This document provides a brief history of women's social rights and roles in Ireland from the Acts of Union through today. It describes how early social policies viewed women primarily as wives and mothers and supported a male breadwinner model. Over time, reforms increased women's rights to employment and equality. However, progress was slow and the 1937 Constitution emphasized women's role in the home. Gradually, laws mandated equal pay, ended marriage bars, provided parental leave and recognized women's independence. While gains were made, the legacy of favoring male breadwinners influenced policies for many decades.
FOR THE STUDENTS OF SOCIAL WORK
.
These slides were prepared by Prof. Amir Zada Asad, ex Chairman Department of Social Work, university of Peshawar. They have been modified by Dr. Imran A. Sajid.
They are based on the works of Walter Friedlander in his book Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare.
This presentation is highly useful for the students of BS and Masters in Social Work, Social Welfare, or Social Policy.
Dr. Imran A. Sajid
University of Peshawar
Emergence of Social Work - Week 2 and 3Rizwan Abbas
This lecture contained:
1. Need to understand History
2. Historical development of Social Work
3. Historical Background/ Roots
4. Early 20th Century
5. After 2nd World War
6. The Beveridge Report and its implementation
7. Present Social Services
8. Development of Social Work in Pakistan
9. Functions of Directorate of Social Welfare Punjab
Evolution of social welfare policy Before and between 16th and 19th Century o...Musammar
Evolution of social welfare policy Before and between 16th and 19th Century of British era
Written By Rizwan Rizvi Punjab University Lahore Department Of Social Work
Economics made Simple 2019 week 1 - Concepts and Irish Economic DevelopmentNevinInstitute
Dr Tom McDonnell, Senior Economist at the NERI presented at week 1 of the "Economics made Simple" series of Lectures in the Teacher's Club on Monday 21st October. The Lectures are run in conjunction with The People's College. Tom presented on "Concepts and Irish Economic Development".
FOR THE STUDENTS OF SOCIAL WORK
.
These slides were prepared by Prof. Amir Zada Asad, ex Chairman Department of Social Work, university of Peshawar. They have been modified by Dr. Imran A. Sajid.
They are based on the works of Walter Friedlander in his book Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare.
This presentation is highly useful for the students of BS and Masters in Social Work, Social Welfare, or Social Policy.
Dr. Imran A. Sajid
University of Peshawar
Emergence of Social Work - Week 2 and 3Rizwan Abbas
This lecture contained:
1. Need to understand History
2. Historical development of Social Work
3. Historical Background/ Roots
4. Early 20th Century
5. After 2nd World War
6. The Beveridge Report and its implementation
7. Present Social Services
8. Development of Social Work in Pakistan
9. Functions of Directorate of Social Welfare Punjab
Evolution of social welfare policy Before and between 16th and 19th Century o...Musammar
Evolution of social welfare policy Before and between 16th and 19th Century of British era
Written By Rizwan Rizvi Punjab University Lahore Department Of Social Work
Economics made Simple 2019 week 1 - Concepts and Irish Economic DevelopmentNevinInstitute
Dr Tom McDonnell, Senior Economist at the NERI presented at week 1 of the "Economics made Simple" series of Lectures in the Teacher's Club on Monday 21st October. The Lectures are run in conjunction with The People's College. Tom presented on "Concepts and Irish Economic Development".
Slides from NERI Quarterly Economic Observer (QEO) Summer, 2019 Launch which took place in Buswells Hotel on Thursday 18th July, 2019. The QEO proposes changes to the taxation of capital stocks in the Republic, in particular reforms to Local Property Tax.
NERI Seminar: Whither Industrial Democracy? Irish Trade Unionism and the Co...NevinInstitute
Dr Cian McMahon, Postdoctoral research position, Saint Mary's University, Nova Scotia presented at a NERI Seminar on 5th June, 2019 on the subject of Cooperative Commonwealth
Slides from NERI Seminar Belfast: Productivity on the Island of Ireland: A t...NevinInstitute
Slides from NERI Seminar Belfast: Productivity on the Island of Ireland: A tale of three economies by Paul Mac Flynn and Paul Goldrick-Kelly held on 11th April, 2019.
What is behind aggregate productivity in Ireland? A granular approachNevinInstitute
This paper aims to empirically test for Ireland the “granular hypothesis” (Gabaix 2011) which posits that firm-level productivity shocks can explain a sizable portion of aggregate productivity fluctuations.
The Irish case is particularly relevant as Ireland has been experiencing increasing economic concentration in recent years to the point that micro shocks to a few selected firms in 2015 led to significant level shifts in aggregate variables like GDP (+34 per cent) and, particularly, labour productivity (+23 per cent) and total factor productivity (-12 per cent).
Combining macro data from the CSO and the OECD with micro data from the Annual Business Survey of Economic Impact (ABSEI), the granular hypothesis is tested in Ireland for the period 2000-2016.
Research findings confirm that productivity shocks to the 5 largest firms (in terms of value added) in Ireland account for a large fraction (about one-third) of aggregate productivity growth. These empirical results shed light on the origins of Irish productivity fluctuations, the consequences of economic concentration on resilience and the importance of diversification policies aimed at broadening Ireland’s enterprise base of productive firms.
Health is of central importance to well-being. The standard and reach of health services have improved in Ireland over recent decades as indeed have health outcomes. However, not all of this progress has been experienced equally by all sections of the population. In particular, there are significant and persistent disparities in healthcare outcomes adjusted for socio-economic status. Similar disparities in the level of access to healthcare and the scope of healthcare provision point to a systemic problem. This paper considers a policy approach that could deliver a single, universal, comprehensive and integrated health service fit for purpose and one to which all people can have access on the basis of need and not ability to pay. Our costing exercise demonstrates that health system transition and reform will entail additional demands on public resources with implications for fiscal policy.
Presentation at NERI Seminar by Dr Rory Hearne, NUI Maynooth NevinInstitute
The current housing crisis in Ireland is not a mere ‘blip’, with a return to a ‘normal’ functioning housing market due to take place in the coming years. This paper argues that the Irish housing system, as a result of government housing policies combined with macro-level shifts in the economy towards precariousness and the increasing importance of global investment funds, has undergone a structural ‘shock’. This has resulted in a dramatic increase in housing inequalities and exclusion, from the rise in homelessness and those in mortgage arrears to the emergence of ‘generation rent’. This paper provides a critical analysis of the key government policies of marketisation and privatisation of social housing (HAP, Public Private Partnerships and leasing) and the financialisation of housing (the strategy for ‘economic recovery’ – NAMA and Real Estate Investment Trusts in private rental provision and land sale, vulture funds in mortgage arrears, the prioritising of investor interest over tenant security of tenure) and their role in contributing to the crisis and rising inequality. It looks, not just at who are ‘losing’ but also documents the ‘winners’ - those who have benefitted most from this crisis and the post-2008 housing regime in Ireland. Finally, it presents the case that if the crisis is to be addressed a fundamental shift is required in policy approach to treat housing as a social good and human right, but this is only like to happen if there is a cross-societal citizen mobilisation, with trade unions, social movements and NGOs playing a key role, in re-imagining a new paradigm for housing as a home in Ireland.
Productivity and the Northern Ireland Economy NevinInstitute
Productivity and the Northern Ireland Economy presented by Paul Mac Flynn, Senior Economist, NERI
Productivity in many western economies has been stagnant in the years following the 2008 financial crash. The UK has been among the worst performing economies and within it, Northern Ireland has been a consistent laggard. Many have attributed Northern Ireland’s comparatively weak productivity performance to differences in the industrial make-up of the region. However, headline sectoral figures do not bear this out. The productivity gap between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK lies within industries and sectors. This paper seeks to highlight the sectors and industries where Northern Ireland falls behind and to consider why they fall behind.
Manufacturing and Public Services are sectors where Northern Ireland performs well while Agriculture and most of the Services Sector drag overall productivity down. In many cases Northern Ireland’s firms lack the scale of their counterparts in Great Britain, but even adjusting for this many firms still fall behind. To compound the problem, in many cases activity is concentrated in areas where Northern Ireland has a productivity deficit and less concentrated in areas where it is more productive.
There are economy wide productivity issues relating to skills and physical capital investment where Northern Ireland has structural challenges to overcome. In addition to tackling sectoral issues, enterprise policy also need to focus on stimulating demand for skills among employers and employees while encouraging a culture of innovation among firms that lack the market incentive to do so.
Benchmarking productivity in the Republic of Ireland NevinInstitute
Benchmarking Productivity in the Republic of Ireland presented by Paul Goldrick-Kelly, Economist, NERI
Productivity is a matter of utmost significance for society and for policy makers. Productivity is a key determinant of economic growth and high productivity is associated with higher living standards. This paper benchmarks sectoral productivity in the Republic of Ireland, measured as value added per person employed, relative a peer weighted average, reflecting comparably developed EU states.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Wives, Mothers, Workers: A brief history of women in social policy
1. Wives, Mothers, Workers: A Brief History of Women in Social Policy
Presentation to NERI Seminar
Dr Laura Bambrick
2. Male Breadwinner Family
• Changes in Irish women’s social rights not always progressive:
Gains made in final years of British rule reversed following Independence.
• Women included in social policies as wives, mothers, dependents.
• The new State was not unusual:
Male breadwinner family model universally adopted.
• Unique to Ireland, this ideal was:
pursued with unwavering enthusiasm by policymakers
reform to an adult-worker family took so long.
3. Acts of Union-Independence: Employment
• 1842: Ban on children under 10yrs & adult women working in coalmines.
• 1844: Women working in industry subject to same working hours as children.
• 1878: Women trade unionists successfully campaign to relax restrictions.
• 1891: Ban on employing women 4 weeks before & 4 weeks after childbirth.
• 1894: Trade unions call for an employment ban on married women in industry.
• 1895: Ban on women working jobs dangerous to future childbearing.
• 1895: Women civil servants required to resign on marriage.
• 1915: Appeal for women to take up employment of any kind to help war effort.
Trade unions win pledge pre-war practices will be restored at end of war.
• 1919: Unlawful to disqualify women from work in any profession or vocation.
Didn’t cover marriage bar in CS, Factory Acts, Pre-war Practices Act.
4. Acts of Union - 1937: Tax & Welfare
• 1799: A husband & wife treated as one person for income tax purposes.
• 1834: Women denied entry to & exit from a workhouse if not with husband.
• 1908: Old age pension equal pay rates, but means-tested on spouse’s income.
• 1911: Women’s Cooperative Guild gets maternity covered by social insurance.
• 1918: Tax relief for a dependent child “to apply to a wife also”.
• 1920: Lower social insurance contribution and payment rates for women.
• 1920: Work-test used to deny Unemployed Benefit to mothers.
• 1921: Allowances for a dependent spouse & children paid to unemployed men.
• 1929: Women’s social insurance contributions refunded on marriage.
• 1933: Women must have dependents to qualify for Unemployment Allowance.
5. Independence - 1937: Employment
• 1922: Constitution safeguards equality of opportunity regardless of sex.
• 1923: Women civil servants lose the right to return to their job if widowed.
• 1925: Male civil servants receive marriage bonus & increments for children.
• 1926: Women graduates excluded from civil service open competitions.
• 1934: Women teachers required to resign on marriage.
• 1935: Minister empowered to ban employment of women in any industry.
Requested by Congress. Opposed by Irish Women Workers’ Union.
• 1937: Bunreacht na hÉireann pledges the State will:
‘In particular the State recognises that by her life within the home, woman gives to
the State a support without which the common good cannot be achieved.
The State shall, therefore, endeavour to ensure that mothers shall not be obliged by
economic necessity to engage in labour to the neglect of their duties in the home.’
6. A Constitution of its time…
• 1919: Weimar Republic Constitution: ‘Motherhood has a claim upon the
protection and care of the State.’
• 1920: Czechoslovak Constitution: ‘… motherhood shall be under the special
protection of the law’.
• 1920: Esthonian Constitution: ‘… the protection of maternity’.
• 1921: Polish Constitution: ‘Maternity is protected by special laws.’
• 1921: Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitution: ‘It shall be
the concern of the State… to give special protection to mothers.’
• 1931: Spanish Constitution: ‘The State shall… give protection to maternity’.
• 1933: Portuguese Constitution: ‘… to protect maternity’.
7. Reaction to Constitution
• References to women the most controversial when draft was published:
Fear Constitution could be used to justify gender discrimination in employment.
High profile campaign by women professional bodies & women trade unionists.
• IWWU believed men should earn enough to allow wives to remain in the home.
• While opposition to Article 41.2 was strong, it was a minority view.
What is wrong in saying
that we should strive for
a social system which
will be such as will not
compel women to go
out and work?
…not that women will be
prevented from engaging
in this or that career, but
a certain class of women,
namely mothers, will…
8. 1937 - EEC: Employment, Tax & Welfare
• 1944: Child Benefit paid to fathers “as the head of the family”.
• 1952: Allowance for wife automatically paid to married men claiming welfare.
• 1952: Equal social welfare payments for single women.
• 1952: 12 weeks paid maternity leave for insured women.
• 1958: Marriage Bar ends for women teachers.
• 1968: Carer’s payment for single women who left job to care for relative.
• 1970: Wife’s Earned Income Relief to ease tax burden on working wives.
• 1970: Allowances for Deserted Wives, Prisoners’ Wife’s & Unmarried Mothers.
Fathers not eligible for payments. Mothers disqualified if working.
• 1973: Women retain social insurance record after marriage.
• 1973: Marriage Bar ends.
• 1973: Child Benefit paid automatically to mothers.
9. EEC - Today: Employment
• 1974: Right to be paid ‘equal pay for equal work’.
• 1977: Illegal to discriminate on gender & marital grounds in access to work.
• 1977: Unlawful to sack a worker on pregnancy related grounds.
• 1981: Right to return to same job/ no loss of seniority after maternity leave.
• 1991: Part-timers covered by same protective legislation as full-time workers.
• 1994: Men entitled to paternity leave if the mother dies in childbirth.
• 2000: National minimum wage has a positive impact on female earnings.
• 2001: Right to 2 years career break to provide care to a chronically ill person.
• 2019-23: 45 women-only professorships to tackle inequality at the top.
• 2019/20: Introduction of mandatory gender pay gap reporting.
10. EEC – Celtic Tiger: Tax & Welfare
• 1976: Women not required to disclose their income to husband for tax returns.
• 1978: Working wife entitled to claim half of her husband’s tax relief.
• 1979: Successful Supreme Court challenge to tax penalty on working wives.
All married couples’ relief doubled so breadwinners not disadvantaged.
• 1986: Wives entitled to welfare on same terms as men & single women.
11 years, 5 High Court hearings, appeal to Supreme Court, 3 ref. to ECJ.
• 1989-94: Lone parent payments payable to men in similar circumstances.
• 1990: Ban lifted on married women claiming Carer’s Allowance.
• 1993: Wives entitled to be paid her tax rebates & details of couple’s tax relief.
• 1994: Social insurance credits for time out of employment providing care.
11. Celtic Tiger - Today: Tax & Welfare
• 1996: Wives of unemployed men eligible for back-to-work schemes.
• 1997: Adult Dependant Allowance tapered to encourage wives to work.
• 1998: Right to 14 weeks unpaid parental leave for mothers and fathers.
• 1999: Revenue end practice of assigning women their husband’s PPS number.
• 2000: Individualisation of tax-bands to encourage married women to work.
“socially divisive, blindly unfair, and discriminatory against one-income
families where a mother stays at home… and probably unconstitutional”.
• 2002: Pensioner’s wife entitled to separate payment without proving neglect.
• 2006-10: Early Childcare Supplement, later replaced with free pre-school year.
• 2012: Lone parents moved to Jobseeker’s Allowance when child aged 7yrs.
• 2016: Two weeks paid paternity leave for new fathers.
• 2019: Two weeks paid parental leave for mothers and fathers.
12. Concluding Comments
• We are where we are because of legacy of favouring male breadwinner family.
• Only in exceptional circumstances do Govt. radically change policy direction:
e.g. industrialisation, urbanisation, secularism, EU membership, boom & bust.
TDs get punished by those who lose out & not rewarded by those who gain.
• Next big event on the horizon is population ageing:
Economic growth slows while public expenditure increases.
• Will need policies so women don’t have to chose between career & children.