The document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It notes that women entrepreneurship development is low in India, especially in rural areas, though progress is greater in urban upper-class families. It outlines the status of women entrepreneurs in India and problems they face in the competitive business environment. Key challenges for women entrepreneurs include lack of access to financial capital due to social norms and collateral requirements, balancing family responsibilities, and overcoming discriminatory attitudes from financial institutions. The document provides an overview of government support programs and policies aimed at promoting women's economic participation and entrepreneurship in India.
Women today are forming the indispensable part of the society, we are talking about women empowerment, we are talking about breaking the glass ceiling, yet there are many issues that need to be addressed. Learn the insights about women entrepreneurs with a key focus in Indian ecosystem.
A Study on the Factors Influence Women Entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli DistrictArul Edison
The main objective of project is study factors influencing women entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli district, analyzing the socio economic cultural factors, government policy factors, family status factors, personal characteristic factors, financial factors, motivational factors, market and network factors. In this study researcher tried to identify the factors influencing women entrepreneurs, so that areas of improvement can be identified and necessary steps can be given for implementation. The research design adopted in this study comes under descriptive design. A descriptive study is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of factors influencing women entrepreneurs in Trichy district. The sampling method used for this study is simple random sampling. In this study the researcher has adopted, independent sample t-test, multivariate analysis, correlation, regression, factor analysis comes under the data analysis. The study provides a comprehensive review of the 26 critical factors influencing the growth of women entrepreneurs particularly in Trichy as the factors are derived from the global literature on women entrepreneurship. These would aid in better positioning the significance of these critical factors towards the success of the entrepreneurs in Trichy and in general.
Purpose of making this presentation was to explain how is the scope of women entrepreneurship in India. What all are the issues presented in the system which affect women entrepreneurs in India. Ho Indian women entrepreneurs are different than others. What is the total contribution of women entrepreneurs on overall trade practices. It also explains the suggestions to enhance and promote the women entrepreneurs in India.
I hope this will help students to understood the issue well and give them few insights for their own research
Data collection is completely from the secondary sources.
Women today are forming the indispensable part of the society, we are talking about women empowerment, we are talking about breaking the glass ceiling, yet there are many issues that need to be addressed. Learn the insights about women entrepreneurs with a key focus in Indian ecosystem.
A Study on the Factors Influence Women Entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli DistrictArul Edison
The main objective of project is study factors influencing women entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli district, analyzing the socio economic cultural factors, government policy factors, family status factors, personal characteristic factors, financial factors, motivational factors, market and network factors. In this study researcher tried to identify the factors influencing women entrepreneurs, so that areas of improvement can be identified and necessary steps can be given for implementation. The research design adopted in this study comes under descriptive design. A descriptive study is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of factors influencing women entrepreneurs in Trichy district. The sampling method used for this study is simple random sampling. In this study the researcher has adopted, independent sample t-test, multivariate analysis, correlation, regression, factor analysis comes under the data analysis. The study provides a comprehensive review of the 26 critical factors influencing the growth of women entrepreneurs particularly in Trichy as the factors are derived from the global literature on women entrepreneurship. These would aid in better positioning the significance of these critical factors towards the success of the entrepreneurs in Trichy and in general.
Purpose of making this presentation was to explain how is the scope of women entrepreneurship in India. What all are the issues presented in the system which affect women entrepreneurs in India. Ho Indian women entrepreneurs are different than others. What is the total contribution of women entrepreneurs on overall trade practices. It also explains the suggestions to enhance and promote the women entrepreneurs in India.
I hope this will help students to understood the issue well and give them few insights for their own research
Data collection is completely from the secondary sources.
the women are creating a new world where they can say that yes we are the one who also start there business and become a successful entrepreneur or start up..
Challenges Faced By Women Entrepreneurs In IndiaLatha setna
In the current business world, women entrepreneurs are playing a vital role and they have become important part of the economic development and social progress. Development Compared to other countries the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India. The educated women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women entrepreneurs stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. This paper focuses on women entrepreneurs, reasons women become entrepreneurs, the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs.
This Presentation will let you know about the Women Entrepreneurship in India over the last decade. This presentation will also let you know about the Factors, Causes, etc. regarding Women Entrepreneurship in India
Meaning, definition, Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurship,Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate, organise and run a business concern., A woman with a passion for becoming an entrepreneur should try to develop the above mentioned traits, cross the hurdles with a determined mind and she is sure to have a successful tomorrow., Indian Women Entrepreneurs Characters
Introduction, features of women entrepreneurship, why women become entrepreneurs, qualities, tips for women entrepreneurs, facilitating factors, opportunities, challenges, problems, remedial measures, steps taken by government, training programs, supporting agencies and about some famous women entrepreneurs
Women entrepreneurship has been recognised as an important source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems. However, they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs often face gender-based barriers to starting and growing their businesses, like discriminatory property, matrimonial and inheritance laws and/or cultural practices; lack of access to formal finance mechanisms; limited mobility and access to information and networks, etc
Challenges faced by Women entrepreneurs,
Opportunities for an entrepreneurial career,
measure to improve women entrepreneurship,
factors influencing the women entrepreneurship,
entrepreneurial motivation concept.
Being a woman itself poses various problems to a woman entrepreneur, the problems of Indian women pertain to her responsibility towards family, society and lion work
This Presentation will give us insight on how we can motivate women to go for Entrepreneurship and the obstacles in front of them and how to overcome the same
research project report on challenges faced by working women in private sect...RAJWANT KAUR
It was a research report conducted from respondent who are working women employees in private sector banks. It's topic is the problems and challenges faced by women in private sector banks,
Entrepreneurship Development - IntroductionSOMASUNDARAM T
Introduction to Entrepreneur; Entrepreneurship and Enterprise; Importance and relevance of the entrepreneur; Factors influencing entrepreneurship; Pros and Cons of being an entrepreneur; Women entrepreneur; problems and promotion (SHGs); Types of Entrepreneurs; Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur; Competency requirement for entrepreneurs; Awareness of self-competence.
Entrepreneurship and women empowerment-PPT about successful women EntrepreneursKaruppan Gnanasambandan
Empowerment of Women is mainly based on their economic independence. Entrepreneurship will be a powerful tool for them to earn their income. Right or Respect? which one to choose. Simply seeking rights is of no use. Women were most respected lot in India in olden days. It is because of the British legacy we forgot our culture and started using women instead of respecting them.
the women are creating a new world where they can say that yes we are the one who also start there business and become a successful entrepreneur or start up..
Challenges Faced By Women Entrepreneurs In IndiaLatha setna
In the current business world, women entrepreneurs are playing a vital role and they have become important part of the economic development and social progress. Development Compared to other countries the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India. The educated women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women entrepreneurs stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. This paper focuses on women entrepreneurs, reasons women become entrepreneurs, the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs.
This Presentation will let you know about the Women Entrepreneurship in India over the last decade. This presentation will also let you know about the Factors, Causes, etc. regarding Women Entrepreneurship in India
Meaning, definition, Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurship,Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate, organise and run a business concern., A woman with a passion for becoming an entrepreneur should try to develop the above mentioned traits, cross the hurdles with a determined mind and she is sure to have a successful tomorrow., Indian Women Entrepreneurs Characters
Introduction, features of women entrepreneurship, why women become entrepreneurs, qualities, tips for women entrepreneurs, facilitating factors, opportunities, challenges, problems, remedial measures, steps taken by government, training programs, supporting agencies and about some famous women entrepreneurs
Women entrepreneurship has been recognised as an important source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems. However, they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs often face gender-based barriers to starting and growing their businesses, like discriminatory property, matrimonial and inheritance laws and/or cultural practices; lack of access to formal finance mechanisms; limited mobility and access to information and networks, etc
Challenges faced by Women entrepreneurs,
Opportunities for an entrepreneurial career,
measure to improve women entrepreneurship,
factors influencing the women entrepreneurship,
entrepreneurial motivation concept.
Being a woman itself poses various problems to a woman entrepreneur, the problems of Indian women pertain to her responsibility towards family, society and lion work
This Presentation will give us insight on how we can motivate women to go for Entrepreneurship and the obstacles in front of them and how to overcome the same
research project report on challenges faced by working women in private sect...RAJWANT KAUR
It was a research report conducted from respondent who are working women employees in private sector banks. It's topic is the problems and challenges faced by women in private sector banks,
Entrepreneurship Development - IntroductionSOMASUNDARAM T
Introduction to Entrepreneur; Entrepreneurship and Enterprise; Importance and relevance of the entrepreneur; Factors influencing entrepreneurship; Pros and Cons of being an entrepreneur; Women entrepreneur; problems and promotion (SHGs); Types of Entrepreneurs; Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur; Competency requirement for entrepreneurs; Awareness of self-competence.
Entrepreneurship and women empowerment-PPT about successful women EntrepreneursKaruppan Gnanasambandan
Empowerment of Women is mainly based on their economic independence. Entrepreneurship will be a powerful tool for them to earn their income. Right or Respect? which one to choose. Simply seeking rights is of no use. Women were most respected lot in India in olden days. It is because of the British legacy we forgot our culture and started using women instead of respecting them.
Problems and Prospects of Woman Entrepreneurship – A Review of LiteratureIOSRJBM
Any nation, to grow today in the world of intense competition, requires entrepreneurs at the core of the economic development. Entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneurship has been dominated by males since ages. However, in the era of information technology, the women have become more aware and better educational facilities have enabled them to venture into this male dominated space. The women today have emerged as a key player in economic development of the nations. However this transformation of society is far from over and the women entrepreneurs not only face difficulties while starting up an enterprise but also during the running phase. Globally, they have become a key player in sustaining both social development and economic growth. However, in a country like India where almost 50% of population is made up of women, the number of enterprises run by women entrepreneurs is only 7.36% or out of 361.76 Lakh enterprises in the MSME sector, only 26.61 Lakh have women at the top. There are a number of socio-economic hurdles faced by the women while they attempt to venture into setting up and running their own enterprises. Hence, the paper discusses the status of the Women Entrepreneurs and their importance. Also, an attempt is made to identify the challenges faced by these women entrepreneurs, by reviewing various literatures and provide some suggestion for overcoming these obstacles
A Study on Challenges and Opportunities for Rural Women Entrepreneurs in Indiaijtsrd
65 of Indian population is living in the rural areas, out of which women population constitute around half of this general population, therefore it is necessary to develop rural population, so as to improve the Socio economic condition of the country. women are always considered as Physically and mentally weak and treated as a weaker section of the society, who are dependent on males .As a result it is believed that they are not acceptable for Lethal and risky jobs, but now the time has changed, nowadays more women stated showing curiosity and concern in owning the small business in order to became Financially as well socially independent. As a result numbers of women started their business and have been a successful entrepreneur, but still the amount of women contribution in the world of Business is very little. The reason behind this is the fact that in India women especially rural women has to face lots of Social as well as Cultural Boundaries, Moreover there are plenty of Challenges that a women needs to face in order to raise as a Successful Entrepreneurs like -No access to proper Information on Market, Finance, Technology, Unfavourable Regulation and Policies, No linkage with the Supporting Agencies and so on. Although many arrangements and programmes has been made up by the government of India along with the ministry of rural development to provide them an opportunity to became self reliant, self dependent as well as self employed, but still the urgent need of the country is to provide a favourable environment to the women entrepreneurs because of the fact that they need ability building and training of the functional areas such as finance, literacy skills, marketing, production and managerial skills, which will definitely encourage them to participate in the growth and development of the nation. Mr. Amir zia | Dr. Naila Zia "A Study on Challenges & Opportunities for Rural Women Entrepreneurs in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49711.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-environment/49711/a-study-on-challenges-and-opportunities-for-rural-women-entrepreneurs-in-india/mr-amir-zia
Analyzing Female Entrepreneurship in A Global Context- The Challenges And The...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Women entrepreneur may be defined as a woman or group of women who initiate, organize, and run a business enterprise. In terms of Schumpeter concept of innovative entrepreneurs, women who innovate, imitate or adopt a business activity are called “Women Entrepreneurs”.
Women constitute around half of the total world population. So is in India also. They are therefore regarded as the better half of the society. In traditional societies, they were confined to the four walls of houses performing household activities.
Challenging Factors of Rural Women Entrepreneurs in West BengalNabarun Chakraborty
This study unfolds the significance of various
factors of women entrepreneurship in West Bengal. It also intends to explore some
measures that can be taken to uplift the women entrepreneurship.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Role of Women Entrepreneurship in Economic Developmentuma reur
Entrepreneurs initiate and sustain the process of economic development in the following ways:
1. Capital Formation:
2. Improvement in Per Capita Income:
3. Generation of Employment:
4. Balanced Regional Development:
5. Improvement in Living Standards:
6. Economic Independence:
7. Backward and Forward Linkages:
8. Innovation:
9. Other contributions:
Role of Financial Institutions for the Development of Women Entrepreneurship ...ijtsrd
Entrepreneurship as an factor of economic development is now recognized. A number of financial institutions provide support to women entrepreneurs for their innovative and imaginative scheme of activities aimed at skill development for income and employment generation in different sectors. Besides, the society should also facilitate the growth of women by recognizing their talents and abilities. There has been a substantial growth in womens involvement in the economic activities all over the world over the past few decades. For this both the government and non-government agencies have to play a vital role. Despite the efforts of governmental and non-governmental organizations, the women entrepreneurs are facing many problems. It has been pointed out by many research studies that more than 70% of the problems faced by the women entrepreneurship are related with credit. Financial institutions have historically viewed women entrepreneurs as more doubtful preposition than men entrepreneurs.Today there is a greater development among women. If given the opportunity, they will deliver the outcome. It is therefore essential to encourage educated young women to entrepreneurial streams with financial, technical and scientific assistance. Hence, an integrated approach is necessary for making the movement of women entrepreneurship a success. Governmental and Non-governmental organizations should make more focused and directed efforts, and initiate specific programmes for women entrepreneurship development. Entrepreneurial development programmes should train, motivate, enhance and shape-up individual skills of women having market potential. The EDPs and MDPs can become a vital link for harnessing huge and unused human skills to channelize them towards accelerating the gender mainstreaming and position women entrepreneur on equivalence with men entrepreneurs. Dr. N. Rajendhiran | M. Kousalya Devi"Role of Financial Institutions for the Development of Women Entrepreneurship in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7095.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/7095/role-of-financial-institutions-for-the-development--of-women-entrepreneurship-in-india/dr-n-rajendhiran
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
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1. Women Entrepreneurship in India- An Overview
Abstract
Women entrepreneurship development is an essential part of human resource
development. The development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India,
especially in the rural areas. Entrepreneurship amongst women has been a recent
concern. Women have become aware of their existence their rights and their work
situation. However, women of middle class are not too eager to alter their role in fear
of social backlash. The progress is more visible among upper class families in urban
cities.
This paper focuses on women entrepreneur. Any understanding of Indian women, of
their identity, and especially of their role taking and breaking new paths, will be
incomplete without a walk down the corridors of Indian history where women have
lived and internalized various role models. The paper talks about the status of
women entrepreneurs and the problems faced by them when they ventured out to
carve their own niche in the competitive world of business environment.
INTRODUCTIONThe Indian economy has been witnessing a drastic change since mid -1991, with new
policies of economic liberalization, globalization and privatization initiated by the
Indian government. India has great entrepreneurial potential. At present, women
involvement in economic activities is marked by a low work participation rate,
excessive concentration in the unorganized sector and employment in less skilled
jobs.
Any strategy aimed at economic development will be lop-sided without involving
women who constitute half of the world population. Evidence has unequivocally
established that entrepreneurial spirit is not a male prerogative. Women
entrepreneurship has gained momentum in the last three decades with the increase
in the number of women enterprises and their substantive contribution to economic
growth. The industrial performance of Asia-Pacific region propelled by Foreign Direct
Investment, technological innovations and manufactured exports has brought a wide
range of economic and social opportunities to women entrepreneurs.
In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are an important part of the global
quest for sustained economic development and social progress. In India, though
women have played a key role in the society, their entrepreneurial ability has not
been properly tapped due to the lower status of women in the society. It is only from
the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards that their role has been explicitly
recognized with a marked shift in the approach from women welfare to women
development and empowerment. The development of women entrepreneurship has
become an important aspect of our plan priorities. Several policies and programmes
are being implemented for the development of women entrepreneurship in India.
There is a need for changing the mindset towards women so as to give equal rights
as enshrined in the constitution. The progress towards gender equality is slow and is
partly due to the failure to attach money to policy commitments. In the words of
1
2. president APJ Abdul Kalam "empowering women is a prerequisite for creating a good
nation, when women are empowered, society with stability is assured. Empowerment
of women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the
development of a good family, good society and ultimately a good nation."
When a woman is empowered it does not mean that another individual becomes
powerless or is having less power. On the contrary, if a women is empowered her
competencies towards decision- making will surely influence her family's behavior.
In advanced countries, there is a phenomenon of increase in the number of selfemployed women after the world war 11. In USA, women own 25% of all business,
even though their sales on an average are less than two-fifths of those of other small
business. In Canada, women own one-third of small business and in France it is onefifth.
Concept of Entrepreneur- The word ' entrepreneur' derives from the French word
"Entreprendre" (to undertake) .in the early 16th Century it was applied to persons
engaged in military expeditions, and extend to cover construction and civil
engineering activities in the 17th century, but during the 18th century , the word
'entrepreneur' was used to refer to economic activities. Many authors have defined
'entrepreneur' differently. Generally, an entrepreneur is a person who combines
capital and labour for production. According to Cantillion "entrepreneur is the agent
who buys means of production at certain prices, in order to sell at prices that are
certain at the moment at which he commits himself to his cost". According to P.F
Drucker " he is one who always (1) searches for change (2) responds to it (3)
exploits it as an opportunity."
Concept of women Entrepreneur Enterprise-" A small scale industrial unit or industry
–related service or business enterprise, managed by one or more women
entrepreneurs in a concern, in which they will individually or jointly have a share
capital of not less than 51% as shareholders of the private limited company,
members of co-operative society".
Categories of Women Entrepreneurs
•
•
•
•
•
Women in organized & unorganized sector
Women in traditional & modern industries
Women in urban & rural areas
Women in large scale and small scale industries.
Single women and joint venture.
Categories of Women Entrepreneurs in Practice in India
• First Category
– Established in big cities
– Having higher level technical & professional qualifications
– Non traditional Items
– Sound financial positions
• Second Category
– Established in cities and towns
– Having sufficient education
2
3. – Both traditional and non traditional items
– Undertaking women services-kindergarten, crèches, beauty parlors, health clinic
etc
• Third Category
– Illiterate women
– Financially week
– Involved in family business such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry,
Dairy, Fisheries, Agro Forestry, Handloom, Power loom etc.
Supportive Measures for Women's Economic Activities and Entrepreneurship
•
•
•
•
Direct & indirect financial support
Yojna schemes and programmes
Technological training and awards
Federations and associations
Direct & Indirect Financial Support
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nationalized banks
State finance corporation
State industrial development corporation
District industries centers
Differential rate schemes
Mahila Udyug Needhi scheme
Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
State Small Industrial Development Corporations (SSIDCs)
Yojna Schemes and Programme
•
•
•
•
Nehru Rojgar Yojna
Jacamar Rojgar Yojna
TRYSEM
DWACRA
Technological Training and Awards
•
•
•
•
•
Stree Shakti Package by SBI
Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India
Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD)
National Institute of Small Business Extension Training (NSIBET)
Women's University of Mumbai
Federations and Associations
•
•
•
•
•
•
National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE)
India Council of Women Entrepreneurs, New Delhi
Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA)
Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka (AWEK)
World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (WAWE)
Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW)
3
4. Women Entrepreneurship in India
States
No
of
Units No.
of
Women Percentage
Registered
Entrepreneurs
Tamil Nadu
9618
2930
30.36
Uttar Pradesh
7980
3180
39.84
Kerala
5487
2135
38.91
Punjab
4791
1618
33.77
Maharastra
4339
1394
32.12
Gujrat
3872
1538
39.72
Karnatka
3822
1026
26.84
Madhya Pradesh
2967
842
28.38
Other States & UTS
14576
4185
28.71
Total
57,452
18,848
32.82
Women Work Participation
Country
Percentage
India (1970-1971)
14.2
India (1980-1981)
19.7
India (1990-1991)
22.3
India (2000-2001)
31.6
USA
45
UK
43
Indonesia
40
4
5. Sri Lanka
35
Brazil
35
Some examples
• Mahila Grih Udyog
– 7 ladies started in 1959: Lizzat Pappad
• Lakme
– Simon Tata
• Shipping coorporation
– Mrs. Sumati Morarji
• Exports
– Ms. Nina Mehrotra
• Herbal Heritage
– Ms. Shahnaz Hussain
• Balaji films
- Ekta Kapoor
• Kiran Mazumdar
- Bio-technology
Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in India
Women in India are faced many problems to get ahead their life in business. A few
problems cane be detailed as;
1. The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. A kind of
patriarchal – male dominant social order is the building block to them in their way
towards business success. Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures
run by women.
2. The financial institutions are skeptical about the entrepreneurial abilities of
women. The bankers consider women loonies as higher risk than men loonies. The
bankers put unrealistic and unreasonable securities to get loan to women
entrepreneurs. According to a report by the United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO), "despite evidence that women's loan repayment rates are
higher than men's, women still face more difficulties in obtaining credit," often due to
discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups (UNIDO, 1995b).
3. Entrepreneurs usually require financial assistance of some kind to launch their
ventures - be it a formal bank loan or money from a savings account. Women in
developing nations have little access to funds, due to the fact that they are
concentrated in poor rural communities with few opportunities to borrow money
(Starcher, 1996; UNIDO, 1995a). The women entrepreneurs are suffering from
5
6. inadequate financial resources and working capital. The women entrepreneurs lack
access to external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very few
women have the tangible property in hand.
4. Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful
entrepreneurs in both developed and developing nations. "Having primary
responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members, few women
can devote all their time and energies to their business" (Starcher, 1996, p.
.The
financial institutions discourage women entrepreneurs on the belief that they can at
any time leave their business and become housewives again. The result is that they
are forced to rely on their own savings, and loan from relatives and family friends.
5. Indian women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married
women have to make a fine balance between business and home. More over the
business success is depends on the support the family members extended to women
in the business process and management. The interest of the family members is a
determinant factor in the realization of women folk business aspirations.
6. Another argument is that women entrepreneurs have low-level management
skills. They have to depend on office staffs and intermediaries, to get things done,
especially, the marketing and sales side of business. Here there is more probability
for business fallacies like the intermediaries take major part of the surplus or profit.
Marketing means mobility and confidence in dealing with the external world, both of
which women have been discouraged from developing by social conditioning. Even
when they are otherwise in control of an enterprise, they often depend on males of
the family in this area.
7. The male - female competition is another factor, which develop hurdles to women
entrepreneurs in the business management process. Despite the fact that women
entrepreneurs are good in keeping their service prompt and delivery in time, due to
lack of organizational skills compared to male entrepreneurs women have to face
constraints from competition. The confidence to travel across day and night and even
different regions and states are less found in women compared to male
entrepreneurs. This shows the low level freedom of expression and freedom of
mobility of the women entrepreneurs.
8. Knowledge of alternative source of raw materials availability and high negotiation
skills are the basic requirement to run a business. Getting the raw materials from
different souse with discount prices is the factor that determines the profit margin.
Lack of knowledge of availability of the raw materials and low-level negotiation and
bargaining skills are the factors, which affect women entrepreneur's business
adventures.
9. Knowledge of latest technological changes, know how, and education level of the
person are significant factor that affect business. The literacy rate of women in India
is found at low level compared to male population. Many women in developing
nations lack the education needed to spur successful entrepreneurship. They are
ignorant of new technologies or unskilled in their use, and often unable to do
research and gain the necessary training (UNIDO, 1995b, p.1). Although great
advances are being made in technology, many women's illiteracy, structural
difficulties, and lack of access to technical training prevent the technology from being
beneficial or even available to females ("Women Entrepreneurs in Poorest Countries,"
2001). According to The Economist, this lack of knowledge and the continuing
6
7. treatment of women as second-class citizens keep them in a pervasive cycle of
poverty ("The Female Poverty Trap," 2001). The studies indicates that uneducated
women don't have the knowledge of measurement and basic accounting.
10. Low-level risk taking attitude is another factor affecting women folk decision to
get into business. Low-level education provides low-level self-confidence and selfreliance to the women folk to engage in business, which is continuous risk taking and
strategic cession making profession. Investing money, maintaining the operations
and ploughing back money for surplus generation requires high risk taking attitude,
courage and confidence. Though the risk tolerance ability of the women folk in dayto-day life is high compared to male members, while in business it is found opposite
to that.
11. Achievement motivation of the women folk found less compared to male
members. The low level of education and confidence leads to low level achievement
and advancement motivation among women folk to engage in business operations
and running a business concern.
12. Finally high production cost of some business operations adversely affects the
development of women entrepreneurs. The installation of new machineries during
expansion of the productive capacity and like similar factors dissuades the women
entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas.
How to Develop Women Entrepreneurs?
Right efforts on from all areas are required in the development of women
entrepreneurs and their greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities.
Following efforts can be taken into account for effective development of women
entrepreneurs.
1. Consider women as specific target group for all developmental programmers.
2. Better educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women folk from
government part.
3. Adequate training programme on management skills to be provided to women
community.
4. Encourage women's participation in decision-making.
5. Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them to
understand the production process and production management.
6. Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial training
institutes. Skills are put to work in training-cum-production workshops.
7
8. 7. Training on professional competence and leadership skill to be extended to women
entrepreneurs.
8. Training and counselling on a large scale of existing women entrepreneurs to
remove psychological causes like lack of self-confidence and fear of success.
9. Counseling through the aid of committed NGOs, psychologists, managerial experts
and technical personnel should be provided to existing and emerging women
entrepreneurs.
10. Continuous monitoring and improvement of training programmers.
11. Activities in which women are trained should focus on their marketability and
profitability.
12. Making provision of marketing and sales assistance from government part.
13. To encourage more passive women entrepreneurs the Women training
programme should be organised that taught to recognize her own psychological
needs and express them.
14. State finance corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to
extend purely trade related finance to women entrepreneurs.
15. Women's development corporations have to gain access to open-ended
financing.
16. The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance both for
small scale venture and large scale ventures.
17. Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the
women entrepreneurs at local level.
18. Repeated gender sensitization programmers should be held to train financiers to
treat women with dignity and respect as persons in their own right.
19. Infrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up industries is to
be provided by state run agencies.
20. Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the display and sale of
products made by women.
21. A Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell set up to handle the various problems of
women entrepreneurs all over the state.
22. District Industries Centers and Single Window Agencies should make use of
assisting women in their trade and business guidance.
23. Programmers for encouraging entrepreneurship among women are to be
extended at local level.
24. Training in entrepreneurial attitudes should start at the high school level through
well-designed courses, which build confidence through behavioral games.
8
9. 25. More governmental schemes to motivate women entrepreneurs to engage in
small scale and large-scale business ventures.
26. Involvement of Non Governmental Organizations in women entrepreneurial
training programmes and counseling.
Conclusion - Entrepreneurship among women, no doubt improves the wealth of the
nation in general and of the family in particular. Women today are more willing to
take up activities that were once considered the preserve of men, and have proved
that they are second to no one with respect to contribution to the growth of the
economy. Women entrepreneurship must be moulded properly with entrepreneurial
traits and skills to meet the changes in trends, challenges global markets and also be
competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial arena.
9
10. 25. More governmental schemes to motivate women entrepreneurs to engage in
small scale and large-scale business ventures.
26. Involvement of Non Governmental Organizations in women entrepreneurial
training programmes and counseling.
Conclusion - Entrepreneurship among women, no doubt improves the wealth of the
nation in general and of the family in particular. Women today are more willing to
take up activities that were once considered the preserve of men, and have proved
that they are second to no one with respect to contribution to the growth of the
economy. Women entrepreneurship must be moulded properly with entrepreneurial
traits and skills to meet the changes in trends, challenges global markets and also be
competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial arena.
9