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1
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errorism is highly d e p e n d e n t
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o f e v e r y t h i n g f r o m m u n i t i o n s
a n d s u p p l i e s t o d o m a i n s a n d
p a m p h l e t s . T r a d i t i o n a l l y , o n e o f t h e
m o r e c h a l l e n g i n g a s p e c t s o f o r g a n i z i n g
i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e r r o r i s t a c t i v i t i e s i s
r o o t e d i n f i n a n c i a l t r a n s a c t i o n s . T h e
t r a n s f e r o f m o n e y a r o u n d t h e w o r l d
h a s , i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e , f u n d a m e n t a l l y
c h a n g e d t h e w a y t e r r o r i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s
r a i s e m o n e y t o s u p p o r t t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s .
D i g i t a l c u r r e n c i e s l i k e e - g o l d , B i t c o i n ,
P e e r c o i n , a n d D o d g e c o i n p r o v i d e
c o m p l e x y e t e f f i c i e n t m e c h a n i s m s f o r
t h e t r a n s f e r o f f u n d s , a s w e l l a s t h e
d e c e n t r a l i z e d c o l l e c t i o n o f d o n a t i o n s
i n a m o r e a n o n y m o u s m a n n e r t h a n
c o n v e n t i o n a l b a n k i n g t r a n s a c t i o n s .
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t h a t t e r r o r i s t s a r e c o n s i d e r i n g a n d ,
i n l i m i t e d i n s t a n c e s , u s i n g d i g i t a l
c u r r e n c i e s s u c h a s B i t c o i n t o f i n a n c e
a c t i v i t i e s . 1 W h i l e t h e s e t o o l s h a v e
g a i n e d i n p o p u l a r i t y , i n r e c e n t y e a r s
t h e i r e x p a n s i o n i n t o v a r i o u s t e r r o r i s t
o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a s b e e n s l o w a n d
d e l i b e r a t e a n d h a s n o t m a t c h e d p a c e
w i t h t r a n s n a t i o n a l c r i m i n a l u s e s o f t h e s e
s a m e t e c h n o l o g i e s .
F o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s a r t i c l e , t h e t e r m
“ t e r r o r i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n ” d o e s n o t i n c l u d e
t h e h a c k t i v i s t c o m m u n i t y , w h i c h h a s
a l r e a d y d e m o n s t r a t e d w i d e s p r e a d
u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e s e t e c h n o l o g i e s . H e r e ,
t h e t e r m i s l i m i t e d t o “ i n t e r n a t i o n a l
t e r r o r i s m ” a s o u t l i n e d i n 1 8 U . S . C . §
2 3 3 1 - C h a p t e r 1 1 3 B . T h i s d e f i n i t i o n
i s a n i m p o r t a n t c a v e a t a s i t f r a m e s
t h e s c o p e o f t h e a n a l y s i s t o a s p e c i f i c
c o m m u n i t y o f a c t o r s a n d a c k n o w l e d g e s
t h a t t h e u s e o f t h e s e t e c h n o l o g i e s h a s
1 This has been witnessed by tracking conversations of
jihadists within various internet chat rooms and forums.
Financing Terror Bit by Bit
By Aaron Brantly
Content.
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'
t m a tte r . I kn e w it
s u b m it tin g
th e m e n tir e ly
. It w a s a t th a t p o in t th a t
I
p
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lu
g
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io n fr o m m e . H e w a s la te o n
I te ll y o u it w a
s a m is ta k e .
h a k in g th e m a jo r n e w s m e d ia . T h e
r e fo r e , I g a v e th is M o s e s s o m e s la c k .
c a s e (o r M o s e s
'
o th e r e ff o r t to c r e a te a n a tio n a l d ia lo g u e o n th e to p ic )
b e c a u s e o f th e c a s e . N o t a m o n th w e n t b y w ith o u t p o s itiv e b u z z fro m th e
l o n e y n o n o n
-
p r o fit c a n s u r v iv e . A n d w e d id a ttr a c t m a n y d o n o rs
o u r s n e e d s h ig
h
p
r o f ile c a s e s in o r d e r to a ttr a c t d o n o r s . W ith o u t
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o . It w a s o u r h i
g
h e s t
p
r o file c a s e . A n o r
g
a n iz a tio n lik e
to c o n tin u e . It w a s ju s t h ig h e n o u g h in th e p u b lic c o n s c io u s n e s s th a t I
c o n tro v e r s ia l), b u t a n a c c ep ta b le c a s e . T h is is th e r e a s o n w h
y
I a llo w e d u s
O n th e s u r fa c e th is is a g o o d c a s e fo r u s . N o t a
g
r e a t c a s e (to o
a n d r e d r e s s o
f u n e th ic a l tr e a tm e n t to w a r d s m in o r itie s .
th e e n tir e a ttitu d e th a t o u r c o u n tr y h .
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Scanned by CamScanner
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'
s o k a
y , to o .
b e a c h e s th e
y h a v e . I h a v e h e a r d th a t th e ir b e a c h e s h a v e c o r a l c lo s e
internet tr a v e l s ite s in o r d e r to d e te r m in e h o w
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g h t a s k M a tth e w to s c a n th e
v a c a tio n . R igh t n o w I a m c o n s id e r in
g a b r o c h u r e f r o m B o r a - B o r a .
b e a c h e s . A n d tw ic e a
y e a r I tr y to tr a v e l t o a b e a c h fo r a
p
e r s o n a l
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y
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y th a t g
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y
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a w a
y
w h e n th e
y
h a v e d o n e w h a t th e
y
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B u t it is a ls o tr u e th a t e v e n t h e b e s t o f w a v e s r e t ir e a n d
p
a s s
s
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p
a r a d is e .
g ro w in g u p . H is m o th e r , m a y s h e r e s t in p e a c e , w a s o u r m o s t a r d e n t
M y s o n S a m u e l lik e d to r id e th e w a v e s w it h m e w h e n h e w a s
n o n e th e le s s . T h o s e a r e th e w a v e s th a t d e liv e r th e m o s t
p
le a s u r e .
ju s t c o m e u p o n y o u . If y o u a r e n im b le , y o u c a n c a tc h th e m
So m e lo o k p r o m is in g fr o
m a fa r a n d t u r n o u t t o b e n o t h in
g
. O th e rs
a n d fa c e y
o u r fu t u r e . O n e d o e s n
'
t w a n t to c o m m it to e v e r
y w a v e .
in to th e w a te r u n til it is ju s t b e lo w th e a r m p its . T h e n y o u lo o k u
p
o f c o n s ta n t v a r ia
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s u r fin g
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w h o h a s tr ie d
it w ill a tte s t th a t th e e x p
e r ie n c e is o lle
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c a r ry
h im to s h o r e .
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y
N o
T h is e x p
e r ie n c e is h
e ig
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e e n te r s th e w a te r a n d le ts th e
tw o w a v e s a
r e id e n t i
c a l .
th e g r e
a te s t v a r i
e ty
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in th e s ig
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c a n so m
e tim e s b
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e r ie n c e
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to u c h o f
th e b r in e s p
r a
y
u
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c a n ), y°u
e x p
e r ie n c e a m ild ly v a c illa tin
g
e v e n .
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Scanned by CamScanner6 8
i d e a s o r w o r ds , b u t
b e c a u s e t h e t e x t s r e l y o n
s u h t l e c l u e s t o l e t
c u l t t e x t s , i t i s n o t j u s
t b e c a u s e t h e t e x t s c o n t a i n u n f a m i l i a r
Fr e q u e n t l y ,
w h e n s t u c le n t s h a v e t r o u b <e u
n d e r s t a n d i n g cl i t f
w h e n i t c o Ln e s t o t h e
c h a l l e n g i n g w o r k s a s s i g n e d i n s c h o o l .
t h e y a p p
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I F G O O D A C A I ) E M ˇ C W R i T I N G i n v o
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o s ó o n .
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i
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h c • w i n L +c m • n ü n i n g h m h o u r v e r y b e i n g i n t h e.
1Terrorism is highly d e p e n d e n t o n c a s h f.docxeugeniadean34240
1
T
errorism is highly d e p e n d e n t
o n c a s h f l o w s f o r t h e p u r c h a s e
o f e v e r y t h i n g f r o m m u n i t i o n s
a n d s u p p l i e s t o d o m a i n s a n d
p a m p h l e t s . T r a d i t i o n a l l y , o n e o f t h e
m o r e c h a l l e n g i n g a s p e c t s o f o r g a n i z i n g
i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e r r o r i s t a c t i v i t i e s i s
r o o t e d i n f i n a n c i a l t r a n s a c t i o n s . T h e
t r a n s f e r o f m o n e y a r o u n d t h e w o r l d
h a s , i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e , f u n d a m e n t a l l y
c h a n g e d t h e w a y t e r r o r i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s
r a i s e m o n e y t o s u p p o r t t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s .
D i g i t a l c u r r e n c i e s l i k e e - g o l d , B i t c o i n ,
P e e r c o i n , a n d D o d g e c o i n p r o v i d e
c o m p l e x y e t e f f i c i e n t m e c h a n i s m s f o r
t h e t r a n s f e r o f f u n d s , a s w e l l a s t h e
d e c e n t r a l i z e d c o l l e c t i o n o f d o n a t i o n s
i n a m o r e a n o n y m o u s m a n n e r t h a n
c o n v e n t i o n a l b a n k i n g t r a n s a c t i o n s .
T h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t
t h a t t e r r o r i s t s a r e c o n s i d e r i n g a n d ,
i n l i m i t e d i n s t a n c e s , u s i n g d i g i t a l
c u r r e n c i e s s u c h a s B i t c o i n t o f i n a n c e
a c t i v i t i e s . 1 W h i l e t h e s e t o o l s h a v e
g a i n e d i n p o p u l a r i t y , i n r e c e n t y e a r s
t h e i r e x p a n s i o n i n t o v a r i o u s t e r r o r i s t
o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a s b e e n s l o w a n d
d e l i b e r a t e a n d h a s n o t m a t c h e d p a c e
w i t h t r a n s n a t i o n a l c r i m i n a l u s e s o f t h e s e
s a m e t e c h n o l o g i e s .
F o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s a r t i c l e , t h e t e r m
“ t e r r o r i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n ” d o e s n o t i n c l u d e
t h e h a c k t i v i s t c o m m u n i t y , w h i c h h a s
a l r e a d y d e m o n s t r a t e d w i d e s p r e a d
u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e s e t e c h n o l o g i e s . H e r e ,
t h e t e r m i s l i m i t e d t o “ i n t e r n a t i o n a l
t e r r o r i s m ” a s o u t l i n e d i n 1 8 U . S . C . §
2 3 3 1 - C h a p t e r 1 1 3 B . T h i s d e f i n i t i o n
i s a n i m p o r t a n t c a v e a t a s i t f r a m e s
t h e s c o p e o f t h e a n a l y s i s t o a s p e c i f i c
c o m m u n i t y o f a c t o r s a n d a c k n o w l e d g e s
t h a t t h e u s e o f t h e s e t e c h n o l o g i e s h a s
1 This has been witnessed by tracking conversations of
jihadists within various internet chat rooms and forums.
Financing Terror Bit by Bit
By Aaron Brantly
Content.
Presented by Bruce Harwood: July 2016
Have you heard about traditional media but aren't quite sure what it is?
This session on how to plan and buy traditional media will give you some context on why advertisers use it and how you should think about it.
As each medium is different in its own way and we will explore the nuances of each and how they are adapting in today's digital landscape.
TMK.edu Traditional Media Buying Presentation: August 2015The Media Kitchen
Presented by Ludmila Palasin: August 12, 2015
This presentation provides a recap of our suite of research tools to be sure that everyone knows what is available. But there is a lot more out there – a lot of it for free. This presentation will go into depth on what these are and how to access and use them.
Root cause analysis is an approach for identifying the underlying causes of an incident so that the most effective solutions can be identified and implemented. It’s typically used when something goes badly, but can also be used when something goes well. Within an organization, problem solving, incident investigation, and root cause analysis are all fundamentally connected by three basic questions:
What’s the problem?
Why did it happen?
What will be done to prevent it from happening again?
Week 4 Assignment 2Self-assessment of Communication Skills.docxmelbruce90096
Week 4 Assignment 2
Self-assessment of Communication Skills
As a student studying healthcare administration and leadership in healthcare, you should be developing your own personal development plan to include a personal assessment of your communication skills.
Listening is an integral part of the communication process. Communication in the healthcare setting is vital. This includes communication between doctors and patients, doctors and nurses, clinicians and administrators, and so on.
Based on your learning, answer the following questions:
· Which topic of conversation makes you uncomfortable? What is the topic? Do you know why you find it difficult to talk about this topic?
<Enter your response here.>
· What do you do when you become uncomfortable during a conversation? Do you withdraw? Do you try to change the topic? Do you speak louder or softer? Do you begin to gesticulate?
<Enter your response here.>
· Have you had an occasion to talk to a very persuasive or very aggressive person? If you and this person hold different opinions, can you hold to your position? Are you easily “led” in a conversation?
<Enter your response here.>
· Are you flexible in a conversation? If a comment made by someone takes the conversation in an unexpected direction, can you adjust quickly? Can you assimilate new information, reassess your position, and continue the conversation?
<Enter your response here.>
· When entering into a conversation, do you attempt to eliminate potential distractions and interruptions?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you consciously avoid having important conversations in high traffic public areas where environmental distractions are likely possible? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you put your cell phone in the silence mode when you are likely to have conversations? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you listen without interruption and sufficiently control the conversation to minimize interruption? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in a conversation, do you give your undivided attention to the matters being discussed? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in discussion, do you develop reflective questions pertinent to the conversation? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in discussion, do you make conscious eye contact? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When involved in conversations, are you cognizant of body language, both the individual you are conversing with and your own? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you have an understanding of body language gestures and posturing?
<Enter your response here.>
In a self-assessment summary, provide a list of your communication strengths and weaknesses. Also, provide a plan to address the weaknesses identified.
<Enter your response here.>
My Strengths
<Enter your response here.>
My Weaknesses
<Enter your response here.>
My Plan for Improving My Communication Skills
<Enter your response here.>
Page 1.
Forming part of the Yoma Central project, the Peninsula Residences Yangon is a collection of luxury private homes for sale that blends heritage and modern design with the Peninsula brand’s refined elegance. The Peninsula Residences Yangon which comprises 112 units offers the choice of two-bedroom, three-bedroom, four-bedroom, and penthouse serviced residences across its 26 floors together with a unique menu of dedicated facilities and amenities.
PR Distribution Services in the UK:
Looking to amplify your message across the United Kingdom? Our PR distribution services in the UK offer a comprehensive solution to ensure your press releases reach the right audience. With a network of media contacts and outlets, we guarantee your news will receive the attention it deserves. From major cities like London to regional hubs, our tailored approach ensures maximum visibility for your brand or organization.
…if one of the primary purposes of education is to teach young .docxanhlodge
“…if one of the primary purposes of education is to teach young people the skills, knowledge, and critical awareness to become productive members of a diverse and democratic society, a broadly conceptualize multicultural education can have a decisive influence.” Textbook page 338.
What steps do you think schools can or should take to promote our democracy in today’s very diverse country?
Food festivals and celebrating a cultural holiday will not be accepted as an answer. Those are examples of tokenism to make the dominant culture feel like they are doing something. These two activities are fun and interesting, but not how we will strengthen our democracy.
.
✍Report OverviewIn this assignment, you will Document an.docxanhlodge
✍
Report Overview
In this assignment, you will
Document and reflect on your university education and on learning experiences outside of the university;
Articulate how your upper-level coursework is an integrated and individualized curriculum built around your interests; and
Highlight the experiences, skills, and projects that show what you can do.
A successful report submission will be the product of many hours of work over several weeks.
A report earning maximum available points will be a carefully curated and edited explanation of your work that provides tangible evidence of—and insights into—your competencies and capabilities over time. In each section of this report, you are (1) telling a story about your own abilities, and (2) providing specific examples and evidence that illustrate and support your claims.
✍
Required Report Sections
Here the sections are listed as they must appear in your final graded submission. You’ll arrange the sections in this order when
submitting
the final report BUT you won’t follow this order when
writing
drafts of each section.
Note that each section description contains a Pro Tip that tells you how to proceed with the work – what to attempt first, second, and third, etc.
❖ I. Statement of Purpose ❖
Step 1.
Read these four very different
examples of successful Statement of Purpose sections
.
Step 2.
Consider the differences in tone, style, level of detail etc. Your own statement of purpose may resemble one of these. Indeed, writing a first draft based on an example or combination of examples is a good idea. BUT don’t let these examples limit your thinking or personal expression. You may want to begin with a quote from a famous person, use a quote from your mom, or skip the quote. You may want to discuss your personal motivations or get right down to the facts. You may want to list your classes or discuss how your work-life led you to this path.
Step 3.
Write a rough draft – let’s call that Statement of Purpose 1.0. Write Statement of Purpose 1.0 as quickly as you can and then put it away until after you have completed most of the report. Forget about Statement of Purpose 1.0 until most of your report is at least in draft form.
Step 4.
Once you have a draft of all sections of your report, you are in a good position to revise Statement of Purpose 1. You are ready for Step 4. Take Statement of Purpose 1.0 out its dusty vault and hold it up to the sun. Ah. Now read your report draft and compare it to the claims you made in Statement of Purpose 1.0. Ask yourself these questions:
Does Statement of Purpose 1.0. accurately introduce my report?
Are there important ideas or representative experiences in the report that should be highlighted in the Statement of Purpose but aren’t? Remember this isn’t a treasure hunt where its your reader’s job to figure out what matters. It’s your job to show the reader what matters.
If Statement of Purpose 1.0. isn’t the best map it can be for th.
More Related Content
Similar to Scanned by CamScannerO n e o f S w ia liz e ď s e x .docx
Presented by Bruce Harwood: July 2016
Have you heard about traditional media but aren't quite sure what it is?
This session on how to plan and buy traditional media will give you some context on why advertisers use it and how you should think about it.
As each medium is different in its own way and we will explore the nuances of each and how they are adapting in today's digital landscape.
TMK.edu Traditional Media Buying Presentation: August 2015The Media Kitchen
Presented by Ludmila Palasin: August 12, 2015
This presentation provides a recap of our suite of research tools to be sure that everyone knows what is available. But there is a lot more out there – a lot of it for free. This presentation will go into depth on what these are and how to access and use them.
Root cause analysis is an approach for identifying the underlying causes of an incident so that the most effective solutions can be identified and implemented. It’s typically used when something goes badly, but can also be used when something goes well. Within an organization, problem solving, incident investigation, and root cause analysis are all fundamentally connected by three basic questions:
What’s the problem?
Why did it happen?
What will be done to prevent it from happening again?
Week 4 Assignment 2Self-assessment of Communication Skills.docxmelbruce90096
Week 4 Assignment 2
Self-assessment of Communication Skills
As a student studying healthcare administration and leadership in healthcare, you should be developing your own personal development plan to include a personal assessment of your communication skills.
Listening is an integral part of the communication process. Communication in the healthcare setting is vital. This includes communication between doctors and patients, doctors and nurses, clinicians and administrators, and so on.
Based on your learning, answer the following questions:
· Which topic of conversation makes you uncomfortable? What is the topic? Do you know why you find it difficult to talk about this topic?
<Enter your response here.>
· What do you do when you become uncomfortable during a conversation? Do you withdraw? Do you try to change the topic? Do you speak louder or softer? Do you begin to gesticulate?
<Enter your response here.>
· Have you had an occasion to talk to a very persuasive or very aggressive person? If you and this person hold different opinions, can you hold to your position? Are you easily “led” in a conversation?
<Enter your response here.>
· Are you flexible in a conversation? If a comment made by someone takes the conversation in an unexpected direction, can you adjust quickly? Can you assimilate new information, reassess your position, and continue the conversation?
<Enter your response here.>
· When entering into a conversation, do you attempt to eliminate potential distractions and interruptions?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you consciously avoid having important conversations in high traffic public areas where environmental distractions are likely possible? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you put your cell phone in the silence mode when you are likely to have conversations? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you listen without interruption and sufficiently control the conversation to minimize interruption? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in a conversation, do you give your undivided attention to the matters being discussed? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in discussion, do you develop reflective questions pertinent to the conversation? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When engaged in discussion, do you make conscious eye contact? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· When involved in conversations, are you cognizant of body language, both the individual you are conversing with and your own? Why?
<Enter your response here.>
· Do you have an understanding of body language gestures and posturing?
<Enter your response here.>
In a self-assessment summary, provide a list of your communication strengths and weaknesses. Also, provide a plan to address the weaknesses identified.
<Enter your response here.>
My Strengths
<Enter your response here.>
My Weaknesses
<Enter your response here.>
My Plan for Improving My Communication Skills
<Enter your response here.>
Page 1.
Forming part of the Yoma Central project, the Peninsula Residences Yangon is a collection of luxury private homes for sale that blends heritage and modern design with the Peninsula brand’s refined elegance. The Peninsula Residences Yangon which comprises 112 units offers the choice of two-bedroom, three-bedroom, four-bedroom, and penthouse serviced residences across its 26 floors together with a unique menu of dedicated facilities and amenities.
PR Distribution Services in the UK:
Looking to amplify your message across the United Kingdom? Our PR distribution services in the UK offer a comprehensive solution to ensure your press releases reach the right audience. With a network of media contacts and outlets, we guarantee your news will receive the attention it deserves. From major cities like London to regional hubs, our tailored approach ensures maximum visibility for your brand or organization.
…if one of the primary purposes of education is to teach young .docxanhlodge
“…if one of the primary purposes of education is to teach young people the skills, knowledge, and critical awareness to become productive members of a diverse and democratic society, a broadly conceptualize multicultural education can have a decisive influence.” Textbook page 338.
What steps do you think schools can or should take to promote our democracy in today’s very diverse country?
Food festivals and celebrating a cultural holiday will not be accepted as an answer. Those are examples of tokenism to make the dominant culture feel like they are doing something. These two activities are fun and interesting, but not how we will strengthen our democracy.
.
✍Report OverviewIn this assignment, you will Document an.docxanhlodge
✍
Report Overview
In this assignment, you will
Document and reflect on your university education and on learning experiences outside of the university;
Articulate how your upper-level coursework is an integrated and individualized curriculum built around your interests; and
Highlight the experiences, skills, and projects that show what you can do.
A successful report submission will be the product of many hours of work over several weeks.
A report earning maximum available points will be a carefully curated and edited explanation of your work that provides tangible evidence of—and insights into—your competencies and capabilities over time. In each section of this report, you are (1) telling a story about your own abilities, and (2) providing specific examples and evidence that illustrate and support your claims.
✍
Required Report Sections
Here the sections are listed as they must appear in your final graded submission. You’ll arrange the sections in this order when
submitting
the final report BUT you won’t follow this order when
writing
drafts of each section.
Note that each section description contains a Pro Tip that tells you how to proceed with the work – what to attempt first, second, and third, etc.
❖ I. Statement of Purpose ❖
Step 1.
Read these four very different
examples of successful Statement of Purpose sections
.
Step 2.
Consider the differences in tone, style, level of detail etc. Your own statement of purpose may resemble one of these. Indeed, writing a first draft based on an example or combination of examples is a good idea. BUT don’t let these examples limit your thinking or personal expression. You may want to begin with a quote from a famous person, use a quote from your mom, or skip the quote. You may want to discuss your personal motivations or get right down to the facts. You may want to list your classes or discuss how your work-life led you to this path.
Step 3.
Write a rough draft – let’s call that Statement of Purpose 1.0. Write Statement of Purpose 1.0 as quickly as you can and then put it away until after you have completed most of the report. Forget about Statement of Purpose 1.0 until most of your report is at least in draft form.
Step 4.
Once you have a draft of all sections of your report, you are in a good position to revise Statement of Purpose 1. You are ready for Step 4. Take Statement of Purpose 1.0 out its dusty vault and hold it up to the sun. Ah. Now read your report draft and compare it to the claims you made in Statement of Purpose 1.0. Ask yourself these questions:
Does Statement of Purpose 1.0. accurately introduce my report?
Are there important ideas or representative experiences in the report that should be highlighted in the Statement of Purpose but aren’t? Remember this isn’t a treasure hunt where its your reader’s job to figure out what matters. It’s your job to show the reader what matters.
If Statement of Purpose 1.0. isn’t the best map it can be for th.
☰Menu×NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population H.docxanhlodge
☰
Menu
×
NURS 6050 Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health
Back to Course Home
Course Calendar
Syllabus
Course Information
Resource List
Support, Guidelines, and Policies
Module 1
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
Module 5
Module 6
.
▪ Learning Outcomes1.Understand the basic concepts and termin.docxanhlodge
▪
Learning Outcomes:1.
Understand the basic concepts and terminology used in Strategic Management. (Lo 1.2)2.
Understand the Corporation Social Responsibility
(Lo 1.4).3.
Explain how executive leadership is an important part of strategic management (Lo 3.4)
✓
Question 1
: How does strategic management typically evolve in a corporation? (
1Mark)
✓
Question 2
: Discuss the influence of globalization, social responsibility and environmental sustainability on strategic management of a corporation.(
2 Marks
)
✓
Question 3:
In what ways can a corporation’s structure and culture be internal strengths or weaknesses? Justify your answer by examples from real market. (
1Mark)
✓
Question 4:
When does a corporation need a board of directors? Justify your answer by an example from Saudi market.
(1 Mark)
Notes:
-
Your answers
(for the
4
questions)
MUST include at least
three scholarly peer-reviewed references
,
using a proper referencing style (APA).
Keep in mind that these scholarly references
can be found
in the
Saudi Digital Library (SDL).
-
Make sure to support your statements with logic and argument, citing all sources referenced.
Your answers should not include m
.
● What are some of the reasons that a MNE would choose internationa.docxanhlodge
● What are some of the reasons that a MNE would choose international expansion through an acquisition? An IJV? An alliance?
● What are the variables that would influence the decision?
● Which choice do you believe is best for the likely benefit of the firm? (Cite and reference).
.
▶︎ Prompt 1 Think about whether you identify with either Blue or .docxanhlodge
▶︎ Prompt 1:
Think about whether you identify with either Blue or Red or "Left vs. Right" characteristics of conservative or liberal, left or right America. Do you see yourself, or the people in the place you grew up, on either side of the divide, or perhaps in a different political category? Share some ways in which you identify with some of the descriptions, or ways in which they seem foreign to you.
I'll attach the picture below
.
⁞ InstructionsChoose only ONE of the following options .docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions
Choose only
ONE
of the following options below and, in your post, write a paraphrase that avoids plagiarism of the paragraph you have chosen. Your paraphrase can be as long as the excerpt you have chosen, but should not duplicate any phrasing from the excerpt. If you must, you can quote up to three words in a phrase.
Choose to paraphrase ONE of the excerpts below:
Option 1
Morrison began writing Sula in 1969, a time of great activism among African Americans and others who were working toward equal civil rights and opportunities. The book addresses issues of racism, bigotry, and suppression of African Americans; it depicts the despair people feel when they can't get decent jobs, and the determination of some to survive. Eva, for example, cuts off her leg in order to get money to raise her family. Morrison shows how, faced with racist situations, some people had to grovel to whites simply to get by, as Helene does on a train heading through the South. Others, however, fought back, as Sula does when she threatens some white boys who are harassing her and Nel.
or
Option 2
In 1993, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, and thus became the first African American and only the eighth woman ever to win the award. According to Maureen O'Brien in Publishers Weekly, Morrison said, "What is most wonderful for me personally is to know that the Prize has at last been awarded to an African American. I thank God that my mother is alive to see this day." In 1996, she received the National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
.
⁞ InstructionsChoose only ONE of the following options below.docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions
Choose only
ONE
of the following options below and, in your post, write a paraphrase that avoids plagiarism of the paragraph you have chosen. Your paraphrase can be as long as the excerpt you have chosen, but should not duplicate any phrasing from the excerpt. If you must, you can quote up to three words in a phrase.
When you are done posting your paraphrase, reply to at least one classmate’s paraphrase, commenting on what s/he has done well and what s/he can improve with the wording. Your response should be written in no fewer than 75 words.
Choose to paraphrase ONE of the excerpts below:
Option 1
Morrison began writing Sula in 1969, a time of great activism among African Americans and others who were working toward equal civil rights and opportunities. The book addresses issues of racism, bigotry, and suppression of African Americans; it depicts the despair people feel when they can't get decent jobs, and the determination of some to survive. Eva, for example, cuts off her leg in order to get money to raise her family. Morrison shows how, faced with racist situations, some people had to grovel to whites simply to get by, as Helene does on a train heading through the South. Others, however, fought back, as Sula does when she threatens some white boys who are harassing her and Nel.
or
Option 2
In 1993, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, and thus became the first African American and only the eighth woman ever to win the award. According to Maureen O'Brien in Publishers Weekly, Morrison said, "What is most wonderful for me personally is to know that the Prize has at last been awarded to an African American. I thank God that my mother is alive to see this day." In 1996, she received the National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
Your discussion post will be graded according to the following criteria:
- Clear paraphrase the selected text in your own words with minimal use of quotations
.
⁞ InstructionsAfter reading The Metamorphosis by Frank .docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions
After reading
The Metamorphosis
by Frank Kafka , choose
one
of the following assertions and write a 200-word response supporting why you agree or disagree with it.
Gregor’s transformation highlights his isolation and alienation before his metamorphosis.
Or
Despite having become an insect, Gregor is more humane and sensitive than his family.
Or
If Gregor had been a stronger person, he would have been able to avoid all of the suffering and alienation he endures.
.
⁞ InstructionsAfter reading all of Chapter 5, please se.docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions:
After reading all of
Chapter 5
, please select
ONE
of the following
primary source readings
:
“Utilitarianism” by John Stuart Mill
(starting on page 111)
-or-
“A Theory of Justice” by John Rawls
(starting on page 115)
-or-
“The Entitlement Theory of Justice” by Robert Nozick
(starting on page 122)
Write a short, objective summary of
250-500 words
which summarizes the main ideas being put forward by the author in this selection. Your summary should include no direct quotations from any author. Instead, summarize in your own words, and include a citation to the original. Format your Reading Summary assignment according to either MLA or APA formatting standards, and attach as either a .doc, .docx, or .rtf filetype. Other filetypes, or assignments that are merely copy/pasted into the box will be returned ungraded.
.
⁞ InstructionsAfter reading all of Chapter 2, please select.docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions:
After reading all of
Chapter 2
, please select
ONE
of the following
primary source readings
:
“Anthropology and the Abnormal” by Ruth Benedict
(starting on page 33)
-or-
“Trying Out One’s New Sword” by Mary Midgley
(starting on page 35)
Write a short, objective summary of
250
which summarizes the main ideas being put forward by the author in this selection.
Write a short summary that identifies the thesis and outlines the main argument.
Reading summaries are not about your opinion or perspective – they are expository essays that explain the content of the reading.
All reading summaries must include substantive content based on the students reading of the material.
Reading Material: Doing Ethics
ORIGINIAL WORK. NO PLAGIARISM
.
⁞ Instructions After reading all of Chapter 9, please .docxanhlodge
⁞ Instructions:
After reading all of
Chapter 9
, please select the following
primary source reading
:
“A Defense of Abortion” by Judith Jarvis Thomson
(starting on page 237)
Write a short, objective summary of
250-500 words
which summarizes the main ideas being put forward by the author in this selection. Your summary should include no direct quotations from any author. Instead, summarize in your own words, and include a citation to the original. Format your Reading Summary assignment according to either MLA or APA formatting standards, and attach as either a .doc, .docx, or .rtf filetype. Other filetypes, or assignments that are merely copy/pasted into the box will be returned ungraded.
.
…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capac.docxanhlodge
“…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capacities; learning styles describe an individual’s traits that relate to where and how one best learns” (textbook quote, [H2] Learning Styles].
This week you’ve read about the importance of getting to know your students in order to create relevant and engaging lesson plans that cater to multiple intelligences and are multimodal.
Assignment Instructions:
A. Using
SurveyMonkey
, create a survey that has:
At least five questions based on Gardner’s theory
Five questions on individual learning style inventory
A specific targeted student population grade level (elementary/ middle/ high school/adults)
Include the survey link for your peers
B. Post a minimum 150 word introduction to your survey, using at least one research-based article (cited in APA format) explaining how it will:
Evaluate students’ readiness
Assist in the creation of differentiated lesson plans.
.
•••••iA National Profile ofthe Real Estate Industry and.docxanhlodge
•••••i
A National Profile of
the Real Estate Industry and
the Appraisal Profession
by J. Reid Cummings and Donald R. Epley, PhD, MAI, SRA
FEATURES
T
J- he
he real estate industry has been devastated on many fronts' in the years
following the Great Recession, whieh began in 2007^ due to the bursting of the
housing bubble and the subsequent finaneial crisis relating to the mortgage
market meltdown.' The implosion of the mortgage markets initially began when
two Bear Stearns mortgage-backed securities hedge funds, holding nearly $10
billion in assets, disintegrated into nothing.* Panie quickly spread to financial
institutions that could not hide the extent of their toxic, subprime exposures, and
a massive, worldwide credit squeeze ensued; outright fear soon replaced panic.
Subsequent eredit tightening and substantial illiquidity in the financial markets
rapidly and severely affected the housing and construction markets.' Throughout
the United States, properties of all kinds saw dramatic value declines.
In thousands of cases, real estate foreclosures disrupted people's lives,
forced businesses to close, eaused financial institutions to falter, capsized wbole
market segments, devastated entire industries, and squeezed municipal and state
government budgets dependent upon use and property tax revenues.* While the
effeets of property value declines and the waves of foreclosures in markets across
the country captured most of the headlines, one significant impact of the upheaval
in US real estate markets has gone largely unreported: its impact on employment
in the real estate industry, and specifically, the real estate appraisal profession.
This article presents a
current employment
profile of the US real
estate industry, with
special attention given
to appraisal profes-
sionals. It serves as an
informative picture of
the appraisal profession
for use as a benchmark
for future assessment
of growth. As a
component of the real
estate industry, the
appraisal profession
ranks as the smallest
in employment, is
highly correlated to
movements in empioy-
ment of brokers and
agents, and relies on
commerciai banking,
credit, and real estate
lessors and managers
to deliver its products.
1. James R. DeLisle, "At the Crossroads of Expansion and Recession," TheAppraisalJournal 75, no. 4 (Fall 2007):
314-322; James R. DeLisle, "The Perfect Storm Rippiing Over to Reai Estate," The Appraisal Journal 76, no,
3 (Summer 2008): 200-210.
2. Randaii W. Eberts, "When Wiii US Empioyment Recover from tiie Great Recession?" International Labor Brief
9, no. 2 (2011): 4-12 (W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research): Chad R. Wilkerson, "Recession and
Recovery Across the Nation: Lessons from History," Economic Review 94, no. 2 (2009): 5-24.
3. Kataiina M. Bianco, The Subprime Lending Crisis: Causes and Effects of the Mortgage Meltdown (New York:
CCH, inc., 2008): Lawrence H. White, "Fédérai Reserve Policy and the Housing Bubbie," in Lessons Fro.
Let us consider […] a pair of cases which I shall call Rescue .docxanhlodge
“Let us consider […] a pair of cases which I shall call Rescue I and Rescue II. In the first Rescue story we are hurrying in our jeep to save some people – let there be five of them – who are imminently threatened by the ocean tide. We have not a moment to spare, so when we hear of a single person who also needs rescuing from some other disaster we say regretfully that we cannot rescue him, but must leave him to die. To most of us, this seems clear […]. This is Rescue I and with it I contrast Rescue II. In this second story we are again hurrying to the place where the tide is coming in in order to rescue the party of people, but this time it is relevant that the road is narrow and rocky. In this version, the lone individual is trapped (do not ask me how) on the path. If we are to rescue the five we would have to drive over him. But can we do so? If we stop he will be all right eventually: he is in no danger unless from us. But of course, all five of the others will be drowned. As in the first story, our choice is between a course of action that will leave one man dead and five alive at the end of the day and a course of action which will have the opposite result. (Philippa Foot, “Killing and Letting Die,” from Abortion and Legal Perspectives, eds. Garfield and Hennessey, 2004, University of Massachusetts Press)
1. What would Mill tell the rescuer to do, in Rescue I and Rescue II, according to his theory of utilitarianism? Be clear in explaining Mill’s recommendation, and how he would justify it. In doing so, you must include a discussion of the following:
o The Principle of Utility and how it would specifically apply in this situation—who gets “counted” and how?
2. What would Kant tell the rescuer to do, in Rescue I and Rescue II, according to his deontological theory? Be clear in explaining Kant’s recommendation and how he would justify it. In doing so, you must include a discussion of the following:
o The first version of the Categorical Imperative and how it would specifically apply in these two situations (hint, you have to say what the maxim would be and what duty would be generated according to it).
o The second version of the Categorical Imperative and how it would specifically apply in this situation.
3. Explain one criticism of both Mill and Kant. Afterward, argue for which ethical approach, on your view is superior. Be specific and provide reasons for your claim.
.
• Enhanced eText—Keeps students engaged in learning on th.docxanhlodge
• Enhanced eText—Keeps students engaged in learning on their own time,
while helping them achieve greater conceptual understanding of course
material. The worked examples bring learning to life, and algorithmic practice
allows students to apply the very concepts they are reading about. Combining
resources that illuminate content with accessible self-assessment, MyLab
with Enhanced eText provides students with a complete digital learning
experience—all in one place.
• MediaShare for Business—Consisting of a curated collection of business
videos tagged to learning outcomes and customizable, auto-scored
assignments, MediaShare for Business helps students understand why they
are learning key concepts and how they will apply those in their careers.
Instructors can also assign favorite YouTube clips or original content and
employ MediaShare’s powerful repository of tools to maximize student
accountability and interactive learning, and provide contextualized feedback
for students and teams who upload presentations, media, or business plans.
• Writing Space—Better writers make great
learners who perform better in their courses.
Designed to help you develop and assess concept
mastery and critical thinking, the Writing Space
offers a single place to create, track, and grade
writing assignments, provide resources, and
exchange meaningful, personalized feedback with
students, quickly and easily. Thanks to auto-graded, assisted-graded, and create-your-own assignments, you
decide your level of involvement in evaluating students’ work. The auto-graded option allows you to assign
writing in large classes without having to grade essays by hand. And because of integration with Turnitin®,
Writing Space can check students’ work for improper citation or plagiarism.
• Branching, Decision-Making Simulations—Put your students in the
role of manager as they make a series of decisions based on a realistic
business challenge. The simulations change and branch based on their
decisions, creating various scenario paths. At the end of each simulation,
students receive a grade and a detailed report of the choices they made
with the associated consequences included.
Engage, Assess, Apply
• Learning Catalytics™—Is an interactive, student response tool that
uses students’ smartphones, tablets, or laptops to engage them in
more sophisticated tasks and thinking. Now included with MyLab
with eText, Learning Catalytics enables you to generate classroom
discussion, guide your lecture, and promote peer-to-peer learning
with real-time analytics.
• LMS Integration—You can now link from Blackboard Learn, Brightspace
by D2L, Canvas, or Moodle to MyManagementLab. Access assignments,
rosters, and resources, and synchronize grades with your LMS gradebook.
For students, single sign-on provides access to all the personalized
learning resources that make studying more efficient and effective.
• Reporting Dashboard—View, analyze, and re.
• Here’s the approach you can take for this paperTitle.docxanhlodge
• Here’s the approach you can take for this paper:
Title page (ensure team members and IDs are listed)
Introduction – provide a background of the selected organization.
Risk #1
Description
Impact on organization
Recommendation on how to manage it
Risk #2
Description
Impact on organization
Recommendation on how to manage it
Risk #3
Description
Impact on organization
Recommendation on how to manage it
Conclusion
References (minimum of 12 reputable sources)
Appendix (if any)
The paper will range from 15-to-20-pages includes title page, content, and references.
Please write in APA Style.
.
•Your team will select a big data analytics project that is intr.docxanhlodge
•Your team will select a big data analytics project that is introduced to an organization of your choice … please address the following items:
•Provide a background of the company chosen.
•Determine the problems or opportunities that that this project will solve. What is the value of the project?
•Describe the impact of the problem. In other words, is the organization suffering financial losses? Are there opportunities that are not exploited?
•Provide a clear description regarding the metrics your team will use to measure performance. Please include a discussion pertaining to the key performance indicators (KPIs).
•Recommend a big data tool that will help you solve your problem or exploit the opportunity, such as Hadoop, Cloudera, MongoDB, or Hive.
•Evaluate the data requirements. Here are questions to consider: What type of data is needed? Where can you find the data? How can the data be collected? How can you verify the integrity of the data?
•Discuss the gaps that you will need to bridge. Will you need help from vendors to do this work? Is it necessary to secure the services of other subject matter experts (SMEs)?
•What type of project management approach will you use this initiative? Agile? Waterfall? Hybrid? Please provide a justification for the selected approach.
•Provide a summary and conclusion.
.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
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w h a t th e te a m w ill a tte m p t to a c h ie v e to s a tis f y
th e c u s to m e r n e e d s . F o r e x a m p le ,
m
h o w to a d e s s th e c u s to m e r n e e d s
, b u t th e y d o r e p r e s e n t a n u n a m b ig u o u s a g r e
e m
e n t o n
m e a s u r a b le d e ta il w iia t th e
p r o d u c t h a s to d o . p r o d u c t specifications d o n o t
te ll th e te am
d e v e lo
p m e n t te a m s u s u a lly e s ta b lis h a s e t o f s
p e c if ic a tio n s , w h ic h s p e ll o u t in p
re c ise ,
4. P ro d u c t. T he y s im p ly le a v e to o m u c h m a r g in
fo r s u b je c tiv e in te rp r e ta tio n . F o r th is re a so n ,
c u s to m e r s , t h e y p r o v id e little s p e c ific g u id a
n c e a b o u t h o w to d e s i
g n a n d e n g
in e e r th e
w h ile s u c H e x p r e s s io n s a r e h e lp f u l in d e v e
lo p in g a c le a r s e n s e o f th e is s u e s o f in te re st
to
b u m
p y tr a ils
"
a r e t y p ic a l in te rm s o f th e s u b je c tiv e q u a ıity o
f th e e x p r e s s io n s ; h o w e v er,
"
t h e s u s p e n s io n is e a s y to in s ta ll
-
o r
"
t h e s u s p e n s io n e n a b le s h ig h
- s p e e d d e s c
e n ts o n
c u s to m e r n e e d s fo r th e s u s p e n s io n f o r k a r e
5. lis te d in T. x h ih it 6 - 2 . C u s to m e r n e e d s s u c h
a s
C u s to m e r n e e d s a r e g e n e r a lly e x p r e s s e d in
th e
"
la n g u a g e o f th e c u s to m e r ,
"
T he p rim a ry
W n a t A r e S p e c if ic a t io n s ?
c a n b e c o n s M ıc te d u s in g c o n v e n tio n a l s p re a
d s h e e t s o ftw a r e .
C u s to m e r N e e d s . T h e m e th o d e m p lo y s se v e r
a ı ų in 】p į e jn lb m la t io n s y s te m s , a ll o f w h ich
th e c u s to m e r n e e d s a r e a lr e a d y d o c u m e n te d
tts d e s c r ib e d i n C h a
p
te r 5 , Id e n tify in g
T h is c h a p te r p r e s e n ts a m e th o d f o r e s ta b 1į s
łıin g p r o d u c t s p e c if ic a tio n s . W e a s s u m e th a t
lik e c o s t a n d w e ig h t?
H o w c o u l d t he t ea m r e s o l ve t he i ne v i tab l e t ra
d e - o f fs a m o n g p r o d u c t c h a r ac t er istics �
s u b s ta n tia l s h a r e o f th e s u s p e n s io n fo r k m a
rk e t ?
6. H o w c o u l d t he t ea m d e v e l op c o n f i de n c e t ha
t i ts i nt en d e d p r o d u c t w o u l d g a r n e r a�
s u c c e s s o r fa ilu re o f th e re s u ltin g p r o d u c t d e
s ig n ?
H o w c o u l d t he t ea m a n d i ts s e n i or m a n a g
e m e
n t a g r e e o n w h a t w o u l d c o n s t itut e�
fo r th e re m a in in g d e v e lo p m e n t e f fo r t?
H o w co u l d the rel at ive l y s u b j ec t ive c u s t om e r
n e e d s b e tran s l at ed i nt o p r ec i se targ e t s�
s e v e ra l c h a lle n g e s
re s u lt o f th is p ro c e s s th e y h a d a s s e m b le d a lis
t o f c u s to m e r n e e d s . T h e y n o w fa c e d
o n lo c a l tr a ils , a n d th e y a ls o h a d s p e n t tim e w
o rk in g w ith d e a le r s in th e ir s to re s . A s a
o f th e te a m h a d in te rv ie w e d le a d u s e rs a t m o u
n ta in b ik e r a c e s a n d r e c r e a tio n a l c y c lists
a d d itio n to lo g g in g m a n y h o u r s o f r id in g o n s
u s p e n d e d b ik e s th e m s e lv e s , t h e m e m b e rs
T h e d e v e lo p m e n t te a m h a d s p e n t a g r e a t d e a
l o f tim e id e n tify in g c u s to m e r n e e d s , In
v id e M g h e r v a l
u e fo r th e r e c r e a tio n a l c y c lis t .
7. fo rk s o n its b ic y c le s (E x h ib it 6
- 1), it w a s in te re s te d in e x p lo ń n g d e s ig n s th a t
w o u ld
p ro -
fo rk fo r th e m o u n ta in b ik e m a r k e t . A lth o u g h
th e fir m w a s a lr e a d y s e llin g s u sp e
S pe c ia liz e d B ic y c ıe C o m p o n
e n ts w a s in te re s te d in d e v e lo p in g a n e w fr o n t
s u s
p e n
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T h e s e s p e c if
ıc a tio n
S r e p
r e s e n t
th e h o p
e s a n d a
s p
ira t io n s
o f th e te a m , b u t th e y a r e e s ta b -
th is is r a r e ly p
o s s ib ıe ,
8. F o r s u c h p
ro d u c ts , s p e c
ific a tio n
s a r e e s ta b lis h e d a t le a s t tw ic e .
q u ite w
e ll ; th e
te c h n o lo g
is ts o n th
e te a m c a
n r e lia b ly
c o n c o c t a fo r m u la tio n th a t s a t is -m e e t th o s e s
p
e c ifİ c a tıo n
s . F o r s o m e p
r o d u c ts , s u
c h a s s o a p o r s o u p , t h is a p p r o a c h w o r k s
In a n id e a l w o r ld ,
t h e te a m w o
u ld e s ta b li
s h th e p
ro d u c t s p e
c ific a tio n s o n c e e a r ly in th e
W h e n A r e S p e c if ic a
t io n s E s t a
9. b lis h e d ?
T h e p ı o d u č t s p
e c ifzc a tio n s (p
iu r a ı) a r e
s im p
ly
th e s e t o f th e in d iv id u a l s p e c ific a tio n s .
(e . g . , s e c o n d s ,
k ilo g ra m s , jo u le
s) . T o g e th e r,
t h e m e tric a n d v a lu e fo rm a s p e c ific a tio n .
n u m b e r , a r a n g e , o r
a n in e q u a lity ,
V alu e s a r e a lw a y s la b e le d w ith th e a p p r o p ń a
te u n its
v a lu e o f th is m e tr ic .
N o te th a t th e v a lu e m a y
ta k e o n s e v e ra l fo rm s , in c lu d in g a p a r tic u la r
F o r e x a m p le ,
"
a v e r a g e tim e to
a s s e m h le
"
10. is a m e tric , w h ile
"
le s s th a n 7 5 s e c o n d s
"
is th e
p r e c is e a b o u t a
fe w d e f in itio n s . A sp e c ifıc a tio n (s in g u la r ) c o n
s is ts o f a m e tr ic a n d a v a lu e .
4
2 0 T h e s u s p e n s io n
is s a fe in a c ra s h 5
19 T h e s u s p e n s io n
la s ts a lo n g t im e 5
18 T h e s u s
p
e n s io n c a n b e m a in ta in e d w ith re a d ily a v a ila b
le to o ls . 3
17 T h e s u s
p
e n s io n a llo w s e a s y re p
la c e m e n t o f w o r n
p
a r ts . 1
16 T h e s u s
11. p e
n s io n c a n b e e a s ily a c c e s s e d fo r m a in te n a n c
e . 3
1 5 T h e s u s
p
e n s io n is n o t c o n t a m in a te d b y g ru n g e . 5
1 4 T h e s u s
p
e n s io n is n o t c o n t a m in a te d b y w a te r. 5
1 3 T h e s u s
p
e n s io n is a « o rd a b le fo r a n a m a te u r e n th u s ia s t
. 5
12 T h e s u s
p e n s io n in s t ills
p
rid e 5
1 1 T h e s u s
p
e n s io n w o rk s w it h fe n d e rs . 1
10 T h e s u s
p e n s io n is e a s y to in s ta ll 1
T h e s u s
12. p e n s io n ltm · w id . . ' "e t y o f b ik . . , w h e e l s , a n
d
- - - -
了
9
P ro v id e s s ti 仟 m o u n t in
g p o in t s fo r t h e b ra k e s .
8 T h e s u s
p e n s io n
is li
g h tw e ig h t .
7 T h e s u s
p e n s io n
re m a in s rig id d u rin g h a rd c o rn e rin g .
4
6 T h e s u s
p e n s io n
p re s e rv e s t h e s te e rin
g c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e b ik e . 4
5 T h e s u s
p e n s io n
a llo w s s e n s itiv ity a d ju s t m e n t . 3
4 T h e s u s
p e n s io n
13. e n a b le s h i
g h
-
s p e e d d e s c e n ts o n b u m
p y t ra ls .
5
3 T h e s u s
p e n s io n
a llo w s e a s y tra v e rs a i o f s lo w
, d iffic u lt te rra in . 2
2 T h e s u s
p e n s io n
re d u c e s v ib ra t io n t o t h e h a n d s . 3
1 T h e s u s
p e n s io n
N e e d lm p
·
N o .
9 3
p r o d u u S p e c ifī
c a lio n s
14. Scanned by CamScanner
th e p r o d u c t c o
n c e p t a c tu a lly s e le c te d .
in th e m a r k e tp la c e . L a te r th e s e s p e c ific a tio n
s w ill b e re fin e d b a s e d o n th e lim ita tio n
s
g o a ls o f th e d e v e lo p m e n t te a m , d e sc rib in g a p
ro d u c t th a t th e te a m b e lie v e s w o u ld su c c
e e d
re a s o n , s u c h p re lim in a ry s p e c ific a tio n s a re la
b e le d
"
t a r g e t s p e c ific a tio n s .
"
T he y ar
e th e
c o n tin g e n t u p o n th e d e ta ils o f th e p ro d u c t c o
n c e p t th e te a m e v e n tu a lly s
e le c ts . f
·
o r this
a g g r e s s iv e s p e c if ic a tio n s . A c tu a lly m e e tin g
th e sp e c ific a tio n s e s ta h lish e d a t th is p o in
t is
tu rin g c o s t o f $ 3 0 , a n d th e b e s t d e s c e n t tim e o
n th e te s t tr a c k , a s t h e s e a re th re e q
15. u ite
in a d v a n c e th a t it w ill b e a b le to a c h ie v e s im
irlta n e n u s l
y a m a s s o f İ k ilo g ra m ,
a manufac
c a lly fe a s ib le . F o r e x a m p le , in d e s ig n in g a s
u s p e n s io n fo r k , t h e te a m c a n n o t a ssu
m e
p r o m is in g o n e (s ) s e le c te d . A n a rb itra ry s e ttin
g o f th e specifications m a y n o t b e te c h
n i
-
n e e d s h a v e b e e n id e n tifie d b u t b e fo re
p ro d u c t c o n c e p ts h a v e b e e n g e n e r a te d a n
d th e m o st
A s E x h ib it 6 - 3 illu s tra te s , t h e ta rg e t s p e c ific a
tio n s a r e e s ta h lis h e d a f te r th e c u s to m e r
E s t a b lis h in g T a r g e t S p e c if ic a t io n s
th e s e c o n d is fo r s e ttin g th e final sp e c ific a tio n s
a fte r th e p ro d u c t c o n c e p t h a s b e e n se le c te d ,
Ľ lis c h a p te r p re s e n ts tw o m e th o d s : th e fir s t is
fo ľ e s ta h lis h ìn g ił1e ta rg ę t s p e c ific a tio n s a n d
in f o r m a tim n s y s te m s u s e d b y th e te a m th r o u
g h o u t th e d e v e ļ o p ın e n t p r o c e s s .
16. im p lic a tio n s fo r th e b u s in e s s . T h e lis t o f p ro d
u c t s p e c iń c a tra iìs is a ls o o n e o f th e k e y
te a m a g r e e s to a c h ie v e , t h e p r o je c t s c h e d u
le , t h e re q u ir e d r r s o u r c e s , a n d th e e c o n o m ic
b o o k T h e c o n tra c t b o o k (d e sc rib e d in C h a p te
r 1 9 , M a n a g in g P ro je c ts ) s p e c ifie s w h a t th e
e le m e n ts o f th e d e v e lo p m e n t p la n , w h ic h is u s
u a lly d o c u m e n te d in th e p ro je c t
'
s c o n t r a c t
d e v e lo p m e n t p r o c e s s in E x h ib it 6
- 3 . N o te th a t th e fin a l s p e c ific a tio n s a re o n e o
f th e k e y
T he tw o s ta g e s in w h ic h s p e c ific a tio n s a r e e s
ta h lis h e d a r e s h o w n a s p a r t o f th e c o n c e p t
o u t th e d e v e lo p m e n t p r o c e s s .
b u t w e n o te th a t in s o m e o r g a n iz a tio n s s p e c if
ic a tio n s a re r e v is ite d m a n y tim e s th ro u g h -
p ro d u c t . F o r s im p lic ity , w e p re s e n t a tw o
-
s ta g e p r o c e s s fo
r e s ta h ıis h in
g s p e c ific a tio n s ,
17. m u s t fr e q u e n tly m a k e h a r d tr a d e
- o f Fs a m o n g d iff e re
n t d e s ir a b le c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e
c o n s tr a in ts a n d th e e x te d p ro d u
c tio n c o s ts . T o s e t th e ßn a l s p e c ifzc a tio n s , t he
te am
s e le c te d . T h e te a m re v is its th e s p e c ific a tio n s
w h ile a s s e s s
in g th e a c tu a l te c h n o ln
g ic a l
th is re a s o n , t h e ta rg e t s p e c if ic a tio n s m u s t b
e r e f in e d a f te r a p
r o d u c t c o n c e
p t h a s b e e n
m a y e x c e e d o th e r s , d e p e n d in g o n th e p ro d
u c t c o n c e p t
th e te a m e v e n tu a ll
y s e le c ts . For
c a n b e a c h ie v e d . T h e te a m
'
s e ffo rts m a y fa il to m e
e t s o m e o f th e s e s p e c ific a tio n s an d
th e fin a l s p e c ific a tio n s m u s t w a it u n til a fte r th e
p ro d u c t c o
n c e p t
18. h a s b e e n s e le c te d .
E X H ıB ıT 6 - 3 T h e c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t p ro c
e s s . T h e ta rg e t s p e
c ific a tio n s a r e s e t e a
r ly in th e p r o c e s s , b u t s e t t i n
g
P ro to ty F
= Ħ
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q u ite u s e f
u l fo r r e p r e
s e n tin g th i s m a p p
in g .
h o w e v e r , in w h ic h th e m
a p p in g
fr o m n e e d s to m e tric s is c o m p le x , a n d th e m a
tr ix c a n b e
a lo n g s id
e th e lis t o f m e tric s (
th e s e c o n d c o lu m n in E x h ib it 6
- 4 ). T h e r e a r e s o m e c a s e s
,
19. ju s t a s e a s ily c o m
m u n ic a te d b y ıi
s tin g
th e n u m b e r s o f th e n e e d s r e la te d to e a c h m e
tric
C īa iıs in g , 19 8 8 ). In
m a n y c
a s e s , w e fin d th e in fo rm a tio n in th e n e e d s
-
m e tr ic s m a tr i x i s
a g r a p
h ic a l te c h n iq u e
u s e d in Q u a lity F ıłn c tio n
D e p lo y m e n t, o r Q F D (H a u s e r a n d
p ro d u c t s a tis f ie s
th e c u s to m e r n e e d . T h is m a trix is a k e y e le m
e n t o f th e H o u s e o f g u a E z) ,
a r e r e la te d p e rfo
r m a n c e re la tiv e to th e m e tric w ill in f lu e n
c e th e d e g re e to w h ic h th e
m a r k in a c e ll o f th e m a tr ix m e a n s
th a t th e n e e d a n d th e m e tric a s s o c ia te d w ith th
e c e ll
s p o n d to
20. th e c u s to m e r n e e d s , a n d th e c o lu m n s o f th e
m a trix c o rr e s p o n d to th e m e tric s . A
A n e x a m p le n e e d s
- m e tric s m a trix is s h o w n in E x h ib it 6
- 5 . T h e ro w s o f th e m a tr ix c o lr e -
A s im p ıe n e e d s
- m e tr ic s m a tń x re p re s e n ts th e re la tio n s h ip b e
tw e e n n e e d s a n d m e tric s .
M o u n ta in B ik e m a g a z in e .)
"
m a x im u m v a lu e fro m th e M o n s te r .
"
(th e
"
M o n s te r
'
'
is a s u s p e n s io n te s t d e v e lo p e d b y
in c lu d in g , fo r e x a m p le , t h e m
e tric s
"
a t t e n u a t io n fro m o p o u t to h a n d ıe b a r a t 1 0 H
z
21. "
a n d
ro u g h tra ils
. M e te a m m a y c o n c lu d e th a t s e v e ra l m e tric s
a r e r e q u ir e d to c a p tu r e th is n e e d ,
v ib ra tio n c a n b e tr a n s m itte d , in c lu d in g s m a ll
b u m p s o n le v e t r o a d s a n d b ig b u m p s o n
to tr a n s la te ın to a s in g le m e tń c , b e c a u s e th e r
e a re m a n y d iĦ e r e n t c o n d itio n s u n d e r w h ic h
t h e n e e d fo r th e fo rk to r e d u c e v ib ra tio n to th
e u s e r
'
s h a n d s m a y b e e v e n m o re d iĦic u lt
in te r a c tio n s w ith c u s to m e r s .
u n d e r s ta n d i n g o f th e m
e a n in g o f e a c h n e e d s t a te m e n t d e r iv e d f r o
m f i r s th a n d
d ir e c tly in v o ıv e d in id e n tify in g th e c u s to m e r
n e e d s . In th is w a y th e te a m c a n r e ly o n its
o f th e tr a n s la tio n F r o e s s . T h o s e e s ta b lis h in
g th e s p e c ific a tio n s s h o u ld h a v e b e e n
m a te ly m a y le a d tc w o r k e
-
in ju ry o r d e a le r f r u s tra tio n . B e c a u s e o f th e
22. im p re c is e n a tu r e
e x tr e m e ly fa s t b u t r e q u ir
'
e a n a w k w a 】
·
d a n d p a in f u l s e t o f f in g e r a c tio n s , w h ic h u
ıti
-
tio n . Is a s s e m b ly tim e r e a lly id e n tic a l to e a s e
o f in s ta lla tio n ? T h e in s ta lla tio n c o u ld b e
a s s e m b ly o f th e fo r k to th e fra m e ; h o w e v e r ,
n o t e t h e p o s s ib le s u b tle tie s in th is tr a n s la
-
m a y c o n c lu d e th a t th is n e e d is la rg e ıy c a p tu r
e d b y m e a s u ń n g th e tim e r e q u ir e d f o r
F o r e x a m p le , c o n s id e r th e n e e d th a t th e s u s p
e n s io n b e
"
e a s y to in s ta ll .
"
T h e te a m
is o n e a n d o n ly o n e m e tric fo r e a c h n e e d . In
p r a c tic e , t his is fre q u e n tly n o t p o s s ib le .
p ro d u c t w ill re fle c t th e d e to w h ic h th e p ro d u
c t s a tis fie s th a t n e e d . In th e id e a l c a s e , t h e re
23. c o n te m p la te e a c h n e e d in tu m a n d to c o n s id e
r w h a t
p
lle c is e , m e a s u r a b le c h a ra c te ń s tic o f th e
A lis t o f m e tric s is s h o w n in E x h ib it 6 - 4 . A g o
o d w a y to g e n e ra te th e lis t o f m e tr ic s is to
s w ific a tio n s w ill th e pe fo re le a d to s a tisfa c tio n o
f th e a s s o c ia te d c u s to m e r n e e d s .
c u s to m e r n e e d s to a s e t o f p r e c is e , m m s u r a
ble specifications s p o s s ib le a n d th a t m e e tin g
th e e n tir e c o n c e p t o f s p e c ific a tio n s . T h e w o
rk in g a s s u m p tio n is th a t a tra n s la tio n fr o m
P ro d u c t satis fies th e c u s to m e r n e e d s . T h e re la
tio n s h ip b e tw e e n n e e d s a n d m e ır ic s is c e n tra l
to
T h e m o s t u s e fu l m e tric s a ie th o s e th a t re fle c t a
s d ire c tly a s p o s s ib le th e d e g re e to w h ic h th e
S te p 1 P r e p a r e t h e 나 姓 o f M e t r lc l
4 . R e f le c t o n th e re s u lts a n d th e p ro c e s s .
3 . S e t id e a l a n d m a rg in a lly a c c e p ta b le ta rg e t
v a lu e s .
2 . C o lle c t c o m p e titiv e b e n c h m a r k in g in fo rm a
tio n .
1. P re p a r e th e lis t o f m e tric s .
24. T h e p r o c e s s o f e s ta b lis h in g th e ta r g e t s p e c
ific a tio n s c o n ta in s fo u r s te p s
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ñ c a tio n s a ls o in d ic a te w ila t th e
p r o d u c t m u s t d o , b u t n o t h o w th e s p e c ific a tio
n s w i
l
o f th e w h a t - n o t - )io w p r in c ip le in tr o d u c e d in
C h a p te r 5 . A s d o c u s to m e r n e e d s , s p e e l
M e i ri cs sh o u l d be de p e n d e ızt, ııo t in d e p e n d e
ııt, v a r i a b l e s . T h i s gu i de l ine is a va r ian t �
c u s to m e r n e e d .
n e e d . In
p r a c tic e , s e v e r a l m e tr ic s m a y b e n e c e s s a r y
to c o m p le te ly r e f le c t a s in g le
m e tr ic , a n d th e v a lu e o f th a t m e tū c w o u ld c o
rr e la te
p e rfe c tly w ith s a tis fa c tio n o f
th a t
M e e s sl zo u l ď be co m p l e t e . I de a l ly ea c h cu s t
om e r ne e d wo u l d co r re s p o n d to a si ng l e�
A fe w g u id e lin e s s h o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d w h e n
25. c o n s tr u c tin
g th e lis t o f m e lr ic s
a re a ls o s h o w n .
"
S u b j.
"
Is a n a b b re v ia tio n in d ic a tin g th a t a m e tric is s u
b je c tiv e .
E X H IB ıT 6 -4 L is t o f m e tr ic s fo r th e s u s p e n s
io n . Th e re la tiv e im p o rta n c e o f e a c h m e tric a n
d th e u n its f o r th e m e u ic
2 6 2 0 B e n d in g s t re n g th (fro n t a l lo a d in g ) 5 k N
2 5 2 0 J a
p
a n In d u s t ria l S ta n d a rd s te s t 5 B in a ry
24 19 M o n s te r c y c le s to fa ilu re 5 C y c le s
2 3 19 U V te s t d u ra tio n to d e
g
ra d e r u b b e r
p
a r ts 5 h r
2 2 1 7 , 1 8 S p e c ia l to o ıs re q u ire d ío r m a in t e n a
n c e 3 L is t
26. 2 1 16 , 1 7 T i m e t o d is a s s e m b lc . !a s s e m b le fo r
m a in te n a n c e 3 s
2 o 15 lÆ . . In m u d c h a m b e r w it h o u t c o n t a m in
a t io n 5 k - c y c le s
19 14 II
"
in s
p
ra y c h a m b e r w irh c u t w a te r e n t ry 5
18 13 U n it m a n u fa c tu rin g c o s t 1 5 U S $
17 12 In s t ills p rid e 5 S u b j.
16 1 1 F e n d e r c o m
p
a t ib ility 1 L is t
15 10 T im e to a s s e m b le to fra m e 1 s
14 9 M a x im u m t ire w id th 5 in .
13 9 W n e e l s iz e s 5 L is t
5 m m12 9 S te e rtu b e le n g t h
1 1 9 H e a d s e t s iz e s 5 in .
10 8 La te ra l s tiffn e s s a t b ra k e p iv o t s
2 k N / m
27. 9 7 To ta l m a s s 4 k g
3 kN /m8 6 La te ra l s t iffn e s s a t w ï
m m
7 5 R a k e o ffs e t
3
m m
6 5 M a x im u m tra v e l (2 6
- in . w h e e l) 3
5 4 D a m p in g c o e ffic ie n t a d j
u s tm e n t ra n g e
3 N - 5 /m
4 1 , 3 u m d e s c e n t t im e o n t
e s t t ra c k 5
5 g3 1 , 3 IL 们 u m v a ıu e fr o m t h e M o n s te r
3 N
2 2 , 6 S p rin g p r e ıo a d
1 , 3
.
A « e n u a t io n * o m d ro p o u t t o h a n d
le b a r a t 1 0 H z 3 B
M e t ric N o . N e e d N o s
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28. M e t r ic ım p . U n it s
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th e b e s t a p p r
o a c h p
o s s ib le .
sp e
c ilic a tio n s ,
d e s ig n e rs a r
e le ft w ith th
e fre e d o m to a
c h ie v e th e s p e c ific a tio n s u s in g
o r o u tp
u t v a r ia b l
e s ) in th e d e s ig
n p
f o b le m . B y u s in g d
e p e n d e n t v a r ia b İ e s f o r th e
u c t a n d s h o u l
d th e re fo r e b
e th e d e p
e n d e n t v a ria b le s (
i . e . , th e p e rfo rm a n c e m e a s u r e s
29. d im e n s io n s a n d m a
te ria ls c h o ic e s .
M e tric s s p e c ify th e
o v e ra ll p e r f o rm a n c e o f a p r o d
-
b e c a u s e it a r is e s fr o m
o th e r in d e p e
n d e n t d e c is io n s th e
d e s ig n e r s w ill m a k e , s u c H a s
m a te ń a l u s e d fo r
th e fo rk , In o th e r w o r
d s , d e s ig n e r s c a n n o t c o n tr o l m a s s d ir e c tly
a re d e p e n d e
n t, s u c h a s th e m
a s s o f th e fo r k , a n d s o m e a r e in d e p e n d e n Ą s
u c h a s th e
b e a c h ie v e d . D e s ig n e r s u s
e m a n y ty p
e s o f v a ria b le s in p r o d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t ; s o m
e
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30. p biį c a tio n s e x p la in in g th e te c h n iq u e a re r e fe
re n c e d a t th e e n d o f th e c h a
p te r .
a n a ly s is m a y b e u s e f u l . C o n jo in t a n a ly s is is
d e s c ń b e d b ń e f ly la te r in th is c h a p te r
lish in g th e re la tiv e im p o r ta n c e o f th e s e
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s c ń tic a ı1y im p o r ta n t, c o
n jo
th a n th ro u g h a fo rm a l a lg o rith m . W n e n th e re a
r e re la tiv e ly fe w s p e c ific a tio n s a n d e st
a b
-
w e ig h tin g s c a n b e s t b e d e te rm in e d th ro u g h d
is c u s s io n a m o n g th e te a m m e m b e r s , r a
t he
r e ıa tio n s h i
p s . W e b e lie v e th a t th e re m e e n o u
g h s u b tle tie s in th is p r o c e s s th a t im p
o rta n c e
c o n s id e ń n g th e im p o r ta n c e s o f th e n e e d s to
w h ic h it r e la te s a n d th e n a tu r e o f th e s e
m e tric is r e la te d to m o r e th a n o n e n e e d , t h e
im p o r ta n c e o f th e m e tric is d e te r m in e d b y
ra tin g o f th e n e e d b e c o m e s th e im p o r ta n c e r
a tin g o f th e m e tr ic . F o r c a se s in w h ic h a
31. it re fle c ts . F o r c a s e s in w h ic h a m e tū c m a p s d
ir e c tly to a s in g le n e e d , t h e im p o rta n c e
T h e im p o rta n c e ra tin g o f a m e tric is d e riv e d
fro m th e im p o rta n c e r a tin g s o f th e n e e d s
"
L. ist
"
a n d
"
B in a r y
"
in th e u n its c o lu m n . )
th e s ta n d a r d s a fe ty te s t, t h e v a lu e is p a s s /fa
iİ . (W e in d ic a te th e s e tw o c a s e s b y e n te ń n g
o f th e m e M c is a c tu a lly a lis t o f fe n d e r s ra th e
r th a n a n u m b e r . F o r th e m e tr ic in v o lv in g
ıis ū n g th e m o d e ls o f fe n d e r s w ith w h ic h th e f
o r k is c o m p a tib le . İ n th is c a s e , t h e v a lu e
n e e d th a t th e s u s p e n s io n
"
w o r k s w ith fe n d e r s
"
is b e s t tr a n s la te d in to a s p e c ific a tio q
32. a lıd s e c o n d s h o w e v e s o in e m e tric s w ill n o t le
n d th e m s e ı d . T o n u m e r ic a l v a lu e s . Th e
m e a s u re m e n t a r e m o s t c o m m o n Į y c o n v e n tio
n a l e n g in e e r į ï Į u r its s u c h a s k ilo g r a m s
th e u n its o f m e a s u re m e n t a n d a n im p o r ta n c e
r a tin g f o e a c h m e tr ic . T h e u n its o f
In a d d it io n to d e n o tin g th e n e e d s r e Į a te d to e
a c h m e tr ic , E x h ib it 6 - 4 c o n ta in s
in c lu d e a m e tr ic u s e d b y th e m e d ia th a t h a s
little in tr in s ic te c h n ic a l m e r it .
M gh p e rfo rm a n c e in th e m e d ia e v a lu a tio n s is
in its e lf a c u s to m e r n e e d a n d c h o o s e to
w o rk w ith th e m e d ia to r e v is e th e c r ite r ia İ n a
fe w c a s e s , t h e te a m m a y c o n c lu d e th a t
id e n tifie d , t h e n it s h o u ld e n s u re d ıa t a n e e d h
a s n o t b e e n o v e r lo o k e d a n d /o r s h o u ld
re la tio n s h ip b e t
w e e n th e c rite ria u s e d b y th e m e d i
a a n d th e c u s to m e r n e e d s it h a s
in c lu d e d
"
m a x im u m v a lu e fro m th e M o n s te r
"
33. a s a m e tr ic . If th e te a m c a n n o t fin d a
e q u ip p e d w i
th th e fo r k r u n s o v e r a b lo c k 5 0 m illim e te r s ta
ll . F o r th is r e a s o n , t h e te a m
w h ic h m e a s u r e s th e v e r tic a l a c c e le r a tio n (in
g
'
s ) o f th e h a n d le b a r s a s a b ic y c le
in g to th e s e c rite ria . M o tin ta i
n B ik e m a g
a z in e u s e s a te s t m a c h in e c a lle d th e M o n s te Ļ
]cn o w s w h a t th e e v a lu a tio n c rite ria w ill b e , t h e
n it s h o
u ld in c lu d e m e tric s c o rre sp o n d
-
m a g a z
in e s , If th e te a m k n o w s th a t its p ro d u c t w il
l b e e v a lu a te d b y th e tr a d e m e d ia a n d
R e p o n s , o n v a r io u s
In te rn et s ite s , o r , in o u r c a s e , in B
ic y c E n g
a n d M o u n ta in B ik e
e v a lu a tio n s . S u c h e v a lu a tio n s a r e fo u n d , fo
r e x a m p l
34. e , in W u ła r S c ie n c e , C o n s u m e r
M a n y c u sto m e rs in
v a rio u s m a r k e ts b u y p
r o d u c ts b a s e d o n in
d e p e n d e n tly p u b lis h e d
H ıe m e tric s s h o u ıd in c lu d e tłıe p o p ıtla
r e r ite r ilıfo r c o m p a ris o n in th e m a r lte tp ıa c e .
c o n firm ıh a t th e s p e c ifi
c a tio n is s a tis fie d ; fo r
e x a m p
le , by a p a n e l o f c u sto m e rs .
by e n te ń n g
"
S u b j,
"
in th e u n its c o lu m n . ) H o w e v e r ,
th e te a m s till h a s to d e c id e h o w t
n e e d s ta te m e n t a s a s p e
c ific a tio n a n d n o te s
th a t th e m e u ic is s u b je c tiv e . (W e in d ic a te th i
b ike m a rk e t, bu t h o w c a n p ń d e b e q
u a n tifıe d ? In th e s
e c a s e s , th e te a m s im p ly re p e a ts t
pe n s io n n s tills p ń
35. d e m a y b e q
u ite c ritic a l to s
u c c e s s in th e fa s h io
n - c o n s c io u s m o u n ta i
So m e n e e d s c a n n o t e a s ily b e » a łıs
ıM e d iıtıo q u
a n tilia b le m e tr ic s . T h e needMate
b e , ly e v a lu a te d b y
th e te a lı1.
c s w b e d ir e c tly o b s
e r v a b le o r a n a ly
z a b le p
r o p e r t
ie s o th e p
c a o n Ly b e
m e a s u r e d b y
a s c . E n tiñ c a b o
ra to ry
c tic a L d , o t
r
e t h e : e a m
o d e
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is s e t to b e a t m o s t
1 . 4 k ilo g r a m s .
s m a lle r v a lu e s b e
in g b e
tte r . F o r e x a m p le , t h e
v a lu e f o r th e m a s s o f th e s u s p e n s io n fo r k
A t mo s t X T h e s e specificatjons es t ab l
ish tar ge t s for t
he up p E R bo u n d on a me t ric, w i th�
to b e a t le a s t 3 2 5 k ilo n
e w to n s/m e te r .
h ig h e r is s till b
e tte r . ĺ · o r e x a m p le , t h e v a lu e o f
th e b r a k e m o u n tin g s tif fn e s s is s p e c ifıe d
A t ka s t X T h e s e sp e c i fica t io
n s es t ab l ish t ar g e t s for t
he low e r bo u n d on a me t ńc , b u t �
T he r e a r e fiv e w a y s to e x p r e s
s th e v a lu e s o f th e m e tr ic s
a fte r th e p r o
d u c t c o n c e p
37. t h a s b e e n s e le c te d .
s ta g e s o f c o n
c e p t g
e n e ra tio n a n d c o n c e p
t s e le c tio n , a n d fo r r e f in in g th e s p e c ific a tio n s
p ro d u c t c o m m e rc ia
lly v ia b
le . B o th o f th e s e ta r g e ts a re u s e f u l in g u id in g
th e s u b s e q u e n t
m a r g in a lly
a c c e p ta
b le v a lu e is th e v a l
u e o f th e m e tń c th a t w o u ld ju s t b a r e ly m a k e
th e
a tty a c c e p ta
b le v a lıłe . T h e id e a Į v a lu e is t
h e b e s t re s u lt th e te a m c o u ld h o p e fo r . T h e
v a in e s f o r th e m e tr ic s . T w o ty p e s o f ta r g
e t v a lu e a r e u s e f u l : a n id e a l v a lu e a n d a m a
rg in
-
In th is s te p , t h e te a m s y n th e s i
z e s th e a v a ila b le in f o r m a tio n to a c tu a lly s e t
th e ta r g e t
S t e p 3 S e t ıd e a ı a n
38. d M a r g
in a ıly
A c c e p t a b
le T a r g e t V a lu e s
p e titiv e v a lu e s o f th
e m e tric s (E x h ib it 6
- 6) s h o u ld b e c re a te d .
d is c r e p a n c ie s b e tw e e n t
h e tw o a r e in s tr u c tiv e . A t a m in im u m , a c h a r t
s h o w in g th e c o m
-
c o n ta in e d in a b o o k b y U r b
a n a n d H a u s e r ( 1 9 9 3 ) . B o th c h a r ts c a n b e u
s e f u l a n d a n y
in g . S o m e te c h n iq L e s fo r m
e a s u r in g c u s to m
e r s
'
p e r c e p tio n s o f s a tis f a c tio n o f n e e d s a r
e
c o lle c ū n g c u s to m e r p
e r c e p tio n d
a ta , w h ic h c a n a ls o b e v e ry e x p e n s iv e a n d
tim e c o n s u m
-
39. r e la tiv e d e g r e e to
w h ic h th e p r o d u c
ts s a tis fy th e ir
n e e d s . C o n s tr u c tin g th is c h a r t r e q u ir e s
p r o d u c ts (s e e E x h ib it 6
- 7 ). T h is c h a rt is u s e d to c o m p a r e c u s to m e r s
'
p e r c e p tio n s o f th e
c o r r e s p o n d
in g to th e c u s to m e r
n e e d s a n d c o lu m n s c o r r e s p o n d in g
to th e c o m p e ti ti
v e
A n a lte r n a tiv e c o m p e ti t iv e b e n c h m a r k in g c
h a r t c a n b e c o
n s t r u c t e d w it h r o w s
v a lu e s o f th e k e y m e tr ic s s h o u ld b e v e r ifıe d
b y in d e p e n
d e n t te s tin g o r o b s
e r v a tio n .
ta in e d in c o m p e tito r s
'
c a t a lo g s a n d s u p p o r tin g lite r a tu re a r e n o t a c
c u r a te .
40. W h e r e p o s s ib le ,
w ith o u t h a v in g th is ty p e o f in fo r m a tio n . A w o
r d o f w a r n in g S o m e tim e s t
h e d a ta c o n
-
in v e s tm e n t o f tim e is e s s e n tia l, a s n o p r o d u c
t d e v e lo p m e n t te a m c a n e x p
e c t to s u c c e e d
e s tim a rin g th e p r o d u c tio n c o s ts o f th e m o s t
im p o r ta n t c o m p e ti
tiv e p r o
d u c ts ; h o w e v e r ,
t his
v e ry tim e c o n s u m in g , in v o lv in g ( a t th e le a s t)
p u r c h a s in g , t e s t in g , d i
s a s s e m b l in g ,
a n d
th e v a lu e s o f th e m e tr ic s a r e s im p ly e n te r e d
d o w n a c o lu m n . G a th e r in g th
e s e d a ta c a n b e
T h e b e n c h m a r k in g c h a r t is c o n c e p tu a lly v e
ry s im p le . F o r e a c h c o m p
e titiv e p r
o d u c t ,
is o n e o f th e
41. "
r o o m s
"
in th e H o u s e o f Qualiı, d e s c ń b e d b y H a u s e r a
n d C la u s in g
. )
a s a s im p le a p p e n d a g e to th e s p re a d s h e e t c o
n ta in in g th e l
is t o f m e tr ic s . (T h is in f o r m a tio n
e s ta b lis h e d in s te p 1 . N o te th a t th e c o m p e titiv
e b e n c h m a r k in g c h a r t c a n
b e c o n s tr u c te d
c o lu m n s o f th e c h a r t c o r r e s p o n d to th e c o m
p e titiv e p r o d u c ts
a n d th e r o w s a r e th e m
e tr ic s
A n e x a m p le o f a c o m p e t itiv e b e n c h m a r k in g
c h a r t is s h o w n i n E
x h ib it 6
- 6 . T h e
In fo rm a tio n o n c o m p e tin g p ro d u c 田 m u s t b e g
a th e r e d to s u p p o r t th e s e p o s itio n in g
d e c is io n s .
d e ta ile d p o s itio n in g o f its p ro d u c t r e la đv e to e
x į s tin g p r o d u c ts , b o th its o w n a n
42. d c o m p e
tito r s
'
.
m a rk e 中 la c e , t h e ta rg e t s p e c ific a tio n s a re th e
la n g u a g e th e te a m u s e s to d is c u s
s a n d a g re e
o n th e
e n te re d th e p ro d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t p ro c e s s w
ith s o m e id e a o f h o w it w is h e s to c o m p e
te in th e
pe titiv e p ro d u c ts is p a ra m o u n t in d e te rm in in g c
o m m e rc ia l s u c c e s s . W n ile th e te a m
w ill h a v e
U n le s s th e te a m e x p e c ts to e n jo y a to ta l m o n o
p o ly , t h e re ıa tio n s h ip o f th e n e w p ro d u c t
to c o m
-
S t e p 2 C o ıle c t C o m p e t it iv e B e n c h m a r k in g
ın f o r m a t io n
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p ra c tic e is to u se E n g lis h u n its fo r th e se a n d se
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b le
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e m o u n tin g s
tif fn e s s a n d m a
s s o f th e fo rk . B e c a u s e o f th e b a s i
ctra d e
- o ff s b e tw e e n p r
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rf o rm a n c e a n d
55. d e v e lo p m
e n t tim e o r c o s t . F o r e x a m p le , o n e
o c c u r b e tw e e n te c h n i
c a l p e
rf o r m a n c e m e tr i
c s a n d p ro d
u c tio n c o s t . T h e re m a y a ls o b e
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b e tw e e n d if fe r
e n t te c h n ic a l p e r fo
r m a n c e m e tr ic s a n d a lm o s t
a lw a y s
b e tw e e n tw o s p e c ific a tio
n s th a t a r e in h e r
e n t in th e s e le c te d p ro
d u c t c o n c e p
t. T r a d e - o « sF in a li
z in g th
e s p e
c į fİ c a tio n s is d if fic u
lt b e c a u s e o f tra d e
- o ff s - in v e r s e r e la tio n s h ip s
ta rg e ts e x p
re s s e d a s b r o a d r a n g
56. e s o f v a lu e s a r e n o w r
e fin e d a n d m a d e m o r e p r e
c is e .
d e v e lo p m e n t , t h e s p
e c if ic a tio n s a r e re v is i
te d . S p e c iħc a tio n s th a
t o r ig in a l
ly
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c e o f a c o n c e p t a
n d p r e p
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d
Se « in g t h e F in a l S p
e c if ic a t io n s
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n . )
h e lp th e te a m k n o w w h e n a c o
n c e p t is
c o m m e r c ia lly v ia b le . (S e e C h a p te r 7 , C o n c
e p t
T h e ta r g e t s p e c ific a tio n s th e n c a n b e u s e d to
57. h
e lp th
e te a m s e le c t a c o n c e p t a
n d w ilt
O n c e th e ta rg e ts h a v e b e e n s e t , t h e te a m c a n
p r o c e e d to g e n e r a te s o l
u tio n c o n c e p ts
.
w ill d ic ta te c o m m e r c ia l s u c c e s s ?
A r e a n y s p e c i fica t ion s m i ss i ng ? D o t he s p e c
i fica t ion s r e f l ec t t he c h a r a
c t eń s t ics t ha t �
o n e
"
a v e r a g e
"
p r o d u c t s u f fic e ?
p ro d u c t to b e s t m a tc h th e p a r tic u la r n e e d s o f
m o r e th a n o n e m a r k e t s e g m e n t,
o r w ill
S h o u l d the tea m co n s i de r of fer i ng mu l tipl e pr o d
u c t s or at lea s t mu Į tipl e op t ion
s for the �
m o re le n ie n t, b e lie fs w e r e e x p r e s s e d ?
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ie v e m o r e th a n if h is o r h e r
tr u e , a n d
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r o je
c t ,
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e r e a c h
S te p 4 R e f ıe c t o n t h e R e s u ıt s a n d t h e p r o c e
s s
59. o ff s a le u n c e r ta in .
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d iffe re n t c o m b in a tio n
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v a ria b le s . T his ty p
e o f m o d e lin g a n d a n a ıy s is p r e v e n ts
s p e c if
ıc a tio n s (s u c
h a s th e id
e a l ta rg e
t v a lu e s ) is
te c h n ic a lly fe a s ib le b y e x p lo r in g
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c h n ic a l m o d e
ls , t h e te a m c a n p
re d ic t w h e th e r a n y p a r tic u la r s e t o f
d e s ig n sp a c e . (S e e
C h a p te
r 1 5 , R o b u s t D e s
ig n ,
fo r a s u m m a ry o f D O E m e th o d s . )(
D O E ) te c h n iq u e s ,
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e th e n u m b e r o f e
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e c o n s tr u c te d ,
it is u s e fu l to e m p lo y d e s ig n
- o f - e x p e rim e n ts
e x p lo r e
th e im p
lic a tio n s o f s e
v e f a ı c o m b in a tio
n s o f d e s ig n v a ri
a b le s . T b r e d u c e th e n u m -
n e c e s s a r y to
a c tu a lly
b u ild a v a r ie ty
o f d if fe re n t p h y s
ic a ı m o c k
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fa tig u e p e rfo rm a n c
e o f th e s u s p e
n sio n , s o physic a l m o d
e ls w e re b u ilt a n d te s te d . It is g e n e r a lly
c a l m o ls w ill b e a v a ila b
le a t a ll. F
·
o r e x a m ple , t he te a m
69. w a s n o t a b le to m o d e l a n a ly tic a lly th e
d e n t o f th e d y n a m ic
m o d e l u s e d to p re
d ic t v ib ra tio n a tte n u a tio n . In s o m e c a s e s , n o
a n a ly ti
-
se p a ra te
a n a ly t
ic a l m o l fo r th
e b ra k e m o u n tin g s ū
flin e s s th a t w a s c o m p le te ly in d e p e n
-
m o r e m a n a g e a b le
th a n o n e la rg e
in te g ra te
d m o d e l . F o r e x a m p le , th e te a m d e v e lo p e d a
S e v e r a l in d e p e n d e n t m o d
e ls , e a c h c o rr e s p o n d in g to
a s u b s e t o f th e m e tric s , m a y b e
k n o w le d g e o f d y n a n u
c s y s t
e m s .
e x a m p le , t h e te a m
w a s a b le to m o d e l a tte n u a t
70. io n a n a ly tic a ı
ly , b a s e d o n th e e n g in e e r s
'
c a s e s , s u c h a n a ly [ic a ì ı1o d e ìs
w iu b e a v a ila b le fo r o n ly a s m a
ll s u b s e t o f th e m e tric s . F o r
a p a r ti
c u la r c h o ic e o f d e s ig n v a ria b le s , w ith o u t c o s
tly p h y s ic a l e x p
e rim e n ta tio n . In m o s t
m o d e l a llo w s th c te a m to p re d ic t r a p i
d ly w h a t ty p
e o f p e rfo rm
a n c e c a n b e e x p e c
te d fr o m
im p le m e n tin g th e m o d e l e q u a
tio n s in a s p r e a d s h
e e t o r c o m p u
te r s im u la tio n . S u c h a
Id e a lly , t h e te a m w ill b e a b le to a c c u r a te ly m
o d e
l th e p ro d u c t
a n a ly tic
a lly , p e rh a p s b y
71. o f th e m e tric s , s u c h a s a tte n u a tio n , s t iffn e s s ,
a n d fa tig u e life .
o rific e d ia m e te r , s p r in g c o n s ta n t, a n d g e o m e
try . T h e o u tp u ts o f th e m o d
e l a r e th e v a lu e s
in d e n d e n t d e s ig n v a ria b le s a s s o c ia te d w ith
th e p ro d u c t c o n c e p t , s u c h a s
o il v is c o s ity ,
p r o d u c ť s p e rfo r m a n c e a lo n g a m 】m h e r o f d
im e n s io n s . T h e in p u ts to th e s e m
o d e ls a r e th e
a re s h o w n in c o n c e p tu a l fo rm in E x h ib it 6
- 9 . S u c h m o d e ls c a n b e u s e d to p r e d ic t
th e
sp rin g c o n s ta n t . T h re e m o d e ls lin k in g s u c h d
e s ig n d e c isio n s to th e p e r fo rm
a n c e m e tr ic s
th e s łr u c tu r a l c o m p o n e n ts , t h e o ń fic e d ia m e
te r a n d o il v is c o s ity fo r th e d a
m p
e r , a n d th e
s io n fo rk . T h e d e s ig n d e c is io n s fa c in g th e te a
m in c lu d e d d e ta ils s u c h a s th e m
a te r ia ls f o r
A t th is p o in t, t h e te a m h a d c h o s e n a n o il- d a m
p e d c o il s p ń n g c o n c e p t
72. fo r th e s u s p
e n -
d is c u s s io n o f s u c h m o d e ls . )
a n d p h y s ic a l a p p ro x im a tio n s o f th e
p ro d u c t . (S e e C h a p te r 1 4 , p ro to ty p in g ,
fo r fu r th e r
p a r tic u la r s e t o f d e s ig n d e c is io n s . w e in te n d
th e te rm m o d e ls to re fe r to b o th a n a ly
tic a l
A te c ]ilzic a l m o d e l o f th e
p r o d u c t is a to o l f o r
p r e d ic tin g th e v a l
u e s o f th e m e u i
c s f o r a
S te p 1 D e v e ıo p T e c h n ic a ı M o d e ls o f t h e p r o
d u c t
5 . R e fle c t o n th e r e s u lts a n d th e
p ro c e s s .
4 . F lo w d o w n th e s p e c ific a tio n s a s a p p ro p ria
te .
3 . Refine th e s p e c ilic a tio n s
, m a kin g tra d e - o ff s w h e re n e c e s s a ry .
2 . D e v e lo p a c o s t m o d e l o f th e
73. p ro d u c t .
1. D e v e lo p te c h n ic a l m o d e ls o f th e
p ro d u c t.
H e re , w e p r o p o s e a fiv e - s te p p r o c e s s
Scanned by CamScanner
a tin j th e p ro d u c tio n c o s ts o f th e c o m
p o n e , ts th e r m
v e l l
p
t h e s e e a r l
y
c o s t e s t Ŋm a t p s i n v o l v e s o l i c i t i n
g
c o s t e s t i , a te
a s s e m b ly a n d o th e r m a n u fa c tu r i n
g c o s ts (e . g . , o v e r h e a d ) a t th is p o ın a s w e
a lly fo c u s o n th e c o s t o f c o m p o n e n ts , t h e te a
m w ill u s u a lly m a k e a r o u g h e
a n a « e m p t to lis t th e c o m p o n e n ts it e x p e c ts w
ill b e r e
q u ir e d . W n ile e a r ly e s tim te s
k n o w a ll o f th e c o m p o n e n ts th a t w ill b e in th e
74. p r o d u c t, b u t th e te a m n e v e r th e le s s
c o s t fo r e a c h
p a r t , A t th is p o in t in th e d e v e lo p m e n t p r o c e s
s th e te a m d o e s n o t g e
a b ill ų f m a te r ia ls (a lis t o f a ll th e
p a r ts) a n d e s tim a tin g a p u r c h a s e p ric e o r fa b
ń c
F o r m o s t p ro d u c ts , t h e fir s t e s tim a te s o f m a n
u fa c tu ń n g c o s ts a r e c o m p le te d b y d
ra fti
m u c h it w ill h a v e to s a c rific e in m a n u fa c tu r in g
c o s t to s a v e 5 0 g r a m s o f m a s s .
ta rg e t c o s tin g . It is a t th is p o in t th a t th e te a m a
tte m p ts to d is c o v e r , fo r e x a m p le , h
o v
c u s to m e r a t a c o m p e titiv e p ric e . T h e a p p e n d
ix to th ıs c h a p te r p r o v id e s a n e x p la n a ti
o n o f
dis trib u ū o n p a r tn e rs c a n m a k e a d e q u a te p ro
fits w h ile s till o f fe ń n g th e p r o d u c t to th
e e n d
th e ta r
g e t c o s t. T h e ta r g e t c o s t is th e m a m 】fa c tu r in
g c o s t a t w h ic h th e c o m p a n y a n
d its
T he g o a l o f th is s te p o f th e p ro c e s s is to m a k e
75. s u r e th a t th e p r o d u c t c a n b e p ro d u c e
d at
S te p 2 D e v e ıo p a C o s t M o d e l o f t h e P r o d u c t
c o n c e p t h a s b e e n c h o s e n .
r u b b e r s u s p e n s io n e le m e n t . T h u s , t h e m o d
e lin g s te p c a n o n ly b e p e r fo r m e d a fte r th e
m o d e l w o u ld b e s u b s ta n tia lly d iff e r e n t if th e
te a m h a d s e le c te d a c o n c e p t e m p lo y i
n g
a
O n e o f th e m o d e ls illu s tr a te d in E x h ib it 6 - 9 is
fo r a n o il - d a m p e d s u s p e n s io n s y s te m th e
N o te th a t a te c h n ic a l m o d e l is a lm o s t a lw a y s u
m q u e to a p a r tic u la r p r o d u c t c o n c e p t
a p p ro x im a tio n s o f th e p r o d u c t c o n c e p t .
E X H ıB ıT 6 - 9 M o d e ls u s e d to a s s e s s te c h n ic
a l fe a s ib ility . T e c h n ic a l in o d e ıs m a y b e a n a ly
tic a l o r p h y s ic a l
(M o d e l In p u ıs ) (M o d e l O u t p u t s )
D e s ig n V a ria h ıe s M e t ric s
S u s p e n s io n D u ra b ility
C y c le s t o F a ilu re
Fa tig u e M o d e l o f L
76. S u s p e n s io n G e o m e t ry
Fa s te n in g M e th o d s
(p h y s ic a l)
M a te ria l P ro p e rtie s
'
Fo rk G e o m e t ry
三
。 " 蔗媟芽一。"
' " ' " ' " 、
E S tim a te d M o n s te r
g
Þ A tte n u a tio n a t 1 0 H
O il V is c o s ity
s p rin g c o n s ta n t
-
(A n a ly tic a l)
O rific e D ia m e te r - _ ― ― I S u s p e n s io n P e rfo
r m a n c e
U n s p ru n g M a s s
- ' " ― l
D y n a m ic M
o d e l o f
77. Su s p e n d e d M a s s
. ' " ' "
-
如 一
Scanned by CamScanner
p la c e b o u n d s
o n th e ir c o s t
s b a s e d o n p a s
t e x p
e ń e n c e o r o n th e ju d g m e n t o f s u p p h e
bill o f m a te ria ls . Į n s te a d , t h e
te a m w ill lis t th e m
a jo r c o m p o n e n ts a n d s u b s y s
A t th is p o in t in th
e d e v e lo p m
e n t p r o c
e s s , t e a m s d e v e lo p in g c o m p l
e x p ro d u c ts c o n ta m
o f th e e s tim a te d m a n u fa c t
u rin g c o s
t ,
a n d is u p d a t
78. e d r e g u la
rly (a s
fr e q u e n t
ly a s
o n c e e a c h w e e k ) to r e f le c t th e c u rr e n t s ta tu s
p e r fo r m a n c e . T h e b ill
o f m a te r ia ls r e m a in s u s e fu
l th r o u g h o u t th e d
e v e Į o p m e n t p r o c e s s
in s te a d o f p r e d ic tin g th
e v a lu e o f a te c h n ic a l p e r f o r m
a n c e m e tr ic , it p r e d ic ts c o s t
b a s e d o n w h a t it le a rn s . T h e b ill o f m a te r ia ls
is its e lf
a k in d o f p e r fo r m a n c e m o d e l, b u t
"
w h a t - if
"
c o s t a n a ly s is fo r a s e t o
f d e s ig n d e c is
io n s a n d th e n r e v is e s th e s e d e c is io n s
th e e s tim a te s . T h e b ill o f m a te r ia ls is ty p ic a lly
u s e d ite ra tiv e ly : th e te a m p e r f o r m s a
79. e s tim a te s o f e a c h ite m , T h is h e lp s th e te a m to
u n d e r s ta n d th e r a n g e o f u n c e r ta in ty in
A u s e f u l w a y to r e c o r d c o s t i
n f o r m a tio n is to lis t f ig u r e s f o r th e h ig h a n d
lo w
M a n u fa c tu r in g , fo r m o re d e ta ils o n e s tim a tin g
m a n u fa c tu ń n g c o s t. )
c o s t m o d e l is s h o w n in F . x h ih it 6 - 10 fo r th e s
u s p e n s io n fo rk . (S e e C h a p te r 1 3 , D e s ig n fo r
is o f te n fa c i l i t t e d b y a p u r c h a s in g e x p e r t a
n d a p ro d u c tio n e n g in e e r . A b ill- o 8 m a te 6 a ls
fa c ilita te re a lis tic tr a d e - o frs in th e p ro d u c t s p e
c ific a tio n s .
E X H IB ıT 6 - 1 0 A b ill o f m a te m ls w ith c o s t e s
tim a re s . T h is s im p le c o s t m o d e l a llo w s e a r ly
c o s t e s rim a tr s to
$7 8 . 6 8
To t a l
m
:
m
m
m
m
80. w
一
O v e rh e a d a t 2 5 % o f d ire c t c o s t
A s se m b ly a t $ 2 0 / h r
D e c a ls
M isc . s n a p rin g s , o
-
r in g s
O il (lite rs )
B ra k e b ra c e
B ra k e b ra c e b o lt
B ra k e s tu d s
O rific e s p rin g s
U pp e r t
u b e o rific e c a p
sp rin g
A dju s tm e n
t s h a ft
U p p
e r tu b e a d ju s tm e n t k n o b
U pp e
81. r tu b e to p
c a
p
U pp
e r tu b e
Lo w e r tu b e p lu g
SHd e b u s h in g s p a c e r
Shd e b u s h in g
M a in ip s e a
l
Lo w e r tu b e to p
c o v e r
w e r tu b e
c o m p o n e
n t
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O G u n h ill H e a d S h o x
O M a n ira y 2
O R o x T a h ×T i 2 1
o f � c u r v e s fo r
tw o s u s p e
82. n s io n c o n c e p ts a r e a ls o a w n o n th is m a p .
E X H ıB ıT 6
- 1 1 A c o m p e ū ū v e m a p s h o w in g e s tim a te d m a
n u fa c tu ń n g c o s t v e r s u s s c o re o n th e
O S T T r it r a c k
S c o re o n M o n s te r (g
'
s )
3 . 0 3 . 2 3 . 4 3 . 6 3 . 8
5 0 1
T ra d e - O ff C u rv e f o r C o n c e p t B
= w
ıd e a l V a ıu e s
6 0
T r a d e - O ff l$ fo r C o n c e Ħ A
M a rg in a ıv a ıu e s O T o n k a p ro
R o x T a h × Q u a d ra
9 0
lo o F
4 0
110 þ
83. -
12 0
-
in th e c o m p e ū tiv e m a p .
m o d e l, t h e te a m c a n a s se s
s w h e th e r o r n o t it
w ill b e a b le to
"
b e a t th e tr a d e - o f p e x h ib ited
h igh e s tim a te d
m a n u fa c tu ń n g c o s
ts . A rm e d w ith te c h n ic a l p
e rfo r m a n c e m o d e ls a n d a c o s
u s e fu l in s h o w in g
th a t a ll o f th e h ig h
-
p e rfo rm a n
c e s u s p
e n s io n s (lo w M o n s te r s c o re s) hat
a n d id e a l v a lu e s
o f th e s p
e c ific a tio n s a r e s
h o w n o n th e m
a p .
84. T h is m a p is p a rtic u larl
m a m ıfa c tu ń n g c o
s t v e rs u s s c o re o
n th e M o n s te r te
s t . T h e re g io n s d e lin e d b y th e m arg in
s o m e tim e s c a ll
e d a tra d e
- o ff m a p .
T h e m a p d is p la y
e d in E x h ib it 6
- 1 1 s h o w s e stim
th e c o m p e t
itiv e p
ro d u c ts a lo n g
tw o d im e n s io n
s s e le c te d fr o m
th e s e t o f m e tric s an d
A n e x a m p le c o m p
e titiv e m a p
is s h o w n in E
x h ib it 6
- 11 . T h is m a p is s im p ly a s c a tte r p
O n e im p o rta n t
to o l fo r s u p p
85. o r tin g
th is d e c is io n
- m a k in g p ro
c e s s is th e c o ın p e 加 加 e
w ill b e s t s a t
is fy
th e c u s to m e r
n e e d s , a n d w ill e
n s u re a d e q u a
te p r o
f its .s p e c
ific a tio n s
th a t w ill m o
s t fa v o r a b ly p
o s itio n th e p r
o d u c t r e la tiv e to th e c oth e c o s t im p
lic a tio n s a r
e e x p l
o re d . In a n ite r a t
iv e f a s h io n , t h e te a m c o n v e rg ec o m b i
n a tio n s o f
v a lu e s a r e
d e te rm in e
d th r o u g h
86. th e u s e o f th e te c h
n ic a l m o d etio n s . F in a liz in g
s p
e c ific a tio n
s c a n b e a
c c o m p l
is h e d in a g r o u p
s e s s ıo nc o n s tru c te d
a p
re lim in a r y
c o s t m o d e ı,
t h e s e to o ls c a n b
e u s e d to d e v e loO n c e th e te a m
h a s c o n s
tr u c te d t
e c h n ic a l p
e r f o r m a n c e m
o d e ls M
e * in e t h e
S p
e c i« c a t io
n s , M a k n g
87. Scanned by CamScanner
h a le n g e is to
e n s u re th a
t c e r ta in s p
e c ific a tio n s
fo r d if fe r e n t s u b s y s te m s a r e e
q u a lly
th e s u b s y s te
m s m e a c h
ie v e d , t h e o v e ra l
l p r
o d u c t s p
e c ific a tio n s w ill b e a c h ie v e d . A s e c o n d
sp e c if
ic a tio n s in
fa c t re fle c t
th e o v e r a ll p ro
d u c t s p
e c ific a tio n s
- th a t if sp e c ifıc a tio n s f o r
e ffic ie n c y .
O n e c h a lle n g e i
n th e f lo w
- d o w n p r o c e s s
88. is to e n s u r e th a t th e s u b s y s te m
in c l u d e m e tr ic s lik
e p e
a k p
o w e r , p e a k to
r q u e ,
a n d fu e l c o n s u m p t io n a t p e a k
e n g in e , t
r a n s m is s io n , br a k in g
s y s te
m , a n d s u s p e n s
io n . T h e specifications fo r th e e n g in e
th e s e v e r a l d o z e n m ajo r s u b s y
s te m s th a t m a k
e u p t
h e a u to m o b ile , in c lu d in g th e b o d y ,
h o u r a c c e le r a tio n tim e , a n d turning
ra d iu s ; h o w e v e r ,
s p e c ifİ c a tio n s m u s t a ls o b e c r e a te d fo r
ñ c a tio n s fo r a n a u to m o b ile
c o n ta in m e tr ic s
l ik e f u e l e c o n o m y , 0
- 10 0 k ilo m e te r /
o v e r a ll s p e c
89. ific a tio n s to s p
e c ific a tio n s fo r e
a c h s u b s y s te m
. F o r e x a m p le , t h e o v e r a ll s p e c i-
te m s a s w e ll a s fo r th e p r o d
u c t a s a w h o le . M e c h a ll
e n g e in th is
c a s e is to j ıo w d o w n th e
c o n te x t, s p e c ific a tio n
s a r e u s e d to d e fı
n e th e d e v e lo p m e n
t o b je c tiv e s o f e a c h o f th e s u b s y s -
u c t c o n s is tin g o
f m u ltip l
e s u b s y s t
e m s d e s ig n
e d b y
m u ltip le d
e v e lo p m e n t te a m s . In s u c h a
im p o r ta n c e a n d is
s u b s ta n tia lly m
o re c h a lle n g in g w
h e n d e v e lo p in g a h ig h ly c o m p le x p r o d
-
90. s in g le , r e
la tiv e ly s m a ll d e
v e lo p m
e n t te a m . E s ta b lis h in g s p e c ific a tio n s ta k e s o
n a d d itio n a l
T his c h a p te r fo c u s e s
o n th e sp e c i
fic a tio n s fo r a r e la tiv e ly s im p le c o m p o n e n t d e
s ig n e d b y a
S te p 4 F lo w D o
w n t h e S p
e c if ic a t io n s a s A p p
r o p r ia t e
e n c e s a r e lis te d a i th e e n d o f th e c h
a p te r
.
a n a ly s is a r
e f a į r ly straighrw d , b u t b e y o n d th e s c o p e o f
th is c h a p te r
. R e le v a iıt r e f e -
sp e c į ]ic a tio n
v a lu e s th a t m a x im iz e m a r k e t s h a re c a n b e e s
tim a te d , T h e d e ta ils o f c o n jo in t
s h a re o f e a c h p ro d u c t i
91. n th e s e t o f a lte r n a tiv e s c a n b e fo r e c a s t . U s
in g th is a p p r o a c h , t
!ıe
o f a l t e r n a t i v e s . B y u s in g th e s e p r e d ic tio n s
f o r a ll o f th e c u s to m
e r s in a s a m p ı
e , t h e m a r k e t
u s e d to p r e d ic t w h ic h p ro d u c t a c u s
to m e r w o u ld c h o o s e w h e n o Ħ e r e d a h y p
o th e t ic a l s e t
in fe r s th e r e la tiv e im p o r ta n c e o f e a c h a ttr ih
rlte to th e c u s to m e r . T h e s e d a t
a c a n th e n b e
s ta tis tic a l te c h n iq u e s o f e x p e r im e n ta l d e s ig n
. U s in g c u s to m e r r e s p o n s e s ,
c o n jo in t a n a ly s i
s
in g ) c a n b e r e p r e s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly . T h e h y
p o th e tic a l p r o d u c ts a r e c o n
s tr u c te d u s in g
th e
c u s to m e r s (e . g . , fu e l e c o n o m y a n d p ric e f o
r a u to m o b ile s ) . s u b je c tiv e a ttr ib u te
s (e . g . , s ty
l-
92. a s e t o f a ttr ib u te s . T h e s e a ttr ih u te s m u s t g e n
e r a lly b e m e tri c s th a t a r e e
a s ily
u n d e r s to o
d b y
p o te n tia l c u s to m e r s is r e p e a te d ly a s k e d to e v
a lu a te h y p o th e tic a l p r o d u
c ts c h a r a c te ń
z e d b y
c o n s tr u c t a m o d e l o f c u s to m e r p r e fe r e n c e .
F. s s e n tia lly , e a c h r e s p o n d e
n t in a s a
m p
le o f
u s e f u l in refining p ro d u c t s p e c ific a tio n s . c o n jo
in t a n a ly s is u s e s c u s to m e r s
u r v e y
d a ta to
r e la tiv e to a h a n d f u l o f w e ll- u n d e rs to o d p e rf
o r m a n c e m e tr ic s , c o n jo in t a n a ly s
is m a y
b e
F o r r e la tiv e ly m a tu re p r o d u c t c a te g o rie s in w
h ic h c o m p e titio n is b a s
e d o n p
93. e rfo rm a
n c e
s h o w n in E x h ib it 6 - 12 .
tiv e to th e c o m p e titiv e p r o d u c ts . T h e fin a l s p e
c ific a tio n s fo r th e s
u s p
e n s io n f
o r k a r
e
c e p t a n d m a k e th e tr a d e
-
o ffs in a w a y th a t w ill p r o v id e a p e r f o r m a n
c e a d v a n
ta g
e r e l a
-
c a n r e fin e th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s to b o th s a tis fy
th e in h e re n t c o n s tra in ts
o f th e p
r o d u c
t c o n
-
U s in g th e te c h n ic a l a n d c o s t m o d e ls o f th e p
94. ro d u c t a n d th e c o m p e titiv
e m a p
s , t h
e t e
a m
v a ria b le s , c a n b e d r a w n d ir e c tly o n th e c o m p
e titiv e m a p , a s s h o w
n in E x
h ib it
6
- 1 1 .
T a d e - o fF c u r v e s , s h o w in g p e rf o r m a n c e o f
th e p r o d u c t c o n c e p t f o r a
r a n g
e o f d
e s ig
n
T h e c o m
p e titiv e m a p is u s e d to p o s itio n th e n e w p r o d u
c t r
e la tiv e to th
e c o m p
e t į tio
n ·
A d d itio n a l m a p s m a y b e c r e a te d a s n e e d e d
95. to s u p p o r t s u b s e q u e n t d e c is
io n m a k
in g
.
te a m w ilı p r e p a r e th r e e o r fo u r s u c H m a p s c
o r r e s p o n d in g to a h a n d
f u l o f c ń
tic a l n
re i
c s ·
b e n c h m a r k in g c h a r t u s in g th e p lo ttin g fe a tu
re o f th e s p r e a d s h e e t s o f t
w a r e . G e n
e r a lly ,
. Y
T h e s e m a p s c a n b e c o n s tr u c te d d ir e c tly fr o
m th e d a ta c o n ta in e d in
th e c
o m p
e titi
v e
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s u m p tio n o f th e p r o d u c t w ill s im p ıy b e th e s u
96. m o f th e s e
q u a n ū tie s f o r e a c h s
a llo c a te d to s u b s y s te m s w ith th e c o n fid e n c e
th a t th e o v e r a ll c o s t, m a s s , a n d p o w
F o r e x a m p le , s p e c ifıc a tio n s fo r m a n u fa c tu ń n
g c o s t, m a s s , a n d p o w e r c o n s u m p tio r c
S o m e o v e ra ll c o m p o n e n t s p e c ific a tio n s c a n b
e e s ta b lis h e d th r o u g h b u d g e t a tło c
a t
th e c o s t o f th e p ro d u c t w ill ıik e ly b e h ig h e r th
a n n e c e s s a ry .
in o r d in a te ly m o re d iH ic u lt to m e e t th a n is th e
m a s s s p e c ific a tio n fo r th e b o d y . O th e r
w ise
d if ic u lt to m e e t . T h a t is
, fo r e x a m p le , t h a t th e m a s s s p e c ific a tio n fo r
th e e n g in e i
s n o t
2 6 B e n d in g s tre n g th (fro n ta l lo a d in
g ) k N > 1 0 . 0
Pa s s
2 5 J a
p a n In d u s t ria l S ta n d a rd s te s t
B in a ry
2 4 M o n s te r c y c le s t o fa ilu re
97. C y c le s
> 5 0 0 k
2 3 U V te s t d u ra t io n t o d e
g
ra d e ru b b e r
p a rts h r » 4 5 0
H e x
2 2 S p e c ia l to o ls re q u ire d fo r m a in te n a n c e
L is t
2 1 T im e to d is a s s e m b le / a s s e m b le fo r m a in t e n
a n c e < 2 0 0
2 0 C yc le s in m u d c h a m b e r w ith o u t c o n ta m in a
t io n k e s » 2 5
19 T im e in s
p
ra
y c h a m b e r w ith o u t w a te r e n t ry > 3 6 0 0
18 U n it m a n u fa c tu rin
g c o s t
U S $ < 8 0
> 4
[n s t ills
p
98. rid e
S u b
j.
17
16 F e n d e r c o m
p
a t ib ility L is t Z e fa l
15 M m e to a s s e m b le to fra m e
< 4 5
1 4 M a x im u m t ire w id th
in .
> 1. 75
13 W h e e l s iz e s
L is t 2 6 in .
12 S te e rtu b e le n
g t h m m 2 3 0
2 10
190
170
150
1 1 H e a d s e t s iz e s in 1 . 125
99. 1 . 000
10 La te ra l s tiffn e s s a t b ra k e
p
iv o ts k N / m » 4 2 5
9 To ta l m a s s k g « 1 . 4
8 La te ra l s tiffn e s s a t t h e t i
p k N l m 5 7 5
7 R a k e o ffs e t m m
3 8
6 M a x im u m tra v e l (2 6 - in . w he e l) m m
4 3
5 D a m
p
in g c o e ffic ie n t a d ju s t m e n t ra n g e N
-
s ím 5 1 0 0
4 M in im u m d e s c e n t t im e o n t e s t t ra c k
1 1 1 . 5
3 M a x im u m v a lu e » o m t h e M o n s te r
g « 3 . 4
600 - 650
2 S p rin g p re lo a d N
100. A tte n u a t io n fro m d ro
p
o u t to h a n d le b a r a t 1 0 H z d B >
1 2
N o M e t r ic U n it
V a lu e
s p e c ific a tio n s .
T h e fina l
E X H ıB ıT 6 - 1 2
1 1 0 C lï a p te r 6
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th e te a m d e v e lo p s ßn a l s p e c ifzc a
tio n s .
c u s to m e r n e e d s , t h e te a m s e ts ta
rg e t s p
e c ifzc a tio n s . A fte r c o n c e p t s e le c tio n a n d te s
tin g ,
S p e c i fica t ion s ar e typ i
ca ıly e
s t ab l ish e d at lea s
t twi ce . I mm e d i at el y aĤ e r ide n t ifyi ng the �
101. e c o n o m ic a lly r e a
liz a b le ,
n e e d s , d iffe re n tia te th e p r o d u c
t fr o m th e c o m p e titi
v e p r o d
u c ts , a n d b e te c h n ic a lly a n d
h a s to d o to b e c o m m e r c ia lly s u c c e s s fu
l . T h e s p e c ific a tio n s m u s t r e f le c t th e c u s to m
e r
lis h a s e t o f s p e c ific a tio n s ,
w h ic h s p e ll o u t in p
re c is e , m e a s u r a ble d e ta il w h a t th e p ro d u c t
specific g u id a n c e a b o u t h o w to d
e s ig n a
n d e n g in e e
r a p ro d u c
t
,
d e v e lo p m e n t te a m s e s ta b
-
C u s to m e r n e e d s a r e g e n e r a lly e x p
re s s e d in th e
"
]a n g n a g e o f th e c u s to m e r
102. '
T o p ro v id e
Su m m a r
y
d e v e lo p m e n t p r o je c ts .
e f fo r t to d e v e lo p
b e tte r u n d e r s ta n d in g a n d m o
d e ls m a y b e u s e f u l in s u b s e q
u e n t
e n o u g h to c r e a t
e u s e f u l p e rfo
r m a n c e m o d e ls . In s u c h c irc n m s ra n c e s , a n e
n g in e e r in g
d is c o v e r th a t it d o e s n o t r e a lty u n d e r s ta n d th
e u n d e r ıy in g p r o d u c t te c h n o lo g y w e ll
a s p e c t o
f th e p r o d
u c t
'
s p e r f o r m a n c e f o r fu tu r e u s e ? S o m e tim e s th
e te a m w i ll
S h o u ld th e f ır m i n it ia te a fo r m a l e f fo r t to d e v
e lo p b e tte r te c h n ic a l m o d e ls o f s o m e
103. th e c o n c e p t in a n a o ľ e d e m a n
d in
g , a n d p o te n tia lly m o re p ro f ita b le , m a r k e t s e g
m e n t .
d r a m a tic a lly s u p e r io r to th e c o m p e titiv e p ro d
u c ts , it m a y w is h to c o n s id e r e m p lo y in g
s e le c te d c o n c e p t m a y a c tu a lly b e to o g o o d .
If th e te a m h a s g e n e r a te d a c o n c e p t th a t is
a p p lie d in a n o th e r m a r k e t (s a y , t h e lo w e n d o
r h ig h e n d in s te a d o f th e m id d le ) ? T h e
I s t he co n c e p t ch o s e n b y t he tea m be s t su i ted
to the tar ge t ma r k e t , o r c o u Į d it be be s t �
re fin e th e te c h n ic a l o r c o s t m o d e ls to in c re a s e
c o n fid e n c e in m e e tin g th e specifications.
is d ic ta te d b y m e tric s a ro u n d w h ic h m u c h u n c
e r ta in ty re m a in s , t h e te a m m a y w is h
to
H o w mu c h un c e r t ai nt y is the r e in the tec h n i ca l
an d co s t mo d e l s? 1f co m p e t itive su c c e s s �
o r a b a n d o n th e
p r o je c t.
tiv e ly . If n o t, t h e n th e te a m s h o u ld r e t u r n to
th e c o n c e p t g e n e r a tio n a n d s e le c tio
n p h
a s e
104. s p e c ific a tio n s s o th a t th e p r o d u c t w ilı m e e t th e
c u s to m e r n e e d s a n d e x c e l c o m p e
ti -
f s the pr od u c t a wi nn e r ? Th e pr o d u c t co n c e p t
sh o u l d al low the tea m to ac t ua l ly s
e t the �
q u e s tio n s th e te a m m a y w a n t to c o n s id e r a r e
A s a lw a y s , t h e fin a l s te p in th e m e th o d is to r e
f le c t o n th e o u tc o m e a n d th e p r o c e s s . S o m e
St e p 5 R e f ıe đ o n t h e R e s u lt s a n d t h e p r o c e s
s
n e e r in g . W e re fe r th e r e a d e r to b o o k s o n th is
s u b je c t in th e r e f e r e n c e lis t ,
be y o n d th e s c o p e o f th is c h a p te r, a n d in fa c t is
a m a jo r fo c u s o f th e f i e l d o f sy s te n zs e n g i
-
A c o m p r e h e n s iv e tr e a tm e n t o f f lo w in
g d o w n s p e c if ic a tio n s f o r c o m p le x p r o d u c ts
is
e f fic ie n c y .
b o d y , t ire s , a n d e n g in e r e q u ir e s a m o d e l o f
h o w th e s e v a r ia b ıe s r e la te to o v e r a ll f u e l
d ra g c o e ffic ie n t , fr o n ta l a re a , a n d e n g in e e fï
ic ie n c y . E s ta b lis h in g s p e c ific a tio n s f o r
th e
105. c ie n c y is a r e la tiv e ly c o m p le x fu n c tio n o f v e
h ic le m a s s , r o l l in g re s is ta n c e , a e r o d y
n a m ic
s y s te m p e r f o r m a n c e r e la te s to o v e ra ll
p r o d u c t p e r fo r m a n c e . F o r e x a m p le , f
u e l e f fi
s p e c ific a tio n s m u s t b e e s ta h lis h e d th r o u g h a
m o re c o m p le x u n d e r s
ta n d in g o
f h o w s u b
o s o m e e x te n t, g e o m e tric v o lu m e c a n b e a llo c
a te d th is w a y a s w e ll. O th e r
c o m p o
e n
Scanned by CamScanner
a s p o w e rf u l a n a ly tic a l s u p p o r t f o r th e g e n e r a
l m e th o d d e s c rib e d in th is c h a p te r .
a ttr ib u te s to m a x im iz e c u s to m e r s a tis fa c tio n .
S o m e o f th e s e te c h n iq u e s c a n s e rv e
U rb a n a n d H a u s e r
p re s e n t s e v e r a l te c h n iq u e s fo r s e le c tin g c o m
h in a tio n s o f p
106. ro d u c t
V o l. 66 , N o . 3 , M a y
- Ju n e 1 9 8 8 , p p . 63 - 7 3 .
H a u s e r
, Jo h n , a n d D o n C la u s in g ,
"
T h e H o u s e o f Q u a lity ,
"
H a r v a ld B ıłs in e s s R e v ie
H o u s e o f Q u a lity a r e c le a r ly p re s e n te d b y H
a u s e r a n d C la u s in g in a p o p u la r a r tic le .
by th e Q u a lity F u n c tio n D e p lo y m e n t (Q F D ) m e
th o d . T h e k e y id e a s b e h in d Q F D a n d
th e
T h e p ro c e s s o f tr a n s la tin g c u s to m e r n e e d s in
to a s e t o f s p e c ific a tio n s is a ls o a c c o m p li
s h e d
w w w . u ır ic h - e p p in g e r. n e t
M a n y c u rr e n t re s o u rc e s a r e a v a ila b le o n th e
I n t e r n e t v ìa
R e f e r e n c e s a n d B ib lio g r a p h y
th e m a r k e tin g , d e s ig n , a n d m a m rfa c tu ń n g f u n
c tio n s o f th e e n te rp ń s e .
107. s p e c iñ c a ū o n s p r o c e s s r e q u ire s a c ti
v e p a r tic ip a tio n fr o m te a m m e m b e r s re p r e s
e n tin g
e r s , t h e c o r e p ro d u c t te c h n n ln g y , a n d th e c o
s t im p lic a tio n s o f d e s ig n a l t e r n a t i v e s ,
th e
B
e c a u s e o f the ne e d to ut ilize the be s t po s s i bl e kn
o w l ed g e of the ma r k e t , t h e cu s t om -
�
to re p re s e n t a n d
d is c u s s th e sp e c if
ic a tio n s .
p e titiv e m a p s a ll s u p p o r t t
h e te a m
'
s d e c is io n m a k in g b y p r o v id in g th e te a m w ith
a w a y
m e tr ic s , t h e n e e d s
-
m e tr ic s m a tr ix , t h e c o m p e titiv e b e n c h m a r k in
g c h a r ts , a n d
th e c o m -
e a s ily b e
108. c re a te d u s in g c o n v
e n tio n a l s p r e a
d s h e e t s o f tw a r e . T o o ls s u c h a s th e list o f
t
h e s p
e
c i fica t ion s pr oc e s s is fac i litat ed
by se v e
r al si mp l e inf
o r ma t ion sy s t em s tha t ca n �
5 . R e H e c t o n th e re s u lts a n d th e p r o c e s s .
4 . N o w d o w n th e sp e c ific a t. In n s a s a p p
r o p ń a te .
3 . R e fin e th e s p e c ific a tio n s , m
a k in g tr a d e
-
o ffs w h e r e n e c e s s a ry .
2 . D e v e lo p a c o s t m o d e l o f
th e p ro d
u c t .
1 . D e v e lo p te c h n ic a l m o
d e ls o f th e p r
o d u c t .
109. T h e fiv e - s te p p ro c e s s fo r
re fin in g
th e sp e c
ific a tio n s is
c h a r a c te ń s tic s o f th e p
ro d u c t .
re fin e m e n t p h a
s e th e te a m m u s t
m a k e d iffic u lt tr a
d e - o ffs a m o n g v a r io u s d e s ira b le
a n d th e e x p
e c te d p ro
d u c tio n c o s ts u s i
n g
a n a ly tic
a l a n d p
h y s
ic a l m o d e ls . D u ń n g th is
F in a l s p e c ific a ti
o n s a r e d e v e lo p
e d b y
a s s e s s in g
th e a c tu a l te c h n o lo g
ic a l c o n s tr a in ts
110. 4 . R e fle c t o n th e re s u
lts a n d th e p r
o c e s s .
3 . S e t id e a į a n đ m a rg
in a lly a
c c e p t
a b ıe ta r g e
t v a l u e s .
2 . c o lle c t c o m p e ti
tiv e b e n c h m a
f k irıg i
n fo r m a ū o n .
1 . P re p a r e th e
lis t o f m e tfi
c s .
T h e p ro c e s s
o f e s ta b lis h i
n g
th e ta rg e t
s p
e c ific a tio n s e n
ta ils f o u r s te p s
e x c e e d o th e r s , d e p e n d i
111. n g o
n th e d e ta i
ls o f th e p r
o d u c t c o n c e p t
th e te a m e v e n tu a llyc a n b e a c h i
e v e d . T h e te a m
'
s e iï o rts m a y fi il
to m e e t s o m e
o f th e s e s p e
c ific a tio n s alish e d b e fo re th e te a m
k n o w s th e
c o n s a in ts
th e p r
o d u c t te c h n o lo g y
w ill p la c e (T ärge t s p e c ific a ū o
n s r e p
re s e n t th e h
o p e
s a n d a s p ira
tio n s o f th e t
e a m b u t h e y
112. Scanned by CamScanner
5 , w hy s h o u
ld in d e p
e n d e n t d
e s ig n
v a ï ia b le
s n o t b
e u se d a s m
e tric s ?
p e rf o rm a
n c e o n o th
e r s p
e c ifıc a ti
o n s ? If
s o , h o w
c a n th e re e v e r
re a lıy b e a
"
m a r g in a lly4 . C a n p o o r p
e rf o r m a n c
e r e la tiv
e to o n e sp
e c ific a tio
n a lw a y s
113. b e c o m p e n s a te d fo r b y h ig h
p ro d u c ts (a s
jn E x h ib it 6
- 7) m e n
o t c o n s is te
n t w ith th e v a
lu e s o f th e m e tric s f o r th o s e
3 . H o w m ig h t y o u e
x p
la in a s itu a
tio n in w h i
c h c u s to m e rs
'
Pe rc e p tio n s o f th e c o m p e titiv e
2 . W n y a r e s o m e
c u s to m e r n e
e d s d iffic u lt
to m a p
to a s in g le
m e tric ?
s u c h a s
"
t h e fr o n t s u sp e n s io n
114. lo o k s g r
e a t
"
?
1 . H o w m ig h t y o u e s
ta b lis h p r
e c is e a n d m e a s
u ra b le s p e c ifi
c a tio n s fo r in ta n g ib le n e e d s
Th o u
g h t Q u e s t io n s
u c ts . W h a t a r e s o m e e x a m p le s o f s u c h m e
tric s
?
3 . S o m e o f th e s a m e m e tric s s e e m to b e in v o
lv e d in tr a d e
- o f fs fo r m a n y d iff e r e n t p ro d
-
m a n y y e a rs
.
2 . D e v is e a m e tr ic a n d a c o rr e s p o n d in g te s t
fo r th e n e e d th a t a r o o fin g m a te ri a l la s t
1 . L is t a s e l o ť m e tric s c o rre s p o n d in g to th e n e
e d th a t a p e n w rite s m o o th ly .
115. E x e r c is e s
Ta rg e t C o s tin g ,
"
S lo a n M a n a g e m e n t R e v ie w , V o l. 4 0 , N o . 4 , S
u m m e r 1 9 9 9 , p p . 2 3
- 3 3 .
C o o p e r , R o b in , a n d R e g in e S la g m u ld e r ,
"
D e v e lo p p t o ñ ta b le N e w p ī o d u c ts w ith
M o re d e ta il o n th e u s e o f ta r g e t c o s tin g is a v a
ila b le in th is a r tic le b y c o o p e r a n d s ıa g m u ld e
r .
e d itio n , C R C P re s s , B o c a R a to n , FL , 2 000 .
R e c h tin , E b e r h a r d t, a n d M a r k w . M a ie r, T he
A lT o f s y s te m s A r c h ite c t 加 g , s e c o n d
A c tiv iŕ ie s , ï n te m a tio n a l C o u n c il o n s
y s te m s E n g in e e rin g , O c to b e r 2 0 1 I .
Sy s te m s E n g in e e r in
g H a n d b o o k A G u id e J o , s y s te m L ife c y c ıe p
r o c e s s e s a n d
S y s te m s e n g in e e ń n
g a n d th e flo w d o w n o f specifications a re tre a te d c
o m p re h e n s iv e ly
in
116. C o n jo in t A n a ly s is A G u id e
j o " esigning a n d In te rp re
Jo h n W ile y & S o n s , N e w Y o r k , 1997 .
M o s t m a r k e tin g re s e a rc h
'"b00ks d is c u s s c o n
jo in t a n a ly s is . H e re a r e tw o r e fe r e n c e s
R a m a s w a ' y , R a ja n , ' " K ' " -theHouionİ°
l ityi ï y x ' ° ' ' " ' '" ' '" g s p e c iñ ' ' " ' ' " "
e d itio n
, P r e n tic e H a ll. E n g ı' " o d c liffs
, N J,
t n
g q fN e w p r o d u c ts , s e c o n
d
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C - P (1 - M .. ) = $250 (1 - 0 . 4 0 ) = $ 15 0
g ro s s p r o fit m a rg in o f th e m a n u fa c tu re r , M . . E
qu a ls 0 . 4 0 , t h e n th e ta rg e t c o s t is
If th e p r o d u c t is s o ld d ir e c tly to th e e n d u s e r
b y th e m a n u fa c tu r e r , a n d th e
A s s u m e th e e n d u s e r
p ric e , F e q u a ls $ 2 5 0 .
117. E X A M P L E
u m b e r o f s ta g e s in th e d is trib u tio nc h a n n e l, a n
d M i is th e m a rg in o f th e ith s ta g e .
w h e r e P is th e
p r ic e p a id b y th e e n d u s e r , n is th e n 1
i = 1
Tget c o s t, C , is g iv e n b y th e fo llo w in g e x p re s s io
n
10 0 p e r c e n t . )
d iffe r e n tly a s ř / c
- 1, s o t h a t a m a rg in o f 5 0 p e r c e n t is e q tıiv a le
n t to a m m k - u p o f
fo r th e p r o d u c t it s e lls . (N o te th a t ı?ta r k -
u p is s im ila r to m a r g in , b u t is d e fin e d s lig h tly
w h e re P is th e p r ic e th is s ta g e c h a rg e s its c u s
to m e r s a n d C is th e c o s t th is s ta g e p a y s
P
M =
(P - C )
L e t M b e th e g r o s s p ro fit m a rg in o f a s ta g e in
th e d is tr ib u tio n c h a n n e l .
m a r g in s fo r d iff e r e n t p r o d u c t c a te g o ń e s ,
118. u to r s a n d r e ta ile r s . E x h ib it 6 - 13 p r o v id e s s o
m e a p p r o x im a te v a ıu e s o f g r o s s p r o fit
q u e n tly , p ro d u c ts a r e d is tr ib u te d th r o u g h o n e
o r m o r e in te rm e d ia te s ta g e s , s u c lı a s d istrib
S o m e p r o d u c ts a r e s o ld d ire c tly b y a m a n u fa
c tu r e r to e n d u s e r s o f th e p r o d u c t . N e
p ro d u c t to b e c o m p e titiv e ly p ń c e d in th e m a r k
e tp la c e .
c o s tin g is a m e c h a n is m fo r e n s u r in g th a t
specificatinns a re s e t in a w a y th a t a llo w s th e
o f c o m p e titiv e m a r k e ts , in w h ic h p ric e s a r e d
ń v e n b y m a rk e t a n d c u s to m e r fa c to r s . T * ge t
p ric e s b y a d d in g its e x p e c te d p r o fit m a r g in to
th e c o s t . T h is a p p r o a c h ig n o r e s th e re a İ itie s
a p p r o a c h b e g in s w ith w h a t th e fir m e x p e c ts
its m
a m lfa c tu r in g
c o s ts to b e a n d th e n s e ts
, ts
T a rg e t c o s tin g is th e r e v e r s e o f th e c o s t
-
p lu s a p p r o a c h to p r ic in g . T h e c o s t- p lu
le s s th a n ( I
- 0 . 4 0 )
119. · 13 7 . 50 = $82 . 5 0 .
m a rg in o f a t le a s t 4 0 p e rc e
n t o n its c o m p
o n e n ts , t h e n its u n it m a n u fa c tu ń n g c o s t m u s t
fo r k to b ic y c le s h o p s fo r ( 1
- 0 . 4 5 )
· 2 5 0 = $ 13 7 . 50 . If S p e c ia liz e d w is h e s to e a m
a g
g ro s s p ro fit m a rg in o f 4 5 p e r c e n t o n c o m p o n e
n ts ,
t h e n S p e c ia liz e d w o u ld h a v e to s e
th e p ric e it e x p e c te d th e c u s to m
e r to p a y w a s $
2 5 0 a n d if b ic y c le s h o p s n o r m a l ly e
S p e c ia liz e d w is h e s to s e ll its s u s p e n s io n f o r
k
to its c u s to m e r s th r o u g h b ic y c E
m a rg m s th a t a r e re q u ir e d fo r e
a c h s ta g e in
th e d is tr ib u tio n c h a n n e l . F o r e x a
o n th e p ń c e th e c o m p a n y h o p e s th
e e n d u s e r w ill p a y f
o r th e p r o d u c t
120. a rg e t c o s tın g s a s rm p le id e a : s e t t
h e v a lu e o f th e m a n u fa c tu n n g c o s t
C o s t in g
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m s in its a n a ly s i
s o f ta rg e t
c o s t.
/ e į n te n s ity ,
t he v o lu m e o f u n its s o
ld , a n d th e le
v e l o f c u s t
o m e r s u p p
o rt re q u
ire d . S a le s re p re s e n ta ū
v e s a re p a id
o t e th a t th e se v a lu e s a re q u
ite a p p r
o x im a te . A c tu a l m
a rg in
s d e p e
n d o n m a n y
id io s y n
121. c ra tic fa c to rs , in c lu d in g
c n m n e t ifiv l
re ta ile r s ,
EX H IB ıT
G ro s s M a rg in
10 2 0 3 0
4 0 5 0 6 0
7 0 8 0 Pe rc e n t
M a il o rd e r
S p e c ia lty re ta
iıe rs
D e p a rtm e n t s t
o re s
M a s s m e rc h a n d is e rs
◆ ı =E le
c t ro n ic s
团团团国中 1 I I 园 国A u to m o b ile d e a le r s
R e t a iıe rs ! t I I ı ı
aıiG ifts a n d n o v e ltiÆ
T a æ
■白
122. ın d u s t r ia l p r o d u
s p o rtin g ' " = = =
�ın d e p e n d e n t S a ıe s R e p re s e n t a t
iv e s
= = Ł,
团团■
M e d ic a ı d e v ic e s
In d u s t ria l p r o d u c ts
-
e q u ip m e n t
ın d u s t ria l p ro d u c ts
-
m a te r ia ls , s u p p l i e s
B ra n d e d p a c k a g e d g o o d s
c o m p u t e rs
�W h o ıe s a ıe rs l D is t rib u t o rs
上
亡
国 眉目国
■ 自 团 团 ■ 叫■ 叫
123. b = = · = = = i 1
C o n s u m e r s o ftw a re
B ra n d e d p a c k a g e d g o o d s
T o y s
M e d ic a l d e v ic e s
In d u s t r ia ı e q u ip m e n t
S p o rtin g g o o d s
c o n s u m e r e ıe c t ro n ic s
A p p lia n c e s
c o m p u te rs
A u to m o b iıe s
M a n u fa c tu re r s
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124. Levy Family Episode 3
Levy Family Episode 3
Program Transcript
JAKE LEVY: We'd be out on recon in our Humvees, and it
would get so hot. We
used to put our water bottles in wet socks and hang them right
outside the
window just so the water would cool off of a bit, and maybe
then you could drink
it.
Man, it was cramped in there. You'd be drenched, nowhere to
breathe. It's like
riding around in an oven. And you'd have your helmet on you,
100 pounds of
gear and ammo. I swear, sometimes I feel like it's still on me,
like it's all still
125. strapped on me.
FEMALE SPEAKER: How many tours did you do in Iraq?
JAKE LEVY: Three. After that last recon, I just-- There were
26 of us. Five
marines in the Humvee I was in. I remember I was wearing my
night vision
goggles. We passed through a village and everything was green,
like I was in a
dream or under water.
And then there was a flash, bright light just blinded me. There
was this explosion.
I can't-- I can't--
FEMALE SPEAKER: It's OK, Jake. Take it easy. I understand
this is difficult.
There's something I;d like to try with you. It's called exposure
therapy, and it's a
treatment that's used a lot with war veterans, especially those
struggling with
anxiety and PTSD.
JAKE LEVY: Exposure therapy?
FEMALE SPEAKER: Yes. It's to help someone like yourself to
confront your
feelings and anxieties about a traumatic situation that you've
experienced. It's a--
It's meant to help you get more control of your thoughts, to
make sense of what's
happened, and to not be so afraid of your memories.
JAKE LEVY: Put that in a bottle and I'll buy 10 cases of it.
127. Levy Family Episode 3
FEMALE SPEAKER: OK. Well, I know this sounds crazy, but a
lot of people don't
breathe properly. And it really comes from bad habits. When
they inhale and
exhale, all the effort is here in their chest and shoulders. And
the problem with
that is you get a really short, shallow breath. And that really
increases the stress
and anxiety in your body.
Instead, a more natural breath should always involve your
diaphragm, right here
in your abdomen. When you breath in, your belly should
expand. And when you
breath out, your belly should fall. OK?
JAKE LEVY: OK.
FEMALE SPEAKER: So, let's practice. Close your eyes. Now, I
want you put one
hand on your abdomen and the other across your chest. Good.
Good. Now, I just
want you to take a few breaths, just like normal. What are you
feeling?
JAKE LEVY: I feel my chest moving up and down. But my
belly, nothing.
FEMALE SPEAKER: OK. So that's what I was just talking
about. That's OK. Let's
try this. I want you take a breath. And this time, I only want
you to allow your
130. compensated for by high
performance on other specifications? If so, how can there ever
really be a “marginally
acceptable” value for a metric? (4 points)
Activity (20 pts)
Chose a product (not related to your group project opportunity),
such as camping tents that
you can collect benchmark information. It is the goal of this
exercise to find out which user
needs lead to the highest or lowest rankings in similar products.
This exercise will help
your team focus on the most important user needs.
1. Create an excel document to record your work. (Similar to
Exhibit 6-7)
2. Prepare a list of metrics (Step 1: Prepare the List of Metrics,
Chapter 6).
3. Collect competitive benchmark information from 2
competitive products on Amazon
that have a substantial number of reviews. (Step 2: Collect
competitive benchmark
information, Chapter 6)
4. Break down each review. For example, if a review for a tent
discusses how the poles
broke the first night and leaked in a rainstorm, make categories
for “reliable poles” &
“water resistance”.
5. For each mention of those categories, make a new entry,
recording whether the
mention was positive, neutral, or negative, and the overall
131. rating(# of stars) of the
review.
6. Continue scanning reviews for new categories or repeated
mentions of existing ones.
Look through at least 15 reviews for each product, with roughly
five 5-star reviews,
five 3-star reviews, and five 1-star reviews.
Analyze your data. Which features, when done well, lead to a
high ranking? Which
features, when negatively mentioned, lead to low ratings?
Create a numerical ranking of the
importance of each need.
Reflect. Are there items missing in your needs list which you
saw recurring in your
qualitative benchmarked products? Are there items in your user
needs list which were
never mentioned and you believe need to be removed?
Important! Save these reviews to pdf, along with the links. They
are raw data, and will be
included with your homework.
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O n e o f S w ia liz e ď s
e x is tin g m o
u n ta in b ik e s w ith a s u s p e n s io
n fo r k .
E X H IB IT 6 - 1
C o u rte s y o f S Iw , ia li? e d B ic y c le C o m p o n e n ts
P ro d u c t S p e c ific a t io n s
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T E R S ı x
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