Oscar W. Williamson presented on cognitive distractions and their relationship with drivers. He discussed how in-car technologies like smartphones can cause cognitive distractions that impair driving ability. While guidelines aim to mitigate risks, drivers are unable or unwilling to self-regulate distraction use. The mind can only focus on one cognitively demanding task at a time, so any visual or auditory distractions narrow attention and hurt driving performance, especially after 30 minutes of driving when attention naturally declines. To improve safety, policies must limit the most impairing distractions and help drivers prioritize the primary task of operating a vehicle.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Here are 6 out of 11 tips on problem solving skills. For more tips of this type, click the link: http://vkool.com/11-tips-on-problem-solving-skills/.
Being able to solve problems quickly and efficiently without hesitance or difficulties is every person’s dream. There is not a fixed formula to solve every problem in daily life or at work. However, there are skills that help us get out of difficult situations easily.
1. Indentify Your Problems
You need to admit that you are having problems before thinking about solutions to them. If you do not recognize the problems or if you try to ignore them, you will not be able to find a good way to handle them.
2. Analyze Problems
Analyzing problems thoroughly is one of the most helpful tips on problem solving skills. The process of analyzing determines the success in problem solving. It is important to know the main causes of the problems you have so that you can solve them from the root. Root cause analysis will show you how to get over your difficulty step by step.
You should also look over the effects caused by the problems you have, and decide what problem should be solved first.
3. Solve Important Problems First
Important problems are problems that can cause big effects on your life or work. You should try to figure them out and resolve them as soon as possible. No matter how hard they are, you should still keep working on them until they are completely solved. Do not hesitate to ask for help from other people around you if you cannot handle these serious cases on your own.
4. Generate Potential Solutions
You may think about some old solutions you have made or learnt from someone, but do not stick to them as they may not suit the problems you are having. You should also find out some new solutions that can best solve your issues. You can make a list of all the solutions you can find and determine how to carry them out.
5. Make Plans
After choosing the right solutions to your problems, you should prepare for carrying out those solutions by making a specific and detailed plan. You will be unable to perform solutions well when you do not really know where to start. The plan for carrying out solutions should be as specific and concrete as possible.
You should also prepare to face with things that may go wrong in the process of solving your problem. It is not easy to control everything at 100% success rate as unexpected thing may happen any time.
6. Carry Out Solutions
This step is the most important of your problem solving process. It is time you carry out the solutions you opt. You should try your best to do it step by step successfully. This is time to take action, so you should no longer worry if the solutions you choose are good or not, just focus on acting out, and see the outcomes. I believe that you will be successful after all.
Time management is one of the biggest struggles in our day-to-day lives. How to balance work and personal life? How to make sure things get done? How to stay happy while doing so?
To help you we gathered 12 best techniques to help you with your time management.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Here are 6 out of 11 tips on problem solving skills. For more tips of this type, click the link: http://vkool.com/11-tips-on-problem-solving-skills/.
Being able to solve problems quickly and efficiently without hesitance or difficulties is every person’s dream. There is not a fixed formula to solve every problem in daily life or at work. However, there are skills that help us get out of difficult situations easily.
1. Indentify Your Problems
You need to admit that you are having problems before thinking about solutions to them. If you do not recognize the problems or if you try to ignore them, you will not be able to find a good way to handle them.
2. Analyze Problems
Analyzing problems thoroughly is one of the most helpful tips on problem solving skills. The process of analyzing determines the success in problem solving. It is important to know the main causes of the problems you have so that you can solve them from the root. Root cause analysis will show you how to get over your difficulty step by step.
You should also look over the effects caused by the problems you have, and decide what problem should be solved first.
3. Solve Important Problems First
Important problems are problems that can cause big effects on your life or work. You should try to figure them out and resolve them as soon as possible. No matter how hard they are, you should still keep working on them until they are completely solved. Do not hesitate to ask for help from other people around you if you cannot handle these serious cases on your own.
4. Generate Potential Solutions
You may think about some old solutions you have made or learnt from someone, but do not stick to them as they may not suit the problems you are having. You should also find out some new solutions that can best solve your issues. You can make a list of all the solutions you can find and determine how to carry them out.
5. Make Plans
After choosing the right solutions to your problems, you should prepare for carrying out those solutions by making a specific and detailed plan. You will be unable to perform solutions well when you do not really know where to start. The plan for carrying out solutions should be as specific and concrete as possible.
You should also prepare to face with things that may go wrong in the process of solving your problem. It is not easy to control everything at 100% success rate as unexpected thing may happen any time.
6. Carry Out Solutions
This step is the most important of your problem solving process. It is time you carry out the solutions you opt. You should try your best to do it step by step successfully. This is time to take action, so you should no longer worry if the solutions you choose are good or not, just focus on acting out, and see the outcomes. I believe that you will be successful after all.
Time management is one of the biggest struggles in our day-to-day lives. How to balance work and personal life? How to make sure things get done? How to stay happy while doing so?
To help you we gathered 12 best techniques to help you with your time management.
This presentation starts with the current developments from the perspective of the driver. It gives more details ons how the human can be integrated in the automotive design process
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fighting Accident Using Eye Detection forSmartphonesIJERA Editor
This paper is an attempt to investigate an important problem and approaches of human eye detection, blinking, and tracking. A new system was proposed and implemented using android technology for smartphones. System creatively reduces accidents due to drivers’ fatigue by focusing on treating the driver after fatigue has been detected to achieve decrease in accident likelihood.
Smartphone's have been the important tools in our society for the abundant functions including communication, entertainment and online office etc. as the pivotal devices of mobile computing. Smartphone development has also become more important than before. Android is one of the emerging leading operating systems for smartphones as an open source system platform. Many smartphones have adopted this platform and more smartphones will do so in the future. The proposed system is well-suited for real world driving conditions since it can be non-intrusive by using video cameras to detect changes. Driver operation and vehicle behavior can be implemented by equipping automobiles with the ability to monitoring the response of the driver. This involves periodically requesting the driver to send a response to the system to indicate alertness. The propose system based on eyes closer count & yawning count of the driver. By monitoring the eyes and face, it is believed that the symptoms of driver fatigue can be detected early enough to avoid a car accident and providing the driver with a warning if the driver takes his or her eye off the road.
Created to reduce the number of collisions and deaths caused by driving distractions and impairment, NNID brings patented technology, never before used, to bring safer driving closer.
While:
- Existing phone Apps for driver use have good intentions.
- Legislation is a herald of need and tries to force compliance.
None of that is working!
Apps, Legislation and Enforcement have not provided the societal force nor usability to deliver individual change and seem not to be making any progress toward saving many thousands of lives.
Safer Driving and Safer Roads -
Achieving personal behavioural change is complicated. Bringing High-Tech creates a network firewall to cell phones with no need for Apps. Now NNID is bringing that capability, it sets highly distracting Apps beyond reach and others; qualified as safest provide driving and travel aids for commuters, travelers, first responders and just to safely keep in touch with the family and the office.
Change starts with awareness, not prohibition.
NNID is looking for your contribution of energy, effort, relationship, outreach or donation. We are focused on:
Bringing awareness by empowering TV and Radio to talk about cell phone use in real time during their traffic reports.
Giving people their own personal and private feedback on their cellphone use while driving.
Providing an App-independent way, automated on the cell phone network, to anonymously provide the individual feedback.
Work with App and vehicle display developers to reduce distraction and provide needed best practices and consistency.
Getting everyone's attention and generating more interest in drastically reducing distracted driving behaviors is our first goal.
Your involvement and donation will make that happen.
Taking into consideration the drivers’ state might be a serious challenge for designing new advanced driver
assistance systems. During this paper we present a driver assistance system strongly coupled to the user. Driver
Assistance by Augmented Reality for Intelligent Automotive is an augmented reality interface informed by a several
sensors. Communicating the presence of pedestrians or bicyclists to vehicle drivers may end up in safer interactions
with these vulnerable road users. Advanced knowledge about the presence of these users on the roadway is
particularly important when their presence isn't expected or when these users are out of range of the advanced safety
systems that are becoming a daily feature in vehicles today. For example, having advanced knowledge of a pedestrian
walking along a rural roadway is important to increasing driver awareness through in-vehicle warning messages that
provide an augmented version of the roadway ahead. Voice recognition system through an android platform adds
some good flavour during this project. The strategy of voice recognition through this platform is achieved by
converting the input voice signal into text of string and subsequently it's transmitted to embedded system which
contains an arduino atmega328 microcontroller through Bluetooth as a technique of serial communication between an
android application and a control system. The received text string on an arduino is also displayed on the AR Glass. As
connected vehicles start to enter the market, it's conceivable that when the vehicle sensors detect a pedestrian on a
rural roadway, the pedestrian presence is also communicated to vehicles upstream of the pedestrian location that
haven't reached the destination. This paper presents a survey of studies related to perception and cognitive attention
of drivers when this information is presented on Augmented Reality
Presentation by Professor Oliver Carsten at European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) and Liikenneturva (Finnish Road Safety Council) conference on distracted driving, 7 October 2014.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/o.carsten
http://etsc.eu/7-october-2014-distracted-driving-helsinki/
Problems in Autonomous Driving System of Smart Cities in IoTijtsrd
This paper focuses on the problems and challenges during self driving. In the modern era, technologies are getting advanced day by day. The field of smart city has introduced a new technology called ""Autonomous Driving"". Autonomous driving can be defined as Self Driving, Automated Vehicle. Google has started working on this type of system since 2010 and still in the phase of making changes in this technology to take it to a higher level. Any technology can reach up to an advanced level but it cannot provide a full fledged result. This paper facilitates the researchers to understand the problems, challenges and issues related to this technology. Shweta S. Darekar | Dr. Anandhi Giri ""Problems in Autonomous Driving System of Smart Cities in IoT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30079.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30079/problems-in-autonomous-driving-system-of-smart-cities-in-iot/shweta-s-darekar
To provide maximum vehicle safety by implementation of Internet of Things and Li-Fi technology. The Internet of things (IoT) gathers the information about the day to day happening around the user and predicts the user to use the best route to destination or ride the vehicle safely. The Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is the data transfer through light which can be used for communication between two systems
This presentation starts with the current developments from the perspective of the driver. It gives more details ons how the human can be integrated in the automotive design process
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fighting Accident Using Eye Detection forSmartphonesIJERA Editor
This paper is an attempt to investigate an important problem and approaches of human eye detection, blinking, and tracking. A new system was proposed and implemented using android technology for smartphones. System creatively reduces accidents due to drivers’ fatigue by focusing on treating the driver after fatigue has been detected to achieve decrease in accident likelihood.
Smartphone's have been the important tools in our society for the abundant functions including communication, entertainment and online office etc. as the pivotal devices of mobile computing. Smartphone development has also become more important than before. Android is one of the emerging leading operating systems for smartphones as an open source system platform. Many smartphones have adopted this platform and more smartphones will do so in the future. The proposed system is well-suited for real world driving conditions since it can be non-intrusive by using video cameras to detect changes. Driver operation and vehicle behavior can be implemented by equipping automobiles with the ability to monitoring the response of the driver. This involves periodically requesting the driver to send a response to the system to indicate alertness. The propose system based on eyes closer count & yawning count of the driver. By monitoring the eyes and face, it is believed that the symptoms of driver fatigue can be detected early enough to avoid a car accident and providing the driver with a warning if the driver takes his or her eye off the road.
Created to reduce the number of collisions and deaths caused by driving distractions and impairment, NNID brings patented technology, never before used, to bring safer driving closer.
While:
- Existing phone Apps for driver use have good intentions.
- Legislation is a herald of need and tries to force compliance.
None of that is working!
Apps, Legislation and Enforcement have not provided the societal force nor usability to deliver individual change and seem not to be making any progress toward saving many thousands of lives.
Safer Driving and Safer Roads -
Achieving personal behavioural change is complicated. Bringing High-Tech creates a network firewall to cell phones with no need for Apps. Now NNID is bringing that capability, it sets highly distracting Apps beyond reach and others; qualified as safest provide driving and travel aids for commuters, travelers, first responders and just to safely keep in touch with the family and the office.
Change starts with awareness, not prohibition.
NNID is looking for your contribution of energy, effort, relationship, outreach or donation. We are focused on:
Bringing awareness by empowering TV and Radio to talk about cell phone use in real time during their traffic reports.
Giving people their own personal and private feedback on their cellphone use while driving.
Providing an App-independent way, automated on the cell phone network, to anonymously provide the individual feedback.
Work with App and vehicle display developers to reduce distraction and provide needed best practices and consistency.
Getting everyone's attention and generating more interest in drastically reducing distracted driving behaviors is our first goal.
Your involvement and donation will make that happen.
Taking into consideration the drivers’ state might be a serious challenge for designing new advanced driver
assistance systems. During this paper we present a driver assistance system strongly coupled to the user. Driver
Assistance by Augmented Reality for Intelligent Automotive is an augmented reality interface informed by a several
sensors. Communicating the presence of pedestrians or bicyclists to vehicle drivers may end up in safer interactions
with these vulnerable road users. Advanced knowledge about the presence of these users on the roadway is
particularly important when their presence isn't expected or when these users are out of range of the advanced safety
systems that are becoming a daily feature in vehicles today. For example, having advanced knowledge of a pedestrian
walking along a rural roadway is important to increasing driver awareness through in-vehicle warning messages that
provide an augmented version of the roadway ahead. Voice recognition system through an android platform adds
some good flavour during this project. The strategy of voice recognition through this platform is achieved by
converting the input voice signal into text of string and subsequently it's transmitted to embedded system which
contains an arduino atmega328 microcontroller through Bluetooth as a technique of serial communication between an
android application and a control system. The received text string on an arduino is also displayed on the AR Glass. As
connected vehicles start to enter the market, it's conceivable that when the vehicle sensors detect a pedestrian on a
rural roadway, the pedestrian presence is also communicated to vehicles upstream of the pedestrian location that
haven't reached the destination. This paper presents a survey of studies related to perception and cognitive attention
of drivers when this information is presented on Augmented Reality
Presentation by Professor Oliver Carsten at European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) and Liikenneturva (Finnish Road Safety Council) conference on distracted driving, 7 October 2014.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/o.carsten
http://etsc.eu/7-october-2014-distracted-driving-helsinki/
Problems in Autonomous Driving System of Smart Cities in IoTijtsrd
This paper focuses on the problems and challenges during self driving. In the modern era, technologies are getting advanced day by day. The field of smart city has introduced a new technology called ""Autonomous Driving"". Autonomous driving can be defined as Self Driving, Automated Vehicle. Google has started working on this type of system since 2010 and still in the phase of making changes in this technology to take it to a higher level. Any technology can reach up to an advanced level but it cannot provide a full fledged result. This paper facilitates the researchers to understand the problems, challenges and issues related to this technology. Shweta S. Darekar | Dr. Anandhi Giri ""Problems in Autonomous Driving System of Smart Cities in IoT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30079.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30079/problems-in-autonomous-driving-system-of-smart-cities-in-iot/shweta-s-darekar
To provide maximum vehicle safety by implementation of Internet of Things and Li-Fi technology. The Internet of things (IoT) gathers the information about the day to day happening around the user and predicts the user to use the best route to destination or ride the vehicle safely. The Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is the data transfer through light which can be used for communication between two systems
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𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
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1. Cognitive Distractions and their Relationship
with the Driver
Presented by: Oscar W. Williamson
ICDBT Helsinki 2013
2. Presentation structure
Introduction of problem
In-car distraction
• Understanding the term driver distraction
• The new era of technology
• Drivers’ attitudes to distracting activities
• How the mind processes in-car distractions
Conclusions
3. Introduction of problem
Driving whilst distracted kills!
• Implications for friends and family;
• But also for society as a whole.
Casualty rate likely to inflate.
But what are cognitive distractions, and how do they impair drivers?
5. Understanding the term driver distraction (i)
Everyone knows what it means to hoover the carpet, but why
the big debate about a simple definition? Lets keep it simple:
Driver impairment due to:
a competing distractor = driver distraction;
a lack of, or no attention = driver inattention.
Consequently, a fully attentive driver could have his/her
attention taken from them, despite their best intentions.
Do not confuse this with driver inattention!
6. Understanding the term driver distraction (ii)
If the Yerkes-Dodson rule was applied to the driver inattention-distraction
relationship, a stimulus based relationship is found with performance.
However, what if the relationship between driver inattention and driver
distractiondid not act on a single plane?
(Reimer, 2012)
Suggests that stimulus,
represents three stages of
distraction
None, Passive and Cognitive.
Attempts to pigeonhole
cognitive demand would be
subjective at best!
7. Understanding the term driver distraction (iii)
A lack of task concentration (inattention) could make you more
susceptibleto a competing force!
Driver distraction and driver inattention may work together on multiple
planes, to culminate into driver impairment.
These distractors may normally have been able to dismiss!
Therefore, mitigation measures must be balanced!
8. The new era of technology (i)
(Moore, 1965)
It is vital to know how we have become so dependent on technology.
9. The new era of technology (ii)
In-car technology:
• Integrated: Car systems,
entertainment, navigation etc.
• Nomadic: Phone, mp3,
navigation etc.
Nowadays ‘smart’ mobile
phones can do it all, but as a
result are more vision
orientated.
Though visual glances of >2 sec
can double the risk of collision.
10. Market desire = Low-cost × multi-purpose equipment
∴
Distraction potential × Prevalence = In-car distraction impairment
These new cognitively demanding forms of secondary task, significantly
compound upon other pre-existing contributors of driver impairment.
The new era of technology (iii)
(ITU, 2011: 2) (CSU, 2011: 4)
Northern Ireland
11. The new era of technology (iv)
EU and USA produced voluntary guidelines to mitigate this risk:
• EU: European Statement of Principles on the Design of Human Machine
Interface.
• USA: Visual-Manual NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines for In-Vehicle
Electronic Devices.
Problem mitigation or the appearance of problem mitigation?
The manufacturers solution is to assist (ADAS) drivers control their
vehicles; and they have found successes.
However, the successes of ADAS may mask the underdevelopment of
critical driving skills, or driver responsibility and self regulation.
And what happens when or if the ADAS fails?
12. Drivers’ attitudes to distracting activities (i)
Despite the extra potential to be distracted, drivers are bound by law to
drive with due care and attention:
‘Motor vehicles (construction and use) regulations (Northern Ireland) 1999’
And with respect of in-car distraction:
Reg 120: Driver must have proper control (1999)
Reg 125: Television receiving equipment banned, with exceptions (1999)
Reg 125A: The use of handheld mobile phones (2003, amendment)
Enforced with:
‘Road traffic (Northern Ireland) Order 1995’: Articles 10, 12 and 58
However, despite strong experimental evidence and contrary to
government advice, exclusions are made.
13. Drivers’ attitudes to distracting activities (ii)
Observational studies have demonstrated that during a finite time period,
a significant number of drivers are distracted due to secondary tasks.
These distractions are not exclusively technological. Passenger/children
interactions remain the highest contributors to in-car distractions.
However, the effect of the new cognitively demanding devices will
compound upon all existing forms of distraction.
Consequently, it is important to know how motorists have been managing
their exposure with these new forms of distraction.
14. Drivers’ attitudes to distracting activities (iii)
If drivers could self regulate their involvement with technology, the
aforementioned saturation and complexity would be a mute point
Test-track studies have found that drivers either are unable, or do not
want to self-regulate their participation with secondary tasks!
This inability to self regulate has been corroborated:
Motorists were found to be three times more likely to talk on the phone when
they were moving, than when they were stationary.
And of course, younger drivers were found to be the most likely to
participate with these activities whilst driving.
15. Drivers’ attitudes to distracting activities (iv)
The result of this inability to self-regulate has been depicted through several
surveys, where:
• Nearly two thirds of motorists adjust entertainment/GPS settings during a
journey (63%);
• Despite the illegality, over a quarter use a handheld phone whilst driving (27%);
• And more than a quarter SMS text whilst driving (27%), with the prevalence
doubling for young drivers (53%).
The next stage of distraction potential is ‘app’ based, and now there are
8,753,197 connected app users (3,456,442 Facebook), and:
• A quarter of young drivers access the Facebook app when driving (24%);
• A fifth of young drivers access other apps when driving (20%).
16. How the mind processes in-car distractions (i)
Previous MSc project at University of Ulster found that the lane change
was the best measure of distraction effect.
New ISO 26022:2010 Lane change test requires participants to make
directed lane changes, and produces a mdev to quantify task demand.
(ISO, 2010: 5) (ISO, 2010: 12)
17. How the mind processes in-car distractions (ii)
HASTE partner observed a negative correlation of driver impairment due
to incremental increases in auditory and visual forms of distraction.
This is an obvious paradox, which could mislead policymakers.
(Jamson & Merat, 2005: 91)
18. How the mind processes in-car distractions (iii)
Time sharing of visual fixations with
the distractor was said to contribute
to this poor visual task performance.
However, both auditory and visual
tasks were observed to narrow
participants visual fixations.
This indicates that the seemingly
benign effect of auditory distractions,
may mask more serious implications
for road safety.
(Victor, Harbluk & Engström, 2005: 176)
19. How the mind processes in-car distractions (iv)
“Once a motor vehicle begins to
move, collision (or veering off the
roadway) is not a matter of some
refined estimate of a very low
probability: it is inevitable” (Fuller, 2005:
462).
Unless a driver has control!
“task difficulty is inversely
proportional to the difference
between task demand and driver
capability” (Fuller, 2005: 463).
Mental resources are finite.
(Fuller, 2005: 465)
Task-Control Interface model
20. How the mind processes in-car distractions (v)
Despite common preconceptions, humans cannot multitask cognitively
demanding processes:
This is an illusion created by time process management.
Humans process cognitive tasks in the following order (Dzubak, 2007):
• Select the information the brain will attend to;
• Process the information;
• Encode, a stage that creates memory;
• Store the information;
• Retrieve stored information;
• Execute or act on the information.
If there is cognitive task overlap, data will be lost during the encoding stage!
21. How the mind processes in-car distractions (vi)
Whilst two cognitive tasks cannot
be performed simultaneously, a
learned task can be performed in
parallel with a cognitive task.
This is the main reason
experienced drivers are better at
avoiding collisions than novice
drivers.
This extra cognitive processing
power can be misused, to perform
secondary tasks
(Bellet et al., 2009: 1208)
22. How the mind processes in-car distractions (vii)
Auditory (cognitive) Visual (cognitive)
Primary task
processing
Automatic level (Implicit
awareness)
Attentional level (Explicit
awareness)
Secondary task
processing
Attentional level (Explicit
awareness)
Attentional level (Explicit
awareness)
Primary task
performance
Good (available resources
optimised)
Poor (unable to use
automatic control, due to
visual time sharing)
Peripheral detection
performance
Poor (narrowed vision due
to reduced resources)
Poor (narrowed vision due
to reduced resources)
Critical decision
making
Impaired Impaired
23. How the mind processes in-car distractions (viii)
The final piece of the cognitive
processing puzzle is time.
It has been observed that process
error can increase threefold over the
course of just 30 minutes.
This indicates that drivers are more
task focused in the early stages of a
journey, rather than the latter:
Then driver inattention may reduce a
drivers’ resilience to competing forces. (Van Orden, Jung & Makeig, 2000: 226)
24. Conclusions
Driver distraction can only be caused by compelling distractors; and
mitigation strategies must primarily exclude the cognitively impairing
variants, whilst optimising other passive forms of stimulus.
New app based smart phones provide the highest degree of threat to driver
impairment, due to their complexity and market appeal.
Drivers are unable/unwilling to prioritise their secondary task participation;
therefore, non-voluntary mitigation strategies are required.
In-car distraction resilience is relative to the number of distraction types,
severity of exposure and time-on-task, resulting in:
impaired critical thought processes, restricted peripheral vision and/or impaired
automatic car control.
25. If it is illegal to drive without a seat belt, why is it
legal to perform any secondary task whilst driving?
One life lost, is one too many!