The document summarizes how life changed for women and families during the Great Depression of the 1930s in the United States. Key points include:
- Women faced setbacks as cultural norms emphasized family survival and a backlash against feminism. However, some goals of maternalists were achieved through later New Deal programs.
- New models emerged of resourceful mothers and independent single women. Unemployment rose drastically, especially impacting African Americans, immigrants, and new groups of poor. Hard times led to delays in marriage and falling birth rates. The Depression reinforced the nuclear family model with a male breadwinner.
Social impact of the great depression and new deal Elhem Chniti
This the second and last lecture on the Great Depression and the New Deal. The Social impact is analyzed Under the lens of the family, gender and minorities.
Social impact of the great depression and new deal Elhem Chniti
This the second and last lecture on the Great Depression and the New Deal. The Social impact is analyzed Under the lens of the family, gender and minorities.
A short history of women in the workplace and women in engineering including misperceptions and facts regarding why women still leave engineering in large numbers.
In 1942, J. Howard Miller illustrated a picture of “Rosie the Riveter,” a bandana-clad factory worker flexing her muscles for all the world to see. Above her head, he placed the phrase “We Can Do It!” A piece of wartime propaganda, Rosie soon became a symbol of working women across the country. Today’s Rosie the Riveters work in nearly every industry and pursue nearly every career under the sun. As part of our commitment to the nation’s labor force, Prudential Overall Supply would like to honor the working women of the past and toast the working women of today. To view our women's workwear at Prudential Overall Supply, please visit https://www.prudentialuniforms.com/services/uniforms-and-apparel/industrial-shirts/womens-industrial-work-shirt/
The Progressive EraTriangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.docxoscars29
The Progressive Era
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Shirtwaists
Factory Work
Horror
Press Accounts
Anger
Union Response
Progressivism
• Influential reform movement – mid 1890s-end of WWI
• Many impulses – both liberal and conservative;
Republican and Democrat
• Desired to soften the harsh impact of industrialization,
urbanization and immigration
• Began in the cities among the middle classes
• First nationwide reform movement
General Middle Class Unease
• America now a world power with an empire
• Most productive industrial nation
• Dramatic economic and demographic changes
• Social Problems
Specific Developments
• Depression of the 1890s
• Emergence of both Populist and
Socialist parties
• Numerous strikes and the rise of
some small, but violent, unions
• Arrogance of large corporations
• The assassination of President
McKinley by an anarchist
Reforms
• Relied on the new social sciences
• Moralistic and optimistic
• Need to reform society and institutions for “social
efficiency”
• But no single motive behind reforms
Social Gospel
• Humanitarian reformers
• A means to translate faith into action
• “ministers of reform” and “reforms of the heart”
• Social justice impulses
Jane Addams and Hull House
Self-Interest
• Middle class feared
possible class warfare or
the rise of socialism
• Believed that reform to
institutions and society
needed
• Worried about widening
gap between the few
“haves” and the many
“have-nots”
• Also feared the rising
immigrant tide as a
“menace” to democracy
Sense of Vulnerability
• Individuals no longer exercised control over their own
destinies
• The powerful corporation, “vested interests,”
“malefactors of great wealth” held the people hostage
• Reforms needed to protect/extend individual rights in the
modern industrial era
Muckrackers
• Articulated the general fears
• Gave focus to anxieties
• Laid bare the “shameful facts”
• Raised public awareness of
specific issues upon which to
focus reform
Women’s Activism
• General Federation of
Women’s Clubs – united white
middle class women’s clubs in
1890
• National Association of
Colored Women – organized
black middle class women’s
clubs in 1896
• Issues: suffrage, libraries,
schools, parks, hospitals,
sanitation, juvenile courts,
public health, pure foods and
drugs, etc.
Types of Reform
• Four broad categories
– To make the government more efficient, honest and
responsive to the popular will
– More stringent regulation of business to protect
consumers, workers and small businesses
– Efforts to improve the quality of life in the cities
– Use of the coercive power of government to impose
middle class standards on personal behavior and
morality
Moral “Reforms”
• Prohibition, anti-gambling, close dance halls
• Mandatory sterilization of sex offenders, certain criminals
and mentally deficient persons
• “Americanizing” immigrants
Grass-.
Dr Walsh,
Our group has proofed and approved our final presentation. Wish we had more time to prepare for audio options but we gathered all of our content and think it is pretty darn good
Best Brooke, Diane, Michael, Ranjani,
WHistory 101 Section 01 MWF
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. Work and Family Life in the
Great Depression
HIUS157/Prof. Rebecca Jo Plant
2. Major themes
• Setbacks for women
– Emphasis on family survival
– Hostility toward organized feminism
– Cultural backlash against modern sexual and social
mores
• Progressive maternalists finally see many of their
goals realized
• New cultural models
– Resourceful, self-sacrificing mothers
– Plucky, independent single women
4. Great Depression
• Most severe economic crisis in the nation’s
history
– Lasted from 1929-41; worst period 1929-33
• Agricultural prices dropped
– Fell more than 60% between 1929-32
• Unemployment rose
– 1930: 4 million; 1932: 15 million
– Nearly one-third of the entire labor force
• Affected white-collar workers and skilled blue
collar workers (“new poor”)
5. Depression’s visible impact
• 1,000 homes foreclosed each day
• Factories stood idle
• Breadlines stretched for blocks
• Hospitals reported an increase in death
from starvation
• People looked shabby
6. “Invisible” poor – single women
• Images of urban poverty from the
Depression overwhelmingly male
– Women and children often did not stand in
breadlines
• Social services geared to support families
– Unrealistic idea that single women should
return to their families
9. Mexican-American “Repatriation”
• Crisis generated hostility to immigrant
workers
– Municipal govts anxious about welfare rolls
• US Government began a program to coerce
immigrants to return Mexico
– Free train rides
• Hundreds of thousands forced across the
border
– As many as 60% US citizens
10.
11. African Americans
• Higher rates of unemployment
– Downward mobility in the job market
– 58% black women in Chicago
• Received less government help
• Conditions especially bad in the South
• Some New Deal programs actually made
things worse for black sharecroppers
13. How to respond?
• Big changes in ideas re. government responsibility,
but not in re. to gender roles
• Renewed emphasis on women as homemakers
• Hostility toward working women, especially married
working women
– 82% opposed wives working if their husbands held jobs
• Including 75% of women
– Roughly 50% opposed wives working under any
circumstances
• Including 50% of women
• Only legitimate reason for women to work: to
sustain families
14. Discrimination in employment
• Section 213 of the Economic Recovery Act of
1932
– Married persons whose spouses worked for the
federal government fired first
• State and local governments refused to hire
married women
• So did school boards
• AFL: married women workers with employed
husbands “should be discriminated against”
• Even women’s colleges urged graduates not to
seek work
15. Women’s wage work
• Nevertheless, the number of married women in
the workforce increased 50% in 1930s
• Ironically, sexual segregation of labor market
provided a measure of protection for women
– Male labor concentrated in the industries hit hardest
• Construction, heavy industry, manufacturing
– Clerical and service work less affected
– Few examples of men moving into “women’s work”
• Teaching
16. Women’s household labor
• Role of housewife assumed on new importance
• Stretching the family budget
– ER’s 7-cent meals at the White House
• Many women returned to home industry
– Sewing
– Canning
• Others sought ways of supplementing family
income
– Taking in laundry, boarders, etc.
17. Orleck article
• “Militant mothers”—working-class
housewives
– Protested evictions
– Protested high food prices
– Established barter networks
• Saw themselves as defending traditional
gender roles
– Argued that the Depression had made it
impossible for them to fulfill their role
18. Impact on Families
• Emotional stress
– Rise in domestic violence and desertion
– But divorce rate actually fell
• Too expensive
• Thousands of families broke up; others became
more closely integrated
– Families pulled together, pooling resources and
working together
– Turned to cheap entertainment, like staying home
to listen to radio
19.
20. Delaying marriage
• Marriage rates fell dramatically in early 1930s
– Young people had to help support parents, younger
siblings
– By 1932, only 3/4ths as many people were marrying as
during late 1920s
– By 1938, some 1.5 million people had postponed
marriage due to hard times
• Led to concerns about the decline of public
morality
21. Birth rate and birth control
• Birth rate fell below replacement level for first
time in American history
• Greater public acceptance and increased
availability of birth control
– Government reversed course
• Anxious about swelling welfare rolls
– Contraception widely available by mail
• Sears Roebuck advertised “preventives”
• By 1940, only two states (MA and CT) still
prohibited the dissemination of birth control to
married couples
22. Abortion
• Rising incidence
• Most were not “back alley” procedures
– “Professional” abortionists practiced openly
– Clinic-like offices; followed medical procedures
– Often bribed law enforcement
• Leslie Reagan’s study of the Gabler clinic in
Chicago:
– Most patients (80%) married
• Of these, 57% had children
– Suggests attempts to limit family size
23. Ruth Barnett
• Ran an abortion
clinic in Portland
from 1918-1968
– Claimed to have
performed 40,000
abortions
– Never lost a patient
• Arrested for the first
time in 1951
24. Repeal of Prohibition
• Critics argued that it led to increased
lawlessness
– Bootlegging
• Large industry under control of organized crime
• Women’s Organization for National
Prohibition Reform
– Pauline Sabin
• Children are growing up with a total lack of respect
for the Constitution and for the law.”
• December 1933: 21st
Amendment ratified
27. Progressive maternalists and the
New Deal
• National Recovery Act of 1933
– Prohibited child labor
• Social Security Act of 1935
– Provided maternal and child welfare benefits
– Replaced state-level mothers’ pensions
• Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
– Guaranteed minimum wages and maximum hours for
all workers
28. Social Security Act
• Benefits not linked to citizenship, but to
wage-earning
– 3 components: unemployment insurance; old
age assistance; aid to mothers with dependent
children
• Reinforced social hierarchies
– Excluded: 50% of all workers; 60% of women
workers; 85% of African Americans
– Still a critical precedent
29. Frances Perkins
• Former Hull House resident
• Worked as a legislative lobbyist for the NY
Consumer League (1910)
– Witnessed Triangle Shirtwaist fire
• FDR appointed her Secretary of Labor in 1932,
making her the first woman cabinet member
– Help craft minimum-wage laws and
– the Social Security Act of 1935
32. Mary McLeod Bethune
• Child of former slaves
• Active in black women’s club movement
• Most prominent black woman in FDR’s
government
– Director of the Division of Negro Affairs for the
National Youth Administration, 1936-43
• Urged FDR (unsuccessfully) to support an
anti-lynching bill
34. ER
• Grew up a rich but unhappy socialite;
drawn into reform
• New model of a first lady
– “My Day” – syndicated column
– Outreach to black community
• 1939 Resigned from the DAR due to its racism
– Women’s press conferences
– Strong stand on human rights
35. Legacies of the Depression
• “Invisible scars”
• Reinforced commitment to nuclear family
model, with a male breadwinner
• Helps to explain postwar demographic
trends
– Youthful marriages
– Larger families