Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration. He wrote an influential 1887 essay titled "The Study of Administration" that argued modern society had become too complex for traditional political methods and required professional, nonpartisan administration. Wilson believed administrators should be given significant power and discretion to perform their roles efficiently. He advocated for applying administrative methods to constitutional democracy and establishing a merit-based civil service. The essay helped establish public administration as a field of study in the United States.

1. Origin and
Development
of Public
Administration
Mark Jason Corda
MPA 202 - THEORY
AND PRACTICE OF
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

2. Wilsonian
Moment
Spoil
System
V.S

3. Wilsonian
Moment
Woodraw Wilsons
1856 - 1924
Father of Public Administration

4. WOODROW WILSON
1856 - 1924
Father of Public Administration
★ Father Of Public Administration
★ Thomas Woodrow Wilson
★ Born: 28, December 1856
★ 28th President of USA 1913
★ His Famous Essay
○ ‘THE STUDY OF
ADMINISTRATION”
★ Professor of Political Science,
Administrative, Scholar, Historian,
Educationist, Reformer and
Statesman
★ Died: 3, February 1924
Personal Life

5. THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE
NON
DELEGATION
JUDICIAL
DEFERENCE
PROCEDURAL
RIGHTS
EXECUTIVE
CONTROL OF
AGENCIES
AGENCY
DYNAMICS

6. THE NEED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNMENT
Wilson's article argues that the increasing complexity of society and
corresponding issues of public policy require administrative methods of
government to deal with. He argues that questions of administration are of
more practical importance to the function of American government than
constitutional questions:
ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL GOVERNMENT THE
CONSTITUTION
Wilson's article argues that administrative government is and ought to be
separate from political government and that they are only connected when
political officials set the tasks and broad goals for administrators to carry out
and implement in detail:

7. THE HISTORICAL TRANSITION TO ADMINISTRATIVE
GOVERNMENT
Wilson's article divides the history of government in Europe and the United
States into three parts, the first based on absolute sovereign rulers, the
second on democracy and constitutions, and the third on administrative
government implemented and approved through democracy:
ADMINISTRATIVE POWER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH
DEMOCRACY
According to Wilson's article, administrators must be given great power and
discretion in order to perform their roles effectively and efficiently. For Wilson,
this is an essential feature of administrative government, and preferable to a
system that minimizes or divides and thus limits the power of administrators:

8. IMPROVING CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY WITH
ADMINISTRATIVE METHODS
Wilson's article argues that constitutional democracy must be improved by the
implementation of administrative methods of government, and by the hiring of
an educated, qualified civil service based on competitive examinations:
Wilson's article argues that the detailed study of public administration and the
use of administrative methods are necessary for the government of a complex
industrial society. He suggests that the United States study and apply
administrative methods employed by other governments, including
undemocratic ones:

9. WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS
to end the war

10. On january 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson went
before Congress to explain his war aims.
Although the war was still raging, he started an
ambitious program to make the world “fit and safe to
live in’’
He called his blueprint for peace the Fourteen Points.

11. End Causes of War
TO ELIMINATE THE CAUSES OF
WARS
1

12. Self-Determination
TO ENSURE THE RIGHT TO SELF-
DETERMINATION FOR ETHNIC GROUPS SO
THEY COULD CONTROL THEIR OWN
POLITICAL FUTURES.
2

13. League of Nations
The last goal called for setting up an international
organization called the league of nations to ensure world
peace.
Member nations would agree to protect one another’s
independence and territorial integrity.

14. Territorial Integrity
Under the principle of territorial integrity, nations respect
one another's borders and do not try to gain another
country’s territory by force

15. FOURTEEN POINTS 1
No Secret Alliances
FOURTEEN POINTS 2
Countries would not make
secret treaties and alliances
Freedom of Navigation Countries would not make
secret treaties and alliances

16. FOURTEEN POINTS 3
End to all economic
barriers
FOURTEEN POINTS 4
The removal of all economic barriers and the
establishment of an equality of trade conditions.
Reduce weapon numbers Armaments will be reduce to the lowest
point consistent with domestic safety

17. FOURTEEN POINTS 5
Decision regarding colonies
should be impartial
FOURTEEN POINTS 6
A free, open minded, and absolutely
impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
German army is to be removed from Russia
and develop her own political set-up

18. FOURTEEN POINTS 7
Belgium should be independent like before the war
FOURTEEN POINTS 8
France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover
Alsace-Lorraine

19. FOURTEEN POINTS 9
All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy.
FOURTEEN POINTS 10
Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in
Austria-Hungary

20. FOURTEEN POINTS 11
Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan States
FOURTEEN POINTS 12
The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government.
Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves

21. FOURTEEN POINTS 13
An independent Poland should be created which should have access
to the sea
FOURTEEN POINTS 14
A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the
political and territorial independence of all states.

22. The Spoils
System
ANDREW JACKSON
1767 - 1845
Founding the Democratic Party

23. ★ Founder of Democratic Party
★ Andrew Jackson
★ Born: 15, March 1767
★ 7th President of USA 1829
★ His Famous
○ ‘THE FOUNDER OF
DEMOCRATIC PARTY”
★ Was an American lawyer, soldier,
and statesman
★ Died: 8, June 1829
Personal Life
ANDREW JACKSON
1767 - 1845
Founding the Democratic Party

24. THE SPOIL SYSTEM
● When Jackson was president, he fired 20% of federal
officials and put in his supporters that helped him during
the election of 1828. This was known as the Spoils
System
● This was well known for the saying, ‘’ To the victor
belongs the spoil.’’
● The meaning of the spoil system was to give appointive
jobs to loyal members of the party in power

25. JACKSON’S THOUGHTS
Spoil System

26. ❖ He thought that many took their job for
granted
❖ He wanted to get rid of them because he
thought that some of the federal officials
were corrupt before Jackson was elected.
❖ Thought that changing the system of office
would be able to reduce corruption.
❖ Thought that this was good for democracy.
❖ Thought it was a great way to reward his
supporters of the 1828 elections.

27. ➢ HELPED THE DEMOCRATIC
PARTY TO BECOME POWERFUL
➢ MADE SURE EVERYTHING
STOOD IN PLACE

28. ➢ DID NOT CARE ABOUT THE WORKERS
ABILITY IN DOING THEIR JOB
➢ HE FIRED MANY EXPERIENCED
WORKERS

29. THANK YOU!

30. CLASSICAL & NEOCLASSICAL
Proponents of Public Administration

31. CLASSICAL THEORY
➔ It is a branch of Management Theory
➔ Evolved between late 19th century and early
20th century.
➔ To find out the best way to do the task.
➔ The classical theory of management is divided in
mainly focus areas
◆ Scientific Management
◆ Administrative Management
◆ Bureaucratic Management

32. Scientific Management
F.W. TAYLOR
1856 - 1915
Father of Scientific Management
★ He is known as the father of Scientific
Management
★ To do a task, the best way is:
❖ Perform task with Systematic Study
❖ And with Scientific Method
★ He believed that improved management
practices led to improved productivity.
★ F.W. Taylor believed that these three tools
should be used for management
○ Task Performance
○ Supervision
○ Motivation

33. Task Performance
Scientific management incorporates basic expectations of
management including:
DEVELOPMENT OF WORK STANDARDS
SELECTION OF WORKERS TRAINING OF WORKERS
SUPPORT OF WORKERS

34. SUPERVISION
Taylor felt that single supervisor could not be an expert
at all task
Managers must provides detailed instructions and
supervision to each worker to ensure the job is done
in a scientific way

35. MOTIVISION
Taylor believed money was the way motivated workers to
their fullest capabilities.
Workers who met a standard level of production were paid a
standard wage rate.
Workers whose production exceeded the standard were paid
at a higher rate for all of their production output

36. PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
Scientific Selection,
Training and
Development of
Workers
Close Co-
Operation
between Worker
and Management
Maximum
Prosperity for both
Employers &
Employees
Equal Division of
Work and
Responsibilities
Mental
Revolution

37. Scientific Management Techniques
Functional
Foremanship
Differential Wage
System/ Differential
Piece Rate
Scientific Study
of Work
Standardization
of Work
Work is divided into small parts and each part is
assigned to an expert.
Workers should work according to the given standard by
the company.
It means to conduct a work according to time, motion,
eliminating useless activities which hinders the course of task.
Wages are paid on the basis of the work done and not on
the basis of time spent in doing the work.

38. Administrative Management
HENRI FAYOL
1841 - 1925
Father of Administrative Management
★ He is known as the father of
Administrative Management
★ First recognized that successful
managers had to understand the
basic managerial functions
★ Developed a set of 14 general
principles of management

39. FAYOL’S GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF
MANAGEMENT

40. Principles of Management
Division of Work
Unity of
Command
Discipline
Authority and
Responsibility
Equal Work Division according to their capabilities.
Parity b/w authority and responsibility of work given to
a worker.
Must follow rules and regulations.
One worker should be allotted with a single instructor.

41. Principles of Management
Unity of Direction
Centralization
Remuneration of
Personnel
Subordination of
individual interest to
the common good
All workers should go in one direction only which is the
target of the company
Workers personal interest should be secondary and
company goals should be primary.
Workers should be paid according to their capabilities,
eligibility and task performance.
The power of making any decision for the company is in
the hands of top level management

42. Principles of Management
Scalar Chain
Stability
Equity
Order
Fig. 1.
Task should be perform step by step
Equality between workers
Management should provide a meaning of security

43. Principles of Management
Esprit de corps
Initiative Workers should be encouraged to give their opinions
Unity is Strength

44. ➢ Focuses on the overall organizational system.
➢ Bureaucratic Management
○ Firm rules
○ Policies and procedures
○ A fixed hierarchy.
○ A clear division of labor

45. Bureaucratic Management
MAX WEBER
1864 - 1920
★ A German sociologist and historian
who envisioned a system of
management that would be based
upon impersonal and rational
behavior-the approach to
management now referred to as
“bureaucracy.’’
Weber

46. Bureaucratic Management
MAX WEBER
1864 - 1920
★ Features:
○ Division of labor
○ Hierarchy of Authority
○ Rules and Procedures
○ Impersonality
○ Employee selection and
promotion
Weber

47. Bureaucratic Hierarchical Power Structure
Top
Management
Middle
Management
Middle
Management
First-Line
Management
First-Line
Management
First-Line
Management
First-Line
Management
W
o
r
k
e
r
W
o
r
k
e
r
W
o
r
k
e
r
W
o
r
k
e
r
W
o
r
k
e
r
W
o
r
k
e
r
W
o
r
k
e
r
W
o
r
k
e
r

48. NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY
Classical
Perspective
Focused on
rational
behavior
Behavioral
Perspective
Acknowledged
the importance
of human
behavior

49. Behavioral Perspective
Acknowledge the importance of human
behavior in shaping management style.
Followed the classical perspective in the
development of management thought.
Is associated with:
Mary Parker Follett, Elton Mayo, Douglas
McGregor, Chester Barnard

50. Elton Mayo
ELTON MAYO
1880 - 1949
Father of Human Resource Management
❖ Conducted the famous Hawthorne
Experiments.
➢ ‘’Hawthorne Effect’’ - Human
relations approach
■ Productivity increased
because attention was paid to
the workers in the experiment.
■ Phenomenon whereby
individual or group
performance is influenced by
human behavior factor

51. Douglas McGregor
DOUGLAS MCGREGOR
1906- 1964
★ Proposed the Theory X and Theory Y
styles of management.
○ Theory X managers perceive that
their subordinates have an
inherent dislike of work and will
avoid it if at all possible.
○ Theory Y managers perceive that
their subordinates enjoy work
and that they will gain
satisfaction from performing their
jobs.

52. Comparison of Theory X and Y Assumptions
Factor
Theory X
Assumptions
Theory Y
Assumptions
Employee attitude
toward work
Management view of
direction
Employee view of
direction
Employees dislike work and
will avoid it at all possible
Employees must be directed, coerced,
controlled, or threatened to get them
to put forth adequate effort.
Employees wish to avoid
responsibility; they prefer to be
directed and told what to do and how
to do it
Employees enjoy work and will
actively seek it.
Employees mare self-motivated and
self-directed toward achieving
organizational goals.
Employees seek responsibility; they
wish to use their creativity;
imagination and ingenuity in
performing their jobs.

53. Any
Questions?

54. Thank you!