Role of information in conflict management and development in oil producing communities of the niger delta, nigeria

Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Multidisciplinary Journal 2 :( 1) 73-89 Sawyerr-George (2017)
ROLE OF INFORMATION IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN
OIL-PRODUCING COMMUNITIES OF THE NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA
Oyinkepreye Sawyerr-George,
Bayelsa State College of Arts and Science,
Bayelsa State
oyinkepreyegeorgesawyer@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
It is generally agreed that information plays a critical role in conflict management and
development, no sure-success way of applying information for sustainable development has been
worked out so far. The article is an opinion paper and discusses the concept and importance of
information in conflict management, the role of information in conflict management, barriers to
disseminating information, which includes misinformation, illiteracy, poverty and lack of
infrastructure, while strategies such as libraries, dialogue, town hall meetings could be used to
improve the situation thus recognizing the role of information for sustainable development. The
paper used historical research design and data was collected from documentary sources and
documents were analysed using content analysis. Findings from literature reviewed showed that
when information is disseminated to the oil producing communities, it could curtail most of the
conflicts. Finally the paper concludes by emphasizing the importance and usefulness of
information to oil producing communities in Nigeria and recommended that information should
be used as a driver for positive social change, and positioning communities at the center of the
information flow will help build a firm foundation for strong oil-producing communities in
Nigeria.
Keywords: Information, Conflict management, Oil-producing, Development.

INTRODUCTION
Information has been the essential resource for conflict management, especially in developing and
diverse countries like Nigeria where oil has generated interest to all and sundry. Oil was first
discovered in commercial quantities in 1956 at Oloibiri in the present Bayelsa State of the Niger
Delta of Nigeria. The Niger Delta (Bayelsa, Rivers, Cross river, Akwa Ibom, Edo and Delta) and
other oil – producing states (Abia, Imo and Ondo) are home to Nigeria’s petroleum industry. The
people in the oil producing communities of the Niger Delta are a diverse amalgamation of 26 ethnic
groups with an estimated population of about 31 million in about 800 communities (Niger Delta
Environmental Survey, 2005). The major ethnic groups in the area include the Ibos, Ijaws,
Urhobos, Ogonis, Itshekiri, Isokos, Ibibios, Efiks, Binis, Ikweres, Kalabaris, and Okrikans. More
than two third of the Niger Delta people live in the rural areas.
Since the discovery of oil, conflicts have become more and more pervasive across the Niger Delta
(Asuni, 2008). The conflict in the Niger Delta had its roots in the increasing protests of the region’s
communities against their political, economic and environmental disenfranchisement. The
region’s goals included increased local control over resources and more equitable development.
They also sought the resolution of fishing and farming issues that arose from the environmental
effects of oil extraction, such as oil spills, acid rain and soil degradation. Ugboma (2010) also
revealed that oil-related activities have brought with them the politics of oil and this has ignited
and exacerbated oil-related conflicts in the oil-bearing areas. According to Anatsui (2007) such
failure results from the inability of conflicting units to accept the arrangements and procedures that
have been adopted to manage the conflict and information gap. Causes of conflict in the
communities ranges from intense competition for political office, economic stagnation,
hopelessness, oil revenue and pipeline vandalization by impoverished youths. Other causes are
broken promises, federal government’s neglect of the area and the lack of information
infrastructure. Misconceptions, misinformation, and misunderstanding due to boundary disputes,
illiteracy, poor educational background and the way information is disseminated to the oil-
producing communities are also likely causes of conflicts in the area.

Statement of the Problem
The oil-producing communities have been plagued with conflicts that have attracted international
attention since the Ogoni conflicts in 1992, and these have led to the rise of thousands of active
and armed militants, numerous cases of kidnapping and a large number of casualties. Conflict in
the oil- producing communities has led to dire consequences such as serious health challenges and
hazards, political instability and violence, communal clashes, kidnapping of oil workers, militancy
and even death. The Nigerian government has tried different methods of managing and ending
conflict in these communities, including the 13% derivation funds to oil producing states, amnesty
and economic empowerment to people from the region. None of these efforts have succeeded in
managing, resolving or bringing a lasting solution to conflicts in the area. However, a neglected
factor might be that information has not been effectively used in the past to influence the lives and
behaviour of the oil companies and the oil producing communities. The paper therefore seeks to
improve the situation in the region by researching on the role information has played in the past
conflicts and conflict management of oil producing communities in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.
The study seeks to highlight the importance of information, and how it can be used as an important
resource to resolve and manage conflicts in the region.
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed at, identifying the role information in conflict management in the oil producing
communities of the Niger Delta, ascertaining the information sources used in conflict
management, examining the barriers militating against effective use of information and to suggest
strategies that could be used to enhance information in conflict management in the oil producing
communities of the Niger Delta.
Methodology and Method of Data Analysis
The paper used historical research method and documentary sources such as newspapers articles,
unpublished theses, reports, books, reports from the Oputa panel, photographs, sketches, maps,
letters, articles, journals and web documents. Content analysis was used to analyse the information.

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS
Information
Information is an asset and a resource for development of communities, governments, agencies,
and the target population can be used to curtail conflicts. It can be used as a safety measure, to
inform conflict victims of when it is safe to return to their communities, and it will inform conflict
victims of where they can access relief materials from the government, receive medical care and
compensation, if any is available. Not only does information expand the possibilities of social,
political, educational and economic development of any country, but it also facilitates awareness
and empowerment (Malesi, 2008).
Development has diverse meanings connected to social change. According to Obi (2014), all rural
and urban societies are always changing, and these changes affects societal norms, values,
institutions, method of production, attitudes of the people and the way it distributes its resources.
She goes further to state that in rural societies, the customs and practices of the people are never
static, but constantly evolving into new forms. Development is an action or intervention that is
aimed at influencing social change in the society. It is a gradual growth of societies to create
something new from a previous situation with the objective of introducing new ideas into a social
systems in order to have a higher per capital incomes and levels of living through modern
productive methods and social organization. Another objective of development is a total
transformation from a traditional to modern type of technology that characterizes advanced nations
so that the people can build a future for themselves, Obi (2014).
Conflict Management
Conflict management is the process of limiting the negative aspects of conflict and increasing the
positive aspects. The process of conflict management is the foundation for more effective conflict
resolution. The main aim of conflict management is to enhance learning and group outcomes
including effectiveness and performance in organizational settings. Conflict management refers to
measures that limit, mitigate and/or contain a conflict without necessary solving it. Conflict
management aspect is aimed at resolving the deeper underlying conflict over time, and it is needed

to arrive at a positive result. The purpose of conflict management is to find satisfying outcomes
between conflict parties and with conflict management, there is team and group spirit which helps
societies to function more effectively and achieve goals. It is also about establishing an ongoing
process with leaders that are dedicated to open exchange of information in relationships with win-
win outcomes. Conflict management is a successful tool for resolving conflicts over a longer time
period, and it creates the foundation for effective conflict resolution while the importance of
conflict management lies in its ability to solve short-term conflicts. (Otite and Albert, 2001).
The management of conflicts helps to push society towards enhanced humanity and development.
Conflicts are inevitable in human affairs, but if carefully handled, they can lead to social and
economic progress. When conflicts are unmanaged, they are pushed to linger and explode into
violence, and thus become undesirable and may develop into a menace. Violent conflict is
therefore the consequence or the inability or failure to accommodate and manage conflicts in
society through arrangements and procedures that eliminate their negative effects and maximize
their positive effect (Imobighe, 1997).
The purpose of conflict management is to find satisfying outcomes between conflicting parties;
and with conflict management, there is team and group spirit which helps societies to function
more effectively and achieve goals. It is also about establishing an ongoing process with leaders
that are dedicated to open exchange of information in relationships with win-win outcomes. Coser
(1956) opines that conflict management is a successful tool for resolving conflicts over a longer
time period, and it creates the foundation for effective conflict resolution while the importance of
conflict management lies in its ability to solve short-term conflicts. Managing community conflict
is a time-consuming action, but may prevent the cycle of community conflict from lasting for
generations.
Role of Information in Conflict Management
In a situation where accurate information is disseminated, people will be well informed of the
conflict management procedures, and this will eliminate any bias and mistrust among parties that
are involved in the conflict. Information is a knowledge about facts, subjects and events that is
capable of reducing uncertainty. There are different types of information, which has to do with our
everyday life, they are theoretical analysis of a problem which matter to people and everyday

practicalities which has to do with telephone numbers, maps and timetables of people and
organizations. Facts and figures deals with how many of such cases happened, history, people’s
experiences, advice from individuals, research results, technical and legal information, news that
deals with the latest information about a particular subject or object, ideas and opinions, which
deals with what people think about a problem, are all types of information (Safari, nd).
For information to be useful to the recipient, it must have certain characteristics and meet certain
criteria, thus information must be valid, reliable, timely, fit for purpose, accessible, cost effective,
sufficiently accurate and understandable. It must also be from a reliable source, have the right level
of details and must be relevant. Information plays a very important role in almost every human
activity; its value in the development process has been a topic of extensive debate and its
dissemination is vital in prevention and management of conflicts. According to Echezona (2009)
information is an important ingredient in conflicts and during post-conflict situations. When
information is used in conflicts, it can be used as a safety measure, to inform conflict victims of
when it is safe to return to their communities, and it will inform conflict victims of where they can
access relief materials from the government, receive medical care and compensation, if any is
available. Not only does information expand the possibilities of social, political, educational and
economic development of any country, but it also facilitates awareness and empowerment.
Information is an asset and a resource for development of communities, governments, agencies,
and the target population.
Accurate information plays a very important role in rumor control and can correct misinformation.
Information is useful in the prevention and early warning for deescalating violence for
reconciliation, peace-building efforts and the prevention of a cycle of violence from reoccurring.
It helps to remove doubts and suspicion and contributes to the promotion of harmony, process of
confidence building and attainment of peace for the smoother management of a conflict (Scutari,
nd). Simply disseminating information in conflicts is inadequate; the information should be
properly disseminated for it to be able to rebut misinformation. The information must be accurate,
truthful, timely, objective, convincing and credible. It should be for molding and influencing
human behavior, attitude and orientation (Burgress & Maiese, 2004).

People need adequate and accurate information about their rights and obligations, information on
various oil acts, land use acts, conflict management and resolution, the Nigerian constitution, oil
companies operations, social responsibilities of oil companies and compensation to the host
community. This will help to enlighten and educate them on issues relevant to their lives and
society at large. This information is needed to fight for economic and political emancipation.
Accurate information can be used to inform people of dangers, demonstrate safe behavior and
create support for communities and leaders. It is also used to create legal and social environments
to support conflict victims. These information sources will only be useful when they are properly
disseminated, available, accessible, accurate and timely (Ugboma, 2008).
Barriers to Information in Conflict Management
There are a lot of circumstances that cause barriers in conflict management in Nigeria and other
conflict prone countries, such as; misinformation, non-availability of a vibrant press, restriction in
conflict areas, illiteracy, lack of trust for journalists, poverty, lack of infrastructure, consultation
and trained information professionals. A barrier to information in conflict management is
misinformation. Mokegwu (1995), states that the way journalists and the mass media report news
items could help to aggravate conflict. Any gap in knowledge or communication may be filled by
rumour or misrepresentation. Indeed, the information that is being spread through these informal
interactions often contain serious inaccuracies that are likely to make the conflict more destructive
than necessary and when information is based on second and third hand information as opposed to
primary data, could be a barrier when reporting conflict news.
Restriction to areas where conflicts have occurred, for example, when the town of Odi was
bombarded by the military, any journalist caught within fifteen kilometres of the town for a month
was likely to be harassed or even detained by the military. Those that were allowed access were
sent in with government minders, with the understanding that, government had the right to censor
the reports before it went to press. Any journalist that defied this unwritten understanding was
subsequently blacklisted. (Asuni, 2008)
Illiteracy rate could increase when the public do not question half-truths or even lies. Most people
in the oil producing communities are not literate, and since they do not have a formal education,
they do not read newspapers, do not listen to news items from the radio and television and so

information cannot be disseminated to them through the print media (Media Sector Mapping,
2009). According to Tinuade and Fadekemi (2015) a serious barrier was a breakdown in
communication due to high illiteracy level of the grassroots community members.
There is no specific or laid down conflict communication management programmes by oil
companies to manage effectively the incessant conflict between them and the host communities.
Ezeah and Asogwa (2014) showed that the oil companies used provision of social amenities in
place of conflict communication management programmes. They rely on the provision of social
amenities such as building of access roads and bridges, construction and renovation of schools,
hospitals, market stalls, electricity, portable water, awarding scholarships, etc. to manage and
resolve crises and conflicts in the region. The companies also rely on payment of compensations
and giving financial gifts to the traditional rulers, opinion leaders and political leaders as ways and
means of resolving crises. These could help in reducing crises but it does not take the place of
conflict communication management strategy.
Poverty is a major problem in disseminating information during conflict management. According
to Ochogwu (1993), if the poverty rate is very high and as such information materials cannot be
accessible to the people because of the high cost of information. Most people living in oil
producing communities find it difficult to feed, and since they are so poor it is very difficult for
them to afford the cost of information by purchasing books, magazines, newspapers, radio and
television.
When members of the community are not carried along, as stated by Ezeah and Asogwa (2014)
members of the host communities were not taken into consideration and into confidence in the
planning and execution of conflict management programmes by the oil producing companies. The
oil companies claimed that because of the nature of conflicts and the way it occurs, it does not
deem it necessary and wise to involve the members of the communities in the planning and
implementation of conflict management programmes. Lack of infrastructure is a serious hindrance
to information in conflict management.
Allen (1982) and Utor (2004) stated that most rural communities lack infrastructure such as good
road network, electricity which are tools for information dissemination. Lack of assessable roads
is a great barrier to disseminating information in conflict management. Most communities lack

basic infrastructure like electricity to use audio-visual resources. Many newspaper distributors in
the region confirm that they do not go to many rural communities because of infrastructural
problems, such as bad roads, travelling by river or sea, or the high cost of travelling to these
communities.
Language is another problem, the choice of language used to convey information in both national
and regional contexts can play a role in delegitimizing information for certain communities. Sayfan
(1990), stated that differences in language and language use is a major problem, it is necessary to
understand the culture of communication in a given area, because some types of information and
their interpretation cannot be accessed by everyone, and this makes it difficult to understand the
information passed to the communities undergoing conflict.
Lack of trained information professionals, lack of skills and training of information professionals
in processing and disseminating indigenous information/knowledge for conflict management.
Most people are disappointed that journalists do not have the confidence to come to gather facts
directly from the people (Frohardt, 2003).
Strategies for Improving Information in Conflict Management
Society has devised ways of conflict management. This has been done through the traditional and
with the emergence of modern information media such as radio, television, newspapers, books and
other print media have made it possible to disseminate timely information in conflict management.
The first strategy in managing a community conflict is to identify the type of conflict and the level
at which the conflict is operating. According to Ugboduwa (2008), if a conflict has its base on
value differences, then a reliable strategy is an open discussion and identification of the value
differences. Local ministers or social service workers often are trained in facilitating the discussion
of values, and may be called upon to facilitate a discussion that goes beyond the simple perceived
problem. Eti (2009), states that the grassroots media as the community press may be classified,
can play a critical role in sustaining peace in the oil producing communities by being the voice for
the voiceless. They could function as the rallying point for the people. The grass root media helps
in creating a sense of community and shared identity especially in conflict situations, a sense of
shared purpose and shared identity. In conflict management, the local media contributes to peace
by restoring levels of trust and self-worth on a population that is on the brink of an emerging

conflict. The issues at stake should be reframed in to positive messages. Media persons who are
engaged in conflict discourse should approach their duty with a sense of self-censorship, by
censorship, it should be assumed that the journalist have a sense of morality by which they are
guided in carrying out their duty.
Communities could have their conflict managed through information in various media houses. In
most post-conflict countries, radio and television are the most widely used form of media, while
the information manager or librarian in the radio or television houses can serve as a community’s
reservoir of information on past conflicts.
Libraries and books are important information resources for conflict management. Commenting
on the resources available in the library for conflict, Echezona (2007) Malesi (2008) and Namade
(2008) identified such resources as cultural literature, materials dealing with peace and security
(such as books, magazines, newspapers, journals, audio-visual materials) and internet resources.
Dialogue could be used as a means of managing conflicts rather than inciting violence and
litigation. Dialogue takes place when characters speak to one another. In the process of dialogue,
characters respond to one another. Mediators, facilitators, and peace – builders should study the
folklore of the parties in the conflict they are dealing with to fully understand their worldview,
philosophy and sensibility, so as to know how to bring equally civility and been receptive to the
other’s suggestions. According to Little John and Dominica (2001) dialogue seeks to clarify
important, perspectives, and experiences of others. Kellet and Dalton (2001) also state that the
purpose of dialogue is to create mutual understanding and action. Dialogue helps to de-escalate
conflict.
Religion according to Ukadike (2006) can be used as a strategy of conflict management in
disseminating information in churches and mosques about forgiveness, love of neighbor and
reconciliation. Religion provides human race with moral values and distinguishes between good
and evil, right and wrong, just and unjust, virtue and vice. It regulates human conduct and
harmonizes communal life. Religion enhances morals, which helps individuals to build
relationship between people and the world at large. Through religion people meet together to pray,
worship and discuss religious, moral, social and economic problems in the society, thereby
reducing tension and conflicts to the barest minimum.

Town hall meetings according to Media sector mapping (2009) takes a cohesive communication
strategy centre on the voice and participation of citizens. Such a strategy should include town-hall
meetings within communities and between government and citizens. More diverse viewpoints on
radio and television programmes and better training of media personnel to report fair and balanced
information are also needed. This participatory communication process will build trust in leaders
if promises of development are kept.
The importance of newspapers cannot be overemphasized, Yang and Ishak (2012) emphasizes the
importance of preserving newspapers during conflict management. During the Hindu conflict in
Malaysia, three main newspapers were found during the conflict timeframe committed to the
preservation of Hindu community rights in Malaysia. The newspapers provided useful information
about the ‘Hindraf movement’ objectively, forging peace interventions, human rights and the
management of information during conflicts.
Documentation of relevant information sources could be used as a strategy for conflict
management; information materials on policies about the management of the conflict should be
collected and preserved. Discussion with people from the community, religious and community
leaders, women and youth organizations. School teachers trade union leaders, development
workers, government officials, oil workers, etc. chief orientation mobilization officers of the
federal government established national orientation agency, town criers, state and local
government information officers, political leaders, local government chairman, town hall meeting
and community development committees, socio-cultural associations, press releases to the media
and press conferences, bulletins, one on one conversations, posters, community leaders, youth
leaders, traditional leaders and women leaders.
FINDINGS
Information can play both positive and negative roles in the conflicts of the oil producing
communities. Positively, information could assist in alerting the people of danger and safety,
educating people on health hazards, community grievances, and assisted in attracting international
attention to the plight of the region. Negatively, poor information management, rumor,

misinformation, secrecy, and double dealing could contribute to violence and major conflicts in
the communities.
The sources of information in the oil producing communities were both traditional and modern.
The barriers militating against effective information in conflict could be the lack of media
presence, poverty, riverine terrain, misinformation, rumor, lack of media professionals and lack of
electricity, lack of grass root approach, disinformation, cover up, and poor attitude of the media.
Strategies that could be used to improve information in the oil producing communities are the town
crier, town hall meetings, dialogue, religion, grass root media, libraries and newspapers.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
The study concludes by emphasizing on the importance and continued use of information to address
conflicts and the need for the oil companies to be more conscientious in disseminating useful,
timely and relevant information to the oil producing communities during conflict management
processes. Information should be used as a driver for positive social change, and positioning
communities at the center of the information flow will help build a firm foundation for strong oil-
producing communities in Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
Recommendations
From the findings of the study, the researcher recommends the following:
i. Communities should create information centers during conflict so as to disseminate
information from one central point;
ii. The oil companies should be open and honest in disseminating timely information to the
oil- producing communities.
iii. Information from the oil companies and the oil-producing communities should be
accessible to the media so that the reporters would not go to other sources for information.
iv. The media should be proactive in covering news and should always get to the grass root to
cover news, and should serve as a rallying point for the people.

v. The communities should also use the traditional media such as the use of the chiefs, the
Community Development Council, town criers, and community assembly to disseminate
information to the people since the traditional media was more effective and required no
electricity.
vi. The government should ensure adherence to the freedom of press and information by all
agencies.
vii. The negative results of conflicts in the oil producing communities should always be aired
in the television and the radio by the media. This information should be repackaged in
‘pidgin’ and the major languages of the Niger Delta. The Information should also be posted
on billboards around the communities, so that they know the negative consequences of
conflicts.
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Role of information in conflict management and development in oil producing communities of the niger delta, nigeria