This document summarizes a study on women's access to agricultural resources in Borno State, Nigeria. The study found that women had the highest access to farm income, decision-making powers, farm land, and off-farm income, though access was still limited. Access to extension services, education, cooperatives, farm inputs, and credit was very limited. The study recommends that agricultural input distribution be made more gender sensitive to increase women's access to productive resources.
Analysis of the socioeconomic factors affecting women’sAlexander Decker
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This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic factors that affect women's contributions to household welfare in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that most respondents were married with a mean age of 42 and average household size of eight people. While 70% had some formal education, women's income contributions to households were below 30% for 90% of respondents. Regression analysis showed that age and income were significant factors influencing women's contributions, with contributions increasing with age and income. The study recommends equipping rural women with knowledge of nutrition and education to enable greater contributions to food security and children's education.
Nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
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This document discusses a study on the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study's objectives and methods.
The introduction provides context on Ethiopia's dependence on agriculture and food insecurity problems. It describes Eastern Tigrai zone as particularly food insecure due to environmental and agricultural challenges. The study aims to investigate if nonfarm employment can help address this issue.
The literature review discusses research showing nonfarm income contributes substantially to rural livelihoods and can reduce poverty and improve food security. However, participation is often constrained by lack of assets. The study will examine nonfarm income's role in household food security in Eastern T
11. nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
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The document discusses a study that examines the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 151 households. A probit model is used to analyze factors influencing participation in nonfarm employment. The study finds that land size, age, family size, special skills, electricity access, credit access, distance to market, and irrigation access are key determinants. A Heckman selection model is then used to examine the impact of nonfarm employment on food security. The results indicate that nonfarm income enables households to spend more on basic needs like food, education, clothing, and healthcare, and thus nonfarm employment plays a significant role in maintaining household food security.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Â
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
The contribution of women to household food security in the kassena nankana ...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study on the contribution of women to household food security in the Kassena-Nankana East District of Ghana. It finds that the majority of women in the area are engaged in food crop farming to feed their households. However, women face various challenges including discrimination in decision making regarding land and credit. Socio-cultural factors like traditions that deprive widows of inherited property also negatively impact women's ability to contribute to food security. While women play a critical role in food production, more support is needed to address challenges and harness their potential to ensure adequate nutrition for families.
Analysis of the socioeconomic factors affecting women’sAlexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic factors that affect women's contributions to household welfare in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that most respondents were married with a mean age of 42 and average household size of eight people. While 70% had some formal education, women's income contributions to households were below 30% for 90% of respondents. Regression analysis showed that age and income were significant factors influencing women's contributions, with contributions increasing with age and income. The study recommends equipping rural women with knowledge of nutrition and education to enable greater contributions to food security and children's education.
Nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
Â
This document discusses a study on the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study's objectives and methods.
The introduction provides context on Ethiopia's dependence on agriculture and food insecurity problems. It describes Eastern Tigrai zone as particularly food insecure due to environmental and agricultural challenges. The study aims to investigate if nonfarm employment can help address this issue.
The literature review discusses research showing nonfarm income contributes substantially to rural livelihoods and can reduce poverty and improve food security. However, participation is often constrained by lack of assets. The study will examine nonfarm income's role in household food security in Eastern T
11. nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
Â
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 151 households. A probit model is used to analyze factors influencing participation in nonfarm employment. The study finds that land size, age, family size, special skills, electricity access, credit access, distance to market, and irrigation access are key determinants. A Heckman selection model is then used to examine the impact of nonfarm employment on food security. The results indicate that nonfarm income enables households to spend more on basic needs like food, education, clothing, and healthcare, and thus nonfarm employment plays a significant role in maintaining household food security.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Â
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
The contribution of women to household food security in the kassena nankana ...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study on the contribution of women to household food security in the Kassena-Nankana East District of Ghana. It finds that the majority of women in the area are engaged in food crop farming to feed their households. However, women face various challenges including discrimination in decision making regarding land and credit. Socio-cultural factors like traditions that deprive widows of inherited property also negatively impact women's ability to contribute to food security. While women play a critical role in food production, more support is needed to address challenges and harness their potential to ensure adequate nutrition for families.
Family income among small scale farmers a panacea for household food security...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of family income on household food security among small-scale farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that over half (53.3%) of the 105 respondents surveyed were food insecure. Most respondents were middle-aged (31-50 years old), married, and had received some education. Significant relationships existed between sources of income and respondents' age, years of schooling, farming experience, and income level. The study concluded more than half of households in the area were food insecure and recommended the government subsidize agricultural inputs and encourage farmer cooperatives to improve access to credit and income.
Analysis of farmers Participation in Public Agricultural Extension Services: ...Premier Publishers
Â
The study analyzed female-headed and male-headed households’ participation in public agricultural extension services: The Case of Meskan Woreda, Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. The objectives were to assess participation of female-headed and male-headed farmers in major crop and livestock extension packages, and to identify determinants of participation. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique was employed to select Region, Woredas, and Kebeles. Samples were taken from four Kebeles: Wita, Yimariwacho third, Mesrak meskan and Welansho second based agro ecology using probability proportional to size sampling technique. Finally, a total of (143) sampled male (92) and female-headed households (51) were selected by using systematic random sampling method. Sampled household heads survey data were collected using pre-tested structured interview schedule, focus group discussions and key informants interview. Descriptive and Binary logistic were employed to analyze the collected survey data. Among 14 explanatory variables included in to the logit model: land size, Development agent contact frequency, and mass media exposure had positive and statistically significant while sex, age and market distance had negative and statistically significant on Farming household head’s in crop and livestock extension services. The study recommends that, enhancing efficient delivery of services and increasing young age of household head farmers in terms of equal sex participation, farm size, Development agent contact, and mass media access would improve household head farmers’ participation in public agricultural extension services.
The role of agriculture in the economic empowerment of women in the ejisu jua...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a journal article about the role of agriculture in empowering women economically in the Ejisu Juaben Municipality in Ghana. The summary is as follows:
1) Agriculture is the main economic activity in the municipality and women play a central role in food production and distribution, however, women have limited access to resources like credit, extension services and land compared to men.
2) The study found that these limitations reduce women's ability to increase productivity and income, hindering their economic empowerment.
3) The study concludes there is a need to address challenges like land tenure systems and unequal access to productive resources in order to improve women's economic empowerment, household food security and national development
Gender analysis of land ownership structures and agricultural production in i...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study on gender analysis of land ownership structures and agricultural production in Imo State, Nigeria. The study found that while females (78%) were more involved in agriculture than males (57%), land inheritance (75%) was the most common form of land ownership for males compared to females who primarily purchased land (67%). Males on average had larger farm sizes (4 hectares or more) than females (16% with farms that size). However, the study found that females had higher agricultural productivity than males across crops from 2008-2011. The document recommends that governments should revisit land tenure policies to be more equitable and encourage matrilineal land inheritance systems.
The document discusses a study on empowering women farmers in Bangladesh through a program supported by an NGO. It finds that providing women farmers with credit, training, and organization allows them to participate more in economic activities and decision-making. The study assessed the impact on women's economic and social empowerment, finding increased incomes, investments, mobility, and involvement in agricultural decisions when supported by the program. It recommends expanding similar programs to more smallholder farmers while addressing gender differences and crop needs.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Participation of family women in agricultural production-a case study of jaff...Alexander Decker
Â
- The document analyzes factors influencing family women's participation in agricultural production in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka.
- It finds that women play a significant role in Sri Lankan agriculture, performing tasks from land preparation to harvesting and livestock management. However, their contributions have been understudied.
- Using a probit model and survey data from 185 households, it determines that women's age, education level, years of experience, income level, access to extension services, land tenure rights, and level of agricultural contribution significantly impact their likelihood of participating in farm work. Younger, more educated, and experienced women with higher incomes and more secure land rights who receive extension services are more likely to participate.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on women and agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses the important role of women in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing up to 70% of food production. However, women face numerous challenges including less access to land, credit, extension services and technology compared to men. The document also outlines Ethiopia's national policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in agriculture through institutions like the Women's Affairs Office.
Migration, remittances and livelihood systems of farm households in enugu sta...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of remittances on the livelihoods of farm households in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that households whose heads were middle-aged and less educated were more likely to have family members migrate. Remittances were mostly received from male children through hand delivery or banks. Remittances ranged from 1,000-10,000 Naira and were used mostly for family consumption and agricultural production. Regression analysis showed that the age and education level of household heads, as well as household size, significantly influenced migration rates of family members.
An Investigation into the Status of Riverbank (Char) Women Dwellers in Bangla...AI Publications
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The study was undertaken to determine the status of rural women in terms of their social, economic and financial access to decision making and livelihood. It was conduct on January to February 2016. The data was collected by using an interview schedule from 60 women of Chinirpotol village of Saghata Upazila under Gaibandha District of Bangladesh in January to February 2017. It revealed that majority (51.67%) women can only sign but constituted economically active. It was found that they were actively participated in the household activities and their agricultural farming activities. It was also found that women played a significant role in the management of family affairs but a little participation in decision making because the male member was the head of a family and responsible for taking major decisions of the household. This study observed that a mentionable portion (88.33%) of the women was involved with non-government organizations (NGOs). The findings suggest that freedom for decision making, opportunities for active contribution and accessibility to income generating activities along with social awareness about their rights are necessary for improvement of the status of women.
Effects of non wood forest products on rural household inAlexander Decker
Â
This study examined the effects of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) on rural households in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Majority of respondents were between 30-59 years old, married, had 6-15 years experience collecting NWFPs, and low levels of education. Household sizes were typically 1-5 people.
- The most common NWFPs available were bush meat, herbs, snails, and wild honey.
- NWFPs had favorable effects on households including eating quality food, having cash income, joining organizations, and discovering new marketing channels.
- Most common NWFP-based economic activities were collecting and marketing NW
An examination of poverty among households in minna capitalAlexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study that examined poverty among households in Minna, Nigeria. The study found that 48.6% of respondents had incomes below the poverty line, indicating high poverty incidence. The poverty gap and squared poverty gap indices of 0.34 and 0.27, respectively, suggested poverty in Minna requires urgent attention. Poverty was highest among households headed by illiterate individuals and older farmers over 58 years old. The study concluded poverty incidence is high in the study areas and recommends dedicating more funds to practical poverty reduction programs at the state and local levels in Niger State.
This document is a student paper on rural women in agriculture in Bangladesh. It is divided into multiple sections that discuss topics such as the role of women in agriculture, their contributions to food production and livestock, and their participation in decision making and empowerment. The paper seeks to analyze the nature and extent of rural women's empowerment in Bangladesh and identify factors that influence it. It defines three dimensions of women's empowerment - socioeconomic, familial, and psychological - and discusses six indicators used to measure women's empowerment: contribution to household income, access to resources, ownership of assets, participation in household decision making, and perception of gender awareness.
New microsoft office power point presentationRatika Kayastha
Â
Women play a pivotal role in global food security and agriculture, contributing as farmers, laborers, and entrepreneurs. However, women face greater difficulties than men in areas like land ownership, access to resources, education, and services. This document discusses the status and role of women in agriculture in India and worldwide. It provides statistics showing that women comprise a major portion of the agricultural workforce globally and in India. It also outlines some of the challenges faced by women farmers in India, such as lack of land rights, lower wages, and time poverty. Finally, it discusses some government policies and initiatives aimed at empowering women in agriculture.
This document is an outline for a research paper on women's access to productive resources in agriculture. It includes sections on introduction, literature review, research objectives, and methodology. The introduction defines productive resources and their importance in agriculture. The literature review summarizes several previous studies on women's roles in agriculture and constraints they face. The research objectives are to study women's socioeconomic backgrounds and access to resources like land, income, and decision making. The methodology describes plans to use quantitative methods like surveys with 150 rural women, and analyze the data using SPSS.
The role of women in agriculture: Implications in providing, improving househ...Open Access Research Paper
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There has been less recognition to women contribute to agricultural and food security. Women’s work in the agriculture and food security often remains invisible. The research sought to investigate the role of women agriculture in providing household food security and reducing of hunger and malnutrition in rural communities. The research used a survey research design, quantitative and qualitative data was gathered. Findings were that social and economic constraints place barriers around women’s access to agricultural land and empowerment. Women had a high positive attitude to the variables on; interest in contributing to household, understanding of food security and socio-economic development. Men own land and livestock at household level, livestock for women were realized through payment of the bride prize. The country was not food secured, 68% of the household could not afford three meals per day, malnutrition remains at 9% and the four dimension of food security were averaging 23.25%. Given equal treatment, women could produce high crop yield and can play role in food processing, in nutrition, gardening and agricultural cooperatives. Farming and agricultural policies need to address factors that were affecting the potential of women in improving food security. This would help in fully utilization of the roles of women in providing and improving household food security and reduce hunger and malnutrition in the rural communities. Noted implications of not involving and empowering women in agriculture was food insecurity in the rural communities as food availability, accessibility, utilisation and stability was to achieved year around in the communities.
My contact address
Dr Shahnaj Parveen
Professor
Department of Agricultural Extension Education
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)
Mymensingh-2202
Bangladesh
Mobile: ++88-01715 340215
Email: shahnaj1969@gmail.com
The document discusses the importance of gender equity in agricultural research and development. It makes four key points:
1) Women play a vital role in agriculture but lack equal access to resources like land, education, inputs and technology, limiting productivity. Reducing gender inequality could increase yields by 20%.
2) Involving women is important for sustainability as they maintain biodiversity and climate change strategies.
3) It improves food security and nutrition as women control food distribution and child nutrition.
4) Empowering women through equitable interventions can significantly boost incomes and reduce poverty.
The document advocates for mainstreaming gender considerations in agricultural R&D through representation of women researchers and relevance to women farmers.
Family income among small scale farmers a panacea for household food security...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of family income on household food security among small-scale farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that over half (53.3%) of the 105 respondents surveyed were food insecure. Most respondents were middle-aged (31-50 years old), married, and had received some education. Significant relationships existed between sources of income and respondents' age, years of schooling, farming experience, and income level. The study concluded more than half of households in the area were food insecure and recommended the government subsidize agricultural inputs and encourage farmer cooperatives to improve access to credit and income.
Analysis of farmers Participation in Public Agricultural Extension Services: ...Premier Publishers
Â
The study analyzed female-headed and male-headed households’ participation in public agricultural extension services: The Case of Meskan Woreda, Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. The objectives were to assess participation of female-headed and male-headed farmers in major crop and livestock extension packages, and to identify determinants of participation. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique was employed to select Region, Woredas, and Kebeles. Samples were taken from four Kebeles: Wita, Yimariwacho third, Mesrak meskan and Welansho second based agro ecology using probability proportional to size sampling technique. Finally, a total of (143) sampled male (92) and female-headed households (51) were selected by using systematic random sampling method. Sampled household heads survey data were collected using pre-tested structured interview schedule, focus group discussions and key informants interview. Descriptive and Binary logistic were employed to analyze the collected survey data. Among 14 explanatory variables included in to the logit model: land size, Development agent contact frequency, and mass media exposure had positive and statistically significant while sex, age and market distance had negative and statistically significant on Farming household head’s in crop and livestock extension services. The study recommends that, enhancing efficient delivery of services and increasing young age of household head farmers in terms of equal sex participation, farm size, Development agent contact, and mass media access would improve household head farmers’ participation in public agricultural extension services.
The role of agriculture in the economic empowerment of women in the ejisu jua...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a journal article about the role of agriculture in empowering women economically in the Ejisu Juaben Municipality in Ghana. The summary is as follows:
1) Agriculture is the main economic activity in the municipality and women play a central role in food production and distribution, however, women have limited access to resources like credit, extension services and land compared to men.
2) The study found that these limitations reduce women's ability to increase productivity and income, hindering their economic empowerment.
3) The study concludes there is a need to address challenges like land tenure systems and unequal access to productive resources in order to improve women's economic empowerment, household food security and national development
Gender analysis of land ownership structures and agricultural production in i...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study on gender analysis of land ownership structures and agricultural production in Imo State, Nigeria. The study found that while females (78%) were more involved in agriculture than males (57%), land inheritance (75%) was the most common form of land ownership for males compared to females who primarily purchased land (67%). Males on average had larger farm sizes (4 hectares or more) than females (16% with farms that size). However, the study found that females had higher agricultural productivity than males across crops from 2008-2011. The document recommends that governments should revisit land tenure policies to be more equitable and encourage matrilineal land inheritance systems.
The document discusses a study on empowering women farmers in Bangladesh through a program supported by an NGO. It finds that providing women farmers with credit, training, and organization allows them to participate more in economic activities and decision-making. The study assessed the impact on women's economic and social empowerment, finding increased incomes, investments, mobility, and involvement in agricultural decisions when supported by the program. It recommends expanding similar programs to more smallholder farmers while addressing gender differences and crop needs.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Â
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Participation of family women in agricultural production-a case study of jaff...Alexander Decker
Â
- The document analyzes factors influencing family women's participation in agricultural production in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka.
- It finds that women play a significant role in Sri Lankan agriculture, performing tasks from land preparation to harvesting and livestock management. However, their contributions have been understudied.
- Using a probit model and survey data from 185 households, it determines that women's age, education level, years of experience, income level, access to extension services, land tenure rights, and level of agricultural contribution significantly impact their likelihood of participating in farm work. Younger, more educated, and experienced women with higher incomes and more secure land rights who receive extension services are more likely to participate.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on women and agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses the important role of women in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing up to 70% of food production. However, women face numerous challenges including less access to land, credit, extension services and technology compared to men. The document also outlines Ethiopia's national policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in agriculture through institutions like the Women's Affairs Office.
Migration, remittances and livelihood systems of farm households in enugu sta...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of remittances on the livelihoods of farm households in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that households whose heads were middle-aged and less educated were more likely to have family members migrate. Remittances were mostly received from male children through hand delivery or banks. Remittances ranged from 1,000-10,000 Naira and were used mostly for family consumption and agricultural production. Regression analysis showed that the age and education level of household heads, as well as household size, significantly influenced migration rates of family members.
An Investigation into the Status of Riverbank (Char) Women Dwellers in Bangla...AI Publications
Â
The study was undertaken to determine the status of rural women in terms of their social, economic and financial access to decision making and livelihood. It was conduct on January to February 2016. The data was collected by using an interview schedule from 60 women of Chinirpotol village of Saghata Upazila under Gaibandha District of Bangladesh in January to February 2017. It revealed that majority (51.67%) women can only sign but constituted economically active. It was found that they were actively participated in the household activities and their agricultural farming activities. It was also found that women played a significant role in the management of family affairs but a little participation in decision making because the male member was the head of a family and responsible for taking major decisions of the household. This study observed that a mentionable portion (88.33%) of the women was involved with non-government organizations (NGOs). The findings suggest that freedom for decision making, opportunities for active contribution and accessibility to income generating activities along with social awareness about their rights are necessary for improvement of the status of women.
Effects of non wood forest products on rural household inAlexander Decker
Â
This study examined the effects of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) on rural households in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Majority of respondents were between 30-59 years old, married, had 6-15 years experience collecting NWFPs, and low levels of education. Household sizes were typically 1-5 people.
- The most common NWFPs available were bush meat, herbs, snails, and wild honey.
- NWFPs had favorable effects on households including eating quality food, having cash income, joining organizations, and discovering new marketing channels.
- Most common NWFP-based economic activities were collecting and marketing NW
An examination of poverty among households in minna capitalAlexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study that examined poverty among households in Minna, Nigeria. The study found that 48.6% of respondents had incomes below the poverty line, indicating high poverty incidence. The poverty gap and squared poverty gap indices of 0.34 and 0.27, respectively, suggested poverty in Minna requires urgent attention. Poverty was highest among households headed by illiterate individuals and older farmers over 58 years old. The study concluded poverty incidence is high in the study areas and recommends dedicating more funds to practical poverty reduction programs at the state and local levels in Niger State.
This document is a student paper on rural women in agriculture in Bangladesh. It is divided into multiple sections that discuss topics such as the role of women in agriculture, their contributions to food production and livestock, and their participation in decision making and empowerment. The paper seeks to analyze the nature and extent of rural women's empowerment in Bangladesh and identify factors that influence it. It defines three dimensions of women's empowerment - socioeconomic, familial, and psychological - and discusses six indicators used to measure women's empowerment: contribution to household income, access to resources, ownership of assets, participation in household decision making, and perception of gender awareness.
New microsoft office power point presentationRatika Kayastha
Â
Women play a pivotal role in global food security and agriculture, contributing as farmers, laborers, and entrepreneurs. However, women face greater difficulties than men in areas like land ownership, access to resources, education, and services. This document discusses the status and role of women in agriculture in India and worldwide. It provides statistics showing that women comprise a major portion of the agricultural workforce globally and in India. It also outlines some of the challenges faced by women farmers in India, such as lack of land rights, lower wages, and time poverty. Finally, it discusses some government policies and initiatives aimed at empowering women in agriculture.
This document is an outline for a research paper on women's access to productive resources in agriculture. It includes sections on introduction, literature review, research objectives, and methodology. The introduction defines productive resources and their importance in agriculture. The literature review summarizes several previous studies on women's roles in agriculture and constraints they face. The research objectives are to study women's socioeconomic backgrounds and access to resources like land, income, and decision making. The methodology describes plans to use quantitative methods like surveys with 150 rural women, and analyze the data using SPSS.
The role of women in agriculture: Implications in providing, improving househ...Open Access Research Paper
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There has been less recognition to women contribute to agricultural and food security. Women’s work in the agriculture and food security often remains invisible. The research sought to investigate the role of women agriculture in providing household food security and reducing of hunger and malnutrition in rural communities. The research used a survey research design, quantitative and qualitative data was gathered. Findings were that social and economic constraints place barriers around women’s access to agricultural land and empowerment. Women had a high positive attitude to the variables on; interest in contributing to household, understanding of food security and socio-economic development. Men own land and livestock at household level, livestock for women were realized through payment of the bride prize. The country was not food secured, 68% of the household could not afford three meals per day, malnutrition remains at 9% and the four dimension of food security were averaging 23.25%. Given equal treatment, women could produce high crop yield and can play role in food processing, in nutrition, gardening and agricultural cooperatives. Farming and agricultural policies need to address factors that were affecting the potential of women in improving food security. This would help in fully utilization of the roles of women in providing and improving household food security and reduce hunger and malnutrition in the rural communities. Noted implications of not involving and empowering women in agriculture was food insecurity in the rural communities as food availability, accessibility, utilisation and stability was to achieved year around in the communities.
My contact address
Dr Shahnaj Parveen
Professor
Department of Agricultural Extension Education
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)
Mymensingh-2202
Bangladesh
Mobile: ++88-01715 340215
Email: shahnaj1969@gmail.com
The document discusses the importance of gender equity in agricultural research and development. It makes four key points:
1) Women play a vital role in agriculture but lack equal access to resources like land, education, inputs and technology, limiting productivity. Reducing gender inequality could increase yields by 20%.
2) Involving women is important for sustainability as they maintain biodiversity and climate change strategies.
3) It improves food security and nutrition as women control food distribution and child nutrition.
4) Empowering women through equitable interventions can significantly boost incomes and reduce poverty.
The document advocates for mainstreaming gender considerations in agricultural R&D through representation of women researchers and relevance to women farmers.
Role of Bhutanese Women towards Socio-Economic Development: A Case of Chapcha...Pema Namgyel
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1) The study assessed the role of women in socio-economic development in rural Bhutan using data collected from 76 households in Chapcha Gewog.
2) It found that women play a significant role in agriculture, livestock, trading, and household activities. In agriculture, over 40% of women contribute about half the effort, and most decisions are made equally between men and women.
3) In livestock, over a quarter of women contribute about three-quarters of the effort, though they participate less in decision-making. Women's participation varies depending on the number of women and size of landholding in their family.
4) The study concludes rural women play an important role in rural development, though men are often
The document summarizes a study on intra-household labor distribution and the role of women in family decision making in Bangladesh. It analyzed 3 samples of households and found that:
1) Male members spent more time on productive work like crops and livestock while females spent more on reproductive work.
2) Females spent significant time on productive work as well and their workload increased after joining a poverty-reduction project.
3) After joining the project, 50% of females in some households became more involved in family decision making.
The document discusses the importance of integrating gender considerations into agricultural research and development. It argues that addressing gender issues is necessary to improve agricultural productivity and food security, increase sustainability, reduce poverty, and achieve other development goals. It outlines how agricultural R&D could be made more gender-equitable by involving women in priority setting, research, extension and evaluation. It also suggests moving beyond a focus only on production technologies to consider women's roles and needs across the entire food system. Finally, it proposes establishing a platform to support strategic gender research, capacity building, and institutional strengthening to help achieve this vision.
Peterman et al gender differences in non land assetsIFPRI Gender
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DETERMINANTS OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN FAM AND NON FARM LIVELIH...Hudu Zakaria
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This document summarizes a study that examined determinants of female labor participation in farm and non-farm livelihood enterprises in northern Ghana. The study used survey data from over 13,000 individuals in northern Ghana to analyze gender differences in labor participation. Chi-square analysis found significant gender disparities in participation in crop production, livestock, non-farm self-employment, and paid work. Probit regression identified location, household status, marital status, literacy, participation in decision making, income, and control over resources as significant determinants of female participation in farm and non-farm enterprises and paid work. The study recommends empowering females through education, decision making, and control over resources to facilitate their participation.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
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Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
1) Over 70% of respondents in rural northeast Madagascar reported times of food insecurity in the last 3 years, most commonly due to small land size.
2) The probability of food insecurity decreased with increasing vanilla yield, rice yield, and land size. There was also an interaction effect where larger families with smaller land had higher food insecurity.
3) Other factors like wealth, education, crop diversity, and livestock were not significantly related to food insecurity. Agricultural diversification and improving yields on small plots through sustainable practices could help alleviate food insecurity.
Influence of Gender Bias on Ownership of Farmlands and Access to Credit Facil...ijtsrd
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This study was carried out to determine the influence of gender bias on ownership of farmlands and opportunities to access credit facilities by agricultural cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The population of the study was the 48,552 members of the 2,856 registered agricultural cooperative societies in the State. A sample size of 397 was determined using the Taro Yamane formula and this sample was distributed proportionately among the 21 Local Government Areas in the State. The instrument of data collection was a structured questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire were personally administered to the respondents and collected back by the researcher thus ensuring 100 return. Two research hypotheses were developed to guide the study. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The key findings were as follows gender bias has significant influence on ownership and use of farmlands but has no significant influence on access to and quantum of credit facilities. It is, therefore, recommended that Government and other relevant bodies should ensure - by enlightenment, incentives and policy directives - that women farmers have equal access to land as their men counterparts and encourage women farmers to join cooperative societies and take full advantage of their membership of cooperative societies to have access to and make use of farm production resources. Moore, N. C. | Moore, C. S. | Nwankwo, F. O. "Influence of Gender Bias on Ownership of Farmlands and Access to Credit Facilities among Agricultural Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49363.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/49363/influence-of-gender-bias-on-ownership-of-farmlands-and-access-to-credit-facilities-among-agricultural-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state-nigeria/moore-n-c
KIT_WPS_2015-7_Pyburn et al._Gender and YouthIngrid Flink
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The document discusses gender dynamics in agriculture and the need for inclusive agricultural value chains that engage women and youth. It notes that women currently make up a large percentage of farmers in developing countries but face significant inequalities, including less access to resources and lower wages than men. This limits food production and security. The document argues that harnessing the potential of excluded groups like women and youth through market-oriented and inclusive value chain approaches can help meet future global food needs while providing livelihoods.
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This document summarizes a study on gender differences in labor input and output among yam farmers in Paiko Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. Some key findings include:
1) The majority of male and female respondents were aged 20-40 years old, but women were generally younger. Men had higher educational levels and more farming experience than women.
2) Men contributed more family labor to male-managed farms than women did. Hired female labor increased with farm size on male farms. Total family labor exceeded hired labor on male farms.
3) Women contributed more family labor than men to female-managed farms. Female farms also used more female than male hired labor.
4) The average
Challenges Encountered by Urban Women Farmers in their Agricultural ActivitiesBRNSS Publication Hub
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The roles of women in agricultural production, particularly in food production and processing are very germane.
Despite this fact, women are often faced with severe constraints that affect their agricultural productivity. This
study examined the challenges facing urban women farmers in Lagos Metropolis. A total of 255 urban women
farmers were sampled from three different locations with the metropolis. Focus group discussions and in-depth
interview were organized to further elicit information on the subject matter. Using the grand mean score, the
study revealed that the most severe challenges faced by the women farmers in their urban agricultural activities
are access to credit facilities, access to land and access to adequate input, respectively.
This document summarizes a study on a microfinance program in rural Uganda called Bukonzo Joint Cooperative Microfinance Ltd (BJCMF) that provides integrated services of rural finance, value chain support, and gender capacity building. The program aims to promote women's empowerment and gender equality. It finds that the program is registering dramatic changes in gender equality, like increased women's control of resources and shared household responsibilities. However, to achieve community-wide women's empowerment and gender equality, more integrated efforts are needed in markets and institutions that reinforce gender inequality. The document provides details on the program approaches, services, products, and positive outcomes observed, within the cultural context of serious gender inequality in the study area.
Women make up a significant portion of the agricultural workforce in developing countries, ranging from 20% in Latin America to over 50% in some parts of Africa and Asia. They perform many agricultural tasks like crop farming, animal husbandry, food processing, and household chores. However, female farmers often have less access to resources like land, credit, education, and extension services compared to male farmers. As a result, yields are typically 20-30% lower for women compared to men cultivating the same plots. Closing this gender gap in agriculture could increase overall production by 2.5-4% and reduce global hunger by 12-17%. Organizations are working to promote gender equality and empower women in the agricultural sector to reduce
Rural women’s contribution in family budget a case study of district layyahAlexander Decker
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This document summarizes previous research on rural women's contributions to family budgets. Studies have found that women's outside work, wages, education level, and family poverty level directly influence their contributions. Meanwhile, family size, number of children, total household income, and women's expenditures are inversely related. Research recommends increasing women's wages, providing financial incentives, credit, and scholarships to empower rural women economically and increase their contributions to family budgets.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Women's accessibility to resources of agricultural productivity in borno state, nigeria.
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
855
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
Women’s accessibility to resources of agricultural productivity in
ty
Borno state, Nigeria.
Ojo*, C.O., Bila, Y. and Iheanacho, A. C.
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri
Email: nickatie2003@yahoo.com
tie2003@yahoo.com Telephone number 08059217708
Abstract
This study set out to investigate the extent of women’s accessibility to resources of agricultural productivity in
Borno state, Nigeria. Data for the study were obtained from primary sources by the use of structured
questionnaire. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 266 women farmers. The data obtained from the
study was analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics. The results showed that the respondents had mean age of
39.5 years, mean farming experience of 17.2 years, while mean family size was 10 persons. Over 80% of the
respondents were married. Furthermore, the findings showed that the respondents had the highest access to farm
income, farm management decision making powers, farm land and off farm income. However, their access to
farm
extension services, education, cooperatives, production inputs and credit were limited. It was recommended
among others that agricultural input distribution should be gender sensitive to afford women in
increased access to
resources.
Key Words: Women, Access, Productive resources, Productivity
:
1. Introduction
Resources are the key considerations for rural livelihoods. Rural households negotiate their livelihoods by
obtaining access to land, labour and market which leads to enhanced family wellbeing and sustainable use of
market
resources (Valdivia and Gilles, 2001) There is however inequitable access to resources between men and
women (which is biased towards men) in a mostly patriarchal entitlement system (Akanji, 1997). Women are,
(Akanji,
in fact, discriminated against by stereotypes which restrict them to a reproductive role, and are denied access to
resources which could eventually enhance their social and economic contributions to the society. This is despite
the fact that regardless of the level of development achieved by respective economies, women play a pivotal role
act
in agriculture and in rural development (Prakash, 1999).
The significant contribution of women to food production and food security has implicat
implications on household
poverty and welfare. As Squastavo and Christiaensen (2008) observed, agricultural productivity affects
household consumption and hence, overall poverty and welfare. Poverty however, cannot be defined simply in
terms of lacking access to sufficient food. It is also closely associated with a person’s lack of access to
productive assets, services and markets. Without access to these (as is usual with rural women farmers), it is
unlikely that production and income earning capacities can be improved on a sustainable basis. Rural poverty is
improved
related to food insecurity, access to assets, services and markets: income earning opportunities; and the
income-earning
organisational and institutional means for achieving those ends (Prakash, 1999). .
Many instances of the deprivation of women in terms of productive resources abound. For instance, the
s
contribution of women to farm management decision making process is quite minimal going by the findings of
Damisa and Yohanna (2007). Lack of access to land remains a major constraint for women in developing
countries (Parveen, 2008). Similarly, women have less access to credit than men. Women receive only as low as
5 percent of agricultural loans in Burkina Faso to as high as 32 percent in Zimbabwe (Screekumar, 2001).
Women in Nigeria constitute almost half of the population. However, their literacy rate is 56% compared to 72%
for males and in certain states, female literacy, enrolment and achievement is much lower. For instance, in
Sokoto State, female literacy rate is 15% compared to 59% for males (Emerging Issues, undated
Emerging undated).
Adequate access to production resources among women farmers is needful if food production rates are to be
enhanced in Nigeria. This is especially so given the increasing deficit in the food demand and supply gap in the
country resulting from population growth exceeding food production growth. This study intends to investigate
the extent of women’s accessibility to resources of agricultural productivity in Borno state, Nigeria.
2. Methodology
The study was conducted in Borno state, Nigeria, which has 27 Local Government Areas (LGAs). Data for the
y
study were obtained from primary sources. Multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select five
LGAs from which 15 villages were randomly selected, three from each LGA. Out of the selected villages, 266
three
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respondents were purposively selected to ensure that only women farmers were included in the study.
Descriptive statistic techniques were used to analyse the data obtained. The techniques included frequ
frequency
distribution, percentages, mean and standard deviations, minimum, maximum and mode which were used to
analyse the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents. The likert scale was used to analyse extent of
accessibility to resources. The scale was used by Parveen (2008) to measure women’s access to productive
used
resources in Bangladesh. The method involved the use of a scale where zero represented “no access”; 1
represented “low access”; 2, “medium access” and 3, “high access”. The scale was used to crea a rank order of
create
level of access among the resources from the least to the highest access. This was achieved by calculating the
mean access and the coefficient of variation (CV) and comparing with values ranging from 0 – 3 where the value
were as defined earlier.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Socioeconomic characteristics of respondents
The distribution of respondents’ marital status, age, farming experience and family size were presented in
Table 1. The results showed that majority (80.2%) of respondents were married. Marital status seemed to be an
respondents
important social factor that enhanced access to farm land among women in the study area. This may not be
unrelated to the patriarchal social system commonly obtainable in Africa where men have control over mo most
production resources. This is similar to the finding in the study of Woldetensaye (2007) where it was observed
that most women got access to land through marriage.
The age distribution in the study showed that over 85% of respondents were in the active and productive
age (under 50 years). This has direct bearing on availability of able bodied labour force for primary production
and ease of adoption of innovations. This is also the age when people were more likely to take risks to enhance
their farm business. These characteristics have implication for agricultural production and productivity. The
ess.
distribution of family size among respondents is presented on Table 2. The table shows a mean family size of 10
people ≠5 per household. This family size mainly comprised the woman, her husband, children and any other
dependent(s).
Family size has implications for family labour. Minimum family size was one person, while maximum was
21 people with a modal family size of 6 people. As household size grows, more farm labour could be accessed
farm
by respondents, thus reducing the amount of money needed to be paid to hired labour. This is on the condition
that householders were old enough to farm and be available to provide family labour.
The distribution of family size among respondents is presented on Table 1.The table shows a mean family
among
size of 10 people ≠5 per household. This family size mainly comprised the woman, her husband, children and
any other dependent(s). Family size has implications for family labour. Minimum family size was one person,
Minimum
while maximum was 21 people with a modal family size of 6 people. As household size grows, more farm
labour could be accessed by respondents, thus reducing the amount of money needed to be paid to hired labour.
This is on the condition that householders were old enough and available to provide family labour.
3.2 Respondents’ accessibility to resources of agricultural productivity
In this study, access to resources is understood to mean the ability of rural farmers to get sixte socioeconomic
sixteen
resources and accrue benefits from them. These resources include production resources such as land, family
labour, hired labour, mechanization, fertilizer, insecticide, herbicide, improved seeds and credit. Other resources
are socioeconomic factors including education, extension contact, farm management decision making powers,
c
farm income, off –farm income, farming time, and membership of cooperatives. Data contained in Table 2
farm
showed the extent of women’s access to socioeconomic resources in the study area using the Likert scale. The
rank order from the Likert scale showed that respondents had better access to the first six resources than all the
other resources.
The better accessed resources were farm income with a mean score of: 1.92, farm decision making powers
farm
(mean score: 1.46), farm land (mean score: 1.32) as well as hired labour (mean score: 1.03), farming time (mean
score: 1.12) and off farm income (mean score: 1.11). They were considered better accessed than the other
resources because they all had mean scores that were above 1, though less than 2, indicating access between low
ause
and medium according to the specified Likert scale. Respondent’s accesses to other resources were limited, and
in some cases almost completely inaccessible. On the basis of the rank order these resources were family labour
(0.94), education (0.80), extension contact (0.68), improved seed (0.67), mechanization (0.64), insecticide (0.51),
herbicide (0.43), cooperatives (0.19), and credit (mean 0.09). The result showed therefore that most production
resources were poorly accessed by respondents. Some of the least accessed resources in the study were farm
specific production factors like hired labour, seeds, fertilizer, agricultural mechanization, insecticides, and
herbicides. These are resources that directly affect agricultural output and have grave implications for
agricultural productivity. Access to socioeconomic factors like credit, education, and extension services were
also limited. This is similar to the findings of Parveen (2008), were women farmers were found to have low
findings
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access to most productive resources in Bangladesh.
Table 2 also showed increasing coefficients of variation (CV) along the ranks as the mean decreased. The
coefficient of variation showed the mean deviation relative to the mean. As the rank decreased, the table showed
that the deviation among the respondents continued to increase. This is because extent of access progressively
decreases as access to resources progressively decreased, indicating that women’s access to resources
indicating
progressively decreased along the ranks. Generally, the inverse relationship between the mean access and CV
was consistently observed. This outlook revealed a situation where the dichotomy between those who had access
and others who had little or no access to resources continued to increase as the mean access to resources
decreased among the respondents. The order in which the mean access to resources decreased produced a
descending rank order in which mean access was reducing among the productive resources. The extent of
reducing
women’s access to the specified productive resources were presented in Table 2 on the basis of a descending rank
order going from the most accessible (1) to the least accessible (16) resource. The extent of respondents’ access
extent
to productive resources are described here on the basis of rank order
Most of the respondents (93.2%) had the opportunity and liberty to earn and use farm income indicating
that the larger majority of respondents had access to farm income. Only 6.8% had no access. These were
respondents whose husbands probably had total control over their farm earnings. Where income was substantial,
respondents were empowered to have improved access to farm inputs, invest in their farm businesses an thus,
and
enhance their agricultural productivity. Respondents (85.3%) were opportune to make various levels of farm
management decisions on their farms. About 14% of respondents had no access to decision making powers. On
the whole, respondents had mean access of 1.46 which was between low and medium access implying that the
access
respondents were free to make some farm management decision. This is a higher access level than that observed
by Ogunlela and Muktar (2009) who reported little or no access to decision making powers among women in
making
Nigeria.
Decision making powers were usually limited by the land tenure system operated by the respondents.
Where respondents were not the land owners, such land had to be handled according to the dictates of the owners,
resulting in limited farm management decision making powers for women. Although 85% of the respondents had
ing
access to land, it was based on different tenure systems with majority having access to land by virtue of their
marriage. Some respondents (15%) had no access to land. This is a common challenge among widowed and
access
divorced women who had lost their access to their husband’s lands. Such farmers were often very tenure
insecure.
About 30% of respondents were deprived of time to spend on their farms. This was prob probably as a result of
respondents’ involvement with domestic chores which limited the time they could commit to their farms Culture
and tradition in some areas curtailed some respondents’ liberty to work outside of the home. The implication is
that were family size is small or unavailable, such respondents have to hire labour to work on their farms, thus,
ly
increasing their cost. The mean access to farm time was 1.12, barely above 1, indicating low access to farming
time. The implication of low access to farm time is that the time available for respondents’ to effectively manage
time
their farms is compromised, resulting in inefficiency and low agricultural output. It could also limit the type of
crop grown.
Respondents’ access to off farm income was low (1.11) with over 26% of respondents having no access to
off farm income while the others had varying amounts of income. A number of factors like culture, limited time
for off farm business activities and lack of capital could work against respondents accessing the oppopportunity of
earning extra income from off farm activities. When other sources of income are accessed, it enhances access to
physical inputs, hence, improving productivity.
Access to labour (hired and family) was low (1.03 and 0.94 respectively). Almost 40% of respondents had
no access to hires labour. Access to family labour among respondents is constrained by small and or
unavailable family labour during the cropping season. Family labour in some cultures was required to give
priority attention to husbands’ farms, thus, limiting women’s access to family labour. About 46% (almost half) of
s’
the respondents had no access to family labour while 54% had various levels of access. Low access to labour
limits the amount of work that can be done on women’s farms and hence, limits labour efficiency and
and
productivity of respondents.
About 57% of respondents had various levels of access to education while 43% of respondents had no
access. The mean access to education among the respondents was 0.8 indicating limited acc access to education.
Resulting from respondents’ levels of access to education, it is probable that respondents’ access to other
resources may be limited and the drive for better livelihood from agriculture among household may be inhibited.
Furthermore, respondents with low access to education were likely to reject innovations and farm inputs may not
ndents
be accessed and used appropriately. They also had a tendency to be slow to comprehend credit acquisition
procedures and extension information. The implication is that respondents’ productivity and efficiency are
limited. Mean access to extension was 0.68 which was quite low. Respondents’ very low access to extension
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was probably due to specified gender roles that limit their time and opportunity to involve thems themselves with
extension activities Over half (52%) of the respondents had no opportunity to receive extension services since
extension information was mostly directed towards male farmers and female extension agents were very limited
in number. . This situation highlights the need for adequate and accessible extension services to enlighten women
ion
about more efficient agricultural practices that are indispensable for increased agricultural productivity.
Access to production inputs (seeds, fertilizer, insecticides and herbicides) in the study area was very limited
insecticides
with mean access to the listed inputs standing between 0.67 and 0.43 which showed that access to inputs was
very low. Between 52.8 – 70.9% of respondents were not opportune to access the different input The limited
inputs.
access to inputs among the respondents may have been influenced by the respondents’ low access to extension,
education, credit and cooperatives. This has grave consequences for agricultural efficiency and productivity
among the respondents.
Table 2 indicated that over half (56.2%) of the respondents had no access to mechanization while about 43%
of respondents had various levels of access. Access to mechanization in the study area was 0.59 revealing limited
access to mechanization among the respondents. Majority or the respondents used traditional tools for production.
respondents.
This tends to slow down production activities and increase the need for hired labour. Over 88% of the
respondents did not have access to cooperatives. This indicated a very high level of inaccessibility to
cooperatives. This situation was further highlighted by the mean access of 0.19, a value close to zero, indicating
an almost complete inaccessibility to cooperatives among the respondents. The low access of respondents to
cooperatives deprives farmers of the opportunity of accessing production resources which enhance women’s
ratives
farm management capacity. The implication is that respondents’ farm management capacity is limited, thus,
resulting in limited agricultural efficiency and p
productivity.
Almost all the respondents (92%) did not have access to loans such that mean access was almost zero (0.09)
indicating very limited access to credit among the respondents This finding differed from that of Olaleye et al.
(2009) which reported that women farmers in Bosso LGA of Niger State had regular access to loans. This may
hat
be as a result of higher access to education and cooperatives among respondents in that study. Women’s
opportunity to obtain loans is reduced by limited ownership of suitable land. Access to institutional loans could
suitable
further have been restricted by limited access to education, extension and cooperatives as well as some gender
based limitations like limitations in mobility resulting from respondents’ sociocultural background. Olagunju
and Ajiboye (2009) observed that large land holdings, impressive net farm incomes, membership of cooperatives,
and age were among the factors that determined willingness by banks to disburse loans to farmers. These
explain the sparing access to loans among the respondents in the study. Limited access to credit limits access to
physical inputs resulting in low agricultural productivity and resource efficiency of respondents.
4. Conclusion and recommendations
The investigation on the extent of respondents’ accessibility to production resources revealed that respondents
had a generally low access to agricultural productive resources. The findings give an indication that women
farmers in rural areas are generally resource poor due to low accessibility to resources of agricultural
accessibility
productivity. This situation will tend to increase poverty and food insecurity, thus impeding household welfare.
Women farmers who are major contributors to agricultural productivity especially with regard to food crop in
Nigeria need to have increased accessibility to resources. This is necessitated by the need to increase
productivity of food crop production as a means of bridging the food deficit arising from the food demand and
supply gap.
It is recommended that agricultural resource distribution policies should be formulated to be gender
ricultural
sensitive so as to improve access to productive resources among women crop farmers; Furthermore, women
need to be enlightened on the need to organize themselves to form functional and efficient cooperative
functional
societies with effective membership drive among farmers in the study areas to enhance access to credit, effective
dissemination of extension information and inputs with a view to increasing resource use efficiency and farm
income among women. Expansion of off farm income generating activities especially cottage businesses
come
among women through special projects by means of the intervention of government, private sector, women
organizations and other relevant bodies will also help improve women’s access to resources.
help
References
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University of Ibadan
Damisa, M. A. & Yohanna, M. (2007). Role of rural women in farm management decision making process:
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Ogunlela, Y.I. & Mukhtar, A. A. (2009). Gender isues in Agriculture and Rural Development in Nigeria: The rol role
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Olagunju, F.I.and Ajiboye, A. (2010). Agricultural lending decision: A tobit regression analysis. African Journal
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Olaleye, R.S., Ibrahim, M. & Ojo, M.A. (2009). Probit Analysis of Women’s Access to Agricultural Inputs in
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Parveen, S. (2008). Access of rural women to productive resources as in Bangladesh: A pillar for promoting their
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Prakash, D. (1999). Rural women, food security, and agricultural cooperatives. Paper produced for presentation
and to serve as a theme paper at the 4th Asian African International Conference on Women in
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IDACA at Tokyo, Japan. August 24
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Squastavo, S. & Christiaensen, F. A. (2008). The role of agriculture in reducing poverty in Tanzania: A
household perspective from rural Kilimanjaro and Ruvuma FAO.
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Table 1: Social factors of respondent farmers in the study area (n = 266)
Factors Percentage Mean +SD minimum maximum mode
Marital status
married 80.8
single 1.5
widowed 15.1
divorced 2.6
Fafarming experience (years)
1-10 22.6 17.2 ≠8.7 1 70 15
11-20 59.5
21-30 17.7
31-40 3.7
>40 1.5
age
<25 3.4 39.5≠10.2 16 80 35
25-36 38.0
37-48 41.7
49-60 13.9
>60 3.0
Family size
1-5 16.5 9.6 ≠4.5 1 21 6
6-10 42.5
11-15 27.8
16-20 11.3
21-25 0.4
Source: Field survey, 2010
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Table 2: Respondents’ access to productive resources in the study area (n = 266)
Resources High Moderate Low Not *Mean CV SD Rank
at by
all mean
values
Farm income 8.7 60.0 24.5 6.8 1.71 42 0.720 1
Decision making
power 6.0 48.7 30.6 14.7 1.46 56 0.816 2
Farm Land 4.5 38.5 41.0 15.0 1.32 60 0.791 3
Farming Time 4.5 34.3 30.2 30.9 1.12 81 0.906 4
Off farm income 1.9 34.3 37.0 26.8 1.11 74 0.823 5
Hired Labor 6.0 30.9 23.4 39.6 1.03 95 0.974 6
Family labor 3.8 29.4 20.8 46.1 0.94 114 1.974 7
Education 4.9 12.8 39.2 43.0 0.80 106 0.846 8
Extension. 0.4 18.9 28.7 52.1 0.68 116 0.788 9
Seeds 2.3 15.5 29.4 52.8 0.67 122 0.818 10
Fertilizer 1.9 10.6 37.0 50.6 0.64 117 0.749 11
Mechanization 1.5 12.5 29.8 56.2 0.59 129 0.764 12
Insecticide 2.3 13.2 17.4 67.2 0.51 158 0.808 13
Herbicide 1.1 12.1 15.8 70.9 0.43 173 0.746 14
Cooperatives 1.5 4.5 5.3 88.7 0.19 305 0.579 15
Credit 0.4 0.8 6.8 92.0 0.09 402 0.362 16
* Mean values of items ranging from 0 – 3 where 0, 1, 2 and 3 indicate no access, low access, medium access
and high access respectively
Source: Field Survey, 2010
61
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