This document summarizes the objectives and approach of the Continuous Update Project (CUP) Mechanisms Project. The project aims to develop guidelines for systematically reviewing mechanistic studies linking exposures like diet and cancer. It will create a template protocol through expert workshops and test it on a specific exposure-outcome link. Challenges include developing generalizable methods, assessing study quality, and determining relevance to humans. The methodology could mainstream how mechanistic evidence is reviewed and inform future research directions.
Presentation of the workshop 'Making Astronomy Accessible for All' at Universe Awareness 2015 International Workshop by Amelia Ortiz, Lina Canas, and Thilina Heenatigala.
No "20/20 hindsight" jokes.
Just clear, concise suggestions, axioms and guidance for any business and brand's success in 2020 and beyond.
Share all you like.
Basic information on various methods of cooking and the advantages are described in details. classification of cooking methods are explained and the various medium of cooking are covered.
Presentation of the workshop 'Making Astronomy Accessible for All' at Universe Awareness 2015 International Workshop by Amelia Ortiz, Lina Canas, and Thilina Heenatigala.
No "20/20 hindsight" jokes.
Just clear, concise suggestions, axioms and guidance for any business and brand's success in 2020 and beyond.
Share all you like.
Basic information on various methods of cooking and the advantages are described in details. classification of cooking methods are explained and the various medium of cooking are covered.
An information piece I created for Integrity Health Coaching Centers. A booklet with recipes, tips and a place for you to log your food and plan your meals! You can find a print out version here:
http://www.integrityfit.com/Something-New-Made-Especially-For-You--1-4207.html
Our communications history is dominated by fixed networks of bounded linear predictability. These were based on precise engineering design giving assured information security, and measured operation. However, mobile devices, internet, social networks, IP, and Apps changed all that! Internets are inherently non-linear, unbounded, and essentially designoid — that is, mostly shaped by evolution, steered by demand/rapid innovation - highly adaptive and ‘learning’ in real time.
So, those who suppose we can control such networks to fully guard and protect the information of institutions and individuals are sadly mistaken. And further confounded by Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT). Here, a mix of the information of individuals and things, is distributed across the planet on a scale far larger than ever conceived in the past, to become essential components in the survival of our species in realising sustainable societies.
Not surprising then, Privacy and Data protection are big issues for regulators, governments and civil liberties organisations. But so far, nothing has worked, and we see the UK Data Protection Act, EU-GDPR, EU-USA Shield, and Copyright Laws often ignored or worked around. These are largely derivatives of a paper based world and a pre-computing world are now largely unfit for purpose.
An information piece I created for Integrity Health Coaching Centers. A booklet with recipes, tips and a place for you to log your food and plan your meals! You can find a print out version here:
http://www.integrityfit.com/Something-New-Made-Especially-For-You--1-4207.html
Our communications history is dominated by fixed networks of bounded linear predictability. These were based on precise engineering design giving assured information security, and measured operation. However, mobile devices, internet, social networks, IP, and Apps changed all that! Internets are inherently non-linear, unbounded, and essentially designoid — that is, mostly shaped by evolution, steered by demand/rapid innovation - highly adaptive and ‘learning’ in real time.
So, those who suppose we can control such networks to fully guard and protect the information of institutions and individuals are sadly mistaken. And further confounded by Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT). Here, a mix of the information of individuals and things, is distributed across the planet on a scale far larger than ever conceived in the past, to become essential components in the survival of our species in realising sustainable societies.
Not surprising then, Privacy and Data protection are big issues for regulators, governments and civil liberties organisations. But so far, nothing has worked, and we see the UK Data Protection Act, EU-GDPR, EU-USA Shield, and Copyright Laws often ignored or worked around. These are largely derivatives of a paper based world and a pre-computing world are now largely unfit for purpose.
Week 4 Assignment 2Self-assessment of Communication Skills.docxmelbruce90096
Week 4 Assignment 2
Self-assessment of Communication Skills
As a student studying healthcare administration and leadership in healthcare, you should be developing your own personal development plan to include a personal assessment of your communication skills.
Listening is an integral part of the communication process. Communication in the healthcare setting is vital. This includes communication between doctors and patients, doctors and nurses, clinicians and administrators, and so on.
Based on your learning, answer the following questions:
· Which topic of conversation makes you uncomfortable? What is the topic? Do you know why you find it difficult to talk about this topic?
<Enter your response here.>
· What do you do when you become uncomfortable during a conversation? Do you withdraw? Do you try to change the topic? Do you speak louder or softer? Do you begin to gesticulate?
<Enter your response here.>
· Have you had an occasion to talk to a very persuasive or very aggressive person? If you and this person hold different opinions, can you hold to your position? Are you easily “led” in a conversation?
<Enter your response here.>
· Are you flexible in a conversation? If a comment made by someone takes the conversation in an unexpected direction, can you adjust quickly? Can you assimilate new information, reassess your position, and continue the conversation?
<Enter your response here.>
· When entering into a conversation, do you attempt to eliminate potential distractions and interruptions?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you consciously avoid having important conversations in high traffic public areas where environmental distractions are likely possible? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you put your cell phone in the silence mode when you are likely to have conversations? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you listen without interruption and sufficiently control the conversation to minimize interruption? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in a conversation, do you give your undivided attention to the matters being discussed? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in discussion, do you develop reflective questions pertinent to the conversation? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in discussion, do you make conscious eye contact? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When involved in conversations, are you cognizant of body language, both the individual you are conversing with and your own? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you have an understanding of body language gestures and posturing?
<Enter your response here.>
In a self-assessment summary, provide a list of your communication strengths and weaknesses. Also, provide a plan to address the weaknesses identified.
<Enter your response here.>
My Strengths
<Enter your response here.>
My Weaknesses
<Enter your response here.>
My Plan for Improving My Communication Skills
<Enter your response here.>
Page 1.
Research and Development in Roof-Top Solar Potentiality Using LiDAR Technology
Mr. Radhey Shyam Meena
M.Tech Scholar (Power System)
Student Member -The Institute of Engineering & Technology (IET), UACEE
Dept. Of Electrical Engineering
Sri Balaji College Of Engineering & Technology Jaipur Rajasthan Technical University Kota
4th International conference on “Advance Trend in Engineering, Technology and Research (ICATETR-2015)”
Date: 19-20 June-2015
Venue: Bal Krishna Institute of Technology, Kota IPC-15, RIICO Institutional Area, Ranpur Kota (Rajasthan) (India)
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Efficient needs assessment into effective curriculum planning - ADEPIS seminarMentor
This presentation outlines how data collected through an efficient needs assessment can be used to inform programme planning in alcohol and drug education
Culture is the driver of sustainable performance. Management board culture is not as elusive as often thought. It can be made concrete by evaluating management board performance, not only based on figures and strategic memos, but also on key cultural characteristics. It is time to rethink the role of non-executives in the boardroom.
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This is a presentation about the introduction to system and analysis design. The topic talks about what are the system development life cycle and how it works. It also talks about the professions or the team conducting a study.
A methods document explaining how the NOURISHING database is kept up-to-date with implemented government policies on promoting healthy diets and reducing obesity and non-communicable diseases.
Slides from Alan Jackson's presentation on Policy for Enabling Achievement of Height at Obesity, Physical Activity & Cancer: Life course influences and mechanisms
Slides from Alan Jackson's presentation on the Cancer and Nutrition NIHR infrastructure collaboration at Obesity, Physical Activity & Cancer: Life course influences and mechanisms
To support governments as they develop national food and nutrition plans and targets, we have produced a new policy brief in collaboration with NCD Alliance.
Senior Policy & Public Affairs Manager, Bryony Sinclair's presentation, Curbing global sugar consumption, at the The Sugar Reduction Summit: Sugar, Sweetness & Obesity, 7 December 2015, London, England.
Professor Alan Jackson’s presentation, The Continuous Update Project: Recent Findings on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer, at the African Organisation for Research & Training in Cancer (AORTIC) conference, 18-22 November 2015, Marrakech, Morocco.
Professor Martin Wiseman’s presentation, The Continuous Update Project: Introduction to the Project, at the African Organisation for Research & Training in Cancer (AORTIC) conference, 18-22 November 2015, Marrakech, Morocco.
Bryony Sinclair discussed a systems approach to policymaking for obesity prevention at American Public Health Association's Annual Meeting, 31 Oct - 4 Nov 2015, Chicago, USA.
Professor Michael Leitzmann presentation on The Continuous Update Project: Recent Findings on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer at FENS European Nutrition Conference, 20-23 October 2015 Berlin (Germany).
Professor Martin Wiseman presentation on The Continuous Update Project: Introduction to the Project at FENS European Nutrition Conference, 20-23 October 2015 Berlin (Germany).
Professor Martin Wiseman presentation on The Continuous Update Project: Novel approach to reviewing mechanistic evidence on diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer at FENS European Nutrition Conference, 20-23 October 2015 Berlin (Germany).
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Wiseman Martin - 20th International Nutrition Congress 2013
1. Continuous Update Project Systematic Reviews of Animal and
Human Mechanistic Studies
Martin Wiseman
Medical and Scientific Adviser
WCRF International
London
UK
Visiting Professor of Human Nutrition
University of Southampton
UK
IUNS, Granada, 2013
6. Systematic reviews
Expert international Task Force for method
Nine centres - USA, UK, NL, Italy
SLR centre coordinator
Test of reproducibility
Standardised search, analysis and display
Epidemiology and mechanisms
Quality assessment
Peer review - protocol, report
Defined expertise required
Nutrition, epidemiology, systematic review, cancer biology, statistics
8. GRADING CRITERIA
Predefined requirements for:
–Number and types of studies
–Quality of exposure and outcome assessment
–Heterogeneity within and between study
types
–Exclusion of chance, bias or confounding
–Biological gradient
–Evidence of mechanisms
–Size of effect
12. 2007 Second Expert Report
Information from mechanistic studiesnarrative reviews
Evidence on mechanisms-predefined
requirement for grading criteria
Considerations:
reviews not systematic
could select a mechanism to explain
epidemiological associations
13. CO M M EN T
EARTH SY STEM S P a s t c l i m a t e s
g iv e v a lu a b le c lu e s t o f u t u r e
w a r m i n g p.5 3 7
H ISTORY OF SCI EN CE D e s c a r t e s ’
lo st le t t e r t r a c k e d u sin g
G o o g l e p.5 4 0
OBITUARY W y l i e V a l e
a n d a n e lu siv e st r e ss
h o r m o n e p.5 4 2
29 MARCH 2012 | VOL 483 | NATURE | 531
S . G S C H M E IS S N E R / S P L
AVI AN I N FLUEN ZA S h i f t e x p e r t i s e
to trac k m u t at io n s w h ere
t h e y e m e r g e p.5 3 4
M a n y l a n d m a r k fi n d in g s i n p r e c l i n ic a l o n c o l o g y r e s e a r c h a r e n o t r e p r o d u c i b le , i n p a r t b e c a u s e o f in a d e q u a t e c e l l l i n e s a n d a n i m a l m o d e l s .
R a ise st a n d a r d s fo r
p r e c lin ic a l c a n c er r e se a r c h
C . G len n B eg ley an d L ee M . E llis p ro p o se h o w m et h o d s, p u b lic at io n s a n d
in c e n t iv e s m u st c h a n g e if p a t ie n t s a r e t o b e n e fit .
16. Importance
•
Systematic reviews
•
•
•
•
•
•
Extensive mechanistic data from animals & cell lines
linking diet & cancer
Rigorous methods for conducting & reporting SRs of
mechanistic studies are lacking
This project should increase the value of mechanistic
data:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Allow objective appraisal of evidence
Reduce false-positive & false-negative results
Identify sources of bias, improving study quality
Enable more rigorous systematic reviews
Increased precision of estimated effects
Identify gaps in the research evidence
Reduce selective citation of mechanistic evidence
Inform generalisability to humans (e.g. heterogeneity across species &
models)
A potential tool in the translation of basic sciences into
policy & practice
17. Mechanisms Protocol
Development Group
• Stephen Hursting (chair)
• Andrew Dannenberg
• Johanna Lampe
• Henry Thompson
• Steven Clinton
• Nikki Ford - associate
member
Task: develop guidelines on how review of mechanisms
could be approached
18. CUP Mechanisms Project
Objectives
Two Phases (18 month project)
Develop draft template protocol to stage where
it can be tested using specific exposureoutcome link (Phase 1)
Carry out feasibility test of developed template
protocol for conducting systematic reviews of
mechanistic evidence for specific exposurecancer link (Phase 2)
19. WCRF International Continuous Update Project
Systematic review method for mechanistic evidence
University of Bristol
Multidisciplinary team (informatics, statistics,
epidemiology, systematic reviews, cancer
biology, pathology, nutrition)
Search terms/inclusion-exclusion criteria
How to manage vast number of papers
What information to be extracted
How to analyse/display results
Identify criteria for grading the evidence
20. Systematic reviews of mechanisms
Conditions
Reviews to be systematic and peer
reviewed
Reviews conducted by exposure
Feasibility test of final draft protocol by
external group, including peer review
Molecular, cellular, physiological…
21. Overall approach
Four workshops with experts within group at
University of Bristol, UK
Regular meetings between workshops
refine the protocol
carry out searches
investigate quality criteria
determine inclusion/exclusion criteria
consider methods to investigate publication bias
consider methods to report/display results
External reference groups
CUP Panel
Mechanisms PDG
22. Challenges
Developing a one size fits all template
Finding the relevant studies
Determining study quality
Determining the strength of evidence for different
study types
Determining the relevance to humans
Publication bias
Collating and synthesising the evidence
Displaying the results
23. Potential Impact
Recommendations based on most robust
science
Beyond CUP
New methodology-mainstream approach
to review mechanistic studies
Inform direction of future research in area
of diet/PA/body fatness and cancer
There were five possible grades the panel could assign the evidence for a specific relationship:
Convincing
Probable
Limited Evidence – Suggestive
Limited Evidence – No Conclusion
Substantial Effect on Risk Unlikely
Meta-analysis of the association between TP53 status and the risk of death at 2 years. Each study is shown by the name of the first author and the risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals. RR is shown with open circle and 95% CI with continuous line. Summary risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals (according to random effects calculations) are also shown: RR is shown with solid diamonds and 95% CI with continuous line. Data are separated into published and indexed; published but not indexed; and retrieved. For CIs that extend beyond the visible range, arrows have been placed.
If results are consistent across species and models, this could indicate they might also apply to humans. Since the primary aim of animal experiments is to inform human experimentation, this would be valuable information.
How to manage vast body of evidence-Consider limiting reviews to more recent publications when abundant evidence
Consider early exclusion of inappropriate models
Use informatics expert
