This document summarizes the ethnic conflict in Darfur, Sudan that began in 2003. It describes the ethnic groups in Sudan and how northern Arabs discriminated against and marginalized southern African groups. Tensions increased when nomadic Arabs tried to seize lands from the Fur people. Two rebel groups formed to oppose the Arab-dominated government, and the government armed Arab militias called the Janjaweed to attack African villages. The document also compares Singapore's ethnic situation to Darfur and considers possible problems that could arise in Singapore by 2061 if prejudice and discrimination are not addressed, such as social disorders, economic crisis, and the government losing citizens' trust. It proposes solutions like help from the UN, neighboring countries, curfews

1. Wisp Project 2009T38SUDANJun JieShu Xian Yue Yang Liu ChinBenjamin Teo

2. ContentsOverview of Sudan, Darfur 2003- Instances of discrimination and prejudice- Factors triggered the conflict- Elements that led to the social fracture in DarfurSingapore Perspective- Similarities and differences - Singapore 2009 and 2061Problems and Challenges for 2061

3. Ethnicity of Sudan 2003Northern Sudan: ArabsMinority are nomadic Arabs (mainly in North Darfur)Southern Sudan: non-Arabs and AfricansVast majority are Africans who are Intentionally marginalizedHistoryIndependence of SudanPower was directly distribute to northernArab elites

4. Triggered a frustration in the South.

5. Sudan becomes more “Arabized”Before 2003Nomadic Arabs attempted to occupy conventional Fur landsForces in SudanOpposition Armed GroupsNon-Arabs and Africans tribes

6. Sudan Liberation Army (SLA)

7. Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)Government of Sudan’s reactionArmed militias known as Janjaweed

8. Recruited Darfur’s landless Arab tribesTimeline of Darfur 200325 April 2003SLA and JEM attacked Sudan’s government air base in North Darfur

9. Seized a large amount of ammunition and weaponsInstances of discrimination and prejudice in Darfur-According to Agence France-Presse, “that a decades-long civil war in Sudan has led to ‘growing and persistent reports of enslavement of Africans by Arabs, genocide in the Nuba Mountains area, and ethnic cleansing in the Blue Nile area” (AFP, August 30, 2001).-The release of the paper, by the UN Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) and entitled "Race, discrimination, slavery and citizenship in the Afro-Arab borderlands", was timed to coincide with the UN conference on racism starting Friday in Durban, South Africa.

10. Factors which triggered the ethnic conflictReligion.

11. Race.Factors which triggered the ethnic conflict - cont’dGeographical Features.

12. Historical and Ethnographic Factors.What happens when governments involve in the racial problemsThe massive killing of the people in Darfur.

13. Indirectly acceleration of conflict.

14. Global society intervention. Elements that led to the fracture of DarfurSocial inequalityPrejudices leading to discriminationOther important social, economic, environmental and political factors.

15. Elements that led to the social fracture in Darfur - Social inequalityNorthern Sudan Arabs monopolize the resources in SudanElements that led to the social fracture in Darfur -Prejudices leading to discriminationGovernment supported prejudiced led to extreme discrimination

16. Different languages and had different lifestyle.Elements that led to the social fracture in Darfur - Other important factorsEconomic

17. China -Play a role as a businessman  for oilEnvironmental - Natural resources distribution

18. Elements that led to the social fracture in Darfur - Other important factors cont’dPolitical factors. China -Essence(oil), weapon, ideology (a form of neo-colonism)

19. Elements that led to the social fracture in Darfur - Other important factors cont’dPolitical factors.USA -Essence(oil), weapon, ideologyRegime interference Neo- colonism

20. Let’s CompareSimilaritiesEthnic Differences: 4 Main Races & More than 10 Religion Conflicts: Man- Made Disasters

21. GAPSGood Governance Good living conditions

22. Mutual RespectIn Focus Ethnic residential quotas in HDB blocks

23. Killing two birds with a stoneFuture SingaporeConversation of Nationality increasedSimilar Prejudice & Discrimination which give Rise to Social Divisions in SingaporeMasSelamat Issue Conflict was intense

24. Muslim being prejudice

25. Received unnecessary stares; hurtWhat Will Happen in 2061 in Singapore?Distrust Among PeopleSocial disordersGovernment loses it’s citizenTourism Industry Affected; Economy Crisis

26. SolutionsUnited Nation (UN)Seek help on recommend methods to disputes.

27. Peace keeping forces.Neighboring CountriesLend a helping hand in times of need.Their experience on how the problem can be solved

28. CurfewsNo late nights.Certain timing of the day everyone should stay home.

29. SetbacksThe United Nations(UN) is slow in taking action.Surrounded by Muslim Neighboring countries.

30. Self-esteem hypothesis Contact hypothesisAlternatives Legal hypothesisSelf-esteem HypothesisWith proper education, we can differentiate right from wrong.Higher confidence level, lesser prejudices.

31. Contact HypothesisBringing people of different races together, to share about their experience, to interact. Learn how to appreciate each other benefits and misfortunes.

32. Legal HypothesisBy enforcing legal actions against those who discriminates.