This document summarizes a study that examined poverty among households in Minna, Nigeria. The study found that 48.6% of respondents had incomes below the poverty line, indicating high poverty incidence. The poverty gap and squared poverty gap indices of 0.34 and 0.27, respectively, suggested poverty in Minna requires urgent attention. Poverty was highest among households headed by illiterate individuals and older farmers over 58 years old. The study concluded poverty incidence is high in the study areas and recommends dedicating more funds to practical poverty reduction programs at the state and local levels in Niger State.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Abstract— Production of vegetables is a key factor in ensuring a continuous supply of raw materials for the development of agribusiness in horticulture. It is often argued that vegetable production in Zanzibar has reasonable advantages but the information regarding the commercial potential of local farmers in producing and retailing vegetables is limited. The present work has assessed the situation of vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the necessary information, including interviewer administered questionnaires, informal group discussions, field observations and key informant interviews. The study revealed that about 59% of the farmer’s population produces vegetables commercially, though only 30% to 35% of their yields are sold in market. It was also observed that out of 16 types of vegetables that were found to dominate the market, only 9typeswereproduced profitably by the local farmers. In general, almost all vegetables encountered were imported from regional countries to fill the market demand gaps.It is recommended that both or (the) government and non-government organization should extend their supports to local vegetable farmers, through (by providing them with) information, technology, production inputs and credit as a means of improving the quality and the quantity of their yield.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Abstract— Production of vegetables is a key factor in ensuring a continuous supply of raw materials for the development of agribusiness in horticulture. It is often argued that vegetable production in Zanzibar has reasonable advantages but the information regarding the commercial potential of local farmers in producing and retailing vegetables is limited. The present work has assessed the situation of vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the necessary information, including interviewer administered questionnaires, informal group discussions, field observations and key informant interviews. The study revealed that about 59% of the farmer’s population produces vegetables commercially, though only 30% to 35% of their yields are sold in market. It was also observed that out of 16 types of vegetables that were found to dominate the market, only 9typeswereproduced profitably by the local farmers. In general, almost all vegetables encountered were imported from regional countries to fill the market demand gaps.It is recommended that both or (the) government and non-government organization should extend their supports to local vegetable farmers, through (by providing them with) information, technology, production inputs and credit as a means of improving the quality and the quantity of their yield.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
A Robust Model for Thegrowth of the Nigerian Populationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impact of Low Social Spending on Human Development: Regional Disparity in Utt...inventionjournals
he objective of the paper is to describe the low status of human development and increasing intrastate
disparity regarding all the development indicators across the districts and regions in the state. The low
income levels keep the expenditure on social sector at a low level which results in low status of human
development. On the other hand, the low status of human development acts as a major economic constraint on
economic development of the state. The state presents a dismal scenario with regard to both economic growth
and human development. It is characterized by low levels of per capita income, high incidence of poverty,
sluggish economic growth, high population pressure along with high rates of population growth, high birth and
fertility rates, widespread illiteracy, high infant mortality and death rates and low life expectancy. Social sector
expenditure in U.P. is lower even as compared to other backward states. This was true for the different
components of social sector as well. These figures are reflective of the low priority to social sector given by the
policy makers in the state and underscore the need of substantial improvement in levels of social sector
expenditure in U.P.
Critical Review of Poverty Reduction Programme in Nigeria: Evidence from Sout...iosrjce
This study is aimed at determining the impact of government poverty alleviation programmes in the
south east zone of Nigeria, taking into consideration that poverty profile in Nigeria displays zonal differences,
which of course is a reflection of the different agro-climatic conditions, economic zones and natural resource
endowments. Despite the huge funds earmarked by Government for the various poverty alleviation
programmes in the zone, poverty still abounds. The study employed primary data which was collected using
questionnaire of the alternative response form. The researcher employed chi-square statistic to analyze data
generated in the survey. The study revealed that poverty alleviation programmes of government have no
significant impact in the south east zone.Hence, the study concludes among others that, the government poverty
alleviation programmesdid not have significant impact on the poverty needs of the south-east zone. The study
recommended among others thatsustainable poverty reduction strategy should not focus narrowly on social
welfare measures, rather assets redistribution and creation of incentive structures that can enhance the rate
and pattern of economic growth should be seen as essential component.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOCAL FARMERS AND MIGRAN...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The aims of this research are; (1) long term purposes: to improve the food security for Papuan farmers, and reduce the economic gap between Papuan and the migrants population, since the socio-economic jealousy has been happening. (2) For the short term purposes areanalyzing the differences between the consumption behavior of Papuan and the migrant farmers. The analysis method used is quantitative analysis. The results shows that there is the difference between the consumption behavior of Papuan farmersand migrant farmers in fulfilling the needs of food consumption. Papuan farmers’ share of expenditure is 61.52%, while the migrant farmers’ is 45.68%. When the income increased by 100%, the spending behavior of Papuan farmers decreased by 57.3%, and 33.7% decreased for the migrants. There is the difference of consumption behavior between the local farmers and the migrant farmers in fulfilling the needs of non-food consumption. The share of expenditure for local farmers only 38.48%, while migrant farmers is 54.32%. If the household income increased by 100%, the spending behavior of local farmers increased by 58.3%, and 29.2% decreased for the migrant farmers.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
A Robust Model for Thegrowth of the Nigerian Populationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impact of Low Social Spending on Human Development: Regional Disparity in Utt...inventionjournals
he objective of the paper is to describe the low status of human development and increasing intrastate
disparity regarding all the development indicators across the districts and regions in the state. The low
income levels keep the expenditure on social sector at a low level which results in low status of human
development. On the other hand, the low status of human development acts as a major economic constraint on
economic development of the state. The state presents a dismal scenario with regard to both economic growth
and human development. It is characterized by low levels of per capita income, high incidence of poverty,
sluggish economic growth, high population pressure along with high rates of population growth, high birth and
fertility rates, widespread illiteracy, high infant mortality and death rates and low life expectancy. Social sector
expenditure in U.P. is lower even as compared to other backward states. This was true for the different
components of social sector as well. These figures are reflective of the low priority to social sector given by the
policy makers in the state and underscore the need of substantial improvement in levels of social sector
expenditure in U.P.
Critical Review of Poverty Reduction Programme in Nigeria: Evidence from Sout...iosrjce
This study is aimed at determining the impact of government poverty alleviation programmes in the
south east zone of Nigeria, taking into consideration that poverty profile in Nigeria displays zonal differences,
which of course is a reflection of the different agro-climatic conditions, economic zones and natural resource
endowments. Despite the huge funds earmarked by Government for the various poverty alleviation
programmes in the zone, poverty still abounds. The study employed primary data which was collected using
questionnaire of the alternative response form. The researcher employed chi-square statistic to analyze data
generated in the survey. The study revealed that poverty alleviation programmes of government have no
significant impact in the south east zone.Hence, the study concludes among others that, the government poverty
alleviation programmesdid not have significant impact on the poverty needs of the south-east zone. The study
recommended among others thatsustainable poverty reduction strategy should not focus narrowly on social
welfare measures, rather assets redistribution and creation of incentive structures that can enhance the rate
and pattern of economic growth should be seen as essential component.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOCAL FARMERS AND MIGRAN...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The aims of this research are; (1) long term purposes: to improve the food security for Papuan farmers, and reduce the economic gap between Papuan and the migrants population, since the socio-economic jealousy has been happening. (2) For the short term purposes areanalyzing the differences between the consumption behavior of Papuan and the migrant farmers. The analysis method used is quantitative analysis. The results shows that there is the difference between the consumption behavior of Papuan farmersand migrant farmers in fulfilling the needs of food consumption. Papuan farmers’ share of expenditure is 61.52%, while the migrant farmers’ is 45.68%. When the income increased by 100%, the spending behavior of Papuan farmers decreased by 57.3%, and 33.7% decreased for the migrants. There is the difference of consumption behavior between the local farmers and the migrant farmers in fulfilling the needs of non-food consumption. The share of expenditure for local farmers only 38.48%, while migrant farmers is 54.32%. If the household income increased by 100%, the spending behavior of local farmers increased by 58.3%, and 29.2% decreased for the migrant farmers.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 Sta...ijtsrd
In this work, we examine that the poverty rate is being influenced by the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate using data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics 2003 04, 2009 10 and 2019. Using SPSS 23, the results show that corruption, conflict and unemployment rates are statistically significant with an F Statistics value of 1.706 0.185 critical value .Hence, both significantly influence the rate of poverty in Nigeria. The Coefficient Output Summary difference of the variables suggest a model which is fitted as where is poverty rate and the variations in the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment. The results also show that the poverty rate in Nigeria increases with increases inthe level of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate across the 36 States in Nigeria. Owan, Raphael Asu | Dr. Willie, Clement Etti | Asu Isaac Asu "Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 States in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46460.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/46460/multivariate-analysis-of-head-count-per-capita-poverty-rate-across-the-36-states-in-nigeria/owan-raphael-asu
Measurement and Identification of Poverty in Preparation for the ‘World we wa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
The Nigerian Crises Situations: A Discourse on Repositioning the EconomyAJHSSR Journal
This paper examines the Nigerian crises situations: a discourse on repositioning of the
economy. The methodology adopted is a review of relevant literature. It was discovered that all sections of have
been affected such as economy, educational system, health system, judiciary, politics, infrastructural
development etc. the causes of the Nigerian crisis situations were seen to be high level of unemployment, Boko
Haram insurgency, killings by herdsmen, militancy in the Niger Delta, religious crisis and corruption to mention
a few. The paper concluded that these factors negate the repositioning of the economy and are responsible for
Nigeria crises situations. Therefore, it is recommended that the fight against insurgency be step up, religious and
community leader should preach peace at worship places, fight against corruption should be all-around and the
ruling class should consider the poor masses and not enrich themselves only, generate employment as to
reposition the Nigeria economy.
Effects of Political Leadership on Reduction of Poverty and Inequality in Enu...ijtsrd
The study investigated the effects of political leadership on reduction of poverty and inequality in Enugu State, Nigeria between 2007 and 2019. Two specific objectives and corresponding hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study utilized social Contract theory as the framework of analysis. The study utilized primary and secondary source of data. The primary data was obtained through interview and observation methods while secondary data was obtained through text books, News paper, Journals, government official documents and internet materials. Nine Local Government Areas were used for the study and they were chosen through purposive judgmental sampling techniques. The data for the study was presented using simple table, percentage, mean and Chart. Hypotheses were tested using Chi square contingency test. The findings for the study revealed as follows that the activities of Enugu State government are the major cause of poverty in the state, that the project strategies employed by Enugu state government have contributed significantly in mitigating poverty and inequalities in the state, that the measures adopted by the political leadership of the state have contributed very little in reducing poverty and inequalities in Enugu state, that there are significant measures adopted by the political leadership of Enugu state in poverty and inequality reduction. Based on the background, hypotheses and findings, it was recommended thus Enugu state government should provide the basic needs and good policies that will guarantee good living condition, that there should be adequate funding, There is need for proper re orientation in way of managing the resources of the state, There should be no interference from the government in the choice of project for the communities, anti corruption agencies must not only be made to function independently of government apparatus but must have the capacity to institute an executive sanctions, that there is need to appraise and understand the social , political, economic, and cultural contexts of communities before the institution of intervention projects in the communities. Ugwu Darlington Ogbonna | Chikelue Ofuebe | Nwakamma Michael C. "Effects of Political Leadership on Reduction of Poverty and Inequality in Enugu State Nigeria, 2007 -2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46405.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/46405/effects-of-political-leadership-on-reduction-of-poverty-and-inequality-in-enugu-state-nigeria-2007-2019/ugwu-darlington-ogbonna
Poverty and it's Alleviation: Lessons for Nigeriaijtsrd
The study focused on the persistent poverty status in Nigeria in spite of all the actions and activities directly and indirectly put in place to reduce it. Nigerian poverty statistics and government actions in tackling poverty were examined. Few countries that have succeeded in reducing poverty position were briefly examined. Specifically, we highlighted how Malaysia, China and South Korea aspired and attained high level poverty alleviation. The lessons of their success stories were the basis for recommendations for Nigeria as a panacea for poverty reduction which has persevere in spite of every efforts over the years. Among the recommendations made include: designing of poverty line for the entire geopolitical zone, stating target of poverty reduction within a time frame, and sincerely implementing and monitoring of strategies, programmes and policies. Kalu E. Uma | Paul C.Obidike | Frank O. Ozoh"Poverty and it's Alleviation: Lessons for Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd91.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/91/poverty-and-its-alleviation-lessons-for-nigeria/kalu-e-uma
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
Health Care Delivery in Public Health Institutions in Contemporary Nigeria: A...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : The study took a look at the health care delivery system in Nigeria with particular interest in the health centers in the communities of Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State. A total of 155 respondents were used for this study. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondent while the data was collected through the use of questionnaires oral interview. Upon analysis some findings were made which include that the dividends of democracy is not quite evident in the rural areas as the level of physical development in the rural areas does not encourage the medical practitioners to stay in these places, the study further noted that equipping the health centers in the rural areas will not solve the above problem rather a corresponding social infrastructural development of the areas will be of more help.
Educational and Occupational Maternal Attitude towards Prevention of Malaria ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Similar to An examination of poverty among households in minna capital (20)
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
An examination of poverty among households in minna capital
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
153
An Examination of Poverty Among Households in Minna Capital
of Niger State, Nigeria
Sa’idu. B. Aliyu1
* Ahmed S. Sa’idu2
Sani S. Mainasara3
1
Statistics Office, Central Bank of Nigeria, Minna Branch, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
2
Statistics Office, Central Bank of Nigeria, Minna Branch, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
3
Survey Management Division, Statistics Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Abuja
* E-mail of the corresponding author: aliyusaidu216@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This study examines the poverty among households living in Minna. A structured questionnaire was used in
collecting data from one hundred and sixty (160) scientifically selected respondents. The analytical tools was the
P-alpha measure of poverty (poverty head count index, Po; poverty gap index, P1; and poverty squared gap
index, P2). The Po revealed that 48.6% of the respondents were below the poverty line while the P1 and P2 with
values of 0.34 and 0.27 respectively, revealed that the issue of poverty in Minna demands urgent attention.
Equally, the incidence of poverty was high (99.91%) among the illiterate household heads whereas poverty
incidence, depth and severity were very high among older farmers of above fifty eight (58) years of age. The
study concluded that there is soaring poverty incidence in the study neighbourhood and therefore recommends
that more endeavour and funds ought to be dedicated towards practical poverty reduction programmes at both
the State and Local Government Levels in Niger State.
Key Words: Poverty Gap, Poverty Headcount, Poverty Line, Household Expenditure.
1. INTRODUCTION
Poverty is the world’s most current important development issue at the moment, since it is not only a problem
itself but also a cause of many other development issues like undernourishment, a lack of education and a lack of
access to medicine. The introduction of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 underlines the importance
to find a global solution to this development issue. Over the years the perspective on the causes of poverty has
changed from being individual to being mostly structural.
Poverty has been an important challenge to the different level of governments in Nigeria. The consequence,
which includes lack and deprivation in the essential requirements of life, is annoying. Similarly, Glewwe and
Gaag (1988); Ahmed (1993); World Bank (1995), Ravallion and Chen (1997); Salman and Sayyid (1999);
Okunmadewa (1999); Chen and Ravallion (2004); Coudouel etal. (2001); and Deaton (2001) has refer to poverty
as global catastrophe affecting all country of the world, and had provided definition, measurement and analysis
of poverty. Similarly, baker and Schuler (2004) position that much of the available literature centres on
analysing poverty at the countrywide level, or spatial disaggregation by general categories of urban or rural areas
by means of adjustment made for regional price differentials.
The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012) in its report on the country’s 2010 poverty profile, make
available Statistics on the poverty condition in Nigeria as follows: that about 69.05% representing more 112,519
million Nigerians lived in relative poverty conditions compared with 54.7% in 2004 and at the same time, the
infant mortality rate was 108 in 2010 as against 101 in 2005. Similarly, the Niger State core welfare indicator
questionnaire (CWIQ) survey discloses that the dependency ratio in the state was 0.87 while 0.96 and 0.78 were
the ratio for the rural and urban areas respectively which is consistent with the report. The survey also disclosed
that 71.5% of all the households sampled categorized themselves as poor, whereas 71.2% of male- headed
households and 84.8% of female headed households were poor. However, for an individual town like Minna
attempting to deal with the problems of urban poverty, this level of aggregation may not be adequate for
answering specific questions such as where the deprived are situated in the town, whether there are disparities
among poor areas, and how to plan poverty reduction programmes and strategies.
Harold and McKay (1996), Baker and Schuler (2004) have described urban poverty analysis (UPA) as the
method of assembly, examining and presenting information on the size, location, and conditions of poverty in a
given capital or town. As pointed out d by Musgrove and Ferber (1976), Hentschel and Lanjouw (1996). This
study will be very valuable when the poverty report of the Minna town is to be generated for use by policy
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
154
makers in responding to questions concerning poverty and to recognize suitable responses. It is expected to
provide a baseline from which changes in strategies, investments and actions may by appraised. The Nigerian
Government and civil societies have concisely been involved in the attempt to reduce poverty through a number
of development programmes. Sen (1983), Blackwood and Lynch (1994) illustrated that the anticipated
conclusion of a development program is to lessen poverty in that case periodic assessment of the level of poverty
may help to establish the degree of success or failure of development programmes. Shrinking poverty in Nigeria
has been the most unrelenting challenge facing the government at the moment.
The World Bank (2005) in it across the country studies disclosed that poverty in Nigeria is devastatingly a rural
problem. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to analyse the poverty condition among household’s residents
in Minna capital alongside the background of the present attempt by the Niger State government under the
leadership of the Chief Servant at poverty alleviation. In particular, the study explained the demographic
characteristics of household heads in Minna and as well determined the incidence, depth and severity of the
household poverty between the respondents.
1.1 Justification for the Survey
The welfare and poverty crisis in Niger state varied by local government, sector and gender; however,
experience has shown that poverty impacted more on youths, mothers and children more than the male adult
population. Unfortunately, the data needed to drive government anti-poverty programmes are not available or
inadequate. Therefore, this study is a worthwhile effort because the information gathered from this survey would
generally aid decision makers in the formulation of economic and social policies, by identifying target groups for
government intervention.
2. MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUE
2.1 The Study Area
The study was carried out at Minna; it’s the capital of Niger State in North Central Nigeria, one of Nigeria's 36
federal states and is the headquarters of Chanchaga Local Government Area. Minna is located within longitude
6◦33_E and latitude 9◦37_N, covering a land area of 88km2
. Minna has a tropical climate with mean annual
temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall of 30.20◦, 61.00%, and 1334.00 cm, respectively. The climate
presents two distinct seasons: a rainy season (April–October) and dry season (November–March) while the mean
monthly temperature is highest in March 30.500c (850F) and lowest in August at 22030c (720
F). The study was
conducted from January to March, 2013.
The major settlements in Minna are: Yinkangbe, Kwangila, Kpakungu, Ketteren Gwari, Dutsen Kura, Pada,
Tayi, Unguwar Daji, Tudun Wada, Barikin Sale, Tunga, and Sauka Ka Huta while the important markets are:
Gwadebe and Oduoye market conducted on Saturday and Wednesdays. The major languages spoken within
Minna Capital are: Gwari (Gbagi), Nupe, Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo etc.
2.2 Source of Data and Method of Data Collection
The data utilised for this study were primary data collected from household heads in Minna using structured
questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed by skilled enumerators during a discussion session. Data
collected covered the background of the household heads, demographic characteristics, work-related features,
input profile, and family unit expenses.
2.3 Sampling frame and Sampling Procedure
Systematic and purposive sampling techniques were used in the sampling. Minna capital is made of Tudun Wada
and other neighbourhoods that are patterned in a manner that you find individuality in the socioeconomic
characteristics of the inhabitants. The neighbourhoods sampled were Sauka Ka Huta where you find farmers,
traders, private sector operators and civil servants; and Dutsen Kura the third neighbourhood, which is a fairly
new community on the edge of Minna capital in Chachanga local government and here we find a huge
concentration of low earnings people, farmers, traders, artisans, casual labourers with some civil servants who
are becoming property owner of late. The purposive sampling of these communities was to give the study a
broad representation of the well varied nature of the inhabitants.
The Systematic sampling method was used in deciding the household heads whereas the purposive sampling
technique was used in choosing the neighbourhoods from which respondents were sampled. On the whole, 160
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
155
respondents were selected which included 80 from Sauka Ka Huta and 80 from Dutsen Kura areas all in Minna
capital respectively.
2.4 Analytical Techniques
In analysing the data often from the field, both descriptive and econometric tools were in use for the data as
shown below:
2.5 Relative Poverty Line
The headcount (poverty incidence), the poverty gap, and the squared poverty gap are the first three measures of
the Foster-Greer-Thorbeocke class of poverty measures. The general formula for this class of poverty measures
depends on a parameter α which takes a value of zero for the headcount, one for the poverty gap, and two for the
squared poverty gap in the following expression. The first deals with the yardstick to be used in assessing living
standards and determining who is poor and who is not. The second focuses on drawing the poverty line that is
the cut-off living standard level below which a person is classified as poor. The third deals with depth and the
severity of poverty. Poverty lines are the starting point for poverty analysis. They are usually based on
income or expenditure data, and separate the poor from the non-poor. Those whose income/expenditure falls
below the line are poor; those above it are non-poor.
2.6 P-alpha poverty Measures
The use of the so-called P. alpha measure in analysing poverty has now turned out to be routine. The measure
relates to different dimensions of the incidence of poverty. Po, P1 and P2 are used for head count (incidence),
depth and severity of poverty respectively. The three dimensions are based on a single formula, but each index
puts different weights on the degree to which a household or individual falls below the poverty line. The general
mathematical formulation for poverty measurements as derived from Foster, Greer and Thorbeocke (1984) is:
αα ∑=
Ζ
−Ζ
=
q
i
iy
n
P
1
1
(1)
Where z = the poverty line
q = the number of individuals below the poverty line
n = is the population size
α = Foster-Greer-Thorbeocke (FGT) index and takes on the values of 0, 1 and 2.
The quantity in brackets is the proportionate shortfall of expenditure or income below the poverty line. This
quantity is raised to a powerα; the aversion to poverty as measured by the index is also increased.
2.6.1Poverty Head Count Index (Po):
This measures the proportion of the population with a standard of living below the poverty line. The Head Count
Index (H) is the proportion of the population whose economic welfare (y) is less than the poverty line (z). If q
people are deemed to be poor in a population of size n then;
If α = 0, then FGT becomes:
n
q
q
n
Po ==
1
(2)
Where;
H = is the proportion of the population that falls below the poverty line. This is called the head count or
incidence of poverty. And q is the number of the poor (those whose income or consumption fell below poverty
line) and n is the population size.
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
156
2.6.2 Poverty Gap Index (P1)
The poverty gap represents the depth of poverty. It is the mean distance that separates the population from the
poverty line, with the non-poor being given a distance of zero. It is a measure of the poverty deficit of the entire
population. It is specified as follows:
If α = 1 then FGT becomes:
( )
1
1
1
1 ∑=
Ζ
−
=
q
i
Yiz
n
P
(3)
= HI
Where H =
and
n
q
I =
∑
Ζ
−Ζ
1
Yi
Yi = income of individual (the sum is taken only on the poor) and z = poverty line; n = population size.
2.6.3 Squared Poverty Gap index (P2):
This is a measure of the severity of poverty. Although poverty gap takes into consideration distance separating
the poor from the poverty line, the squared poverty gap takes the squared of the distance. It takes into account
the inequality among the poor. It is as follows:
If α = 2 then FGT becomes:
The entire three measures (similar to all measures establish in practice) are functions of both the mean
consumption (µ) of each subgroup normalised by the poverty line (z), and the Lorenz curve for the distribution
of consumption.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
Table 1 records the demographic characteristics of the respondents and shows households were largely
dominated by males-headed households (slightly above 90%) whose age range from less than 30 years to over 60
years and they are mostly civil servants (government employees). The distribution of age shows that 34.4% of
the respondents were about 40 – 49 years at the same time only about 22.9% were in the fairly elderly age of 50
years and above. The level of education of the respondents shows that above 12.5% received no formal
education while about 50.7% of the household heads received tertiary education (24.4% sub-degree; 26.3%
degree). Membership of social/cooperative societies is not very prevalent among the respondents as majority of
them (71.9%) do not belong to social/cooperative societies. Onu and Okunmadewa (2006) observed that these
societies provided social capital which can help to advance the general well-being of the family.
3.2 Poverty and Education of Household Head
The incidence of poverty was observed to decrease with higher education of the head of household. The results
show clearly that heads of households with no education are most likely to be in poverty. On the other hand,
those with secondary and post-secondary education are less likely to be in poverty as the incidence of poverty
fell below the state average.
3.3 Poverty and Size of the Households
The size of the household was found to be a major determinant of the level of poverty. It was also discovered
that the larger the size of the household, the higher the level of poverty and that Households headed by persons
without education had a higher chance of being in poverty.
3.4 The Poverty Situation in Minna Capital
The poverty head count index (H) given by the percentage of population living in households with a
consumption per capita that is less than the poverty line was 48.7 percent. This is much worse than the 70.2% as
at 1999 reported by the WDR 2003. This implies that almost half of the respondents are living in poverty. The
poverty-gap index (PG), defined by the mean distance below the poverty line as a proportion of that line, and is
usually interpreted as measures of poverty depth. The poverty gap of the sample was 0.30. This represents the
5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
157
cash transfer required to elevate the poor out of poverty for each poor person represents 30 percent of the poverty
line. If the mean income in the country is equal to twice the poverty line, the cash transfer would represent 15
percent of the mean income of the non-poor which is equal to twice the poverty line and if half the population is
poor, it can be shown that the tax rate that would have to be imposed on the non-poor to lift the poor out of
poverty with perfectly targeted transfer would again be 30 percent. The squared poverty gap (poverty severity) of
the distribution was 0.15.
This implies that the poor in the population are not far-off from the poverty line. It also implies that there is more
sameness among the poor in the population. The study also considered poverty incidence among various
household groups taking cognisance of their neighbourhoods, gender, age and level of education.
The WDR 2003 global trend on chronic poverty for Nigeria showed that the percentage of people living on less
than US$1/day was 70.2 as against the average depth of poverty that was 49.7. The results attained from this
study have exposed a considerable improvement in the poverty condition in Minna in comparison with the global
trend on chronic poverty in Nigeria in the recent past.
3.5 Decomposition of Poverty Incidence among Respondents by Their Neighbourhoods
Table 2 reveals the poverty incidence between various family unit groups. It discloses that poverty incidence is
least (14.7%) amongst households from Bariki Sale followed by those from Kpakungu (18.2%) and Dutsen Kura
with 56.6% been the highest among respondents. This implies that respondents from Tudun Wada are by far the
least likely to be considered poor, followed by those in Kpakungu quarters. While talking about the
neighbourhoods it is important to present the infrastructure situation in the study area, about 78.9% of the
households had source of water less than 75 minutes away with 76.76% in the rural and 84.8% in urban areas. In
the area of safe water source only 21.8% of the households used treated piped water, borehole, hand pump or
protected well in the state, with 13.4% rural and 36.4% in the urban areas. The sanitation situation in the state
shows that only 31.6% of the households used flush toilet or covered pit latrine or ventilated enhanced pit latrine,
with 12.1% rural and 46.9% urban areas.
3.6 Decomposition of Poverty Incidence among Respondents by Gender of Household Heads
Table 3 shows the simulated poverty measures according to gender of household heads. It reveals that poverty
incidence, depth and severity are higher among male headed households than their female headed counterparts.
The table shows the poverty incidence among male headed households was 43.9% as against the 48.2% among
the female headed households. This result shows a remarkable departure from the situation with the entire state
going by the CWIQ 2006 which indicated that about 73% of male headed households in the rural areas and
66.1% male headed households in urban areas were classified as poor, while 88.3% of female headed households
in rural and 74.2% of female headed households in urban areas also poor.
3.7 Decomposition of Poverty Incidence among Respondents by Age Group of Household Heads
Table 4 shows the poverty condition amongst different age groups in the capital. The poverty incidence, depth
and severity were lowest among respondents within the 20 – 29 years age group, and highest among those within
the 60 – 69 years age group. This implies that poverty increased and well-being decreased with age.
3.8 Decomposition of Poverty Incidence among Households by Levels of Education
The poverty circumstances among respondents with different levels of education are disclosed in Table 5. The
poverty incidence, depth and severity of poverty are least among respondents with either HND or University
degree. The situation with respondent’s without any level of formal education is also appealing. While the
poverty incidence is highest among this group of household heads the poverty depth and poverty severity indices
did not show an enormous deal of difference from the others. The end results reveal that the incidence of poverty
and its depth and severity shrinks with level of education.
4. FINDINGS
Major findings that could be drawn from this study are:
First, education is a key factor in the reduction of rural poverty in general, whether the households are headed by
men or women and regardless of the area in which the household resides. Welfare levels increase as educational
attainment increases, so households whose heads attained tertiary education were the least poor while those
without any formal education were the poorest. In line with this finding, existing educational efforts by
government and nongovernmental organizations should be geared toward every person of school going age, so
that no one is left out.
6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
158
Secondly, larger households were found to have a significantly decreased level of welfare among rural
households. Awareness building on reproductive health knowledge that could empower household heads to
make quality decision regarding their family size may be useful.
Third, the poverty profile revealed that poverty was lower in the Dutsen Kura area than in the other areas.
Although poverty exists in all the area, the determinants vary across areas, so poverty eradication policies should
be flexible to address specific challenges of area rather than generalized.
Fourth, given that male-headed households had lower likelihood of poverty compared to the female-headed
households, there is need to focus gender-based poverty interventions among female-headed households. Thus,
in Minna, “headship” should seriously be considered a useful criterion for targeting anti-poverty interventions.
Fifth, in the educational sector, there is the urgent need to re-orientate the thinking and value system of both
parents and their children through mass educational campaign regarding the importance of education and the
need for parents to insist on their children (male and female) going to school (at least up to first degree) before
seeking employment. In addition, apart from quantitative expansion (may be through private participation), is a
fundamental reform of content (e.g. curriculum reforms, availability of school books equipment/facilities, and
other teaching materials) towards more emphasis on skill acquisition and problems faced by the poor. It will also
be necessary to devise means to assist poor households with school fees, textbooks and other school materials for
their children. Non-formal education programs should also be expanded to help the poor gain literacy and most
importantly, to acquire skills. These will have to be complemented with increased employment opportunities
through public works and infrastructural development so as to encourage children to go to school and hence
assurance of finding jobs on graduation. Indeed, as Levy (2006) and Kanbur (2008) have revealed, there is
abundant evidence to show that conditional cash transfers and expenditures (for education, for example) are
effective levers of poverty reduction and redistribution.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Previous studies have tended to investigate the main causes and effects of people living in poverty. The recent
view on poverty is that poverty has proven to be the effect of failures in the economic and/or social system of
government. Corruption, violence, and discrimination are examples triggering poverty. Since some poverty
causes are also effects of poverty, some people living in poverty are unable to improve their situation and will
therefore also pass their living circumstances on to the next generation. Likewise, the study had reveals that the
incidence of poverty among household in the study area was high.
The result also exposed that poverty incidence is higher in female headed households with 48.2% compared to
male headed households at 43.9%. Age and household size were optimistically linked to poverty implying that
poverty were higher among households headed by older people and larger family sizes. The study also shows
that poverty decreases with increase in educational attainment. In the face of the current effort by the Niger State
government at eradicating poverty in the state, poverty is still a serious problem in the study area given that
about 34.7 percent of the respondents were still below the poverty line. The poverty depth which was 0.30
implies that the required cash transfer to bring the poor out of poverty for each poor person represents 30 percent
of the poverty line. The poverty situation is more prevalent among the elderly respondents.
Similarly, the problem of poverty cannot be encapsulated in the number of people living on less than $2 per day
only and the solution does not lie in the delivery of aid and stipend by government but through the redistribution
of available resources aggressive industrialization through establishment of small scale enterprises (SMEs). The
solution lies in developing the productive capacity of the human person so that they be self-reliance and
self-sufficient. While access to education and health is important and vital to poverty reduction, quality is also
critical.
Finally therefore, the solution to poverty in Minna is not less government but more. This requires not only
government political will to execute its own policies but also to empower the poor themselves to initiate, design,
execute and manage their own priorities. This multi-dimensional empowerment involves political empowerment,
economic empowerment, and social empowerment. Policies on poverty should be aim primarily at training the
poor. They will not only enhance the acquisition of more human capital stock but will increase their chances of
earning more income that will assist them combat poverty.
7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
159
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
From the results of the study, it is observed that the three tiers of governments are the major structure responsible
for poverty alleviation programmes (PAP’s). Therefore, it is expected of the government to intensify all effort
towards the achievement of the objectives of each poverty scheme. The awareness of government programmes
should be enhanced. For example credit scheme which is considered one of the most effective poverty reduction
schemes is not popular among the illiterates. The awareness of the PAP’s is high among the educated elite than
the illiterates whom are more liable to poverty.
Again, the capacity of NGO’s and other poverty related institutions should be strengthened in order to encourage
effective engagement with the issues and advocate for desired changes. The Niger state government is expected
to put in place ‘promotion of pro-poor’ policies. Pro-poor policies are usually policies that focus on the welfare
of the poor (Richard 2007). Policies that would favour job creation like the establishment of small and medium
scale enterprises (SMEs) should therefore be the focus of government.
There is the need for extra rigorous effort and devotion to poverty reduction programmes by both government
and non-governmental agencies particularly in the area of provision of education facilities and modern
agricultural inputs to members of the female folk. This will reduce the level of poverty among female-headed
households. Corruption, bad governance, unfocused government policies, low productivity and unemployment
should be seriously tackled in order to reduce poverty. There should be enhancement in the social infrastructure
in Minna, access roads, increased access to clean drinking water, sanitation, educational and deceit housing.
REFERENCES
Arogundade, K.K., Adebisi, S.O. and Agunro, V.O. (2011) Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Nigeria: A call
for Policy Harmonisation. European Journal of globalization and Development Research
Levy, Santiago. Progress against Poverty: Sustaining Mexico’s Progresa-Oportunidades Program. Washington,
DC: Brooking Institutions Press, 2006
Kanbur, Ravi “Poverty and Distribution: Twenty Years Ago and Now”, July, 2008. Golden Jubilee Lecture,
Institute Economic Growth, Delhi.
Ahmed M 1993, Choice of norm of poverty threshold and extent of poverty in Pakistan, Islamabad: Ministry of
Finance publishing.
Deaton A 2001, counting the world’s poor: problems and possible solutions. The World Bank Research
Observer, 16:125-148.
Onu JI, Oknmadewa FY 2006. A survey of local level institutions in Yobe state, Nigeria. Journal of sustainable
Development in Agriculture and Environment, 1: 1 – 8
Harold C, MacKay A 1996. Modelling determinants of poverty in Mauritania World Development, 24:
1015–1031.
Richard M., "Pro-poor growth: negotiating consensus on a contentious issue", Society for International
Development Journal, July 2007.
CWIQ 2006. Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire survey. Niger state summary, CWIQ survey report of 2006.
Abuja National Bureau of Statistics.
Blackwood DL, Lynch S 1994. The measurement of inequality and poverty: A policy maker’s guide to the
literature. World Development, 2: 567 – 578.
Chen S, Ravallion M 2004. How have the world’s poorest fared since the early 1980s? The World Bank
Research Observer, 19: 141 – 170.
Anyanwu, J.C. (2010). Poverty in Nigeria: A Gendered Analysis, Afr. Statist. J., 11: 38-61.
8. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
160
Baker J. Schuler N 2004. Analysing urban poverty: a summary methods and approaches. World Bank Policy
Research Working Paper series No. 3399, Washington DC: World Bank.
Glewwe P, Gaag JV. Confronting poverty in developing countries: definitions, information and policies. World
Bank Living Standard Measurement Study Report Series No. 48 Washington DC: The World Bank.
Musgrove P, Ferber R 1976. Finding the poor: on the Identifications of poverty households in Latin America.
Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
J.I. Onu and Z. Abayomi, (2009). An Analysis of Poverty among Households in Yola Metropolis of Adamawa
State, Nigeria. J Soc Scio, 20(1): 43 – 48
Okunmadewa F 1999. Overview of Poverty and inequality measurement. Paper presented At the Graduate
studies capacity building training workshop of Centre for Econometric and Applied Research in University of
Ibadan, Nigeria. July 4 to 16, 1999
Ravallion, Martin (1998), "Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice," Living Standards Measurement Study
Working Paper 133, World Bank, Washington DC. Measures of Poverty and Inequality Measures, Chapters 4
and 6 of WBI's Basic Poverty Measurement and Diagnostics course, review poverty and inequality indicators.
Coudouel A, Hentschel J, Wodon O 2001. Well-being measurement and analysis. Draft Report for comments.
Washington DC: The World Bank.
UNDP 2006. Niger Delta Human Development Report. United Nations Development Programme Annual
Report, Abuja: Perfect Printers Ltd.
World Bank1995. Pakistan poverty assessment. Report No.14397-PAK, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Foster JE, Greer J, Thorbecke E 1984. A case of decomposable poverty indices. Econometrica 5: 761-766.
Hentschel J, Lanjouw P 1996. Constructing an indicator of consumption for the analysis of poverty, World Bank
Living Standard Measurement Study Report Series No. 124, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Ravallion M, Chen S 1997. What can new survey data tell us about recent changes in income distribution and
poverty? World Bank Economics Review, 11: 357-382.
World Bank 1996. Nigeria: poverty in the midst of plenty: the challenge of growth with inclusion. Report
No.14733-UNI, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Salman SA, Sayyid T 1999. Dynamics of Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Pakistan. The Pakistan
Development Review, 38: 837-858.
WDR 2003. World Development 2003. World Development Report Series 2003, Washington DC: The World
Bank.
Sen AK 1983. Development: which way now? The Economic Journal, 93: 754 -757.
9. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
161
Table 1: Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Respondents
Characteristics No. Of Respondents % of Respondents
Female 15 9.38
Male 145 90.62
Age Distribution of Respondents
<30 24 15.0
30 – 39 46 28.8
40 – 49 55 34.4
50 – 59 25 15.6
>60 10 6.3
Total 160 100.0
Membership of Social/Cooperative Societies
Yes 45 28.1
No 115 71.9
Ownership of Farm Land
Inheritance 33 20.6
Tenancy 64 40.0
Leasehold 40 25.0
Purchase 12 7.5
Gift 11 6.9
Level of Education
None 9 5.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
<30 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 >60
No. Of Responses 24 46 55 25 10
No.ofRespondents
Fig 1: Age Distribution of the Respondents
10. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
162
Non Formal 11 6.9
Primary School 28 17.5
Secondary School 31 19.4
Tertiary (Sub Degree) 39 24.4
Tertiary (Degree) 42 26.3
Primary Occupation of Respondents
Civil Service 76 47.5
Farming 23 14.4
Private employment 18 11.3
Trading 21 13.1
Artisan 16 10.0
Others 6 3.8
Source: Computed from field survey data, 2013
Table 2: Simulated poverty measures for selected household in the various neighbourhoods.
Community of
households
Poverty Incidence Index
(%)
Poverty Depth index Poverty Severity Index
Ketteren Gwari 14.7 0.430 0.251
Dutsen Kura 26.8 0.304 0.157
Unguwar Daji 43.1 0.298 0.194
Tunga 56.6 0.620 0.396
Sauka Ka Huta 21.9 0.298 0.089
Kpakungu 18.2 0.356 0.185
Source: Computed from field survey data, 2013
Table 3: Simulated Poverty Measures according to gender of household heads.
Gender of Household
Heads
Poverty Incidence Index
(%)
Poverty Depth index Poverty Severity Index
Female 48.2 0.403 0.205
Male 43.9 0.280 0.084
Source: Computed from field survey data, 2013
Table 4: Simulated poverty measures according to age groups
Age Group (Yrs) Poverty Incidence Index (%) Poverty Depth index Poverty Severity Index
20 – 29 21.6 0.236 0.141
30 – 39 50.2 0.369 0.218
40 – 49 53.8 0.410 0.246
50 – 59 48.7 0.346 0.190
60 – 69 96.8 0.498 0.249
Source: Computed from field survey data, 2013
11. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
163
Table 5: Poverty incidence among various household groups according to levels of education
Level of Education Poverty Incidence Index
(%)
Poverty Depth index Poverty Severity Index
None 47.6 0.2105 0.0443
Non Formal 51.3 0.2905 0.8439
Primary School 68.5 0.476 0.2266
Secondary School 67.4 0.503 0.2530
Tertiary (Sub Degree) 58.6 0.427 0.1823
Tertiary (Degree) 21.8 0.325 0.1056
Source: Computed from field survey data, 2013