This document discusses a study on the role of women's groups in peacebuilding in Mathare informal settlement, Kenya during and after the 2008 post-election violence. The study found that women's groups used strategies like peace forums, committees, counseling, fundraising, and women leadership to promote peace. However, they faced challenges such as lack of access to information, gender stereotyping, and lack of involvement in decision making that hindered their effectiveness. Nonetheless, the women's peace initiatives helped build relationships between ethnic groups and improve lives after the violence. The study recommends greater support for women's groups through training and information to strengthen their peacebuilding efforts.
An investigation into the prevalent types of conflicts, conflict indicatorsAlexander Decker
This article investigates the types of conflicts prevalent in Africa from 2007 to 2009, their causes, and how conflicts undermine disaster management. It identifies six main types of conflicts: armed conflict, border disputes, food riots, political violence, targeted attacks, and inter-communal strife. Armed conflict is found to be the most prevalent type, affecting 13 countries including Sudan, Somalia, DRC, and Ethiopia. Various economic, political, social, and environmental factors are seen as causes and drivers of conflicts. Conflict is also seen as undermining disaster management by hindering development processes. The study recommends collaborative efforts among states, organizations, and communities to promote peace and security in Africa.
The promotion of universal women's rights in nigeria]ogbaji udochukwu
This document discusses the promotion of universal women's rights in Nigeria by women's non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It examines three major women's NGOs in Nigeria - FIDA, NAWOJ, and WIN - and their role in enhancing women's international and domestic human rights. The study finds that women's NGOs have played a significant role in promoting women's rights through advocacy, changing discriminatory laws and policies, and empowering women. However, it also notes that more training and resources are still needed for NGO members to further their important work.
This thesis examines women's development in post-conflict Liberia. It argues that while Liberian women have made remarkable contributions, such as electing the first female African president and securing high positions in government, relying on these successes alone will not produce lasting economic benefits for ordinary women. It asserts that a rights-based approach to state building is needed to ensure protections for vulnerable groups and give women control over their lives. The thesis presents case studies of three influential women's organizations in Liberia - the Liberian Women's Initiative, Women in Peacebuilding Network, and Association of Female Lawyers of Liberia - to analyze the impact of women's activism and lessons learned regarding women's political participation, human rights, and economic development
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Ideology in Political Campaigns: Explicating the Digital-Analogue Metaphor us...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the use of the "digital-analogue" metaphor used by Kenya's Jubilee Coalition political parties in the 2013 election campaigns. It discusses how metaphors can transmit ideological stances that shape public attitudes. The study examines campaign coverage between December 2012 and March 2013 using video clips and focus groups to interpret the conceptual meaning behind the digital-analogue metaphor. The research found the metaphor conveyed conceptual ideologies that characterized Jubilee's campaign messaging.
The document discusses the socio-economic factors that contributed to the Tunisian revolution in 2011. It finds that while Tunisia enjoyed relatively high GDP and economic growth, wealth was highly concentrated and most people faced poverty and unemployment. The revolution was driven by high youth unemployment, rising food and living costs, corruption, and restrictions on civil liberties. Social media also helped protesters organize and spread information about the uprising. Thus, the combination of economic grievances and dissatisfaction with the authoritarian political system led Tunisians to rise up and overthrow the long-standing regime.
On the Run in Colombia - Forced Displacement and the Gendered ExperienceKarin Kanel Яosen
Conflict and political violence have for long been considered endemic features of Colombia’s contemporary history.
The ongoing struggle in Colombia has developed into a multi-polar conflict, where the exercise of violence as a strategy to resolve social and political clashes, has resulted in a staggering number of internally displaced persons (IDPs). In 1993 Robin Kirk predicted: 'If current trends continue, there may be as many as 1.5 million desplazados [displaced] in Peru and Colombia by the year 2000' (Kirk, 1993:3).
Despite an increased global attention, gender blindness on communities, and humanitarian programming, seems to persist (Leach cited in Otzelberger,2011:4; iDMC,2012:67). Understanding the uneven consequences of conflict on men and women, and identifying and challenge the channels that transmit them are crucial, for the development of gender-responsive policies, strategies and studies, which takes into consideration the socially determined roles, responsibilities and capabilities of women and men, as opposed to gender-blindness (Box 2).
The situation of internal displacement in Colombia can be approached and analysed from a number of different perspectives. I have, however, decided to explore the impact of forced migration on men and women in Colombia, specifically the effects of it on gender roles. The main research question that I ask is:
How and why - by the virtue of their gender – are men and women experiencing internal displacement differently in Colombia, and how is this reflected in the initial period of violence and resettlement process?
This paper is organized as follows:
Section one outlines the methodological foundation on which the paper is resting.
Section two is split into two sub-sections. Sub-section one, advances a number of definitions of key concepts and formulates a normative framework. Sub-section two formulates a theoretical framework for the analysis, by among other things mapping relevant case studies.
Section three presents an analysis of the gendered experience of migration in Colombia - utilizing qualitative as well as quantitative data.
Finally, a conclusion - based on the findings from the analysis - will be provided.
Perceiving refugee status as a ‘temporary’ status is not a new phenomenon. Host states often advocate political, or so called ‘durable’ solutions in the form of voluntary repatriation. Voluntary repatriation is advocated especially in cases “where it is considered safe for refugees to return to their country of origin, such as when a cessation of refugee status is declared.” That Europe is ready to commit to refugee repatriation, is made clear by Angela Merkel. In 2016, she announced that she expects all Syrian refugees to return home once returning is considered safe again
An investigation into the prevalent types of conflicts, conflict indicatorsAlexander Decker
This article investigates the types of conflicts prevalent in Africa from 2007 to 2009, their causes, and how conflicts undermine disaster management. It identifies six main types of conflicts: armed conflict, border disputes, food riots, political violence, targeted attacks, and inter-communal strife. Armed conflict is found to be the most prevalent type, affecting 13 countries including Sudan, Somalia, DRC, and Ethiopia. Various economic, political, social, and environmental factors are seen as causes and drivers of conflicts. Conflict is also seen as undermining disaster management by hindering development processes. The study recommends collaborative efforts among states, organizations, and communities to promote peace and security in Africa.
The promotion of universal women's rights in nigeria]ogbaji udochukwu
This document discusses the promotion of universal women's rights in Nigeria by women's non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It examines three major women's NGOs in Nigeria - FIDA, NAWOJ, and WIN - and their role in enhancing women's international and domestic human rights. The study finds that women's NGOs have played a significant role in promoting women's rights through advocacy, changing discriminatory laws and policies, and empowering women. However, it also notes that more training and resources are still needed for NGO members to further their important work.
This thesis examines women's development in post-conflict Liberia. It argues that while Liberian women have made remarkable contributions, such as electing the first female African president and securing high positions in government, relying on these successes alone will not produce lasting economic benefits for ordinary women. It asserts that a rights-based approach to state building is needed to ensure protections for vulnerable groups and give women control over their lives. The thesis presents case studies of three influential women's organizations in Liberia - the Liberian Women's Initiative, Women in Peacebuilding Network, and Association of Female Lawyers of Liberia - to analyze the impact of women's activism and lessons learned regarding women's political participation, human rights, and economic development
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Ideology in Political Campaigns: Explicating the Digital-Analogue Metaphor us...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the use of the "digital-analogue" metaphor used by Kenya's Jubilee Coalition political parties in the 2013 election campaigns. It discusses how metaphors can transmit ideological stances that shape public attitudes. The study examines campaign coverage between December 2012 and March 2013 using video clips and focus groups to interpret the conceptual meaning behind the digital-analogue metaphor. The research found the metaphor conveyed conceptual ideologies that characterized Jubilee's campaign messaging.
The document discusses the socio-economic factors that contributed to the Tunisian revolution in 2011. It finds that while Tunisia enjoyed relatively high GDP and economic growth, wealth was highly concentrated and most people faced poverty and unemployment. The revolution was driven by high youth unemployment, rising food and living costs, corruption, and restrictions on civil liberties. Social media also helped protesters organize and spread information about the uprising. Thus, the combination of economic grievances and dissatisfaction with the authoritarian political system led Tunisians to rise up and overthrow the long-standing regime.
On the Run in Colombia - Forced Displacement and the Gendered ExperienceKarin Kanel Яosen
Conflict and political violence have for long been considered endemic features of Colombia’s contemporary history.
The ongoing struggle in Colombia has developed into a multi-polar conflict, where the exercise of violence as a strategy to resolve social and political clashes, has resulted in a staggering number of internally displaced persons (IDPs). In 1993 Robin Kirk predicted: 'If current trends continue, there may be as many as 1.5 million desplazados [displaced] in Peru and Colombia by the year 2000' (Kirk, 1993:3).
Despite an increased global attention, gender blindness on communities, and humanitarian programming, seems to persist (Leach cited in Otzelberger,2011:4; iDMC,2012:67). Understanding the uneven consequences of conflict on men and women, and identifying and challenge the channels that transmit them are crucial, for the development of gender-responsive policies, strategies and studies, which takes into consideration the socially determined roles, responsibilities and capabilities of women and men, as opposed to gender-blindness (Box 2).
The situation of internal displacement in Colombia can be approached and analysed from a number of different perspectives. I have, however, decided to explore the impact of forced migration on men and women in Colombia, specifically the effects of it on gender roles. The main research question that I ask is:
How and why - by the virtue of their gender – are men and women experiencing internal displacement differently in Colombia, and how is this reflected in the initial period of violence and resettlement process?
This paper is organized as follows:
Section one outlines the methodological foundation on which the paper is resting.
Section two is split into two sub-sections. Sub-section one, advances a number of definitions of key concepts and formulates a normative framework. Sub-section two formulates a theoretical framework for the analysis, by among other things mapping relevant case studies.
Section three presents an analysis of the gendered experience of migration in Colombia - utilizing qualitative as well as quantitative data.
Finally, a conclusion - based on the findings from the analysis - will be provided.
Perceiving refugee status as a ‘temporary’ status is not a new phenomenon. Host states often advocate political, or so called ‘durable’ solutions in the form of voluntary repatriation. Voluntary repatriation is advocated especially in cases “where it is considered safe for refugees to return to their country of origin, such as when a cessation of refugee status is declared.” That Europe is ready to commit to refugee repatriation, is made clear by Angela Merkel. In 2016, she announced that she expects all Syrian refugees to return home once returning is considered safe again
TYPES AND NATURE OF PEACE BUILDING STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY HUMANITARIAN ORGANI...paperpublications3
Abstract: The memories of the events of the 2007 post-election violence that ravaged the country, still brings a lot of pain to many Kenyans. Despite the use of diverse peace building strategies in the region over the years, sustainable peace is yet to be achieved. This situation generated questions as to whether the peace building strategies used were truly effective. This study examined the types and nature of peace building strategies used in Uasin Gishu County after the 2007 post-election violence. Four humanitarian organizations that were active in peace building efforts in the county were involved in the study. The humanitarian organizations studied were the Catholic Justice and Peace Commission (CJPC), Rural Women Peace Link (RWPL), Wareng Youth Initiative for Peace and Development (WYIPD) and Africa Sports and Talents Empowerment Program (ASTEP-Kenya). The conceptual framework of the study was drawn from the Conflict Transformation and Human Needs theories. Descriptive and exploratory designs were used in the study, as well as the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study population was 894,406. A sample size of 400 respondents was used. This study adopted stratified sampling procedure. The target population was split into three stratums and from each stratum, simple random sampling procedure was applied to arrive at the final sample. The research information was collected using questionnaires, interviews, observation and secondary data. The study used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze quantitative data while the qualitative data was thematically analyzed. The findings of the study indicated that various peace building strategies were used. The findings point to the need for organizations to use diverse peace building strategies that endear to all population groups.
The Militarization of the Turkey’s Democracy Promotion Policy in the Arab Mid...inventionjournals
This research examines why Turkey started to act against its principle of non-intervention by taking part in military actions in Libya and Syria, through process-tracing technique. The research derives evidence from statistical data, content analysis, and face-to-face interviews. We initially explain the strategic interests of Turkey in the two countries, and then indicate how Turkey acted to save its strategic interests during the uprisings between 2011 and 2016. This research is important as it contributes to the literature on the use of military power in relation with deterrence, democratization, and nationalism. It also broadens our understanding of liberal peace theory that emphasizes the non-violent nature of democracies. Finally, this research helps better understand Turkey’s foreign policy behaviors, sensitivities, regional power capacity and it is role in Democracy Promotion field, which is a completely new phenomenon in international security policy area.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
This document provides background information on the historical context of indigenous women's struggle for emancipation in Guatemala from 1980 to the present. It discusses how indigenous women have faced discrimination, exploitation, and abuse dating back to colonial times. While early movements focused on land rights and preserving indigenous culture, women's movements increasingly incorporated demands for women's rights and gender equality. The document reviews how indigenous women have a long history of activism but faced barriers due to authoritarian governments and gendered social constructions. It analyzes how indigenous women's demands for rights are interconnected with broader indigenous rights and how achieving ethnic equality is important for women's emancipation.
This document discusses how science and technology education can strengthen peace building. It begins by outlining some of the main causes of conflicts in Africa, including inequitable distribution of resources, poverty, breakdown of communication, and lack of a culture of peace. The document then examines the role that scientific knowledge, its application, and the scientific process can play in influencing socioeconomic development, poverty reduction, communication, and mindsets that promote peace - all of which are important aspects of peace building.
The Role of Youths in Electoral Processes: An Appraisal of the Nigerian 2015 ...inventionjournals
Youths represent a significant proportion of the Nigerian Population, but in spite of this, their level of political participation and representation in the electoral process in the past has been very poor and often times undermined; being largely noticed at the level of electoral malpractices, voting irregularities and covert or overtthuggery in support of political office seekers who paradoxically have dominated the political arena to the point of total exclusion of the youths, yet all groups (youths inclusive) seek to influence dispensation of power. The research therefore sets out to analytically x-ray the issues and challenges that confronted youths in previous general elections viz a viz the tremendous effort made by youths in making the 2015 general elections a success, by particularly the use of social media as a propaganda machine and the dogged attitude displayed in the course of retrieving permanent voters card which is unparrarelled and unprecedented. The research implores the use of vivid descriptive scenarios to make sound and logical arguments on the plight and strive of youth in forestalling equity and fair play in our electoral process and also on the strides recorded thereof. Using variables such as lack of proper electoral education and sensitization in the past, religious, regional and sectional divide, poverty, deprivation, thuggery, social media, permanent voters card and so forth, the researchers conclude that youths have in the past been largely responsible for scuttling elections but were however instrumental to the success of the 2015 general elections. It therefore recommends amongst other things that, it is imperative to develop and enhance the capability of youths in the electoral process by creating a robust orientation programme and also engaging them to become financially and morally equip, so as to drastically reduce if not totally eradicate arm-twisting or manipulation of youths in the society.
This document discusses a study of the Utah chapter of the Minuteman Project, an anti-illegal immigration group. The study finds that contrary to beliefs that material interests drive anti-immigrant activism, it is actually values and cultural grievances that best explain why people join this movement. Through interviews and observation of the Utah Minuteman Project, the researchers determined that over 67% of members' motivations stemmed from issues related to values and culture, rather than material concerns like jobs or wages. The document provides context on immigration trends in Utah and the growth of state-level legislation restricting immigration.
This document examines factors that influence the incidence of torture across countries. It hypothesizes that more democratic countries will have lower rates of torture, and that countries with higher ethnic fractionalization will have higher rates. The document first reviews literature on defining and conceptualizing torture, finding it is often used by governments for security, stability, and legitimacy reasons. It then discusses two approaches to studying torture - examining it as one dimension of human rights abuse, or disaggregating and studying it separately. Disaggregating is argued to provide more nuanced insights.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the relationship between public spending and violent conflict in Haiti, drawing lessons from cross-country data. The paper finds that increasing military spending is associated with a higher risk of conflict in Haiti based on its history of violence. In contrast, greater spending on welfare programs like education, health and social assistance is associated with lower conflict risk. The paper uses data from 148 countries over 1960-2009 to simulate spending scenarios for Haiti and inform policy decisions around balancing security and development needs amid declining budgets.
- Women's rights activists in Nepal demanded meaningful participation of women in reconstruction efforts, including through gender mainstreaming and women's representation in key decision-making bodies.
- Assessments found that many women did not feel safe in displacement sites due to lack of lighting, segregated latrines, and knowledge of how to report gender-based violence. Women reported increased domestic violence and sexual harassment since the earthquake.
- Coordination efforts are focusing on priority clusters like early recovery, shelter, protection, and food security to integrate gender equality at district levels through partnerships with local women's groups and government women and children's offices.
Sex Trafficking In Nepal: A Review of Problems and Solutionsinventionjournals
Sex trafficking especially women and children is a major issue in South Asia, particularly in Nepal. “It is estimated that about 200,000 Nepali women and children who are trafficked and sold into India, over the period of years, are working as forced prostitutes in brothels in different parts of India” (Datta, 2005, p. 54). Many of these Nepali women and children are sold for the purpose of sexual exploitation and monetary profit. Sex trafficking is a growing concern as it is connected with human right violation and steady spread of HIV/AIDS (Kaufman & Crawford, 2011). Extreme poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, poor law, and open border between India and Nepal are major factors for human trafficking. Due to the devastating earthquake on 25 April and about 400 aftershocks, about 3 million people are victimized. The earthquake victims’ women and children are even more vulnerable for trafficking. Hence, it is vital to understand human trafficking, its form, factors, effects, and motives. The objective of this paper is to make aware intellectuals on the issue of sex trafficking, problems, and possible solutions in Nepal.
1) The document discusses the evolution of the humanitarian enterprise over the past 10 years, lessons learned from civil-military interaction during crises in Haiti, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and what to expect for humanitarian action between now and 2020.
2) It notes major quantitative and qualitative changes to the humanitarian field, including more funding, workers, and media attention, but also greater politicization and the blending of humanitarian and political/military agendas.
3) The response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake showed the importance of military logistics support but also coordination challenges when the military takes a leading role, while the response to Pakistan floods demonstrated more positive civil-military cooperation.
The Rationale For Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisalinventionjournals
This paper entitled “The Rationale for Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisal” is aimed at ascertaining the rationale behind Nigeria’s unwavering commitment to peacekeeping missions. This focus of the paper is predicated on the popular assumption that nations’ involvement in peacekeeping is often intertwined with other motives and self interest, notwithstanding the sacrifice of enormous human and material resources associated with peace missions. The study is guided by a hypothesis and a research question. The survey method was employed using the questionnaire and semi structured interview (SSI) as data collection instruments. The population of the study consists of policy makers and image managers in relevant agencies of the federal government of Nigeria from which a sample size of 265 is drawn. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools and computer-based applications to validate and authenticate the research output. Findings show that Nigeria’s involvement in peacekeeping missions is not motivated by rational reasons, but by sentiments, egoism and quest for showmanship. The study concludes that embarking on irrationally motivated peacekeeping missions is tantamount to monumental wastage of precious and scarce material and human resources of the nation. It thus recommends that genuine citizen and national interest should constitute the sole raison d’être for peacekeeping missions
This document summarizes a journal article about the role of information in conflict management and development in oil-producing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It finds that information plays a critical role but has not been effectively utilized. Barriers to information dissemination include misinformation, illiteracy, poverty, and lack of infrastructure. Strategies like libraries, dialogue, and town hall meetings could help overcome these barriers and improve conflict management by ensuring communities have access to accurate and timely information. The document concludes that positioning communities at the center of information flow would help build stronger communities and support sustainable development in the Niger Delta.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
This document summarizes research on voter apathy among millennials. It finds that millennial voter turnout has consistently declined compared to other generations when they were the same age. Studies show millennials have become more individualistic over time and less focused on civic engagement and community involvement compared to previous generations. Political socialization is important, and habits formed around voting in early adulthood tend to persist. The declining civic participation among millennials is concerning for the health of democracy.
The Trend of Women’s Participation in Politics In Kakamega Central District S...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of women participation in politics in Kakamega Central district since independence. The sample for the study was taken from three divisions: Navakholo, Municipality and Lurambi in Kakamega County. The study was guided by Gender and Development (GAD) theory developed in the 1980s by Carolyn Moser and adopted historical research design. The sample size was 360 respondents; 349 women and 15 men. The data collection instruments were questionnaire, focus group interviews and document analysis. The data was subjected to corroboration, sourcing and contextualization in the historical domains and then analyzedusing qualitative and quantitative techniques. Qualitativedata was analyzed using words that outlined trends leading to development of patterns while quantitative data was analyzed numerically by use of descriptive method. The findings showed women in Kakamega Central district have not fully participated in elective politics due to various reasons such as;lack of awareness, historical and cultural trends engendered in the patriarchal society, lack of political commitment to implement Affirmative Action, political patronage, cultural beliefs and traditions. Recommendation from the study was that the society should mount sensitization and awareness targeting young women to pursue higher education to propel them to participate in politics and the government to implement the Affirmative Action to enable more women participate in elective politics. To increase women participation the study recommended improved women representation in the political arena.
Drawing upon research undertaken with community development practitioners in the North Central of Nigeria, this
article argues that feminist community development processes have been undermined by the application of policy
initiatives which were designed to achieve equality and fairness. The application of targeted and technically neutral
systems has resulted in a managerialist approach to community development which has privileged masculinist practices
and marginalized the intersubjective, consciousness-raising practices which are central to feminism. The consequence is
that the broader emancipatory principles of community development practice have been distorted within a policy
discourse of equality
Women and democratic stability in rivers state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the role of women in democratic stability in Rivers State, Nigeria. It discusses how women have faced discrimination but are increasingly seen as important for development. The study hypothesized that there is a relationship between women's political activities and democratic stability in Rivers State, and between women's contributions to politics and their political empowerment. It reviewed literature supporting the importance of women's participation in politics and discussed efforts to expand women's political opportunities in Nigeria.
Theoretical understanding of conflicts and violence in nigeria the niger delt...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that explores theories to explain violence in Nigeria perpetrated by the Boko Haram militant group in the north and militant groups in the Niger Delta region. It discusses concepts of conflict and violence, and reviews literature on causes of conflicts. The paper aims to examine theories like relative deprivation, class conflict, and anomie to understand the violence in Nigeria, and suggest ways the government can manage these crises. Unemployment, poverty, and corruption are identified as major causes of violence in the country.
TYPES AND NATURE OF PEACE BUILDING STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY HUMANITARIAN ORGANI...paperpublications3
Abstract: The memories of the events of the 2007 post-election violence that ravaged the country, still brings a lot of pain to many Kenyans. Despite the use of diverse peace building strategies in the region over the years, sustainable peace is yet to be achieved. This situation generated questions as to whether the peace building strategies used were truly effective. This study examined the types and nature of peace building strategies used in Uasin Gishu County after the 2007 post-election violence. Four humanitarian organizations that were active in peace building efforts in the county were involved in the study. The humanitarian organizations studied were the Catholic Justice and Peace Commission (CJPC), Rural Women Peace Link (RWPL), Wareng Youth Initiative for Peace and Development (WYIPD) and Africa Sports and Talents Empowerment Program (ASTEP-Kenya). The conceptual framework of the study was drawn from the Conflict Transformation and Human Needs theories. Descriptive and exploratory designs were used in the study, as well as the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study population was 894,406. A sample size of 400 respondents was used. This study adopted stratified sampling procedure. The target population was split into three stratums and from each stratum, simple random sampling procedure was applied to arrive at the final sample. The research information was collected using questionnaires, interviews, observation and secondary data. The study used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze quantitative data while the qualitative data was thematically analyzed. The findings of the study indicated that various peace building strategies were used. The findings point to the need for organizations to use diverse peace building strategies that endear to all population groups.
The Militarization of the Turkey’s Democracy Promotion Policy in the Arab Mid...inventionjournals
This research examines why Turkey started to act against its principle of non-intervention by taking part in military actions in Libya and Syria, through process-tracing technique. The research derives evidence from statistical data, content analysis, and face-to-face interviews. We initially explain the strategic interests of Turkey in the two countries, and then indicate how Turkey acted to save its strategic interests during the uprisings between 2011 and 2016. This research is important as it contributes to the literature on the use of military power in relation with deterrence, democratization, and nationalism. It also broadens our understanding of liberal peace theory that emphasizes the non-violent nature of democracies. Finally, this research helps better understand Turkey’s foreign policy behaviors, sensitivities, regional power capacity and it is role in Democracy Promotion field, which is a completely new phenomenon in international security policy area.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
This document provides background information on the historical context of indigenous women's struggle for emancipation in Guatemala from 1980 to the present. It discusses how indigenous women have faced discrimination, exploitation, and abuse dating back to colonial times. While early movements focused on land rights and preserving indigenous culture, women's movements increasingly incorporated demands for women's rights and gender equality. The document reviews how indigenous women have a long history of activism but faced barriers due to authoritarian governments and gendered social constructions. It analyzes how indigenous women's demands for rights are interconnected with broader indigenous rights and how achieving ethnic equality is important for women's emancipation.
This document discusses how science and technology education can strengthen peace building. It begins by outlining some of the main causes of conflicts in Africa, including inequitable distribution of resources, poverty, breakdown of communication, and lack of a culture of peace. The document then examines the role that scientific knowledge, its application, and the scientific process can play in influencing socioeconomic development, poverty reduction, communication, and mindsets that promote peace - all of which are important aspects of peace building.
The Role of Youths in Electoral Processes: An Appraisal of the Nigerian 2015 ...inventionjournals
Youths represent a significant proportion of the Nigerian Population, but in spite of this, their level of political participation and representation in the electoral process in the past has been very poor and often times undermined; being largely noticed at the level of electoral malpractices, voting irregularities and covert or overtthuggery in support of political office seekers who paradoxically have dominated the political arena to the point of total exclusion of the youths, yet all groups (youths inclusive) seek to influence dispensation of power. The research therefore sets out to analytically x-ray the issues and challenges that confronted youths in previous general elections viz a viz the tremendous effort made by youths in making the 2015 general elections a success, by particularly the use of social media as a propaganda machine and the dogged attitude displayed in the course of retrieving permanent voters card which is unparrarelled and unprecedented. The research implores the use of vivid descriptive scenarios to make sound and logical arguments on the plight and strive of youth in forestalling equity and fair play in our electoral process and also on the strides recorded thereof. Using variables such as lack of proper electoral education and sensitization in the past, religious, regional and sectional divide, poverty, deprivation, thuggery, social media, permanent voters card and so forth, the researchers conclude that youths have in the past been largely responsible for scuttling elections but were however instrumental to the success of the 2015 general elections. It therefore recommends amongst other things that, it is imperative to develop and enhance the capability of youths in the electoral process by creating a robust orientation programme and also engaging them to become financially and morally equip, so as to drastically reduce if not totally eradicate arm-twisting or manipulation of youths in the society.
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Sex Trafficking In Nepal: A Review of Problems and Solutionsinventionjournals
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American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
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The Trend of Women’s Participation in Politics In Kakamega Central District S...QUESTJOURNAL
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systems has resulted in a managerialist approach to community development which has privileged masculinist practices
and marginalized the intersubjective, consciousness-raising practices which are central to feminism. The consequence is
that the broader emancipatory principles of community development practice have been distorted within a policy
discourse of equality
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The document discusses theories for explaining lower voter turnout rates among Māori compared to non-Māori in New Zealand elections. It proposes that isolation theory, developed to explain historic low black voter turnout in the US, may also help explain the Māori turnout gap. For over a century, structural barriers like underrepresentation in the Māori electorates may have politically isolated Māori communities and prevented the development of social networks that facilitate voter participation. While economic exclusion still exists, political isolation can potentially be overcome by consciously developing new political networks, as demonstrated by increased black voter turnout in the US over the past 50 years.
Patriarchal systems in South Sudan have exacerbated its ongoing armed conflict in several ways. The practice of paying bride prices or dowries with cattle has led many young men to join militias or engage in cattle raiding in order to obtain enough cattle to marry. This has increased violence and proliferation of small arms. Additionally, the commodification of women and acceptance of practices like child marriage, polygamy, and domestic violence have contributed to instability, lower education rates, and high maternal mortality. Peace efforts have neglected to address patriarchal systems as a root cause, leaving the conflict prone to reemergence.
This document discusses challenges to gender-responsive governance in post-conflict contexts. It outlines objectives of reforms, which include managing public resources to improve women's lives, ensuring women's access to rights and resources, engaging women in consultations, increasing women's representation in elected offices, and improving women's access to accountability mechanisms. While women often take on expanded roles during conflicts, stereotypes return post-conflict pushing women out of leadership. Reforms aim to substantively represent women's interests and needs to advance outcomes for women.
Towards national integration in nigeria jumping the hurdlesAlexander Decker
This document discusses national integration in Nigeria. It outlines several policies and programs that Nigerian governments have implemented to promote national integration since independence, such as adopting federalism, creating new states, and establishing the Land Use Decree. However, Nigeria's unity remains threatened by socio-cultural, religious, and political divisions between its many ethnic groups. The document argues that achieving true national integration requires overcoming challenges like ethnicity, corruption, weak institutions, and an ineffective political leadership. It concludes that national integration will only be realized through open dialogue and consensus between Nigeria's diverse ethnicities on the future of their country.
This document examines the causes of the 2011 Arab uprisings by testing the relationship between economic grievances, social fragmentation, and mass movement in the Arab world. It analyzes how class-based (horizontal) cleavages related to economic factors like corruption and unemployment compare to group-based (vertical) cleavages along ethnic, tribal and religious lines in predicting popular uprisings. The document reviews literature on the impact of both types of social divisions, finding that only perceptions of corruption were significantly linked to the Arab uprisings, while both high and low levels of ethnic fragmentation were also correlated with mass movement. Tribalism was found to negatively impact protests but it is unclear if this is due to regime type.
Violent traditional gender practices and implications for nation building pro...Alexander Decker
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Deterents To Women’s Empowerment In Africa: Analysis Of Some Socio-Cultural P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This document discusses power-sharing models that have been implemented in Somalia to manage intractable clan conflicts following the country's civil war and collapse of central government in 1990. It provides details on Somalia's colonial history and how this contributed to divisions between clans. Several power-sharing governments have been formed based on representation of the major clans, with mixed success. The 2012 constitution and establishment of a federal system represents the latest attempt, but challenges remain in balancing clan interests and establishing effective governance. The document evaluates the levels of success achieved by different power-sharing arrangements in rebuilding governance structures and ending political instability in Somalia.
An appraisal of nigeria’s democratization in the fourthAlexander Decker
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This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between conflicts and national development in Nigeria. It discusses several key concepts including conflict, national security, and development. It then analyzes some of the main challenges to security in Nigeria that have implications for development, including ethno-religious conflicts, high youth unemployment, and issues with electoral politics and political violence. The document concludes that addressing security challenges is critical to achieving sustainable development in Nigeria.
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Women groups in peace and security.mathare informal settlement, 2008 election violence.
1. Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
Women Groups in Peace and Security.Mathare Informal
Settlement, 2008 Election Violence.
KARANJA LAWRENCE KING’ORI1*,MUSALIA MARTHA (PhD.)2
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, ARCHAELOGY AND POLITICAL STUDIES
KENYATTA UNIVERSITY,.BOX 43844-00100 NAIROBI,KENYA
Email of corresponding Author :kingorikaranja@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Women groups have been identified as an important tool in peace building in many countries experiencing
conflict. In Kenya, women groups have been reported to facilitate peace in many regions including Samburu and
Trans Nzoia counties. While Mathare informal settlement is one of the biggest slums in Kenya, and among the
most prone to violence, in addition to having been highly affected by the 2008 post election violence, there
appears to be very few empirical studies carried out on the same. This study, therefore, aimed at filling in this
knowledge gap by carrying out the current study on the role of women groups in peace building in Mathare
informal settlement. The study targeted women groups involved in peace building in Mathare informal
settlement. The study used descriptive research design case study research design and while data was collected
through the use of questionnaires, scheduled questions, documented information from the women groups’ data
base and focus group discussions. A total of 30 respondents were targeted. Data was analyzed through the use of
SPSS package. Findings indicated that women groups in Mathare used various strategies to initiate peace
including peace forums, peace committees, counseling, fundraising, women leadership, open forums and
exchange programs. The study also found that women peace groups faced challenges that hampered their
effectiveness and the extent of involvement including lack of access to information, gender stereotyping, lack of
involvement in decision making and political interference. However, the peace initiatives have managed to build
relationships and unite different ethnic groups and also improve lives of those affected by post election violence.
The study recommends that government, NGOs and other interested bodies be more involved through training
and dissemination of information on women and peace building. The government should also take action against
groups which exploit the residents of Mathare in the name of peace building.
Key Words: Peacebuilding, conflict, women groups, informal settlements,violence,elections
Background of Study
According to Toure (1994) war and armed uprising are responsible for exhausting financial resources and human
potential on in Africa. This hinders development, in addition to the suffering imposed on people as well as
environmental degradation. The inability of the governments to ensure security and stability undermines
citizens’ trust in political institutions and leads to militarization of societies. Many countries have incurred huge
debts in endless conflicts and face immense problems of repatriation of refugees, reconstruction, resettlement of
displaced populations, demobilization and social integration of a considerable number of soldiers. Areas facing
war experience disorganization of health and education services either directly through destruction of
infrastructure or indirectly through reduction of public expenditure. Rupesinghe and Anderlini (1998) argue that
there is a crucial economic dimension to any conflict. War destroys property and agriculture; it destroys houses,
schools, hospitals, industry and trade. It destroys the very infrastructure that keeps the society together.
Peace building assumes a situation in which there is lack of peace that requires to be ‘built’, that is, a situation of
conflict. Azar (1990) writes that ‘conflict is an inescapable part of social interaction; and Doucet (1996) observes
that it is a ‘multi-dimensional social phenomenon’. The process of peace building, therefore, is not to eliminate
conflict, but to transform conflicts that are destructive into a constructive form (Kriesberg, 1998). The social
nature of conflict also indicates that this is a relationship between opposing parties or communities, so it is
transformation in the social sphere that requires to be achieved. Burton (1996) notes that it is for all parties to
redefine that relationship. In order to move beyond conflict, therefore, relationships between all of those
involved need to be re-aligned.
Kenya has had its fair share of conflicts since the 1990s (Juma, 2006). Conflicts in Kenya can be classified in
four broad categories characterized by the socio-economic status of the communities at war. These conflicts
221
2. Developing Country Studies
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
include conflicts within pastoral communities, conflicts between pastoral and agricultural communities, conflicts
linked to the presence of refugees and ethnic clashes (Juma, 2006).
The outbreak of violence following the Kenya’s 2007 general elections after unexpected declaration of President
Mwai Kibaki, a Kikuyu, to be the winner ahead of his rival Raila Odinga, a Luo, led to far reaching
consequences (Ksoll, Macchiavello and Morjaria, 2009). According to Wanyeki (2010) the violence initially
took three forms, with sexual violence cutting across all three. First, in the low income areas of Nairobi as well
as the coast and Nyanza, there were spontaneous protests, expressed violently. Second, the Kenya Police Force
and the GSU responded with extraordinary use of force. And third, there was organized violence in the Rift
Valley, involving forced displacements and the destruction of property. All three forms soon mutated. As the
spontaneous protests in the form of attempted demonstrations which involved the destruction of property died
down or were violently suppressed by police and informal militia allied to the Party of National Unity (PNU)
(Wanyeki, 2010).
The Kenyan women’s movement responded to the violence with attempts to document women’s experiences and
respond with increased services, as well as with advocacy to ensure that those involved on the humanitarian
relief effort did the same (Wanyeki, 2010). According to USAID (2010) women group were involved in peace
building and reconciliation during and after the conflict. This was through encouraging intermarriages amongst
the parties involved in conflict, instilling positive values in children, participating in peace forums and
development of trade. Women groups also transform according to situations, they can start as merry go round
groups to empower the members financially, later they transform to addressing emerging issues like HIV/AIDS
and some further transform to peacebuilding and conflict resolution outfits. They are driven by the societal
needs.
Problem Statement
Many studies show that conflict occurs with the involvement or acquiescence of women. Women groups
generally show a keen interest in peace processes. However, the formal peace building processes often preclude
their full participation (Klopp, Githinji and Karuoya, 2010). Chowdhury (2005) further observes that though
women groups struggle to initiate peace processes at the grassroots, such processes and groups are seen as
peripheral to the formal mechanisms and have received little attention. Increasingly, studies are demonstrating
that women groups play a big role in peace building process.
This study therefore sought to find out the role of women groups in peace building in Mathare informal
settlement, during and after 2008 post election violence The study also sought to fill in this knowledge gap by
establishing the strategies used by women groups in peace building, analyze the challenges they have faced so
far and the impact they have made in the process of peace building in Mathare slum, a volatile area, even before
the onset of the post election violence.
Research Objectives
The study was guided by the following research objectives to:
1.
Examine strategies used by women groups in facilitating peace building during the 2008 election
violence in Mathare informal settlement.
2.
Assess the impact of the strategies employed by women groups in Mathare in achieving peace during
the post election conflict in Mathare informal settlement.
3.
Identify the challenges women groups faced in their peace building initiatives in post election conflicts
in Mathare informal settlement.
4.
Make recommendations on how to strengthen women’s groups’ peace building initiatives in Mathare
informal settlement.
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Limitations of the Study
One of the major challenges anticipated by the researcher was insecurity during data collection. According to
Mathare Outreach (2011), Mathare is classified as one of the most volatile areas in Kenya and, therefore, not safe
for “outsiders”. This was counteracted by involving residents, especially the youths in accompanying the
researcher during the period of data collection.Another limitation anticipated was that of getting reliable
information as the post election violence is a sensitive topic. In addition, the researcher was unable to acquire a
large target population to involve in the study as some areas were not accessible due to the issue of security. This
was counteracted by carrying out extensive desk reviews in the selected women groups to complement the
results from the exercise. Mathare informal settlement has low levels of literacy thus filling of questionnaire was
a challenge,this was counteracted by engaging the women groups members who were literate to assist and also
through Focus Group Discussion.
Theoretical Framework
This study relied on the theory of change. The theory of change as developed by Anderson Care international
(2012)is a tool for developing solutions to complex social problems. A basic theory of change explains how a
group of early and intermediate accomplishments sets the stage for producing long-range results. A more
complete theory of change articulates the assumptions about the process through which change will occur and
specifies ways in which all of the required early and intermediate outcomes relating to achieving the desired long
term change will be brought and documented as they occur. Theory of Change defines all building blocks
required to bring about a given long-term goal. This set of connected building blocks–interchangeably referred to
as outcomes, results, accomplishments, or preconditions is depicted on a map known as a pathway of
change/change framework, which is a graphic representation of the change process (OECD, 2008)
Research Design
This study involved data collection at two levels. The researcher employed the use of case study method to
collect data from the selected women groups, while descriptive research was used to collect quantitative data.
Creswell (2002) observes that descriptive research is suitable when the researcher does not intend to influence
the results of the study in any way.
Study Population
The study population included women groups engaged in peace building in Mathare informal settlement. A total
of 300 women were selected to form the population of the study. They were from five women groups which
have been active during and after the 2008 election violence (Mathare Outreach, 2011). The five women groups
were drawn from the larger women organization operating in Mathare known as Groots Kenya. Groots Kenya
has 26 women groups operating within its umbrella. The study selected five women groups which have been
involved in peace building in Mathare. Since the women in Mathare are many, a sample of 300 respondents was
convincing enough as a true representation and this has been considered for the purpose of the study. 300
respondents were in conformity with Bailey (1994) who indicates that sample size of 100 is sufficient and
Roscoe’s (1995) rule of thumb, sample size between 30 and 500 being sufficient.
Sampling Procedures And Data Collection
Simple random sampling was used in collecting data whereby respondents were randomly picked. this study
adopted the non-probability sampling method.From the sample of 300, a sample size of 30 women was selected
where 6 women were picked from each group. Mugenda and Mugenda (2008) recognize a 10% sample size to be
appropriate for such a study. The names of group members were retrieved from their membership register.
Data was collected through questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion, scheduled questions and desk reviews.
Questionnaires were developed to cover the four objectives under study.
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Data Analysis
Data capturing was done using Excel software. The data from the completed questionnaires were cleaned, recoded and entered into the computer using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for Windows for
analysis. Descriptive statistics were computed for presenting and analyzing the data. Descriptive statistics
enabled the researcher to describe the aggregation of raw data in numerical terms (Neuman 2000). The
descriptive statistics used involved the use of univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. These methods
incorporated the use of frequency distributions, percentage tables and measures of central tendency. They also
incorporated the use of measures of variation such as: ranges, percentiles and standard deviations for univariate
analysis. Data was presented in the form of frequency distribution tables, graphs and pie charts that facilitated
description and explanation of the study findings. Qualitative data analysis was analyzed thematically.
RESULT FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Strategies Employed by Women Groups in Peacebuilding
Based on analysis of research findings, the study indicated that majority of the respondents were of the view that
there were peace initiatives in Mathare while a minority were of the contrary opinion. It is therefore evident that
there existed peace initiatives including those spearheaded by women peace groups in Mathare which were
formed after 2008 post election violence. This is supported by the fact that majority of respondents were also
aware of women groups involved in peace building. The study findings showed that there were five peace groups
in which women were active participants. These groups included Groots Kenya, Maji Mazuri, Idhike Women’s
Group, Salama Women’s Group and Mwiyukirie Women’s Group.
The study further revealed that women involvement in peace building initiatives was considerably low given the
fact that majority of them indicated that they participated in peace building to a low extent. However a
significant proportion of respondents indicated that they were highly involved in peace building initiatives
through their women peace groups. Analysis of the study findings also indicated that the initiatives championed
by women towards peacebuilding included counseling of victims of post poll chaos, fund raising to offer
financial support for peace building initiatives, open forums to sensitize residents on importance of peace which
encourages peaceful coexistence amongst communities, peace activism and occasionally holding peaceful
demonstrations in times of conflict. A considerably high number of respondents agreed that women leaders were
in the forefront to ensure that peace is maintained in Mathare informal settlement.
According to the analysis of the study findings, it can therefore be deduced that women employ various
strategies in an effort to initiating peace building in their communities. The study findings concurs with Zedriga
(2006) who argued that women groups involvement in peace building takes many forms including rebuilding
their lives through social rehabilitation, trauma counseling and peace education among other strategies.
Challenges Facing Women in Peacebuilding
From the findings, the study revealed that there was likelihood that women peace initiatives in the area faced
challenges that hindered effective peace initiation. It can therefore be inferred that women peace groups are not
accorded the necessary attention in relation to restoring peace despite the fact the crucial role that such groups
play in peace building. The study revealed that the challenges faced by women groups greatly affected
achievement of peace initiation to a great extent. The study findings highlighted several challenges faced by
women groups in their peace building efforts which included but not limited to gender stereotypes, inability to
gain access to vital information regarding peace building, lack of women involvement in decision making
regarding peace issues, political interference though to a small extent among others. The study findings
corroborates the African report No112 (2006) which propounded the argument that women who seek to build
peace are faced by a number of challenges including lack of access to justice, high rates of HIV/AIDS, lack of
access to reproductive health care, limited information, cross border issues, high levels of male aggression
against them and the existence of small weapons and fire arms that threaten their security. These challenges put a
limit to how women groups can be involved in peace building and also hinder full utilization of their talents.
Sharing the same sentiments, Mutamba and Izabiliza (2005) found out that in Rwanda, women groups could
have contributed more to peace initiatives after the genocide if only they were empowered by eliminating all the
obstacles hindering their achievements.
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Impact of Peacebuilding in Mathare
According to the findings, majority of the respondents felt that it was likely that peace intiatives by women
groups in their area have had an impact in peace achievement while a considerably large proportion indicated
that it was very likely. The study further indicated that a minority disagreed. Based on the study findings, it can
be deduced that women group peace initiatives have had some impact in Mathare and hence it can generally be
termed as successful. The study further revealed that majority of the respondents felt that women peace
initiatives lead to the achievement of peace in Mathare to a high extent. This implies that the peace initiatives in
Mathare informal settlement had a positive impact in peacebuilding in the area and restoring normalcy by
ensuring peaceful community amongst the conflicting communities.
The study findings also indicated that respondents were generally feeling that the peace building had not
decreased the possibility of recurrence of violence in Mathare. This implies that people are still skeptical about
the temporary peace women groups have managed to initiate. Equally important to note is that the study revealed
that peace building had enabled reconciliation among victims and perpetrators of post election violence thus
allowing harmonious interactions.
Approaches to Strengthen Peacebuilding Initiatives
In relation to what could be done to strengthen the peace building initiatives by women groups to ensure that
their goals were achieved, the respondents felt that the government should be more involved in peace initiatives
through training and that NGOs and civil society groups operating in the area should increase information
dissemination. Women should also be encouraged to join peace groups in order to play their crucial role in peace
building. This can be achieved by creating awareness on the existence of women peace groups and ensuring ease
of access to information to enhance awareness. According to Wanyeki (2010), the Kenyan women’s movement
responded to the violence with attempts to document women’s experiences and respond with increased services,
as well as with advocacy to ensure that those involved on the humanitarian relief effort did the same.
On what could be done to ensure that the challenges facing the peace initiatives in the area were dealt with, the
respondents were of the view that the government should set aside funds in the form of a kitty to enable the
women groups carry out their activities without financial constraints. Existence of such funds would ensure that
the women peace groups reach a wide audience and also be able to accommodate more women. The respondents
also recommended that there was need for creation of more awareness on the existence and operations of such
women initiatives so as to see more women being involved in peacebuilding. It was also suggested that the
women peace groups should be devoid of political interference. However support, material or moral advanced by
the political class was welcomed. The respondents further indicated that men should be in the forefront in
encouraging women to participate in peace building. This includes a creating an equal platform where women
occupy their special place in peace building initiatives The respondents suggested that measures should be taken
to curb corrupt peace groups while heavy punishment to be meted to those politicians who cause violence
through incitement. The respondents further suggested that more organizations lobbying for peace should come
on board so as to increase the impact of peace building initiatives. This concurs with Shekhwat (2010) who
recognised that many other organizations, like the Gender Violence Recovery Centre (GVRC), had offered free
medical services, counseling and referral to legal services for the victims of sexual violence.
Conclusions
Based on research findings, it was concluded that there were peace initiatives in Mathare. The peace initiatives
includes women peace groups geared towards reconciling members of various communities and building lasting
peace in the area. Additionally, women involvement in peace building initiatives was considerably low given
the fact that majority of them indicated that they participated in peace building to a low extent. It was further
concluded that the initiatives championed by women towards peace building included counseling of victims of
post poll chaos, fund raising to offer financial support for peace building initiatives, open forums to sensitize
residents on importance of peace which encourages peaceful coexistence amongst communities, peace activism
and occasionally holding peaceful demonstrations in times of conflict. Based on the study findings, it was also
concluded that the various strategies employed by women were successful in initiating peace however new and
innovative forms of peace building initiatives should be developed.
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In relation to the challenges women groups faced in their peace building initiatives in post election conflicts in
Mathare informal settlement, the study concluded that there was likelihood that women peace initiatives in the
area faced challenges that hindered effective peace initiation. The challenges faced by women groups greatly
affected achievement of peace initiation to a great extent. It was further concluded that the challenges facing
women peace groups in their peace building efforts included gender stereotypes, inability to gain access to vital
information regarding peace building, lack of women involvement in decision making regarding peace issues,
political interference though to a small extent among others. The identified challenges hindered the groups from
meeting their desired goals as effectively as possible.
The study concluded that peace intiatives by women groups in their area have had an impact in peace
achievement and therefore peace initiatives undertaken by women peace groups in Mathare were successful. The
impact of the the strategies had also restored peace in the area since it had brought together different ethnic
communities and facilitated the formation of healthy relationships. Initiatives by women peace groups acted as a
catalyst for change and socio-economic regeneration in Mathare. In general, the women groups in Mathare
started a peace building process they used various strategies to successfully bring desired results- peace in the
area. They identified various peace building interventions some of which contributed significantly to peace while
others were not successful. Women groups recognised that they were responsible for the change they wanted to
see in Mathare and they were successful to a large extent in ensuring that lasting peace reigns again and
normalcy returns in the area.
Recommendations
The study recommended that the women groups operating in the area should diversify the strategies they use to
initiate peace in the area. This is because the study found that women groups concentrated more on counseling,
neglecting other strategies that would have had a greater impact. It is also recommended that women groups use
media as part of peace processes, or to educate the public about armed conflict generally and its impact on
women. Women should be encouraged to become peace activists and community leaders so that they can fight
for the plight of other women most of whom are usually victims during armed conflicts. As peace activists and
community leaders, women will be involved in peace and community activities aimed at ending violent conflicts
and to help families overcome the emerging economic and social problems resulting from the conflicts. The
study also recommends that the government, NGOs and other agencies should raise funds for victims of post poll
chaos to enable them set up meaningful business ventures in so that they can earn a decent living or at least
restore their previous economic status. In addition, the women groups should ensure that the mechanisms they
put in place to facilitate peace are able to sustain the same for long periods of time. Moreover, there should be
forums/mechanisms that enhance feedback to allow for corrective measures. The study also recommends that
more women leaders should come out strongly and vie for elective posts in order to give the women group a
voice in political platforms like the parliament, county assemblies and more recently formed portfolio of women
representative.
With regards to challenges facing the women groups in Mathare, the study recommends that men should be
sensitized on the role of women in peace building in order to avoid gender stereotyping. People should be
sensitized in a bid to change their perception towards the female gender. Too often, the perception of women as
victims obscures their role as peace builders in reconstruction and peace building processes.Women should
therefore be involved in official negotiation processes pertaining peace issues.They should however also seek to
empower themselves in order to gain respect from both men and the community at large. In this regard therefore,
the study recommends that women should seek specialized training in specific skills and access to resources and
institutional support so that they can be able to participate in formal negotiations. The women should be
educated and given the requisite support to build confidence and self esteem. This will ultimately act as an eye
opener which will give them new ideas needed for survival and new perspectives for justice and peace. The
government should also ensure equal representation of women in the peace processes; similarly, other agencies
operating in the area should sensitize women on the importance of engaging in peace building. Moreover, the
government and the NGOs operating in the area should jointly come up with mechanisms to disseminate
information on peace building initiatives and create centres which would act as reference points for women who
want to engage in peace building initiatives.
In relation to the impact of peace building in Mathare, the women groups should diversify their strategies as
earlier mentioned to ensure that they reach a wide area and also meet the different needs of the residents in the
area. In order for peace initiatives to have a positive impact, women should be represented at all levels of
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discussions and negotiations. The study also recommends that all peace building initiatives should integrate
gender equality because women play a pivotal role and their participation can make a tangible and substantive
difference to peace processes. Moreover, groups leaders and politicians who are exploitative should be dealt with
accordingly by the government by putting in place punitive measures which will deter such malpractices.
Suggestions for Further Studies
i)
A similar study should be carried out to determine the role of men in peace building for purposes of
comparison, identifying the gap as well as making recommendations.
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