sentences) are joined by a comma and
not with an appropriate conjunction to
show the relationship between two
clauses.

22. Since she apologized for
her misdeeds, Mr. Cruz
withdrew his complaints.

23. RUN-ON SENTENCE
When two independent
clauses are written as one
sentences without any
punctuation, conjunction or
transition words.

24. USE PERIOD
The choir sang my
favorite piece. I left the
auditorium.

25. USE A COMMA OR A SEMI- COLON AND A
CONJUNCTION OR TRANSITION WORD
Patrick is trying to make up for
his low grades; thus, he has
asked the professor to give
him extra task and
assignments.

26. USE OF SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION AND
ATTACH NEW SUBORDINATE CLAUSE TO AN
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
Because he is trying to make up
for his low grades, Patrick has
asked his professor for extra tasks
and assignments

27. FAULTY
PARALLELISM

28. AN ARTICLE OR A PREPOSITION
APPLYING TO ALL MEMBERS OF A
SERIES MUST BE PREPARED
BEFORE EACH WORD.
FAULTY PARALLELISM CORRECTED VERSION
The Bicolanos and
Tagalogs
The Bicolanos and the
Tagalogs
In peace, war and
harmony
In peace, in war and in
harmony

29. Correlative conjunction (both…
and; not… but; not only… but
also; either… or; neither… nor;
just, second, third; and the
like) should be followed by the
same grammatical
construction.

30. FAULTY PARALLELISM CORRECTED VERSION
He is not only my friend but
is also my brother.
He is not only my friend but
also my brother.
Either you grant his requests
is or you incur his ill will.
Either you grant his request
or you will incur his will.
-OR-
You must grant his request
or his ill will.

31. WHEN COMPARING THINGS,
YOU SHOULD HAVE
PARALLEL STRUCTURES.
FAULTY PARALLELISM CORRECTED VERSION
My salary is smaller
than my sister.
My salary is smaller
than my sister’s salary.

32. QUIZ 11. The show begins at 7:30 make sure you’re
there before 7:15.
2.During the first act of the stage play.
3.If we are going to play tennis today.
4.This computer doesn’t make sense to me, it
came without a manual.
5.Debbie leads a charmed life she never
seems to have serious problems.

33. 6. I can’t tell you, I wasn’t there.
7. The boys ran a marathon they
didn’t win though.
8. During rainy season.
9. Students paying their tuition fees.
10. The sun is high, put some
sunblock.