This is part of our lesson in Philosophy of Language. This covers parts of the Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigation and Brenner's commentaries on Wittgenstein's work, along with my choice of illustrations and pictures.
An introduction to Wittgenstein's early and later work, from the Tractatus, and the "single calculus of language" to his later idea of "language games."
Aristotle established many principles of scientific research still used today, including empirical observation and systematic examination. He pioneered studies in many fields including biology, where he developed the first system of classifying living things. Aristotle analyzed reality using categories including substance and causality. He viewed nature as orderly and classified living things in a scala naturae hierarchy with humans at the top. While Aristotle made many important biological discoveries, he believed species were immutable, a view challenged by Darwin.
This document discusses different theories about how words refer, focusing on proper names. It describes the descriptive theory of referring, which claims that expressions refer by expressing descriptive features of the things they refer to. It also introduces the causal/historical theory. The document then discusses issues with the descriptive theory and proper names, covering viewpoints from Frege, Russell, and Strawson. Frege believes proper names have both a sense and referent, while Russell refuses the idea they have sense. Strawson introduces the concept of reference borrowing to explain how referring can occur without an identifying description.
Gottlob Frege was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher born in 1848 in Wismar, Germany. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Jena and furthered his studies in mathematics at the University of Gottingen, where he received his doctorate in 1873. Frege made seminal contributions to logic and the foundations of mathematics through his invention of quantified variables and first-order predicate calculus. He also created a formal language called Begriffsschrift to represent logical concepts and arguments.
1. Jacques Lacan developed psychoanalysis using concepts from linguistics, philosophy, and semiotics. He saw the unconscious as structured like a language.
2. Lacan believed human desire is shaped by our entry into language and separation from the "real" experience of the world. Through this process, we become subjects divided between the imaginary, symbolic, and real orders.
3. A key concept is the "mirror stage," where infants first recognize themselves through their mirror image, laying the groundwork for the imaginary order of identifications, ideals, and narcissism. This establishes the "I" but also begins the lifelong process of seeking recognition from the "Other."
Boethius was a 6th century Christian philosopher who was executed for treason. He wrote the Consolation of Philosophy in prison, exploring theological questions about God's nature, free will, and happiness. The work uses classical references and dialogues between Boethius and Lady Philosophy to argue that true happiness comes from pursuing virtue and attaining the perfect good which is God, not fleeting worldly pleasures, power, or possessions. While God knows all past and future events, humans still have free will to choose virtue, and prayer is important to develop virtue even if God's will is predetermined.
An introduction to Wittgenstein's early and later work, from the Tractatus, and the "single calculus of language" to his later idea of "language games."
Aristotle established many principles of scientific research still used today, including empirical observation and systematic examination. He pioneered studies in many fields including biology, where he developed the first system of classifying living things. Aristotle analyzed reality using categories including substance and causality. He viewed nature as orderly and classified living things in a scala naturae hierarchy with humans at the top. While Aristotle made many important biological discoveries, he believed species were immutable, a view challenged by Darwin.
This document discusses different theories about how words refer, focusing on proper names. It describes the descriptive theory of referring, which claims that expressions refer by expressing descriptive features of the things they refer to. It also introduces the causal/historical theory. The document then discusses issues with the descriptive theory and proper names, covering viewpoints from Frege, Russell, and Strawson. Frege believes proper names have both a sense and referent, while Russell refuses the idea they have sense. Strawson introduces the concept of reference borrowing to explain how referring can occur without an identifying description.
Gottlob Frege was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher born in 1848 in Wismar, Germany. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Jena and furthered his studies in mathematics at the University of Gottingen, where he received his doctorate in 1873. Frege made seminal contributions to logic and the foundations of mathematics through his invention of quantified variables and first-order predicate calculus. He also created a formal language called Begriffsschrift to represent logical concepts and arguments.
1. Jacques Lacan developed psychoanalysis using concepts from linguistics, philosophy, and semiotics. He saw the unconscious as structured like a language.
2. Lacan believed human desire is shaped by our entry into language and separation from the "real" experience of the world. Through this process, we become subjects divided between the imaginary, symbolic, and real orders.
3. A key concept is the "mirror stage," where infants first recognize themselves through their mirror image, laying the groundwork for the imaginary order of identifications, ideals, and narcissism. This establishes the "I" but also begins the lifelong process of seeking recognition from the "Other."
Boethius was a 6th century Christian philosopher who was executed for treason. He wrote the Consolation of Philosophy in prison, exploring theological questions about God's nature, free will, and happiness. The work uses classical references and dialogues between Boethius and Lady Philosophy to argue that true happiness comes from pursuing virtue and attaining the perfect good which is God, not fleeting worldly pleasures, power, or possessions. While God knows all past and future events, humans still have free will to choose virtue, and prayer is important to develop virtue even if God's will is predetermined.
The document discusses several philosophical arguments for and against the existence of God. It outlines the moral, ontological, cosmological, teleological, causal, and pragmatic arguments for God's existence. It also discusses empirical, subjective, and problem of evil arguments against God's existence. The problem of evil argues that the co-existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent God with evil in the world is unlikely or impossible.
T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and Individual Talent" argues that a poet's value lies not in their individuality or originality, but in how fully they have assimilated the literary tradition that came before them. The essay states that a poet must develop an awareness of the "main current" of literary tradition through critical study of significant past works, in order to place their own work in the context of what came before. Eliot also asserts that a poet's personality should be "extinguished" in their work, which should serve as an objective organization of emotions rather than an expression of personal feelings. The essay aims to establish Eliot's view of the importance of tradition in shaping new works of art
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher active in the late 18th century who sought to reconcile rationalism and empiricism. He believed that we can only know appearances or phenomena rather than things as they truly are in themselves. According to Kant, time and space are forms of intuition that structure our perceptions, and the 12 categories of understanding structure our thinking. Kant argued that synthetic a priori knowledge, such as mathematics, is possible because our minds actively organize and structure experiences according to these pure concepts of understanding and forms of intuition.
The document discusses the Verification Principle and its critique. It begins by stating the goals of explaining and critiquing the Verification Principle. It then provides an activity for students to determine whether philosophical statements are meaningful based on the Principle. The document goes on to define the Verification Principle as stating that only analytic statements or empirical verifiable statements are meaningful, while all other statements are meaningless. It provides examples of statements and asks which are empirically verifiable. Finally, it discusses John Hick's critique that the existence of God cannot be empirically verified but may be in the future, challenging logical positivism.
The document discusses Aldous Huxley and his views on mysticism and the "perennial philosophy". It provides biographical details on Huxley, noting he was born in England in 1884 and educated at Oxford. Huxley believed in the perennial philosophy, which sees two orders of reality - a higher absolute order and a lower conditioned order. Huxley felt many human endeavors seek to access the higher order and bring its benefits into the lower. The document explores Huxley's views on religion, spirituality, psychology and their relation to the perennial philosophy.
This is the summary of Church Going. This is one of the poem of Philip Larkin. Philip Larkin is one of the most prominent poet of English Literature and Language.
Friedrich Nietzsche was a 19th century German philosopher known for his radical questioning of traditional Western values and criticism of Christianity. Some key aspects of Nietzsche's thought discussed in the document include his views on master and slave morality, the Übermensch or Superman, the revaluation of all values, and his critique of religion, morality, and modern society. The document provides sample essay questions on Nietzsche's philosophy and lists some important terms related to his thought like the will to power, Dionysian/Apollonian, and the noble/herd mentality.
The document discusses the ontological argument for God's existence. It explains Anselm's version of the argument, which claims that God must exist because God is defined as the greatest being conceivable, and a being that exists in reality is greater than one that exists only in the mind. It also discusses criticisms of the argument from philosophers like Gaunilo and Kant, who argue that just because something can be conceived does not mean it exists in reality, and existence is not an attribute that can be derived from a concept alone. Students are tasked with further analyzing and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the ontological argument.
The document discusses the problem of evil and different perspectives on reconciling the existence of evil with an omnipotent, omniscient and wholly good God. It describes moral and natural evils and examines the evidential and logical problems of evil. It then outlines several possible responses to the problem, including theodicies explaining evil as necessary for free will (Augustinian) or spiritual development (Irenaean), transforming the meaning of evil, process theology, atheism or evolutionary explanations for the distribution of pain and pleasure.
Existentialism was concerned with radical freedom, the nature of being, and responsibility. Key figures included Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Martin Heidegger, and Edmund Husserl. Sartre believed that existence precedes essence, meaning humans define themselves through their actions rather than having a predetermined nature. For Sartre, people are condemned to be free without excuses or God, resulting in anguish over absolute responsibility. De Beauvoir applied existentialist thought to feminism, arguing that womanhood is a social construct used to oppress women. Phenomenology focused on investigating conscious experiences without assumptions, while Heidegger explored the question of being and our tendency to get lost
Berkeley argues that according to empiricism, all objects of perception are mind-dependent. He attacks the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, arguing that we have no evidence that primary qualities like shape and size exist independently of perception. According to Berkeley, our ideas of primary qualities are derived from secondary qualities, not the other way around. Therefore, he concludes that all objects are merely collections of ideas that exist only in the mind.
The document provides an overview of key terms and concepts in hermeneutics including exegesis, eisegesis, and hermeneutics. It then discusses barriers to understanding Scripture like historical, cultural, philosophical, and linguistic gaps. Subsequent sections cover issues around the inspiration, inerrancy, and infallibility of the Bible. The role of the Holy Spirit in interpretation and the concept of sensus plenior are also examined. The history of hermeneutics from ancient Jewish methods through the Patristic, Medieval, and Reformation periods is surveyed.
Alfred North Whitehead was a British mathematician and philosopher best known for his work in mathematical logic and the philosophy of science. He developed process philosophy, which emphasizes that reality consists of processes rather than static objects. Whitehead made contributions to mathematics, logic, physics, education, and metaphysics. He viewed God not as a static being but as the ground of all processes, with both a primordial and consequent nature related to the world's activity.
The document discusses various allegorical interpretations of William Golding's novel "The Lord of the Flies". It summarizes political, psychological, and religious allegories within the novel. The political allegory references post-WWII divisions and fears. Psychologically, characters represent Freudian concepts of the id, ego, and superego. Religiously, the novel references the Garden of Eden story from Genesis, with characters and events paralleling biblical figures like Cain and Abel or Satan.
Michel de Certeau's paper discusses Lacan's "ethics of speech" by analyzing Lacan's use of the term "speech" and its development in his work. For Lacan, speech refers to how the unconscious is structured like a language and can only be accessed through the patient's free association during psychoanalysis. De Certeau analyzes how Lacan situated his notion of speech in relation to linguistics, anthropology, theology, and philosophy. He also discusses how Lacan emphasized the "poetics" of Freud's work and saw psychoanalysis as interpreting what the patient says through speech, linking it to dreams, creativity, and the unconscious. Finally, De Certeau analyzes how Lacan
Jean-Paul Sartre was a 20th century French philosopher who was a key figure in existentialism and phenomenology. Some key points:
1. Sartre held that consciousness is defined by its relationship to objects in the world and others, not by any intrinsic essence. Our experience is shaped by our roles, relationships, and the world around us.
2. In his major work Being and Nothingness, Sartre describes consciousness as "being-for-itself" which introduces "nothingness" into being through its awareness of objects as "not-me."
3. For Sartre, humans have radical freedom but also absolute responsibility for their choices and actions. This
Post-structuralism reacted against the perceived authoritarianism of structuralism. It asserts that language is ambiguous and meanings change, so texts can contain contradictory meanings. Deconstructionists are interested in what lies beneath the surface of a text and the world's influence on a text. They believe meanings are actively created by readers rather than resolved, and inconsistencies may undermine dominant readings. Jacques Derrida introduced deconstruction and aimed to destabilize hierarchies in binary oppositions that privilege one term over another.
4 Descartes, Rationalism and the Enlightenmentron shigeta
René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French philosopher and mathematician known as "the Father of Modern Philosophy." He developed several philosophical systems that questioned knowledge derived from authority and emphasized the importance of methodological doubt and reason. Some of his most influential works included Discourse on the Method (1637), Meditations on First Philosophy (1641), and Passions of the Soul (1649). In these works, he established the foundations of modern Western philosophy and influential concepts like mind-body dualism, methodological skepticism, and the ontological argument for God's existence.
Although this is a key topic for AS Level Philosophy, it is also crucial and useful for A2 Philosophy too.
If you found this useful, please make sure you give it a like !
Thank you !!!
Plato's Allegory of the Cave uses the imagery of prisoners chained in a cave to distinguish between appearance and reality. The prisoners only see shadows cast on the cave wall by a fire behind them. They believe these shadows constitute true reality. If one prisoner is freed and sees the true forms of reality outside, they will struggle to readjust upon returning to the cave. The allegory illustrates Plato's theory of forms, which asserts that abstract concepts like beauty and justice have perfect, eternal forms that exist beyond the physical world.
Este documento recopila información biográfica y académica sobre el filósofo Ludwig Wittgenstein. Presenta su lugar y fecha de nacimiento, su educación y desarrollo intelectual, las influencias en su pensamiento, sus obras más importantes y algunas de sus ideas filosóficas clave.
Ludwig Wittgenstein fue un filósofo austriaco nacido en 1889. Estudió ingeniería pero se interesó en la filosofía y la lógica. Publicó su obra más importante, el Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, en 1921, en la que propuso que el lenguaje puede representar la realidad a través de una "teoría figurativa" donde las proposiciones tienen la misma forma lógica que los hechos del mundo. Más tarde, Wittgenstein cambió su perspectiva filosófica y argumentó en sus Investigaciones Fil
The document discusses several philosophical arguments for and against the existence of God. It outlines the moral, ontological, cosmological, teleological, causal, and pragmatic arguments for God's existence. It also discusses empirical, subjective, and problem of evil arguments against God's existence. The problem of evil argues that the co-existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent God with evil in the world is unlikely or impossible.
T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and Individual Talent" argues that a poet's value lies not in their individuality or originality, but in how fully they have assimilated the literary tradition that came before them. The essay states that a poet must develop an awareness of the "main current" of literary tradition through critical study of significant past works, in order to place their own work in the context of what came before. Eliot also asserts that a poet's personality should be "extinguished" in their work, which should serve as an objective organization of emotions rather than an expression of personal feelings. The essay aims to establish Eliot's view of the importance of tradition in shaping new works of art
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher active in the late 18th century who sought to reconcile rationalism and empiricism. He believed that we can only know appearances or phenomena rather than things as they truly are in themselves. According to Kant, time and space are forms of intuition that structure our perceptions, and the 12 categories of understanding structure our thinking. Kant argued that synthetic a priori knowledge, such as mathematics, is possible because our minds actively organize and structure experiences according to these pure concepts of understanding and forms of intuition.
The document discusses the Verification Principle and its critique. It begins by stating the goals of explaining and critiquing the Verification Principle. It then provides an activity for students to determine whether philosophical statements are meaningful based on the Principle. The document goes on to define the Verification Principle as stating that only analytic statements or empirical verifiable statements are meaningful, while all other statements are meaningless. It provides examples of statements and asks which are empirically verifiable. Finally, it discusses John Hick's critique that the existence of God cannot be empirically verified but may be in the future, challenging logical positivism.
The document discusses Aldous Huxley and his views on mysticism and the "perennial philosophy". It provides biographical details on Huxley, noting he was born in England in 1884 and educated at Oxford. Huxley believed in the perennial philosophy, which sees two orders of reality - a higher absolute order and a lower conditioned order. Huxley felt many human endeavors seek to access the higher order and bring its benefits into the lower. The document explores Huxley's views on religion, spirituality, psychology and their relation to the perennial philosophy.
This is the summary of Church Going. This is one of the poem of Philip Larkin. Philip Larkin is one of the most prominent poet of English Literature and Language.
Friedrich Nietzsche was a 19th century German philosopher known for his radical questioning of traditional Western values and criticism of Christianity. Some key aspects of Nietzsche's thought discussed in the document include his views on master and slave morality, the Übermensch or Superman, the revaluation of all values, and his critique of religion, morality, and modern society. The document provides sample essay questions on Nietzsche's philosophy and lists some important terms related to his thought like the will to power, Dionysian/Apollonian, and the noble/herd mentality.
The document discusses the ontological argument for God's existence. It explains Anselm's version of the argument, which claims that God must exist because God is defined as the greatest being conceivable, and a being that exists in reality is greater than one that exists only in the mind. It also discusses criticisms of the argument from philosophers like Gaunilo and Kant, who argue that just because something can be conceived does not mean it exists in reality, and existence is not an attribute that can be derived from a concept alone. Students are tasked with further analyzing and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the ontological argument.
The document discusses the problem of evil and different perspectives on reconciling the existence of evil with an omnipotent, omniscient and wholly good God. It describes moral and natural evils and examines the evidential and logical problems of evil. It then outlines several possible responses to the problem, including theodicies explaining evil as necessary for free will (Augustinian) or spiritual development (Irenaean), transforming the meaning of evil, process theology, atheism or evolutionary explanations for the distribution of pain and pleasure.
Existentialism was concerned with radical freedom, the nature of being, and responsibility. Key figures included Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Martin Heidegger, and Edmund Husserl. Sartre believed that existence precedes essence, meaning humans define themselves through their actions rather than having a predetermined nature. For Sartre, people are condemned to be free without excuses or God, resulting in anguish over absolute responsibility. De Beauvoir applied existentialist thought to feminism, arguing that womanhood is a social construct used to oppress women. Phenomenology focused on investigating conscious experiences without assumptions, while Heidegger explored the question of being and our tendency to get lost
Berkeley argues that according to empiricism, all objects of perception are mind-dependent. He attacks the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, arguing that we have no evidence that primary qualities like shape and size exist independently of perception. According to Berkeley, our ideas of primary qualities are derived from secondary qualities, not the other way around. Therefore, he concludes that all objects are merely collections of ideas that exist only in the mind.
The document provides an overview of key terms and concepts in hermeneutics including exegesis, eisegesis, and hermeneutics. It then discusses barriers to understanding Scripture like historical, cultural, philosophical, and linguistic gaps. Subsequent sections cover issues around the inspiration, inerrancy, and infallibility of the Bible. The role of the Holy Spirit in interpretation and the concept of sensus plenior are also examined. The history of hermeneutics from ancient Jewish methods through the Patristic, Medieval, and Reformation periods is surveyed.
Alfred North Whitehead was a British mathematician and philosopher best known for his work in mathematical logic and the philosophy of science. He developed process philosophy, which emphasizes that reality consists of processes rather than static objects. Whitehead made contributions to mathematics, logic, physics, education, and metaphysics. He viewed God not as a static being but as the ground of all processes, with both a primordial and consequent nature related to the world's activity.
The document discusses various allegorical interpretations of William Golding's novel "The Lord of the Flies". It summarizes political, psychological, and religious allegories within the novel. The political allegory references post-WWII divisions and fears. Psychologically, characters represent Freudian concepts of the id, ego, and superego. Religiously, the novel references the Garden of Eden story from Genesis, with characters and events paralleling biblical figures like Cain and Abel or Satan.
Michel de Certeau's paper discusses Lacan's "ethics of speech" by analyzing Lacan's use of the term "speech" and its development in his work. For Lacan, speech refers to how the unconscious is structured like a language and can only be accessed through the patient's free association during psychoanalysis. De Certeau analyzes how Lacan situated his notion of speech in relation to linguistics, anthropology, theology, and philosophy. He also discusses how Lacan emphasized the "poetics" of Freud's work and saw psychoanalysis as interpreting what the patient says through speech, linking it to dreams, creativity, and the unconscious. Finally, De Certeau analyzes how Lacan
Jean-Paul Sartre was a 20th century French philosopher who was a key figure in existentialism and phenomenology. Some key points:
1. Sartre held that consciousness is defined by its relationship to objects in the world and others, not by any intrinsic essence. Our experience is shaped by our roles, relationships, and the world around us.
2. In his major work Being and Nothingness, Sartre describes consciousness as "being-for-itself" which introduces "nothingness" into being through its awareness of objects as "not-me."
3. For Sartre, humans have radical freedom but also absolute responsibility for their choices and actions. This
Post-structuralism reacted against the perceived authoritarianism of structuralism. It asserts that language is ambiguous and meanings change, so texts can contain contradictory meanings. Deconstructionists are interested in what lies beneath the surface of a text and the world's influence on a text. They believe meanings are actively created by readers rather than resolved, and inconsistencies may undermine dominant readings. Jacques Derrida introduced deconstruction and aimed to destabilize hierarchies in binary oppositions that privilege one term over another.
4 Descartes, Rationalism and the Enlightenmentron shigeta
René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French philosopher and mathematician known as "the Father of Modern Philosophy." He developed several philosophical systems that questioned knowledge derived from authority and emphasized the importance of methodological doubt and reason. Some of his most influential works included Discourse on the Method (1637), Meditations on First Philosophy (1641), and Passions of the Soul (1649). In these works, he established the foundations of modern Western philosophy and influential concepts like mind-body dualism, methodological skepticism, and the ontological argument for God's existence.
Although this is a key topic for AS Level Philosophy, it is also crucial and useful for A2 Philosophy too.
If you found this useful, please make sure you give it a like !
Thank you !!!
Plato's Allegory of the Cave uses the imagery of prisoners chained in a cave to distinguish between appearance and reality. The prisoners only see shadows cast on the cave wall by a fire behind them. They believe these shadows constitute true reality. If one prisoner is freed and sees the true forms of reality outside, they will struggle to readjust upon returning to the cave. The allegory illustrates Plato's theory of forms, which asserts that abstract concepts like beauty and justice have perfect, eternal forms that exist beyond the physical world.
Este documento recopila información biográfica y académica sobre el filósofo Ludwig Wittgenstein. Presenta su lugar y fecha de nacimiento, su educación y desarrollo intelectual, las influencias en su pensamiento, sus obras más importantes y algunas de sus ideas filosóficas clave.
Ludwig Wittgenstein fue un filósofo austriaco nacido en 1889. Estudió ingeniería pero se interesó en la filosofía y la lógica. Publicó su obra más importante, el Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, en 1921, en la que propuso que el lenguaje puede representar la realidad a través de una "teoría figurativa" donde las proposiciones tienen la misma forma lógica que los hechos del mundo. Más tarde, Wittgenstein cambió su perspectiva filosófica y argumentó en sus Investigaciones Fil
This is an introduction to the topic "Reference and Meaning" as one of the issues/concerns of philosophy of language. The thoughts of John Locke is also included here. The reference for this material is "Philosophy of Language" by Hornsby and Longworth.
Este documento presenta una discusión sobre diferentes modelos epistémicos y paradigmas de pensamiento, así como conceptos relacionados con la toma de decisiones y análisis organizacional bajo condiciones de complejidad. Se describen brevemente modelos como el naturalismo, idealismo, materialismo y otros. También se analizan temas como la visión de organizaciones, principios del pensamiento complejo, y la importancia de abordajes cualitativos y cuantitativos en el análisis de decisiones.
1) El documento describe varios modelos epistemológicos como el empirismo, subjetivismo, escepticismo, idealismo y marxismo. 2) Cada modelo se define brevemente, con el empirismo enfocándose en la experiencia, el subjetivismo en la subjetividad del conocimiento, y el escepticismo en la duda. 3) También se discuten aplicaciones didácticas potenciales de cada modelo.
This document discusses the philosophy of language and its key aspects. It notes that language philosophy relies on analyzing language use and that language is an important tool in philosophy. Some of the main topics covered include the nature of language philosophy, criticisms of language, different approaches like analytic philosophy, and functions of language including referential, emotive, conative, phatic, and poetic functions. It also discusses issues that can arise from language use such as vagueness, ambiguity, inexplicitness, dependence on context, and potential to mislead.
Este documento resume la vida y el pensamiento del filósofo Ludwig Wittgenstein. Describe su biografía, el contexto histórico en el que vivió, las dos etapas principales de su filosofía representadas en el Tractatus y las Investigaciones Filosóficas, y los principales temas y tesis filosóficas abordados en sus obras.
Presentación líneas principales del pensamiento de ludwig wittgensteinmpcole
Este documento resume las dos principales etapas del pensamiento de Ludwig Wittgenstein: 1) Su primera etapa se expone en el Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, donde propone que el lenguaje representa el mundo a través de una relación isomórfica y que sólo el lenguaje científico es significativo. 2) En su segunda etapa en las Investigaciones Filosóficas, Wittgenstein abandona la visión isomórfica y concibe el lenguaje como formado por diversos juegos con reglas propias, donde el significado depende del uso
This document discusses reference and sense as two aspects of semantics. Reference deals with the relationship between language and the real world, referring to things that exist. Sense deals with relationships within language itself and does not refer to anything in the real world. While an expression can have only one reference, it can have multiple senses. The sense of an expression is its meaning and place within the semantic system of a language. Reference and sense are related but different - an expression has meaning (sense) but not necessarily a reference, and two expressions can have the same referent but different senses.
The document provides an overview of the key differences between analytic and continental philosophy. It traces the origins of the split back to Kant's distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal realms. In response, Hegel rejected this distinction by arguing for an overarching Idea that unites all of reality. Meanwhile, the Vienna Circle rejected Kant's notion of synthetic a priori cognition and aimed to eliminate metaphysics, focusing instead on problems that could be solved through logic and empirical verification. These divergent responses to Kant helped establish the distinct methodologies of continental and analytic philosophy that continue today.
Este documento trata sobre los modelos epistémicos en la investigación. Explica que los modelos epistémicos son representaciones que permiten sustentar la integración de temas de exploración en un área del conocimiento. Luego describe algunos modelos epistémicos originarios como el humanismo, idealismo y materialismo. Para cada uno define sus características generales y algunos modelos derivados como el psicologismo, moralismo y racionalismo para el humanismo.
El documento presenta una introducción a la filosofía del lenguaje y a la obra de Ludwig Wittgenstein. Se explica que Wittgenstein escribió dos obras fundamentales: el Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, donde propuso que hay límites en lo que puede ser expresado a través del lenguaje, y las Investigaciones Filosóficas, donde adoptó una postura diferente. Se resume brevemente la biografía de Wittgenstein y se explica que en el Tractatus buscó establecer una teoría del mundo y el lenguaje basada en la l
Este documento presenta una introducción a la epistemología como disciplina. Aborda brevemente algunas orientaciones epistemológicas actuales como Bachelard, Popper y Kuhn. También menciona enfoques como la heurística, hermenéutica, abducción, autopoíesis y el pensamiento complejo como opciones para estudiar el proceso de producción de conocimiento. Finalmente, incluye un resumen de los temas que serán abordados en las siguientes secciones sobre los discursos de la educación y la pedagogía.
Este documento presenta los siete pasos del método fenomenológico para la investigación cualitativa. Edmund Husserl es considerado el fundador de la fenomenología, la cual estudia los fenómenos tal como son experimentados por el hombre para entender el mundo desde su perspectiva. Los siete pasos incluyen: lectura general, delimitación de unidades temáticas, determinación del tema central, expresión del tema en lenguaje científico, integración de temas en una estructura descriptiva, integración de estructuras en una general y entrevista
This document discusses semantics and the key concepts of reference, sense, and referring expressions. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Reference deals with the relationship between language and the world, while sense deals with relationships inside language. Referring expressions are used to refer to something and can be indefinite or definite noun phrases depending on context. The document provides examples and explanations of these semantic concepts.
The document discusses the triangle of reference and the relationship between sense and reference in language. [1] It explains that the triangle of reference describes how words suggest ideas in the mind that relate to real-world objects. [2] It then discusses the difference between sense, which deals with relationships within language, and reference, which deals with relationships between language and the world. [3] It provides examples of how expressions can have variable or constant reference and how the same sense can belong to expressions in different languages.
The Post-Modernism era came after World War II and the end of the Modern era, though there is no definitive start or end date. Post-Modernism rejected the idea of absolute truth and objectivity that defined Modernism. Post-Modern art, architecture, painting, and photography emphasized diversity, hidden meanings, and rejecting norms rather than focusing on one objective perspective or meaning. Key aspects included questioning assumptions, emphasizing personal journeys over logic, and avoiding strict adherence to rules or traditions.
In periodontology, classifications are widely used to categorize defects due to periodontitis according to their etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
Several classifications have been proposed in the literature in order to facilitate the diagnosis of gingival recessions.
El documento presenta una introducción general a la epistemología, definiendo sus conceptos y objetos de estudio clave. Explica que la epistemología estudia la producción y validación del conocimiento científico, analizando los criterios para justificar el conocimiento y considerando factores históricos, psicológicos y sociológicos. También distingue entre diferentes tipos de conocimiento como el intuitivo y discursivo, y señala que la epistemología se ocupa de problemas relacionados con la obtención y justificación del conocimiento cient
You may be surprised to learn which five dilemmas of English Education in America have been around for the past two hundred years. The revolution is long overdue!
The document discusses Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of linguistics and the "Linguistic Turn" it inspired. [1] Saussure sought to establish linguistics as an objective science and supersede previous approaches. [2] He argued that language (langue) should be studied as a system separate from individual speech acts (parole). [3] Saussure analyzed language as a network of signs, each sign comprising a signifier (sound pattern) and signified (concept). This reoriented the study of language and inspired further developments in semiotics and cultural theory.
Art Criticism A Whole Language Approach To ArtKayla Jones
This document discusses using an art criticism approach based on whole language philosophy to teach art. It reviews key tenets of whole language such as emphasizing meaning over isolated parts and acquiring skills through authentic tasks. It argues that art is a whole language based on several points: art communicates meaning as a whole before parts; it is an ancient form of visual language; and details only have meaning in context of the whole work. The document presents a model for doing art criticism that mirrors the whole language reading process, with interpretation of meaning as the primary goal over analyzing individual elements. It provides guidelines for developing interpretations, emphasizing that multiple valid interpretations are possible for any given work.
This document provides information about a language trail created by teachers and students in Thessaloniki, Greece using the Geocaching app. The trail is designed for Erasmus+ exchange students from 6 European countries to help them learn about features of the Greek language. It takes participants on a route through various markets in Thessaloniki, exploring how words and cultures have blended due to the city's multicultural history. Stops along the trail provide linguistic and cultural context about the origins and meanings of words related to topics like food, commerce, and architecture.
Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, focusing on intra-linguistic relations between words independent of context. Reference relates a linguistic form to real-world entities. Sense is abstract while reference deals with experience. For example, "dog" has the sense of domesticated canine but can refer to different actual dogs. A form can have multiple references but the same reference can be denoted by different senses. Not all forms have reference if the referred entity doesn't exist. Sense and reference are both parts of meaning and their relationship is explained through examples.
Introduction to General Linguistics lecture 1Mazhar Ranjha
The document provides an introduction to linguistics, discussing key concepts such as the difference between first (L1) and second (L2) language acquisition. It explores when a foreign language becomes an L1 or an L2, and whether L2 is acquired or learnt. The document also examines whether animals have language and provides definitions of language. Saussure's ideas about language as a system of signs made up of a signifier and signified are summarized. Language is described as having an arbitrary, immutable, and mutable nature.
This document discusses implicational and non-implicational universals in linguistics. It defines implicational universals as statements that relate the presence of one linguistic feature to the presence of another, following an "if-then" structure. Non-implicational universals simply state that a feature is present across languages without reference to other features. The document provides examples of each type of universal and notes that universals can be either absolute, applying to all languages, or tendencies, which may have exceptions.
Rewriting the Classroom and the City: A Curriculum in Translation and Linguis...Dave Malinowski
This document outlines a project called "Translate New Haven" which aims to encourage students and residents in New Haven, CT to imagine and create a more multilingual city through translation of signage and other language resources. The project involves students in various activities designed to build awareness of the linguistic diversity in New Haven, develop skills in reading language in public spaces, and produce tangible multilingual resources through translation. Some key activities include surveying home and school languages, reading meanings and audiences of existing signs, and creating new multilingual signs and maps through the process of translation. The overall goal is to enrich civic life in New Haven by making public spaces more multilingually inclusive and accessible to diverse communities.
FEDINAND DE SAUSSURE STRUCTURALISM.pptxLailaAfridi2
Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist whose work in the early 20th century laid the foundation for modern linguistics. He viewed language as a system of structured signs or symbols. Saussure believed language could be studied as both a static system (langue) shared by a speech community and as individual instances of usage (parole). He introduced key concepts like the distinction between the signifier (sound-image) and signified (concept), and the difference between paradigmatic relationships (substitutions within the system) and syntagmatic relationships (combinations in sentences). Saussure saw linguistics as a science and emphasized studying the structures and systems within language synchronically rather than its historical origins. His
The study of the linguistic worldview in constructed languages on the example...Ida Stria
This document discusses the study of linguistic worldviews in constructed languages using Esperanto as an example. It provides an overview of linguistic worldview and definitions from literature. It then discusses Esperanto's characteristics including its constructed nature but natural development over time through use. The document outlines classifications of language development and considers whether Esperanto's community allows for analysis of linguistic worldview despite issues like its primarily L2 speakers and influence from other languages and cultures. It concludes Esperanto contains necessary elements for linguistic worldview analysis but the multilingual nature requires additional study.
Comm skills & multiple intelligences approach to communicative teachingShelia Ann Peace
June, 2013 report given for a Professional Development Seminar: K.S.A. English Prep Year Program.
Teacher Research into the use of Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences applications for the teaching of Communication Skills to Saudi Prep Year English students.
The document outlines the schedule and content for Week 2 of a course on transgressive theories and performativity around language. Part I includes a blog discussion and introduces theories of language and ideology from Gee and issues of English and globalization from Pennycook. Part II focuses on transgressive theories of language as performance from Pennycook and includes a sign-up for student presentations. Reflection questions are provided asking students to discuss their evolving theories of language and literacy.
There is evidence that certain linguistic properties are universal across all human languages. Early scholars like Alsted and Kilwardby were interested in discovering a general grammar that described rules common to all languages. More recently, Noam Chomsky and other linguists have proposed that humans possess an innate, biologically-determined "universal grammar" that allows children to easily acquire any language they are exposed to. Sign languages provide clear evidence for linguistic universals, as deaf children learning sign languages progress through the same stages of acquisition as hearing children learning spoken languages, demonstrating the human capacity for language is not dependent on vocalization. The study of language universals continues to be an important area of linguistic research.
This document provides an overview of several influential linguists and their important contributions to the field of linguistics. It discusses the work of Ferdinand de Saussure and his theory of linguistic signs. It also describes Roman Jakobson's concept of distinctive features in phonology, Edward Sapir's hypothesis of linguistic relativity, and Paul Grice's cooperative principle in pragmatics. Additionally, the document outlines Noam Chomsky's theory of universal grammar and innate language acquisition, as well as Eve Clark's research on first language acquisition in children. The document concludes by mentioning Steven Pinker's efforts to popularize linguistics.
According to Eggins (1994, p.7), systemic functional linguistics claims that language and context are interrelated. To understand how people use language, it need to consider the contexts of language use: the context of culture (Genre) and context of the situation (Register).
FEEL FREE TO USE IT!
This document provides an introduction to the study of language and linguistics. It defines key terms like language, literature, first language, second language, foreign language, and linguist. It also outlines some of the main fields of linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, psycholinguistics, and pragmatics. The document notes that linguistics originally involved the historical study of how words change over time through the field of philology.
The document provides guidance on how to teach vocabulary. It discusses how words are complex phenomena that can have multiple meanings and forms. Words are learned and organized in the mental lexicon through a network of associations between meanings, spellings, sounds, and related words. Effective vocabulary instruction involves presenting words in engaging ways, establishing word knowledge through active involvement of learners, and putting words to use through games and practice with word parts, formations, and idioms. Testing vocabulary helps evaluate learning.
Linguistic ethnography and the semiotic repertoireMobileDeaf
Linguistic ethnography examines language and social life as mutually shaping. This document discusses two cases of communication that are not always considered "language": gesture-based interactions and International Sign.
Gesture-based interactions in Mumbai among deaf individuals show how gestures are used multimodally and multilingually in combination with other semiotic resources. The distinction between gesture and sign is context-dependent.
International Sign is used at a deaf-led educational program with official languages of IS and English. IS incorporates signs from different signed languages with repetitions and optional use of mouthings, text, or pictures for clarification. There are conflicting views about whether IS qualifies as a "language."
Language ideologies influence
This document provides guidance on how to teach vocabulary effectively. It discusses important concepts like how words are learned and organized in the mental lexicon. Key recommendations include:
1) Presenting vocabulary through mind maps and repetition to help store words in long-term memory. Spaced practice over time is important.
2) Engaging learners actively through games, word parts, phrasal verbs, idioms and using words in context to deepen understanding.
3) Testing vocabulary in different ways and having learners retrieve and use words to strengthen memory through the retrieval practice effect.
3rd material lingua-franca,pidgin,creoleAyu Juwita
Here are some potential functions for the utterances:
1. Invitation, command, request
2. Greeting
3. Comparison, information
4. Information
5. Information, transmission of culture
6. Instruction, advice, warning
7. Warning
8. Expression of feeling
9. Information, transmission of culture
10. Persuasion, promotion
This document provides a quiz on basic macroeconomics concepts related to measuring GDP/GNP, unemployment, and critiques of how these economic indicators are defined and measured. It includes questions asking to complete a table comparing ways to measure GDP/GNP, describe the effects of high unemployment on inflation and GDP/GNP through two scenarios, explain three problems with using GDP according to specific authors and assess if they apply in the Philippines, and critique how the labor force is measured in the Philippines according to other authors.
Napapaloob dito ang mga istratehiya o pamamaraan na pwedeng gamitin sa pagturo ng Araling Panlipunan. Kalakip din dito ang mga punto na kailangang pagnilay-nilayan ng mga mag-aaral upang mas mapaganda pa ang kanilang pamamaraan sa pagtuturo.
This document discusses social studies pedagogy in secondary schools. It defines pedagogy as the art, science, or profession of teaching. It outlines four themes of social studies pedagogy: research, reflection, learning, and leading. For research, students will analyze diverse perspectives in education to reflect on their own capacities and practices. For reflection, students will produce written essays and observations to develop their analytic skills. For learning, students will commit to life-long learning to equip themselves and their future students. For leading, students will serve as models of excellent pedagogical skills in their schools.
This is the second part of the lesson "Reference and Meaning" in Philosophy of Language. The thoughts of John Stuart Mill is discussed in these slides. The reference for this material is " Philosophy of Language" by Hornsby and Longworth.
This is taken from the book "Introduction to Economics" by Marc Lieberman and Robert Hall (1999). This lesson covers: Why Study Economics?
The Method of Economics
The Basic Principles of Economics
This is a presentation of the basic concepts in introduction to economics. This lesson is based on the book "Introduction to Economics" by Marc Lieberman and Robert Hall (1999*. This covers economics, scarcity and choice; the world of economics: microeconomics and macroeconomics; and positive and normative economics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. L U D W I G J O S E F J O H A N N W I T T G E N S T E I N
( 2 6 A P R I L 1 8 8 9 – 2 9 A P R I L 1 9 5 1 )
Wittgenstein’s
PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS
with commentaries of William Brenner
2. Words as Pointing Fingers (Sections 1-5)
Augustine had “the idea of language more primitive
than ours” : Naming (every word has a meaning, it
stands for a particular object)
Words are more than just names, there are variety of
ways in which we operate with words:
The Builder’s Language
The Shopping Language
Language functions as a tool.
3. Instruction in primitive forms
of language consists in
training, this is the “bedrock”
on which more sophisticated
forms of language can be built
up.
The shopper and shopkeeper
learned a series of number by
rote, colors by instruction, as
well as a variety of fruits.
“This is simply what I do.”
4. Ostensive Teaching
(Sections 6-7)
Language would have to be
learned by “ostension”
(pointing).
Ostensive teaching is
training for the practice of
the use of language.
“The children are brought
up to perform these actions,
to use these words as they
do so, and to react in this
way to the words of others.”
5. “The Language-Games”
One calls out the words, the
other acts on them.
The teacher names the
objects while pointing to it
and the pupil repeats the
words after the teacher
“…the whole, consisting of
language and the actions
into which it is woven.”
6. Words as Tools (Section 10-17)
“Think of the tools in a tool-
box: there is a hammer,
pliers, a saw, a screw-driver,
a rule, a glue-pot, glue, nails
and screws.—The functions
of words are as diverse as the
functions of these objects.”
Nothing would be gained by
saying that all words have
the same function, “to
signify something.”
7. Life in the City of Language (Sections 18-24)
“Our language can be seen as an ancient city: a maze of
little streets and squares, of old and new houses, and
of houses with additions from various periods; and
this surrounded by a multitude of new boroughs with
regular streets and uniform houses.”
8. Learning a language is learning a form of life.
Language is inseparable from
activities (e.g. commanding,
greeting, recounting, asking,
etc.). As we learn to
participate in these activities,
we learn our native language;
as we learn our native
language, we learn not only
forms of words but forms of
life.
Mano Po: “pagmamano” “opo”
“matanda” “respeto” “bata”
“mabait” “masaya”
“maipagmamalaki”
“pagmamahal”
“pagpapahalaga”
9. Learning a language is being initiated into
human life.
The speaking (“the practice
of the use of language”) is
“part of an activity, or of a
form of life”
There is no fixed, closed list
of language games
Language is an enormous
fabric of activities that
involve the use of words,
sentences, and other
symbols
10. Talking and Thinking (Sec. 25)
Language is founded on
thought.
But there is a primitive
language resulting from
primitive thinking.
The builder’s assistant
thinks when he obeys a
command, he does not just
do what he was trained to
do. Since, he may or may
not always do what he was
trained to do.