Here is a slideshow on engaging youth in evaluations prepared for my qualitative methods/analysis class. I look forward to your feedback! Enjoy the show!
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
Indicators of gendered control over agricultural resourcesCGIAR
This was the 4th in a series of webinars developed by the CGIAR Gender and Agriculture Research Network. This webinar was based on a recently released working paper. It was presented by Smriti Rao who prepared the working paper and moderated by Cheryl Doss from the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets.
What does it mean to make a joint decision? Unpacking intra-household decisio...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Mariola Acosta (Wageningen UR / CCAFS), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
Talk given at Youth-Nex, at the University of Virginia. During the last decade, there have been significant advances in social and emotional learning (SEL) research, practice, and policy. This talk will highlight key areas of progress and challenges as we broadly implement school-family-community partnerships to foster positive behavioral, academic, and life outcomes for preschool to high school students. My goal for this presentation is to provide a foundation to foster group discussion about future priorities for the next decade.
Here is a slideshow on engaging youth in evaluations prepared for my qualitative methods/analysis class. I look forward to your feedback! Enjoy the show!
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
Indicators of gendered control over agricultural resourcesCGIAR
This was the 4th in a series of webinars developed by the CGIAR Gender and Agriculture Research Network. This webinar was based on a recently released working paper. It was presented by Smriti Rao who prepared the working paper and moderated by Cheryl Doss from the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets.
What does it mean to make a joint decision? Unpacking intra-household decisio...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Mariola Acosta (Wageningen UR / CCAFS), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
Talk given at Youth-Nex, at the University of Virginia. During the last decade, there have been significant advances in social and emotional learning (SEL) research, practice, and policy. This talk will highlight key areas of progress and challenges as we broadly implement school-family-community partnerships to foster positive behavioral, academic, and life outcomes for preschool to high school students. My goal for this presentation is to provide a foundation to foster group discussion about future priorities for the next decade.
Jenny Roe - Natural Solutions to Tackling Behavior & Performance in Urban Sch...youth_nex
The talk highlights the benefits of green space access in school settings for behavioral and performance outcomes. It presents two studies both carried out in deprived schools in Central Scotland; the first compares the effect of indoor versus outdoor education (delivered in a forest setting) on a range of wellbeing outcomes in teenagers; the second study explores the benefits to memory recall in early years pupils from curriculum tasks carried out indoors versus outdoors in a range of playground settings.
We’re not asking, we’re telling: An inventory of practices promoting the dign...TheHomelessHub
This study builds upon the findings of several recent participatory projects in which women facing homelessness have taken the lead and voiced their knowledge about the causes and consequences of, and the solutions to homelessness. Through those projects, women experiencing homelessness shared their insights about services, and about their own strengths.
Now, the time has come to assist services to adopt the good practices identified in those projects. In order to do this, service providers need models and tools that are relevant to their own service contexts. To gather more information about models, tools, and practices and how these can be implemented, our project drew upon a range of sources:
• A web search, literature review, and site visits, to identify innovative democratic practices in local, Canadian, and international services for women and families facing homelessness.
• Interviews and focus groups with managers and front-line staff in organizations serving women and families facing homelessness, in order to analyze practices and policies in local services that respond to the above recommendations, and the challenges that services face in fully implementing them.
• Peer knowledge exchange meetings and focus groups with women and families facing homelessness, in which participants shared and documented the good practices they use, and their recommendations for making services more inclusive.
This report presents inspiring models, inclusive service practices, and women’s own strategies and resources for surviving homelessness. While we keep up the struggle to end homelessness, we can also draw upon the information here to make changes in our everyday lives, our work, and our organizations.
This feminist, participatory research project was funded by the Homelessness Knowledge Development Program of Human Resources Services and Development Canada.
Housing Vulnerability and Health: Canada’s Hidden EmergencyTheHomelessHub
A longitudinal study of the health of vulnerably housed and homeless adults in Vancouver, Toronto, and Ottawa
SIGNIFICANCE:This is the first study to report on longitudinal changes (i.e. changes over time) in the health and housing status of vulnerably housed and homeless people in Canada, and the first to compare their health outcomes.
FOCUS:This study is tracking the health and housing status of 1,200 vulnerably housed and homeless single adults in Vancouver, Toronto, and Ottawa over a two-year period. We recruited 200 vulnerably housed adults and 200 homeless adults in each city (1,200 total), from shelters, meal programs, single room occupancy hotels, and rooming houses.
WHAT’S NEXT:In 2009, we completed our first round of interviews with participants.
In 2010 and 2011, we’ll conduct follow-up interviews, to see how – and why – participants’ housing and health status have changed. This information will be useful to communities and decision-makers; our goal is to guide the development of effective programs and policies to prevent and end housing vulnerability and homelessness.
WHO’S INVOLVED:
Research partners from the Centre for Research on Inner City Health (St. Michael’s Hospital); Carleton University; Centre for Research on Educational and Community Services (University of Ottawa); Ottawa Inner City Health, Inc; PHS Community Services Society (Vancouver); Royal Ottawa Health Care Group; Street Health (Toronto); and University of British Columbia. HHiT is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Poverty Amongst Plenty: Waiting for the Yukon Government to Adopt a Poverty R...TheHomelessHub
Poverty is bad for the economy, leads to higher health care costs and takes a serious toll on human lives. Most Canadian jurisdictions have developed poverty reduction strategies in the past decade, but Yukon has not. This policy report will provide an overview of poverty indicators in Yukon. It will discuss child apprehensions, housing, land development and homelessness. The report will then provide an overview of the Yukon Child Benefit, social assistance and Yukon seniors’ benefits. This will be followed by a consideration of education, literacy, early child education, child care and at-risk youth. Yukon’s fiscal situation will then be discussed, followed by a look at initial steps taken by the Yukon Government towards the development of a poverty reduction strategy. The report concludes with five recommendations for the Yukon Government.
Jenny Roe - Natural Solutions to Tackling Behavior & Performance in Urban Sch...youth_nex
The talk highlights the benefits of green space access in school settings for behavioral and performance outcomes. It presents two studies both carried out in deprived schools in Central Scotland; the first compares the effect of indoor versus outdoor education (delivered in a forest setting) on a range of wellbeing outcomes in teenagers; the second study explores the benefits to memory recall in early years pupils from curriculum tasks carried out indoors versus outdoors in a range of playground settings.
We’re not asking, we’re telling: An inventory of practices promoting the dign...TheHomelessHub
This study builds upon the findings of several recent participatory projects in which women facing homelessness have taken the lead and voiced their knowledge about the causes and consequences of, and the solutions to homelessness. Through those projects, women experiencing homelessness shared their insights about services, and about their own strengths.
Now, the time has come to assist services to adopt the good practices identified in those projects. In order to do this, service providers need models and tools that are relevant to their own service contexts. To gather more information about models, tools, and practices and how these can be implemented, our project drew upon a range of sources:
• A web search, literature review, and site visits, to identify innovative democratic practices in local, Canadian, and international services for women and families facing homelessness.
• Interviews and focus groups with managers and front-line staff in organizations serving women and families facing homelessness, in order to analyze practices and policies in local services that respond to the above recommendations, and the challenges that services face in fully implementing them.
• Peer knowledge exchange meetings and focus groups with women and families facing homelessness, in which participants shared and documented the good practices they use, and their recommendations for making services more inclusive.
This report presents inspiring models, inclusive service practices, and women’s own strategies and resources for surviving homelessness. While we keep up the struggle to end homelessness, we can also draw upon the information here to make changes in our everyday lives, our work, and our organizations.
This feminist, participatory research project was funded by the Homelessness Knowledge Development Program of Human Resources Services and Development Canada.
Housing Vulnerability and Health: Canada’s Hidden EmergencyTheHomelessHub
A longitudinal study of the health of vulnerably housed and homeless adults in Vancouver, Toronto, and Ottawa
SIGNIFICANCE:This is the first study to report on longitudinal changes (i.e. changes over time) in the health and housing status of vulnerably housed and homeless people in Canada, and the first to compare their health outcomes.
FOCUS:This study is tracking the health and housing status of 1,200 vulnerably housed and homeless single adults in Vancouver, Toronto, and Ottawa over a two-year period. We recruited 200 vulnerably housed adults and 200 homeless adults in each city (1,200 total), from shelters, meal programs, single room occupancy hotels, and rooming houses.
WHAT’S NEXT:In 2009, we completed our first round of interviews with participants.
In 2010 and 2011, we’ll conduct follow-up interviews, to see how – and why – participants’ housing and health status have changed. This information will be useful to communities and decision-makers; our goal is to guide the development of effective programs and policies to prevent and end housing vulnerability and homelessness.
WHO’S INVOLVED:
Research partners from the Centre for Research on Inner City Health (St. Michael’s Hospital); Carleton University; Centre for Research on Educational and Community Services (University of Ottawa); Ottawa Inner City Health, Inc; PHS Community Services Society (Vancouver); Royal Ottawa Health Care Group; Street Health (Toronto); and University of British Columbia. HHiT is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Poverty Amongst Plenty: Waiting for the Yukon Government to Adopt a Poverty R...TheHomelessHub
Poverty is bad for the economy, leads to higher health care costs and takes a serious toll on human lives. Most Canadian jurisdictions have developed poverty reduction strategies in the past decade, but Yukon has not. This policy report will provide an overview of poverty indicators in Yukon. It will discuss child apprehensions, housing, land development and homelessness. The report will then provide an overview of the Yukon Child Benefit, social assistance and Yukon seniors’ benefits. This will be followed by a consideration of education, literacy, early child education, child care and at-risk youth. Yukon’s fiscal situation will then be discussed, followed by a look at initial steps taken by the Yukon Government towards the development of a poverty reduction strategy. The report concludes with five recommendations for the Yukon Government.
[Gender Methods Seminar] The Impact of Microfinance on Factors Empowering Wom...IFPRI Gender
Presentation by Prof. Ranjula Bali Swain:
"The Impact of Microfinance on Factors Empowering Women: Regional and Delivery Mechanisms in India's SHG Programme"
IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar, July 20, 2015
View the screencast here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/g18m8lwcz4ohoky/2015-07-20%2013.04%2007_20_15%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20-%20SHGs%20by%20Ranjula%20Bali%20Swain%20%28Sophie%20Theis%29.mp4?dl=0
We examine how the impact on women empowerment varies with respect to the location and type of group linkage of the respondent. Using household survey data from five states in India, we correct for selection bias to estimate a structural equation model. Our results reveal that in the southern states of India empowerment of women takes place through economic factors. For the other states, we find a significant correlation between women empowerment and autonomy in women’s decision-making and network, communication and political participation respectively. We do not however find any differential causal impact of different delivery methods (linkage models).
Delia Grace: Gender-sensitive participatory risk assessment for food safetyIFPRI Gender
A4NH and Gender Task Force seminar on Gender, Agriculture, and Health: Tracing the Links
Screencast recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/zer79kc0vnsrsgy/2015-10-20%2009.31%2010_20%20A4NH_IFPRI%20Gender%20Task%20Force%20Seminar_%20Gender%2C%20agriculture%2C%20and%20health.mp4?dl=0
How can we take into account health in our agriculture, nutrition, and gender research? Health and nutrition are closely interrelated: health status influences nutritional outcomes, by mediating a person’s ability to utilize nutrients and lead a healthy life, and nutritional status influences health, by mediating a person’s vulnerability to various illnesses. Both health and nutrition are directly and indirectly affected by rural livelihood decisions related to agriculture, livestock, and water management. Livelihood decisions and duties are gendered, in that social identity influences an individual’s options and choices. Men and women’s exposure to health risks, capacity to provide health care, and access to health services often vary due to these differing roles and rights.
This seminar provides three case studies in how gender dynamics in rural livelihoods influence health, and in turn, nutrition. Intended as an introduction to topics in gender, health, and agriculture, the seminar will help researchers familiar with the agriculture-to-nutrition pathways begin to think about how health has bearings on this framework.
In the seminar, Kelly Jones will present on recent research that traces how livelihood shocks may increase HIV transmission through higher-risk sex, especially for women. Elizabeth Bryan will share early-stage research on the links between small-scale irrigation adoption, gender, and health and nutrition outcomes. Delia Grace will introduce a gender-sensitive participatory risk assessment framework for addressing food safety.
[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Liquid milk: Cash Constraints and the Timing o...IFPRI Gender
Gender Methods Seminar, Dec 13, 2016
Berber Kramer, Research Fellow, Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division (IFPRI)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes implications of cash constraints for collective marketing, using the case of the Kenyan dairy sector. Collective marketing through for instance cooperatives can improve smallholder farmer income but relies on informal, non-enforceable agreements to sell outputs collectively. Sideselling of output in the local market occurs frequently and is typically attributed to price differences between the market and cooperative. This paper provides an alternative explanation, namely that farmers sell in the local market when they are cash-constrained, since cooperatives defer payments while buyers in local markets pay cash immediately. Building on semi-parametric estimation techniques for panel data, we find robust evidence of this theory. High-frequency high-detail panel data show that farmers sell more in the local market, in particular to buyers who pay cash immediately, in weeks with low cash at hand. Moreover, households cope with health shocks by selling more milk in the local market and less to the cooperative, but only in weeks they are not covered by health insurance. Effects are concentrated among female dairy farmers. For them, increased flexibility in payment and the provision of insurance through agricultural cooperatives can potentially reduce side-selling and improve the performance of collective marketing arrangements.
Screencast available here:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d48bte3yzsd5iwz/2016-12-13%2012.03%2012_13%2C%207AB%2C%2012-1pm%2C%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Berber%20Kramer%20.wmv?dl=0
Elizabeth Bryan: Linkages between irrigation nutrition health and genderIFPRI Gender
A4NH and Gender Task Force seminar on Gender, Agriculture, and Health: Tracing the Links
Screencast recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/zer79kc0vnsrsgy/2015-10-20%2009.31%2010_20%20A4NH_IFPRI%20Gender%20Task%20Force%20Seminar_%20Gender%2C%20agriculture%2C%20and%20health.mp4?dl=0
How can we take into account health in our agriculture, nutrition, and gender research? Health and nutrition are closely interrelated: health status influences nutritional outcomes, by mediating a person’s ability to utilize nutrients and lead a healthy life, and nutritional status influences health, by mediating a person’s vulnerability to various illnesses. Both health and nutrition are directly and indirectly affected by rural livelihood decisions related to agriculture, livestock, and water management. Livelihood decisions and duties are gendered, in that social identity influences an individual’s options and choices. Men and women’s exposure to health risks, capacity to provide health care, and access to health services often vary due to these differing roles and rights.
This seminar provides three case studies in how gender dynamics in rural livelihoods influence health, and in turn, nutrition. Intended as an introduction to topics in gender, health, and agriculture, the seminar will help researchers familiar with the agriculture-to-nutrition pathways begin to think about how health has bearings on this framework.
In the seminar, Kelly Jones will present on recent research that traces how livelihood shocks may increase HIV transmission through higher-risk sex, especially for women. Elizabeth Bryan will share early-stage research on the links between small-scale irrigation adoption, gender, and health and nutrition outcomes. Delia Grace will introduce a gender-sensitive participatory risk assessment framework for addressing food safety.
Empowerment and agricultural production: Evidence from the WEAI in NigerIFPRI Gender
Abstract:
This paper reports on the WEAI collected for male and female adults in 500 households in the Tahoua region in Niger. Rural households in Niger remain heavily dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Women play a critical and potentially transformative role in agricultural and rural sector growth but face persistent constraints especially when venturing beyond the cultivation of subsistence crops. Our data reveal that men are more empowered compared to women in all but two domains (autonomy and leisure). This discrepancy in empowerment stems primarily from unequal access to assets, including land, and the difficulties women face in speaking in front of a mixed audience. For both men and women, limited group membership strongly contributes to disempowerment. These findings suggest that increased empowerment could contribute to income diversification if access to credit for women could be enhanced. One way to do this – and further increase empowerment – would be to reactivate the existing institutional infrastructure of producer groups or rotating savings schemes (ROSCAS).
This work was funded by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in the context of a collaborative agreement with IFPRI to conduct a Trade, Gender Equality and Enterprise Growth Analysis to guide MCC investments in Niger.
Presenter’s Bio:
Fleur joined IFPRI in September 2007. She holds a PhD in Development Economics from Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Her research mainly takes a micro-economic approach and focuses on households in rural West Africa. She has worked extensively on empirically linking migration and agricultural production. As a postdoctoral fellow in IFPRI's West and Central Africa Office she has given analytical support on a per-country basis for the implementation of CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program). As a research fellow, she has worked on analyzing the linkages between agriculture, health and education to identify priorities for public investment in rural areas of Burkina Faso. Fleur is currently based in IFPRI’s Kampala office and mainly working on smallholder value chain integration through rural producer organizations.
Kelly Jones: The Intersection of Health and Agriculture through a Gender LensIFPRI Gender
A4NH and Gender Task Force seminar on Gender, Agriculture, and Health: Tracing the Links
Screencast recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/zer79kc0vnsrsgy/2015-10-20%2009.31%2010_20%20A4NH_IFPRI%20Gender%20Task%20Force%20Seminar_%20Gender%2C%20agriculture%2C%20and%20health.mp4?dl=0
How can we take into account health in our agriculture, nutrition, and gender research? Health and nutrition are closely interrelated: health status influences nutritional outcomes, by mediating a person’s ability to utilize nutrients and lead a healthy life, and nutritional status influences health, by mediating a person’s vulnerability to various illnesses. Both health and nutrition are directly and indirectly affected by rural livelihood decisions related to agriculture, livestock, and water management. Livelihood decisions and duties are gendered, in that social identity influences an individual’s options and choices. Men and women’s exposure to health risks, capacity to provide health care, and access to health services often vary due to these differing roles and rights.
This seminar provides three case studies in how gender dynamics in rural livelihoods influence health, and in turn, nutrition. Intended as an introduction to topics in gender, health, and agriculture, the seminar will help researchers familiar with the agriculture-to-nutrition pathways begin to think about how health has bearings on this framework.
In the seminar, Kelly Jones will present on recent research that traces how livelihood shocks may increase HIV transmission through higher-risk sex, especially for women. Elizabeth Bryan will share early-stage research on the links between small-scale irrigation adoption, gender, and health and nutrition outcomes. Delia Grace will introduce a gender-sensitive participatory risk assessment framework for addressing food safety.
Gender and climate change introduction (Elizabeth Bryan)IFPRI Gender
Overview of IFPRI projects, research questions, and conceptual framework (Elizabeth Bryan)
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
Building a WEAI for project use: Overview of GAAP2 for pro-WEAIIFPRI Gender
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) titled Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
In this presentation, Nancy Johnson of IFPRI discusses how the project level WEAI (pro-WEAI) will be constructed in GAAP2 and talks about the structure of GAAP2 and the different components of the project.
[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Gender and Collective Lands: Good practices an...IFPRI Gender
Presentation by Elisa Scalise and Renee Giovarelli
Co-founders of Resource Equity
Global awareness of two land tenure issues--the importance of recognizing and promoting land rights for women and the problem of insecure collective land and resource tenure rights--is rising. The importance of managing collectively held land, both for those who use it and for the environment, has grown increasingly clear. In fact, studies have estimated that as much as 65 percent of the world’s land is held under collective tenure—customary, community-based tenure systems. Securing that tenure is important for protecting the rights of those communities, and has been shown to improve resource management.
However, efforts to secure community land tenure, generally through documenting and registering rights, are still new. In particular, to date, the conversation around securing collective rights to land has paid little attention to women’s rights, and the effects of formalizing the rights of the collective on women are not well studied. Focusing on securing collective land and resource rights without considering gender differences within communities has the potential to severely disadvantage women who are very often socially, economically, and politically excluded.
This report on gender issues and best practices in collective land tenure projects seeks to begin filling this gap, by taking a detailed look at how six collective tenure land projects addressed gender differences. The six case studies include projects in China, Ghana, India, Kyrgyzstan, Namibia, and Peru. The case studies are program assessments focusing primarily on how each project approached gender, what the gender-differentiated impacts have been in terms of project participation and benefits, and what lessons can be learned and best practices can be drawn from these projects.
https://www.dropbox.com/s/rraj5rz8kip9t70/2016-03-14%2012.01%203_14%2012pm-1pm%20Room%208A%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Resource%20Equity%20.mp4?dl=0
What's measured, matters: Lessons from the WEAI - GAAP2 Inception WorkshopIFPRI Gender
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) titled Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
In this presentation, Agnes Quisumbing of IFPRI introduces the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). The presentation covers the scope of the WEAI, its relevance, the indicators that make up the index, its uses and its criticisms.
Gender differences in awareness and adoption of climate-smart agricultural pr...IFPRI Gender
Agnes Quisumbing, IFPRI
Presentation on Bangladesh CCAFS work at IFPRI January 2016
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From "Zombie Facts" to EvidenceIFPRI Gender
Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016.
For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender
Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info
Value Chains for Nutrition in Rural India: investigating barriers among womenAg4HealthNutrition
A4NH and IFPRI Gender Task Force seminar on “Value Chains for Nutrition in Rural India: Investigating barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption among women of reproductive age” presented by Sarah Kehoe, Senior Research Fellow Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (MRC LEU), University of Southampton, UK
What works for gender norm change? Enhancing gender inclusive agricultural de...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Kristie Drucza (CIMMYT), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
Seven Steps to EnGendering Evaluations of Public Health ProgramsMEASURE Evaluation
Because international development increasingly focuses on gender, evaluators need a better understanding of how to measure and incorporate gender—including its economic, social, and health dimensions—in their evaluations. This interactive training, consisting of this presentation and a tool, will help participants learn to better evaluate programs with gender components. Access the tool at https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/tl-19-40
Overview of institutional gender audit reportCGIAR
This presentation was given by Lemlem Abebe (EIAR), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
Collecting sex disaggregated agricultural data through surveys IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar on Collecting sex-disaggregated agricultural data through surveys that took place on April 21, 2016. Learn more about the webinar here: http://bit.ly/1SkWcSx
PIM Gender team members Cheryl Doss and Caitlin Kieran invited participants to discuss how the "Standards for collecting sex-disaggregated data for gender analysis" drafted by PIM in 2014 have been used to date, with a specific focus on lessons learned by CGIAR centers and external partners.
The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Gender and Agriculture Research Network and the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM).
Motivation and objectives
Analyzing Gender Issues in Agriculture
Developing Research Questions and Identifying Methodologies
Collecting Sex-Disaggregated Data
Over the past decade and more increasingly, international development donors are calling for stronger approaches to incorporate gender into program design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation.
Improving women’s empowerment survey questions for agricultural value chains:...IFPRI Gender
Monitoring progress toward women’s empowerment requires tools that reflect the underlying concepts that we aim to measure. Cognitive interviewing is a qualitative approach for identifying sources of error in how respondents interpret and formulate responses to surveys. This study aims to identify sources of error in new and existing survey modules included in the WEAI4VC survey to inform survey development. Of the ten modules cognitively interviewed, comprehension errors were found in nine modules, response errors were found in two, and judgement errors in one. Revisions to the questions and survey modules will help better capture respondent’s lived experiences and realities.
Women’s empowerment in agriculture: Lessons from qualitative researchIFPRI Gender
Overview of qualitative findings from the GAAP2 project and how they relate to the development of the quantitative pro-WEAI survey and how they illuminate quantitative pro-WEAI findings
Understanding Empowerment among Retailers in the Informal Milk Sector in Peri...IFPRI Gender
Developing measures of empowerment is critical for monitoring progress toward gender equality and women’s empowerment. We used formative qualitative research to understand empowerment among traders in the informal milk sector in peri-urban Nairobi and adapt the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). We conducted 6 single-sex focus group discussions, 48 in-depth individual interviews, 4 key informant interviews with current and former milk traders. Interviews were translated, transcribed, and thematically coded using deductive and inductive codes. Emic perceptions of empowerment among milk trader emphasized business success and supporting families and communities. Gender-specific markers of empowerment often aligned with traditional gender norms. Only low-value assets are needed to enter the sector, though a lack of large assets limits business growth, especially for women. Obtaining government licenses is sometimes challenging, and licenses help vendors maintain control over assets as authorities may seize them when vendors are found selling without a license. Small-scale credit is common, but access to large-scale credit is difficult to obtain for women, limiting the growth of women’s milk businesses. Business and household incomes are maintained separately, which helps women maintain control of their income. Married women (compared to single women) face more difficulty maintaining control of their income. Participation in savings and credit groups is common and facilitates acquisition of low-value assets. Membership in dairy trader groups, however, is uncommon especially among women, and low involvement in these groups may limit traders’ potential for collective action. We discuss how we use these findings to adapt the pro-WEAI.
IFPRI Gender Breakfast with CARE and WorldFish: Measuring Gender-Transformati...IFPRI Gender
Measuring Gender-Transformative Change in Agriculture: A review of the literature and promising practices
February 16, 2017
Presenters: Steven Cole, Cynthia McDougall, & Afrina Choudhury from WorldFish & the FISH CGIAR Research Program; Emily Hilenbrand & Pranati Mohanraj from CARE USA
Discussant: Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI)
Gender inequalities are recognized as both a major driver of poverty and an impediment to agricultural development. Understanding complex processes of social change remains a critical challenge for effective agricultural development programming that advances gender equality. Gender transformative approaches represent a move beyond “business as usual” gender integration in programming towards the creation of an enabling social environment and more equitable formal and informal institutions that expand life choices for women and men.
At the heart of their work, WorldFish (in particular, through its FISH and Aquatic Agricultural Systems cross-cutting research program) and CARE USA (through its global Pathways to Empowerment agriculture program) strive to apply gender transformative approaches (GTA) in designing, implementing, and learning from agricultural development interventions. However, committing to GTA implementation approaches also requires a transformation of measurements and indicators of change, an area of research that remains relatively under-developed in the agriculture sector.
In this webinar, CARE and WorldFish Center jointly present a literature review of promising indicators and tools for measuring gender-transformative change in agriculture, along with some practical case studies and the implications of applying such approaches in practice.
The Abbreviated WEAI (A-WEAI) - GAAP2 Inception WorkshopIFPRI Gender
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2): Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
In this presentation Hazel Malapit of IFPRI introduces the Abbreviated WEAI (A-WEAI).
How female (and male) farmers are changing their practices in the face of cha...IFPRI Gender
Patti Kristjanson, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), at IFPRI, January 2016
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar, May 28, 2015: Women's Empowerment in Agricultur...IFPRI Gender
Greg Seymour is an Associate Research Fellow at IFPRI. He received a Ph.D. in Economics from American University in May of this year and holds a Masters in Economics from American University. He was a recipient of the 2012-2014 Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) Doctoral Dissertation Fellowships from IFPRI. His research interests include gender analysis, agency/empowerment, development, and time use.
Presentation: Women's Empowerment in Agriculture: Implications for Agricultural Productivity in Rural Bangladesh
Abstract: Using data from the 2011-2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) and drawing on indicators derived from the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), this paper investigates linkages between women's empowerment and agricultural productivity using stochastic frontier analysis. Agricultural productivity is measured in terms of technical efficiency (i.e., the ratio of actual output to the maximum technologically feasible level of output given a set of inputs). Women's empowerment is operationalized in terms of two indicators derived from the WEAI: an aggregate measure of women's empowerment (the uncensored 5DE) and a measure of women's group membership. The results highlight the importance of including women's empowerment, particularly as it relates to group membership, in research on agricultural productivity. First, women’s empowerment is found to be positively associated with higher levels of agricultural productivity for all plots operated by women's households. Thus, positive spillover effects may exist, in terms of access to social capital or credit, that extend the benefits of women's empowerment to all household members. Second, gender gaps in agricultural productivity are not estimated to be significant when based on women's participation in decision-making or ownership status for a particular plot of land, nor when based on female headship.
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
PNRR MADRID GREENTECH FOR BROWN NETWORKS NETWORKS MUR_MUSA_TEBALDI.pdf
Why Measure Autonomy?
1. Autonomy in the WEAI
Sabina Alkire, IFPRI/USAID meeting
27 May 2015
2. Survey options – background
• The Global MPI uses 39 questions of the 625 in an
average DHS. However those 39 questions gather
information in addition to that used in the MPI. It takes
quite a bit of time.
• OPHI have also made a ‘MPI-lite’ survey for NGOs and
institutions that only want to use the survey data to
construct an MPI. Changes include: shortened response
structure, precise definitions. Cut in time is more than
50%.
• Both have the same indicators, weights, and cutoffs.
3. How to measure women’s agency
• Increasing women’s voice and agency is widely
recognized as a key strategy to reduce gender inequalities
and improve development outcomes.
• “New indicators on agency are needed”
Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity.
Klugman et al. 2014
• Existing measures are seen to be seriously flawed in terms
of comparability, policy relevance, and monitoring.
5. - In the mid-term review, Autonomy was a ‘top’ contributor
to disempowerment in 4 countries (Nepal, Tajikistan,
Haiti, Liberia).
- Input in productive decisions was the top contributor to
disempowerment in 1 country (Liberia).
Malapit et al. (2014) Measuring Progress towards Empowerment.
WEAI Baseline Report
5
6. In the mid-term review, Autonomy contributed more than
decision-making to productive decisions in 5 countries; had
roughly equal contributions in 3 countries, and contributed
less in 5 countries. The contribution of Production to
WEAI will change, in some cases dramatically, if
Autonomy is dropped and only decision-making used.
Malapit et al. (2014) Measuring Progress towards Empowerment.
WEAI Baseline Report
6
7. Decision-making
• Furthermore, there are concerns whether decision-
making will change over time, or is a stock variable.
• Inertia and consistency A DHS study across 23 countries of decision making
reported: ‘a surprising amount of consistency across countries in the type of
decisions in which women participate.’ (Can FtF improve it? Stock/flow)
• Contextual rather than Comparable: The DHS report concluded: “This
makes it difficult to treat decisionmaking as a single indicator of
empowerment; to treat participation of any type in one decision as being similar
to participation of the same type in any other decision; and, for a given decision,
to treat participation of one type as equivalent to participation of another type.
Thus, if women‘s participation in decisionmaking is to be used as an indicator of
empowerment, theory and context must drive the definition of what type of
decisionmaking in what type of decisions constitutes empowerment.”
8. Decision-making
• There are concerns about this indicator:
– Do not capture constraints to agency that might arise
outside the household; only reflects intra-hh constraints.
– Not suitable to female headed-households (by definition, all
female-household are empowered in decision-making)
– Do not see whether a woman values making all decisions or
prefers her partner to do this particular job.
– Women’s and Men’s responses don’t match, raising questions
about accuracy. (Seymour) (non-sampling measurement
error).
9. In Sum: concerns for only using
decision-making in WEAI.
1. The Contribution of Production to WEAI will change
considerably in at least 10 countries.
2. Deprivations in Production will be much less visible
in over one-third of countries.
3. It is not clear whether decision-making will monitor
or show improvements from Feed the Future: it may
be a stock variable.
4. Interpretation of decision-making is well-known to
require deep contextual nuance.
10. What about autonomy?
1. There were concerns in the pilot tests regarding
autonomy, because it was unfamiliar to enumerators.
2. This led to online resources to support WEAI survey
teams, with mixed uptake and success.
3. Cognitive tests of WEAI showed a balance of benefits
and issues, and suggested avenues for review.
4. The Vignettes were developed based on experience to
date with Autonomy, and consultations with other
experts on SDT.
11. Autonomy
• The Vignettes appear to have solved the key issue from cognitive
explorations.
• (Material taken from 12 Dec 2014 presentation by Katie Sproule & Chiara Kovarik)
• Large discrepancies in percentage of respondents who found the question difficult
themselves versus how difficult they thought others would find it. In Uganda,
between 7-14% said they found the questions difficult, versus 29-60% saying they
thought others would find the questions difficult. In Bangladesh, very few
respondents noted these questions as being difficult to answer but between 29-
39% said they thought others would find the question difficult.
• Modification: Better training of enumerators
• Results of modification: In Uganda, the rates dropped dramatically for the second
round of cognitive interviews with just one respondent (3.1%) reporting difficulty
and only 3.1-12.5% of respondents saying others would have difficulty. In
Bangladesh respondents again did not find questions difficult and the number of
respondents reporting others would find it difficult dropped.
•
p. 11
12. Autonomy
• Cognitive testing for both 1.1 autonomy
questions and 2.0 vignettes
• Two-part process for asking autonomy questions
– 1.1 process implemented by enumerators but not
reflected in questionnaire
– 2.0 process is included in questionnaire
• Field teams’ feedback
– Took longer to implement (Ban: 16 mins, Uga: 8 mins),
but respondents enjoyed stories (help build rapport?)
– Field teams think the vignettes are better understood
than the original, more concrete
p. 12
13. The RAI: designed to measure change
• The Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) is a measure
of motivational autonomy developed by
psychologists working in Self-Determination
Theory, and is extensively documented.
(Chirkov, Ryan, & Deci, 2011; Ryan and Deci, 2000, 2012).
• The RAI was designed to monitor change, and its
ability to do so is widely confirmed
• The RAI is domain-specific, as are measures of
women’s empowerment.
14. Autonomy: part of a huge literature of
‘Self-Determination Theory’
Theoretical and Research Reviews
SDT Books
Basic Psychological Needs
Causality Orientations
Development and Parenting
Intrinsic Motivation
Goals, Values, and Aspirations
Internalization and Self-regulatory Styles
Mindfulness
Motivation and Self-Determination across
Cultures
Nonconscious Process and Priming
Well-being and Eudaimonia
Relationships
Self and Self-Esteem
Vitality and Energy
Biological and Neuropsychological
Education
Nature and Environmental Sustainability
Health Care
Organizations and Work
Marketing
Psychopathology
Psychotherapy and Counseling
Physical Activity and Exercise
Physical Education
Virtual Environment and Video games
15. Autonomy and Analysis
Academic studies on autonomy associated with WEAI and
available on its website have found interesting and policy-
relevant insights. It is hoped that other studies of WEAI
light might find other such policy relevant insights.
16. Bangladesh: Adds new information
• Examines the conceptual validity and reliability of Autonomy and
its scale in rural areas, and finds positive results.
• Investigates to if autonomy adds information:
– Neither age, education, nor income, are suitable proxies for
autonomy
– Women’s autonomy is often related to their occupation (might
Feed the Future may visibly affect autonomy of women farmers?)
– Not the same as decision-making: No robust evidence that the
decision-making indicator “feel can make decisions”, empowerment
indicator “power to make decisions”, and domain-specific indicator
“satisfaction with decisions made” constitute valid proxies for
autonomy
– Vaz, Alkire, Quisumbing and Sraboni (2014)
17. Nepal: Autonomy & Maternal/Child Outcomes
• ‘Women’s autonomy in production and hours worked
improve maternal and children’s dietary diversity and
height for age.
• ‘The positive and highly significant correlation between
women’s autonomy in agricultural production and nearly all
maternal and child outcomes is consistent with bargaining
models that suggest that individuals who have greater
decisionmaking power in the household receive a larger share
of the benefits from household resources, including nutritious
food.’
• Malapit, Kadiyala, Quisumbing, Cunningham, and Tyagi. 2013 ‘Women’s
Empowerment in Agriculture, Production Diversity, and Nutrition: Evidence
from Nepal.’ IFPRI Discussion Paper 01313.
18. Non-WEAI study in Chad
• Vaz, Pratley and Alkire (2014)
– Nationally representative data from Chad
– Highlights gender disparity: Women on average are
significantly less autonomously motivated across all domains
than men.
– Adds information: Neither education nor income are
reasonable proxies for women’s motivational autonomy.
– Community effects: Evidence that motivational autonomy at
the community-level is associated with likelihood of women’s
exclusive breastfeeding.
19. “What gets measured gets done”
If we keep Autonomy ~
1. The Measurement of Production will be more
balanced, less subject to measurement errors in decision-
making or autonomy.
2. It is likely that Autonomy indicators will monitor
improvements due to Feed the Future interventions.
3. Autonomy will capture the situation of female
households, and will reflect structural constraints.
4. National household surveys would then have a new and
better measure of women’s empowerment, which can be
applied to other domains also.
21. Autonomy in WEAI (1)
• Domains considered:
– Getting inputs for agricultural production
– Types of crops to grow for agricultural production
– Taking crops to the market (or not)
– Livestock raising
• Autonomy in production: individual is adequate if RAI>1
in AT LEAST ONE of the domains.
22. Autonomy in WEAI (2)
• Vignettes
STORY QUESTION
The types of
crops to
grow
“[PERSON’S NAME] can’t grow other types of crops here for consumption
and sale in market. Beans, sweet potato and maize are the only crops that grow
here.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] is a farmer and grows beans, sweet potato, and maize
because her spouse, or another person or group in her community tells her she
must grow these crops. She does what they tell her to do.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] grows the crops for agricultural production that her
family or community expect. She wants them to approve of her as a good farmer.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] chooses the crops that she personally wants to grow for
consumption and sale in market and thinks are best for her family and business.
She values growing these crops. If she changed her mind, she could act differently.”
Are you like
this person?
23. Autonomy in WEAI (2)
STORY QUESTION
Taking crops
to the
market
“There is no alternative to how much or how little of her crops [PERSON’S
NAME] can take to the market. She is taking the only possible amount.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] takes crops to the market because her spouse, or
another person or group in her community tell her she must sell them there. She
does what they tell her to do.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] takes the crops to the market that her family or
community expect. She wants them to approve of her as a good business woman.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] chooses to take the crops to market that she personally
wants to sell there, and thinks is best for her family and business. She values this
approach to sales. If she changed her mind, she could act differently.”
Are you like
this person?
24. Autonomy in WEAI (2)
STORY QUESTION
Livestock
raising
“[PERSON’S NAME] can’t raise any livestock other than what she has.
These are all that’s available.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] raises the types of livestock she does because her
spouse, or another person or group in her community tell her she must use these
breeds. She does what they tell her to do.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] buys the kinds of livestock that her family or
community expect. She wants them to approve of her as a good livestock raiser.”
Are you like
this person?
“[PERSON’S NAME] chooses the types of livestock that she personally wants
to raise and thinks are good for her family and business. She values raising these
types. If she changed her mind, she could act differently.”
Are you like
this person?