This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic factors that affect women's contributions to household welfare in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that most respondents were married with a mean age of 42 and average household size of eight people. While 70% had some formal education, women's income contributions to households were below 30% for 90% of respondents. Regression analysis showed that age and income were significant factors influencing women's contributions, with contributions increasing with age and income. The study recommends equipping rural women with knowledge of nutrition and education to enable greater contributions to food security and children's education.
Women's accessibility to resources of agricultural productivity in borno stat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on women's access to agricultural resources in Borno State, Nigeria. The study found that women had the highest access to farm income, decision-making powers, farm land, and off-farm income, though access was still limited. Access to extension services, education, cooperatives, farm inputs, and credit was very limited. The study recommends that agricultural input distribution be made more gender sensitive to increase women's access to productive resources.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
The role of agriculture in the economic empowerment of women in the ejisu jua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the role of agriculture in empowering women economically in the Ejisu Juaben Municipality in Ghana. The summary is as follows:
1) Agriculture is the main economic activity in the municipality and women play a central role in food production and distribution, however, women have limited access to resources like credit, extension services and land compared to men.
2) The study found that these limitations reduce women's ability to increase productivity and income, hindering their economic empowerment.
3) The study concludes there is a need to address challenges like land tenure systems and unequal access to productive resources in order to improve women's economic empowerment, household food security and national development
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
This document summarizes a study that assessed the economic impact of social protection intervention programs on widow farmers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) Widow farmers received various types of support from government programs, including skills training and cash transfers. Their average income significantly increased after participating in these programs.
2) Cases of vulnerability to property loss and difficulties paying rent were significantly reduced after the widows participated in social protection programs.
3) The programs had positive multiplier effects on the households of widow farmers, improving school enrollment, reducing dropout rates, and decreasing malnutrition among children.
4) Factors like the intensity, duration, and frequency of participation influenced how effectively the programs improved
The role of private extension agencies in agricultural development of kaduna ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the role of the Leventis Foundation Agricultural Training School (LFATS) in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study found that participants of LFATS were generally younger, more educated, and had less farming experience than non-participants. Participants reported receiving adequate training from LFATS in livestock production, crop production, and farm product processing. Statistical analysis revealed the crop yields of participants were significantly higher than those of non-participants, indicating the training from LFATS helped improve agricultural productivity. The study concluded LFATS plays an important role in agricultural advancement and youth empowerment in Kaduna State. It was recommended that other organizations collaborate with LFATS to improve access to agricultural inputs for participants.
Participation of family women in agricultural production-a case study of jaff...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes factors influencing family women's participation in agricultural production in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka.
- It finds that women play a significant role in Sri Lankan agriculture, performing tasks from land preparation to harvesting and livestock management. However, their contributions have been understudied.
- Using a probit model and survey data from 185 households, it determines that women's age, education level, years of experience, income level, access to extension services, land tenure rights, and level of agricultural contribution significantly impact their likelihood of participating in farm work. Younger, more educated, and experienced women with higher incomes and more secure land rights who receive extension services are more likely to participate.
On the Margins of Health Care Provision: Delivering at Home in Harare, Zimbabwepaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper analyses the phenomenon of home deliveries by pregnant women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe. It argues that, though home deliveries are commonly practiced in the rural areas, they have now found their way into and are even proliferating in the urban areas. Social cultural values, religious belief and economic status/resources determine women’s place of birth. Whilst government policies expounded through the Ministry of Health (MoH) programs and policies denounce home deliveries, the frail health care system characterized by mass exodus of qualified personnel, in availability of drugs and understaffing of healthcare centres do little to lure pregnant women to deliver in hospitals. Furthermore, the high levels of poverty among the populace entail that people cannot afford either public or private hospital services; and thus resort to home-based healthcare and subsequently home deliveries. The paper explores the factors fuelling home deliveries and the challenges associated with this practice in Harare, Zimbabwe.
Women's accessibility to resources of agricultural productivity in borno stat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on women's access to agricultural resources in Borno State, Nigeria. The study found that women had the highest access to farm income, decision-making powers, farm land, and off-farm income, though access was still limited. Access to extension services, education, cooperatives, farm inputs, and credit was very limited. The study recommends that agricultural input distribution be made more gender sensitive to increase women's access to productive resources.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
The role of agriculture in the economic empowerment of women in the ejisu jua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the role of agriculture in empowering women economically in the Ejisu Juaben Municipality in Ghana. The summary is as follows:
1) Agriculture is the main economic activity in the municipality and women play a central role in food production and distribution, however, women have limited access to resources like credit, extension services and land compared to men.
2) The study found that these limitations reduce women's ability to increase productivity and income, hindering their economic empowerment.
3) The study concludes there is a need to address challenges like land tenure systems and unequal access to productive resources in order to improve women's economic empowerment, household food security and national development
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
This document summarizes a study that assessed the economic impact of social protection intervention programs on widow farmers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) Widow farmers received various types of support from government programs, including skills training and cash transfers. Their average income significantly increased after participating in these programs.
2) Cases of vulnerability to property loss and difficulties paying rent were significantly reduced after the widows participated in social protection programs.
3) The programs had positive multiplier effects on the households of widow farmers, improving school enrollment, reducing dropout rates, and decreasing malnutrition among children.
4) Factors like the intensity, duration, and frequency of participation influenced how effectively the programs improved
The role of private extension agencies in agricultural development of kaduna ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the role of the Leventis Foundation Agricultural Training School (LFATS) in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study found that participants of LFATS were generally younger, more educated, and had less farming experience than non-participants. Participants reported receiving adequate training from LFATS in livestock production, crop production, and farm product processing. Statistical analysis revealed the crop yields of participants were significantly higher than those of non-participants, indicating the training from LFATS helped improve agricultural productivity. The study concluded LFATS plays an important role in agricultural advancement and youth empowerment in Kaduna State. It was recommended that other organizations collaborate with LFATS to improve access to agricultural inputs for participants.
Participation of family women in agricultural production-a case study of jaff...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes factors influencing family women's participation in agricultural production in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka.
- It finds that women play a significant role in Sri Lankan agriculture, performing tasks from land preparation to harvesting and livestock management. However, their contributions have been understudied.
- Using a probit model and survey data from 185 households, it determines that women's age, education level, years of experience, income level, access to extension services, land tenure rights, and level of agricultural contribution significantly impact their likelihood of participating in farm work. Younger, more educated, and experienced women with higher incomes and more secure land rights who receive extension services are more likely to participate.
On the Margins of Health Care Provision: Delivering at Home in Harare, Zimbabwepaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper analyses the phenomenon of home deliveries by pregnant women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe. It argues that, though home deliveries are commonly practiced in the rural areas, they have now found their way into and are even proliferating in the urban areas. Social cultural values, religious belief and economic status/resources determine women’s place of birth. Whilst government policies expounded through the Ministry of Health (MoH) programs and policies denounce home deliveries, the frail health care system characterized by mass exodus of qualified personnel, in availability of drugs and understaffing of healthcare centres do little to lure pregnant women to deliver in hospitals. Furthermore, the high levels of poverty among the populace entail that people cannot afford either public or private hospital services; and thus resort to home-based healthcare and subsequently home deliveries. The paper explores the factors fuelling home deliveries and the challenges associated with this practice in Harare, Zimbabwe.
Jemimah Njuki, Sarah Eissler, Hazel Malapit, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Elizabeth Bryan, and Agnes Quisumbing
SPECIAL EVENT
UNFSS Science Days Side Event: Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment, and Food Systems
Co-Organized by IFPRI and Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)
JUL 6, 2021 - 07:00 AM TO 08:00 AM EDT
This article is about social isolation and food insecurity among the rural old people in Kenya. The Kenya policy on aging (2008) sets a framework of addressing the welfare of the aged. The cradle of this policy is twofold: One is the emerging trend of diminishing roles of the elderly people in contributing to national income and two is the weakening of the traditional social structures which provided for welfare including welfare services for the aged. The study sought to answer the following specifi c questions: To want extent are the rural old socially connected? And what is the level of Food Security for rural citizens aged 60 and above? The objectives of the study were to determine the social networks and therefore, social capital citizens aged 60 and above have and to assess the level of Food Security of
rural citizens aged 60 and above. A total of 117 elderly people (age 60 and above) were randomly sampled. Data was collected using. interview a schedules which was designed to capture information on social isolation and sources of food consumed. To test Food Security level, a modifi ed Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) score was used. The fi ndings of this study was that only 43 percent of the old people are living with a relative in the same house. The rest (57) where living alone. It was established that 82 percent purchased
food from the market. On food consumption there was 100 percent skewness towards grains and cereals (every person reported to be consuming this on a daily basis). On average the older persons in this study have a score of 4.04 X10/9 = 4.5 and falling in the class of food insecure without hunger based on the classifi cation scale.
The document discusses a study on empowering women farmers in Bangladesh through a program supported by an NGO. It finds that providing women farmers with credit, training, and organization allows them to participate more in economic activities and decision-making. The study assessed the impact on women's economic and social empowerment, finding increased incomes, investments, mobility, and involvement in agricultural decisions when supported by the program. It recommends expanding similar programs to more smallholder farmers while addressing gender differences and crop needs.
1) The document provides key facts and figures about the gendered impacts of the Nepal earthquake, including that over 50% of casualties identified so far are female. It notes that pre-existing gender inequality means women and girls often bear the disproportionate impact of disasters.
2) It summarizes the specific vulnerabilities and needs of women in the affected districts, such as female-headed households having less access to relief assistance. A lack of privacy and lighting in shelters increases risks of sexual violence.
3) The response section outlines various gender-focused interventions across sectors like protection, health and WASH. However, it also identifies ongoing challenges like lack of female representation in relief teams and delays distributing items for women-friendly spaces
Measuring empowerment in agricultural development projects using WEAI and WELIILRI
Presentation by Alessandra Galiè, Elena Martinez and Agnes Quisumbing at the 2019 Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy Week, Hyderabad, India, 24–28 June 2019.
The contributions of community based volunteer workforce towards the millenni...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the contributions of community-based volunteers towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Nyando District, Kenya. The study found that volunteers provided services relevant to goals around poverty, education, health, and the environment. Specifically, volunteers offered training in agriculture, income generation, and education. They also supported health services. Most volunteers spent 6-10 hours per week providing these unpaid services. The estimated financial value of their contributions was equivalent to 4% of the district's budget for development. The majority of volunteers had served for over 5 years, indicating retention of volunteers over time. Due to budget constraints, volunteerism provides an alternative means of delivering important social services.
This document discusses socioeconomic status and its importance for health and disease. It defines socioeconomic status as a measure of an individual's work experience and economic and social position based on income, education, and occupation. It identifies the main determinants of socioeconomic status as income, wealth, occupation, education, and power. The document also describes several scales that have been used to classify populations by socioeconomic status, including the Kuppuswamy scale and Modified BG Prasad scale. It notes that socioeconomic status influences health outcomes and access to resources.
Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture and Nutritional Outcomes in Ethiopiaessp2
- Women's empowerment in agriculture is linked to improved nutritional outcomes for children and women in rural Ethiopia. Increasing women's decision making power over credit, income, and workloads saw reductions in child stunting and underweight as well as higher dietary diversity scores for women.
- While women in Ethiopia showed relatively low empowerment levels compared to other countries, interventions to further increase women's agency in agriculture can not only engage them more, but also positively impact nutrition. Empowering women is beneficial and has multidimensional returns including better nutrition.
Role of Bhutanese Women towards Socio-Economic Development: A Case of Chapcha...Pema Namgyel
1) The study assessed the role of women in socio-economic development in rural Bhutan using data collected from 76 households in Chapcha Gewog.
2) It found that women play a significant role in agriculture, livestock, trading, and household activities. In agriculture, over 40% of women contribute about half the effort, and most decisions are made equally between men and women.
3) In livestock, over a quarter of women contribute about three-quarters of the effort, though they participate less in decision-making. Women's participation varies depending on the number of women and size of landholding in their family.
4) The study concludes rural women play an important role in rural development, though men are often
S. martínez restrepo - j. c. mejía - e. enríquez extreme poverty, displacemen...UNDP Policy Centre
The document summarizes an impact evaluation of the Red UNIDOS program in Colombia, which aims to alleviate extreme poverty through psychosocial support, improved social services, and institutional capacity building. The evaluation found:
1) The program did not significantly impact most measures of empowerment, except reducing job informality in urban areas for both men and women.
2) Qualitative work revealed challenges providing income generation strategies for rural women as opportunities and education are barriers to finding jobs.
3) Issues with program implementation like caseloads and quality of local operators as well as lack of rural social services and jobs may have limited the program's effectiveness.
Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: Case studies from Ethiopia and ...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and the Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative in support of the annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign. More information and full recording available at https://bit.ly/3pOlJx0
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Measuring employment and consumption in household surveys: Reflections from t...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets, led by IFPRI, on July 13, 2021.
Presentations:
- Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods (Sylvan Herskowitz, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Assessing response fatigue in phone survey: Experimental evidence on dietary diversity in Ethiopia (Kibrom Abay, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Telescoping causes overstatement in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia (Kalle Hirvonen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on the national demographic goal of replacement fertility in India and the fertility dynamics of Kuki tribes in Manipur. The study found that the total fertility rate of Kuki tribes was 4.2 children per woman, far above the national goal of 2.1. Through logistic regression, the study identified four main factors causing failure to meet the national goal: low education levels of wives, increasing age of wives, early age at marriage of wives, and preference for male children resulting from families with two daughters being more likely to have a third birth. The national goal of replacement level fertility has thus not been achieved among the Kuki tribes due to socio-cultural factors like son preference and women's education and
The document discusses how climate change disproportionately impacts women. It notes that women are more dependent on natural resources for tasks like collecting water and food. Climate disasters exacerbate gender inequalities by increasing women's workloads and restricting their access to education and resources. The impacts of climate change on women are often overlooked in international agreements. Studies show women face higher risks during natural disasters and their agricultural livelihoods are threatened by climate impacts like changing rainfall patterns and food price increases.
Determinants of higher fertility rates in igunga district, tanzania does wom...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the relationship between women's empowerment and fertility rates in Igunga District, Tanzania, which has high fertility rates. 120 women were surveyed using questionnaires on their empowerment, measured by indicators like participation in economic and family size decisions, mobility, and coercive control, and their fertility, measured by age-specific fertility rates and total fertility rates. Results showed women in the area had low levels of empowerment on these indicators. Regression analysis found lower levels of empowerment, along with demographic and cultural factors like men's dominance, were responsible for the higher fertility rates in the area. The study recommends interventions to address cultural factors and increase women's empowerment to potentially lower fertility rates.
Socioeconomic differentials in the use of selected reproductive health servic...Golam Kibria Madhurza
This document summarizes a study examining socioeconomic differentials in the use of reproductive health services in Bangladesh. The study finds that public sector services remain the primary source of modern contraceptives for rural, less educated, and poor women. Wealthier individuals and those in urban areas are more likely to use private services for antenatal care and delivery. A multivariate analysis shows socioeconomic status significantly impacts the likelihood of choosing different service providers. While NGO expansion has increased access, socioeconomic status does not influence choice of NGO services. The study concludes more attention is needed on reproductive health determinants to reduce maternal mortality.
The document summarizes findings from phone surveys conducted in India and Nepal to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emotional well-being. Key findings include:
- Respondents in both countries reported increases in food insecurity, water insecurity, and loss of household income due to the pandemic.
- Levels of probable depression were high according to depression scale scores, especially among women in India.
- Factors found to increase odds of depression included food insecurity, water insecurity, loss of household income, and poor health. Achieving minimum dietary diversity was linked to lower depression odds.
- The results suggest vulnerable groups like women face disproportionate impacts on mental health from pandemic-
The document summarizes a study on intra-household labor distribution and the role of women in family decision making in Bangladesh. It analyzed 3 samples of households and found that:
1) Male members spent more time on productive work like crops and livestock while females spent more on reproductive work.
2) Females spent significant time on productive work as well and their workload increased after joining a poverty-reduction project.
3) After joining the project, 50% of females in some households became more involved in family decision making.
Family income among small scale farmers a panacea for household food security...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of family income on household food security among small-scale farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that over half (53.3%) of the 105 respondents surveyed were food insecure. Most respondents were middle-aged (31-50 years old), married, and had received some education. Significant relationships existed between sources of income and respondents' age, years of schooling, farming experience, and income level. The study concluded more than half of households in the area were food insecure and recommended the government subsidize agricultural inputs and encourage farmer cooperatives to improve access to credit and income.
Jemimah Njuki, Sarah Eissler, Hazel Malapit, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Elizabeth Bryan, and Agnes Quisumbing
SPECIAL EVENT
UNFSS Science Days Side Event: Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment, and Food Systems
Co-Organized by IFPRI and Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)
JUL 6, 2021 - 07:00 AM TO 08:00 AM EDT
This article is about social isolation and food insecurity among the rural old people in Kenya. The Kenya policy on aging (2008) sets a framework of addressing the welfare of the aged. The cradle of this policy is twofold: One is the emerging trend of diminishing roles of the elderly people in contributing to national income and two is the weakening of the traditional social structures which provided for welfare including welfare services for the aged. The study sought to answer the following specifi c questions: To want extent are the rural old socially connected? And what is the level of Food Security for rural citizens aged 60 and above? The objectives of the study were to determine the social networks and therefore, social capital citizens aged 60 and above have and to assess the level of Food Security of
rural citizens aged 60 and above. A total of 117 elderly people (age 60 and above) were randomly sampled. Data was collected using. interview a schedules which was designed to capture information on social isolation and sources of food consumed. To test Food Security level, a modifi ed Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) score was used. The fi ndings of this study was that only 43 percent of the old people are living with a relative in the same house. The rest (57) where living alone. It was established that 82 percent purchased
food from the market. On food consumption there was 100 percent skewness towards grains and cereals (every person reported to be consuming this on a daily basis). On average the older persons in this study have a score of 4.04 X10/9 = 4.5 and falling in the class of food insecure without hunger based on the classifi cation scale.
The document discusses a study on empowering women farmers in Bangladesh through a program supported by an NGO. It finds that providing women farmers with credit, training, and organization allows them to participate more in economic activities and decision-making. The study assessed the impact on women's economic and social empowerment, finding increased incomes, investments, mobility, and involvement in agricultural decisions when supported by the program. It recommends expanding similar programs to more smallholder farmers while addressing gender differences and crop needs.
1) The document provides key facts and figures about the gendered impacts of the Nepal earthquake, including that over 50% of casualties identified so far are female. It notes that pre-existing gender inequality means women and girls often bear the disproportionate impact of disasters.
2) It summarizes the specific vulnerabilities and needs of women in the affected districts, such as female-headed households having less access to relief assistance. A lack of privacy and lighting in shelters increases risks of sexual violence.
3) The response section outlines various gender-focused interventions across sectors like protection, health and WASH. However, it also identifies ongoing challenges like lack of female representation in relief teams and delays distributing items for women-friendly spaces
Measuring empowerment in agricultural development projects using WEAI and WELIILRI
Presentation by Alessandra Galiè, Elena Martinez and Agnes Quisumbing at the 2019 Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy Week, Hyderabad, India, 24–28 June 2019.
The contributions of community based volunteer workforce towards the millenni...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the contributions of community-based volunteers towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Nyando District, Kenya. The study found that volunteers provided services relevant to goals around poverty, education, health, and the environment. Specifically, volunteers offered training in agriculture, income generation, and education. They also supported health services. Most volunteers spent 6-10 hours per week providing these unpaid services. The estimated financial value of their contributions was equivalent to 4% of the district's budget for development. The majority of volunteers had served for over 5 years, indicating retention of volunteers over time. Due to budget constraints, volunteerism provides an alternative means of delivering important social services.
This document discusses socioeconomic status and its importance for health and disease. It defines socioeconomic status as a measure of an individual's work experience and economic and social position based on income, education, and occupation. It identifies the main determinants of socioeconomic status as income, wealth, occupation, education, and power. The document also describes several scales that have been used to classify populations by socioeconomic status, including the Kuppuswamy scale and Modified BG Prasad scale. It notes that socioeconomic status influences health outcomes and access to resources.
Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture and Nutritional Outcomes in Ethiopiaessp2
- Women's empowerment in agriculture is linked to improved nutritional outcomes for children and women in rural Ethiopia. Increasing women's decision making power over credit, income, and workloads saw reductions in child stunting and underweight as well as higher dietary diversity scores for women.
- While women in Ethiopia showed relatively low empowerment levels compared to other countries, interventions to further increase women's agency in agriculture can not only engage them more, but also positively impact nutrition. Empowering women is beneficial and has multidimensional returns including better nutrition.
Role of Bhutanese Women towards Socio-Economic Development: A Case of Chapcha...Pema Namgyel
1) The study assessed the role of women in socio-economic development in rural Bhutan using data collected from 76 households in Chapcha Gewog.
2) It found that women play a significant role in agriculture, livestock, trading, and household activities. In agriculture, over 40% of women contribute about half the effort, and most decisions are made equally between men and women.
3) In livestock, over a quarter of women contribute about three-quarters of the effort, though they participate less in decision-making. Women's participation varies depending on the number of women and size of landholding in their family.
4) The study concludes rural women play an important role in rural development, though men are often
S. martínez restrepo - j. c. mejía - e. enríquez extreme poverty, displacemen...UNDP Policy Centre
The document summarizes an impact evaluation of the Red UNIDOS program in Colombia, which aims to alleviate extreme poverty through psychosocial support, improved social services, and institutional capacity building. The evaluation found:
1) The program did not significantly impact most measures of empowerment, except reducing job informality in urban areas for both men and women.
2) Qualitative work revealed challenges providing income generation strategies for rural women as opportunities and education are barriers to finding jobs.
3) Issues with program implementation like caseloads and quality of local operators as well as lack of rural social services and jobs may have limited the program's effectiveness.
Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: Case studies from Ethiopia and ...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and the Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative in support of the annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign. More information and full recording available at https://bit.ly/3pOlJx0
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Measuring employment and consumption in household surveys: Reflections from t...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets, led by IFPRI, on July 13, 2021.
Presentations:
- Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods (Sylvan Herskowitz, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Assessing response fatigue in phone survey: Experimental evidence on dietary diversity in Ethiopia (Kibrom Abay, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Telescoping causes overstatement in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia (Kalle Hirvonen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on the national demographic goal of replacement fertility in India and the fertility dynamics of Kuki tribes in Manipur. The study found that the total fertility rate of Kuki tribes was 4.2 children per woman, far above the national goal of 2.1. Through logistic regression, the study identified four main factors causing failure to meet the national goal: low education levels of wives, increasing age of wives, early age at marriage of wives, and preference for male children resulting from families with two daughters being more likely to have a third birth. The national goal of replacement level fertility has thus not been achieved among the Kuki tribes due to socio-cultural factors like son preference and women's education and
The document discusses how climate change disproportionately impacts women. It notes that women are more dependent on natural resources for tasks like collecting water and food. Climate disasters exacerbate gender inequalities by increasing women's workloads and restricting their access to education and resources. The impacts of climate change on women are often overlooked in international agreements. Studies show women face higher risks during natural disasters and their agricultural livelihoods are threatened by climate impacts like changing rainfall patterns and food price increases.
Determinants of higher fertility rates in igunga district, tanzania does wom...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the relationship between women's empowerment and fertility rates in Igunga District, Tanzania, which has high fertility rates. 120 women were surveyed using questionnaires on their empowerment, measured by indicators like participation in economic and family size decisions, mobility, and coercive control, and their fertility, measured by age-specific fertility rates and total fertility rates. Results showed women in the area had low levels of empowerment on these indicators. Regression analysis found lower levels of empowerment, along with demographic and cultural factors like men's dominance, were responsible for the higher fertility rates in the area. The study recommends interventions to address cultural factors and increase women's empowerment to potentially lower fertility rates.
Socioeconomic differentials in the use of selected reproductive health servic...Golam Kibria Madhurza
This document summarizes a study examining socioeconomic differentials in the use of reproductive health services in Bangladesh. The study finds that public sector services remain the primary source of modern contraceptives for rural, less educated, and poor women. Wealthier individuals and those in urban areas are more likely to use private services for antenatal care and delivery. A multivariate analysis shows socioeconomic status significantly impacts the likelihood of choosing different service providers. While NGO expansion has increased access, socioeconomic status does not influence choice of NGO services. The study concludes more attention is needed on reproductive health determinants to reduce maternal mortality.
The document summarizes findings from phone surveys conducted in India and Nepal to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emotional well-being. Key findings include:
- Respondents in both countries reported increases in food insecurity, water insecurity, and loss of household income due to the pandemic.
- Levels of probable depression were high according to depression scale scores, especially among women in India.
- Factors found to increase odds of depression included food insecurity, water insecurity, loss of household income, and poor health. Achieving minimum dietary diversity was linked to lower depression odds.
- The results suggest vulnerable groups like women face disproportionate impacts on mental health from pandemic-
The document summarizes a study on intra-household labor distribution and the role of women in family decision making in Bangladesh. It analyzed 3 samples of households and found that:
1) Male members spent more time on productive work like crops and livestock while females spent more on reproductive work.
2) Females spent significant time on productive work as well and their workload increased after joining a poverty-reduction project.
3) After joining the project, 50% of females in some households became more involved in family decision making.
Family income among small scale farmers a panacea for household food security...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of family income on household food security among small-scale farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that over half (53.3%) of the 105 respondents surveyed were food insecure. Most respondents were middle-aged (31-50 years old), married, and had received some education. Significant relationships existed between sources of income and respondents' age, years of schooling, farming experience, and income level. The study concluded more than half of households in the area were food insecure and recommended the government subsidize agricultural inputs and encourage farmer cooperatives to improve access to credit and income.
The role of women in agriculture: Implications in providing, improving househ...Open Access Research Paper
There has been less recognition to women contribute to agricultural and food security. Women’s work in the agriculture and food security often remains invisible. The research sought to investigate the role of women agriculture in providing household food security and reducing of hunger and malnutrition in rural communities. The research used a survey research design, quantitative and qualitative data was gathered. Findings were that social and economic constraints place barriers around women’s access to agricultural land and empowerment. Women had a high positive attitude to the variables on; interest in contributing to household, understanding of food security and socio-economic development. Men own land and livestock at household level, livestock for women were realized through payment of the bride prize. The country was not food secured, 68% of the household could not afford three meals per day, malnutrition remains at 9% and the four dimension of food security were averaging 23.25%. Given equal treatment, women could produce high crop yield and can play role in food processing, in nutrition, gardening and agricultural cooperatives. Farming and agricultural policies need to address factors that were affecting the potential of women in improving food security. This would help in fully utilization of the roles of women in providing and improving household food security and reduce hunger and malnutrition in the rural communities. Noted implications of not involving and empowering women in agriculture was food insecurity in the rural communities as food availability, accessibility, utilisation and stability was to achieved year around in the communities.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The contribution of women to household food security in the kassena nankana ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the contribution of women to household food security in the Kassena-Nankana East District of Ghana. It finds that the majority of women in the area are engaged in food crop farming to feed their households. However, women face various challenges including discrimination in decision making regarding land and credit. Socio-cultural factors like traditions that deprive widows of inherited property also negatively impact women's ability to contribute to food security. While women play a critical role in food production, more support is needed to address challenges and harness their potential to ensure adequate nutrition for families.
An Investigation into the Status of Riverbank (Char) Women Dwellers in Bangla...AI Publications
The study was undertaken to determine the status of rural women in terms of their social, economic and financial access to decision making and livelihood. It was conduct on January to February 2016. The data was collected by using an interview schedule from 60 women of Chinirpotol village of Saghata Upazila under Gaibandha District of Bangladesh in January to February 2017. It revealed that majority (51.67%) women can only sign but constituted economically active. It was found that they were actively participated in the household activities and their agricultural farming activities. It was also found that women played a significant role in the management of family affairs but a little participation in decision making because the male member was the head of a family and responsible for taking major decisions of the household. This study observed that a mentionable portion (88.33%) of the women was involved with non-government organizations (NGOs). The findings suggest that freedom for decision making, opportunities for active contribution and accessibility to income generating activities along with social awareness about their rights are necessary for improvement of the status of women.
A study on factors affecting decision making of farm womenDr.Swati Sucharita
The document discusses rural women's roles in agriculture and decision making. It notes that women play key roles in agricultural production from soil preparation to post-harvest activities. However, their contributions are often not recognized and they have little decision making power due to social and cultural norms. The study aims to understand the factors affecting rural women's decision making and problems they face. It will survey 100 women farmers across 5 villages in Nayagarh district of Odisha, India to gather data on socioeconomic conditions, incomes, cropping patterns, and women's participation in agricultural and domestic work.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
Impact assessment of nomadic education extension programme on welfare of noma...Premier Publishers
The ultimate benefit of any intervention is the improvement on welfare of beneficiaries. The ownership of assets, improved health meeting social obligations and change in nutrition are indicators of improved welfare. A total of 360 respondents were randomly selected through purposive and multi-stage sampling procedures. Statistical analysis using percentages and two sample t-test were employed. The result of the study indicated that 58% and 56% of the treatment and control group were below the average age respectively. The overwhelming majority of the respondents were married with large family size and mostly polygamist. On education, 36.7% and 55.6% of the respondents in the two communities had never been to any school respectively. The two sample t-test indicated that there were positive and significant statistical mean differences in the ownership of assets between the two groups. All the p-value for assets were less than the critical p-value of 0.05 and all the t-cal were greater than the t-critical value of 1.96 signifying the impact of the intervention on beneficiaries. The treatment group were better in meeting social obligation, feeding and health than the control group. The study recommended that government of Nigeria should pay attention to the welfare of the nomads.
Adolescents and utilization of family planning services in rural community of...Alexander Decker
This study examined family planning services utilization among adolescents in a rural Nigerian community. 400 adolescents ages 10-19 completed questionnaires. Over two-thirds reported family planning services being available, with main sources being health centers, chemists, and pharmacies. Reasons for service selection included low cost, privacy, and proximity. While most adolescents were sexually active and knowledgeable about contraception, condom use was low and many were unconcerned about pregnancy or STDs. The study concluded family planning services were available but underutilized, with worrisome attitudes towards unprotected sex among adolescents in the community.
Contributions of cooperative movement to alleviation of poverty among rural w...Alexander Decker
This study examines the impact of cooperative movements on poverty alleviation among rural women in Oriade Local Government, Nigeria. Data was collected through questionnaires administered to 200 women. The study found that cooperative membership significantly reduced poverty by allowing women to access loans to invest in businesses and purchase assets. However, some women did not reduce poverty as they did not use loans for productive purposes like asset acquisition. Overall, the study concludes that cooperative movements play a key role in improving the livelihoods of rural communities by providing access to financial resources. It recommends that cooperatives encourage members to invest loan proceeds in assets rather than just consumption.
This document summarizes a study on determinants of rural poverty in Trishal Upazila, Bangladesh. It finds that about 68% of villagers are illiterate and 50% depend directly on agriculture. The average monthly income, family size, land holdings, and number of earning family members significantly influence household income. To reduce poverty, the study suggests generating more agro-based employment through integrated family farming and increasing land productivity. It used a log-linear regression model and survey data from 185 households to analyze factors affecting income.
Improving Life of women in rural communityAbhaSingh48
This document discusses improving the lives of women in rural communities in India. It notes that women make up a large portion of the agricultural labor force but still face disadvantages in terms of pay, land rights, and representation. Their lack of empowerment can negatively impact their children's education and family health. Several programs and schemes aim to improve access to healthcare for rural women and address issues like malnutrition, disease prevalence, and maternal health. Overall, bettering the lives of rural women will require improving their economic contributions and social status through expanded education, land rights, minimum wages, and poverty alleviation programs along with enhanced access to resources like housing, water, electricity, and healthcare.
This paper examines the profile of the tribal families from Palghar district. The study was conducted at the Palghar district. A sample of 120 tribal families were considered as respondents for present study. The respondents were interviewed with the help of specially designed schedule. Collected data was classified, tabulated and analysed by using various statistical method. The result of the study showed that most of the respondents have 'medium' family education status, 'medium' family size, 'medium' annual family income, 'cultivation' as their major occupation, 'marginal' land holding, 'fair' cropping pattern, 'medium' farming experience and 'low' social participation. The extension workers should consider these facts while planning and executing programmes for development of the tribal families living in Palghar district.
Assessment of nutritional status of household members in a rural nigerian pop...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the nutritional status of household members in 50 rural Nigerian households comprising 202 individuals. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Results showed 56% of households obtained food through market purchases and homegrown sources, while 22% relied solely on market purchases. Food was mostly distributed individually (42%) or collectively (32%). Fathers received the largest share of food (36%), followed by mothers (30%). Nutritional status revealed high rates of underweight children (67.2%) but normal weight parents (55.4%). Male-headed households had better nutritional status. The study concluded improper food allocation led to high rates of malnutrition among this population.
Rural women’s contribution in family budget a case study of district layyahAlexander Decker
This document summarizes previous research on rural women's contributions to family budgets. Studies have found that women's outside work, wages, education level, and family poverty level directly influence their contributions. Meanwhile, family size, number of children, total household income, and women's expenditures are inversely related. Research recommends increasing women's wages, providing financial incentives, credit, and scholarships to empower rural women economically and increase their contributions to family budgets.
My contact address
Dr Shahnaj Parveen
Professor
Department of Agricultural Extension Education
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)
Mymensingh-2202
Bangladesh
Mobile: ++88-01715 340215
Email: shahnaj1969@gmail.com
Barriers to meeting the primary health care information needsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the barriers to meeting the primary health care information needs of rural women in Enugu state, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 107 doctors and nurses, and focus group discussions were held with 108 rural women across 9 local government areas. The study found that government insensitivity to rural needs, women's ignorance about primary health care services, and illiteracy were major barriers. It was recommended that more health institutions and personnel be provided in rural areas, and that rural women be educated on the importance of primary health care and available services through mobile health libraries and information materials.
Barriers to meeting the primary health care information needsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the barriers to meeting the primary health care information needs of rural women in Enugu state, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 107 doctors and nurses, and focus group discussions were held with 108 rural women across 9 local government areas. The study found that government insensitivity to rural needs, women's ignorance about primary health care services, and illiteracy posed significant barriers. It was recommended that more health institutions and personnel be provided in rural areas, and that rural women be educated on the importance of primary health care and available services through mobile health libraries and information materials.
Similar to Analysis of the socioeconomic factors affecting women’s (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
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A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
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This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
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This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Analysis of the socioeconomic factors affecting women’s
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2013
Analysis of the socioeconomic factors affecting women’s
contribution to household welfare in Mubi North Local
Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria
Ojo, C. O. and Wurani, B. A.
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Abstract
This study set out to analyse socioeconomic factors which affect women’s contribution to household
welfare in Mubi North, Nigeria. Primary data was used. The instrument of data collection was a structured
questionnaire. Fifty women were randomly selected for the study from 50 households in the study area. Analysis
of data was done by the use of descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that
most respondents (92%) were married. Mean age was 42years, while mean household size was eight persons.
Most respondents were formally educated (70%) and all the respondents were engaged in at least one economic
activity. Women’s income contribution to household welfare was below 30% for 90% of the respondents. Most
respondents always contributed to household food, as well as children’s clothing and educational needs in that
order while contributing much less frequently to health care and house rent. The significant factors influencing
women’s contribution to house hold welfare in the study were age and income. It was recommended that rural
extension workers should equip rural women with enhanced understanding of household nutrition requirement and
the importance of children’s education to enable them contribute more effectively to household food security and
children’s education.
Key Words: Women, rural, Contribution, Household, welfare
1. Introduction
The welfare of the rural poor is far worse than that of the urban poor in terms of the personal consumption levels,
access to education, sound health care, availability of potable water and sanitation, housing facilities, good road
network and communication; it is almost always characterized by high levels of deprivation and powerlessness;
these characteristics form the hub of inadequate well-being of households (Olawuyi and Oladele, 2012). Everyone
has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family, including
food, clothing, housing and medical care
(http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/studyguides/righttohealth.html)
One of the most widely recognized contributions of women’s work has been its positive impact in
reducing poverty (IFAD, 1998) through contributions to household needs for food, clothing, housing, health care
and education. According to Kristof (2009), when women work, they are far more likely than men to spend their
income on improving their children’s welfare needs (food, education, healthcare, clothing, and housing and the
like). The employment of women leads to improvement in family care, health, nutrition, and housing. This
ultimately leads to the wellbeing of household members (Singwane, and Gama, 2012).
Analysing how men and women allocate their incomes, studies in Ghana have found that women spend the
largest proportion of their income on food for their families, followed by health expenditures and expenses of
other household items and inputs. In Ghana, rural women often compliment their farm income with non farm
income. Processing gathered products is a common income-generating activity in the north. The rest of women’s
non-farm income usually comes from processing and selling small quantities of crops, petty trading, handicrafts
and brewing beer (non-Muslims). In recent years, more women are also entering seasonal or long-term migration
to earn income. This used to be a matter of shame, but attitudes about it have now changed. Not only does
migration take pressure off the family food supply, but it also results in occasional remittances (IFAD, 1998). The
contribution of women to household welfare will depend on the specific setting and their socioeconomic
characteristics. This study intends to investigate socioeconomic factors that influence women’s contribution to
household welfare in Mubi North LGA of Adamawa State.
51
2. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2013
2. Methodology
2.1 Study area.
Mubi is one of the 21 local government areas of Adamawa state Nigeria. It is divided into two main parts; mubi
north and mubi south Local Government Areas (LGA). Mubi lies between latitude 9050’N and 10050’N and
longitude 10010’E and 13050’E (Ministry of land and survey, Yola, Adamawa state). Farming is the major
occupation of the people in the area. The major crops grown are rice, cowpea, maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut,
sweet potatoes and sugar cane. The major tribes found in mubi are: Fali, Gude, Marghi, Fulani, Hausa, Higgi, and
Kilba. Among these people, women often married early and husbands were usually responsible to meet all
household needs, while women only contributed to household welfare in the areas they chose to and to the extent
they wanted.
2.2 Data collection and analysis
Primary information was obtained through the administration of structured questionnaire and personal
interview schedule. The tools used for data analysis were descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tools. The
descriptive statistical tools used were frequency distribution, percentages and mean. Multiple regressions were
used to determine the effect of socioeconomic characteristics of women on their contribution to household welfare.
The multiple regression model was implicitly expressed as follows:
Y=F(X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,X6,X7,ui)
Where Y= Contribution to household welfare (Amount contributed)
X1=Age (years)
X2=Sex (dummy variable, 1=female, 0= male)
X3= Marital status (dummy variable, 1=married, 0=not married)
X4= Level of education (Number of years spent in formal
education)
X5= Occupation (Number of economic activities engaged in)
X6= Household size
X7= Annual income (Naira)
ui = Error term.
Various functional forms (linear, semi log, double log, and exponential functions) were tried and the most
suitable functional form was selected based on statistical, a priori and econometric criteria. Double-log was found
to be the most suitable functional form because it gave the highest R2 value and highest number of variables that
were significant. The double log model was expressed as;
LnY = β0 + β1lnx1 + β2lnx2 + β3lnx3 + β4lnx4 + β5lnx5 + β6lnx6 + β7lnx7 + ui
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Socioeconomic characteristics of respondents
The socioeconomic characteristics of respondents in this study indicate that majority of the respondents
were 40 years and above with a mean age of 42years indicating that most of the respondents were in their middle
ages. About 92% were married with average household size of
eight persons per household. Seventy percent respondents had various levels of education implying that most were
literate. This characteristic is expected to affect decision making and development among the respondents.
Majority of the respondents were farmers (56%) and mean income among respondents was N343, 000 per annum.
3.2 Contribution of women to household welfare
Analysis of Table 2 shows that 90% of the women in the study area always contributed to the provision
of food to their households implying that the majority of women in the study area always contributed their
resources to making food available in the household. Four percent of women never contributed to providing food.
The Coefficient of Variation (CV) for food was the highest indicating that there was considerable difference
between the number of women who always contributed to food and the others who did not. Women gave more
attention to food needs beyond their contribution to other welfare needs of the household in the study. In the study
area, clothes for children were not bought all year round for most respondents. Most respondents bought clothes
for their children occasionally, especially during festivities. About 72% of the women contributed to providing
clothing for their children always meaning most regularly, while 4% seldom contributed to providing cloths for
their children. Furthermore, large number (64%) of the respondents contributed to educating their children to
different degrees while 22% never contributed to that aspect. Table 1 indicated that 30% of respondents had no
formal education, a situation which makes women uninterested in educating their children due to their ignorance
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3. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2013
of the importance of education. Due to the fact that house rents were mostly taken care of by the men, 76% of the
women never contributed to house rent, while 2% rarely contributed. In the case of health care, 66% of the women
contributed to that health care at different levels while 34% never contributed to health care bills. Non contribution
to health care bills may not always be because of unwillingness or inability to contribute by respondents but
because family members were more often than not in good health, thus, the need to meet household health care
needs among women was determined both by frequency of occurrence and the need to contribute available income
to ill health.
3.3 Women’s income and household welfare
Table 3 revealed that 90% of the respondents contributed less than 30% of their income to household welfare
needs, the modal class of contribution being between 10 – 19% of respondents’ income which was contributed by
42% of the respondents. Only 10% of respondents contributed above 30% of their income to the basic welfare
needs of their households. This is a further indication that most women in the study area were more of supporters
of the major family need provider (usually the husband), hence did not spend all their earnings on meeting basic
welfare needs of their households.
3.4 Socioeconomic factors that affect women’s contribution to household welfare needs
Analysis of Table 4 indicated that the R2 value was 0.51; this meant that only 51% of variations in the
contribution to household welfare were due to the changes in the stated socioeconomic characteristics. Other
factors outside of the specified socioeconomic factors also caused variations in respondents’ contribution. The age
of the respondents was significant at 5%, meaning that age is one of the factors that determined contribution of
women to household welfare. The implication of this is that as the women grew older, they become more
established in whatever occupation(s) they do and earn more money which made them more capable of
contributing to household welfare. It can also be seen on Table 4 that annual income of women significantly
determined women’s contribution to household welfare at 1%. Income was significant because as women’s
income increased, their contribution to household welfare also increased.
From the analysis, it can be seen that marital status, number of years spent in formal education, number of
economic activities engaged in and household size of the respondents did not significantly affect women’s
contribution to household welfare. Although these variables were not significant, the negative signs on household
size and number of economic activities engaged in were unexpected. It is expected that contribution should
increase with increase in these variables but the results implied that as these variables increased, women’s
contributions were going to reduce. This outcome may be related to the culture in the study area.
3.5 Conclusion and recommendation
The study observed that majority of the respondents in the study were married with children. All respondents had a
source of income which meant that they had capacity to contribute to their household welfare. Although all
respondents contributed to meeting their household needs especially with regards to household food as well as
children’s clothing and education; majority of the respondents only contributed between 10 – 30 % of their income
to meeting these needs. The major determinants of the respondents’ contributions were their age and their income.
Respondents in the study were not under any compulsion to contribute to the specified household welfare needs
because provision of these needs was a gender role allocated to men in the study area. Most women however
contributed to meeting these needs to various degrees, depending on gaps left in meeting these needs by the
husbands, and the income available to the women. The study revealed the very prominent role women played in
contributing to household food security more than any other need of the household. The contribution of women to
meeting welfare needs that were not necessarily their gender role will contribute to improving rural wellbeing and
reducing household poverty. It was recommended that rural extension workers should equip rural women with
enhanced understanding of household nutrition requirements and importance of educating children to enable them
contribute more effectively to household food security and children’s education.
Referencing
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (1998). Women's Contribution to Household Food
evaluation of the Upper-East Region Land Conservation and Smallholder Rehabilitation Project. Women's
Contribution to Household Food Security
Olawuyi, S. O. and Oladele, S. E. (2012). Social capital and rural households welfare in Surulere Local
Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of contemporary research in business vol
3, no 11. Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania
53
4. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2013
Singwane, S. S. and Gama, M. (2012). Contribution of women employment on household livelihoods in
swaziland – the case of zombodze phasemdzimba community Journal of Sustainable Development in
Africa (Volume 14, No.1
Hunt, A. (1988). Women and paid work, issues of inequality. London, Macmillan Press
Kristof, N. (2009). Half the sky turning oppression into opportunity for women worldwide.Retrieved from
http://www.Women’s issues « Everyday Just Living.htm.06/11/12
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/studyguides/righttohealth.html Retrieved December, 2012
54
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