The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Quantitative and qualitative approachesThe Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Quantitative and qualitative approaches
The document discusses the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) and its evolution over time. It began as a standardized measure of women's empowerment across five domains of agriculture. Projects wanted a more adaptable and shorter version, so the WEAI evolved into different versions like the A-WEAI and pro-WEAI to better suit project needs and include additional indicators like health and nutrition. The document also highlights lessons learned from qualitative research on how empowerment is understood locally and the relationships between various empowerment indicators.
This presentation explored key recommendations in the Annie E. Casey Foundation's publication, "A Child Welfare Leader’s Desk Guide to Building a High-Performing Agency," including strategies for collecting and analyzing data about disparities.
Apec women and the economy 2011 mo - australiaotoolem
This document discusses trends related to women and the economy globally and in the Asia-Pacific region and Australia. It notes that women represent half the world's population and 40% of the global workforce, yet face restrictions that cost economies billions each year. In Australia specifically, women earn less than men and are underrepresented in leadership roles, holding only 8.4% of board seats and 4.1% of CEO positions. The document recommends actions like requesting gender pay audits, improving negotiation skills, and getting involved in boards and committees to further empower women economically.
This document discusses trends related to women and the economy globally and in the Asia-Pacific region and Australia. It notes that women represent half the world's population and 40% of the global workforce, yet face restrictions that cost economies billions each year. In Australia, women earn less than men and are underrepresented in leadership roles. The document recommends actions like keeping skills up-to-date, requesting gender pay audits, and improving negotiation skills to further empower women economically.
Review current gender policies, analyses and best practices to inform proposal design. Conduct a gender analysis to understand local gender norms and dynamics. Use a gender checklist during proposal research and design to ensure gender is considered. Integrate gender into all relevant proposal sections such as staffing plans, technical approaches, indicators and budget. Taking these steps during proposal development helps secure resources for effective gender integration throughout implementation.
Reflections on gender transformative approaches in agriculture – The promise ...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Franz Wong (KIT Royal Tropical Institute) and Rhiannon Pyburn (CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research) on 20 June 2019, as part of the webinar ‘Reflections on gender transformative approaches in agriculture – The promise and cautionary tales'.
The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-gta-2019/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
This document analyzes the crisis communication strategies used by Susan G. Komen and Planned Parenthood during Komen's controversial decision to defund Planned Parenthood in January 2012. It finds that Komen relied on instructing responses through statements, while Planned Parenthood leveraged social media to engage supporters and frame the issue. Planned Parenthood's preparedness and experience with crises allowed it to dominate the narrative. The crisis highlighted how Komen was unprepared to respond strategically and lost control of the conversation.
The document summarizes the results of a poll conducted by SHRM in February 2010 about how organizations responded to relief efforts for the Haiti earthquake in January 2010. Publicly owned for-profit organizations, large organizations, and multinational organizations were more likely to provide assistance. The most common types of assistance included monetary donations and donation matching. Relief efforts for Haiti were also compared to previous disasters in 2004 and 2005.
This presentation explored key recommendations in the Annie E. Casey Foundation's publication, "A Child Welfare Leader’s Desk Guide to Building a High-Performing Agency," including strategies for collecting and analyzing data about disparities.
Apec women and the economy 2011 mo - australiaotoolem
This document discusses trends related to women and the economy globally and in the Asia-Pacific region and Australia. It notes that women represent half the world's population and 40% of the global workforce, yet face restrictions that cost economies billions each year. In Australia specifically, women earn less than men and are underrepresented in leadership roles, holding only 8.4% of board seats and 4.1% of CEO positions. The document recommends actions like requesting gender pay audits, improving negotiation skills, and getting involved in boards and committees to further empower women economically.
This document discusses trends related to women and the economy globally and in the Asia-Pacific region and Australia. It notes that women represent half the world's population and 40% of the global workforce, yet face restrictions that cost economies billions each year. In Australia, women earn less than men and are underrepresented in leadership roles. The document recommends actions like keeping skills up-to-date, requesting gender pay audits, and improving negotiation skills to further empower women economically.
Review current gender policies, analyses and best practices to inform proposal design. Conduct a gender analysis to understand local gender norms and dynamics. Use a gender checklist during proposal research and design to ensure gender is considered. Integrate gender into all relevant proposal sections such as staffing plans, technical approaches, indicators and budget. Taking these steps during proposal development helps secure resources for effective gender integration throughout implementation.
Reflections on gender transformative approaches in agriculture – The promise ...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Franz Wong (KIT Royal Tropical Institute) and Rhiannon Pyburn (CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research) on 20 June 2019, as part of the webinar ‘Reflections on gender transformative approaches in agriculture – The promise and cautionary tales'.
The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-gta-2019/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
This document analyzes the crisis communication strategies used by Susan G. Komen and Planned Parenthood during Komen's controversial decision to defund Planned Parenthood in January 2012. It finds that Komen relied on instructing responses through statements, while Planned Parenthood leveraged social media to engage supporters and frame the issue. Planned Parenthood's preparedness and experience with crises allowed it to dominate the narrative. The crisis highlighted how Komen was unprepared to respond strategically and lost control of the conversation.
The document summarizes the results of a poll conducted by SHRM in February 2010 about how organizations responded to relief efforts for the Haiti earthquake in January 2010. Publicly owned for-profit organizations, large organizations, and multinational organizations were more likely to provide assistance. The most common types of assistance included monetary donations and donation matching. Relief efforts for Haiti were also compared to previous disasters in 2004 and 2005.
The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)IFPRI Gender
This document discusses measuring women's empowerment in agriculture through the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). It provides an overview of the WEAI and its evolution over time. Specifically, it introduces the project-level WEAI (pro-WEAI) which was developed to better measure empowerment at the individual project level. The pro-WEAI uses quantitative surveys and qualitative protocols to assess empowerment across different domains. The document discusses applying the pro-WEAI to measure empowerment among beneficiaries of Malawi's ATVET for Women program, which provides agricultural training to farming couples.
What's measured, matters: Lessons from the WEAI - GAAP2 Inception WorkshopIFPRI Gender
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) titled Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
In this presentation, Agnes Quisumbing of IFPRI introduces the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). The presentation covers the scope of the WEAI, its relevance, the indicators that make up the index, its uses and its criticisms.
Measuring empowerment in agricultural development projects using WEAI and WELIILRI
Presentation by Alessandra Galiè, Elena Martinez and Agnes Quisumbing at the 2019 Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy Week, Hyderabad, India, 24–28 June 2019.
WEAI Seminar for IFPRI Malawi June 12, 2019 IFPRIMaSSP
The document discusses the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), which measures women's empowerment and inclusion in the agricultural sector. It provides an overview of the evolution of the WEAI, including the development of a project-level version (pro-WEAI) to better measure outcomes of specific agricultural development programs. The document also summarizes key learnings from quantitative analyses showing relationships between women's empowerment and nutrition outcomes, as well as lessons from qualitative research validating and contextualizing pro-WEAI findings.
Identification and advocating for scaling partners: Integrating rights and li...ILRI
Presented by Elizabeth Waithanji at the "Expanding Livelihood Opportunities for Poor Households Initiative in East Africa (ELOPHI)" Sharing Forum at the Crown Plaza Hotel Nairobi, 20 August 2013
Evaluating the impacts of livestock microcredit and value chain programs on w...ILRI
This study evaluated the impacts of livestock microcredit and value chain programs on women's empowerment in Kenya using the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). The study examined three case studies involving livestock value chains and microcredit programs. It found that different interventions contributed differently to women's empowerment, with some interventions empowering women from both female- and male-headed households equally while others disempowered women from male-headed households. The study also found that women's self-perceptions of their empowerment did not always match the measurements from the WEAI, highlighting a need to better align empowerment indicators used by researchers with those used by women themselves.
Evaluating the impacts of livestock microcredit and value chain programs on w...ILRI
Presentation by Elizabeth Waithanji, Jemimah Njuki, Edna Mutua, Luke Korir and Nabintu Bagalwa at a stakeholder workshop on "Integrating livelihoods and rights in livestock microcredit and value chain development programs for empowering women" held at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya on 25 February 2013.
The session presents gender analysis tools that can be used during project design, implementation and evaluation. The gender analysis tools will help to make the development intervention gender sensitive, so that the benefits of project reach both women and men.
The document discusses several gender analysis frameworks that can be used to assess how policies, programs, and projects differentially impact men and women. It describes frameworks like the Harvard Analytical Framework, Moser's triple roles framework, and Longwe's Women's Empowerment Framework. Each framework asks different questions to analyze factors like who does what work, who has access to and control over resources, and how interventions may affect gender roles, status, and responsibilities.
Economic empowerment programmes and women participation in community developm...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the Empowerment Support Initiative (ESI) in Rivers State, Nigeria, which aims to empower women through various programs. The study examined the implementation of ESI programs, women's participation in the programs, and the impact on women's involvement in community development. The researcher conducted a survey of over 2,000 women involved with community groups. The results showed that the extent of implementation of ESI programs, women's participation in decision-making, and the influence of ESI on women's roles in their communities were all rated as very low. The document concludes that more needs to be done to improve ESI's effectiveness in achieving its goals of enhancing women's socioeconomic status and participation in
Catalyzing Equitable Development: An Initiative to Institutionalize a Gender...Dr Lendy Spires
The Catalyzing Equitable Development (CED) Program responded to two questions that are key to gender equality and effective development. First, can organizations effectively integrate gender in their programs and operations? And second, to the extent they can, does gender integration enhance development outcomes?
The CED program demonstrated that the answer to both of these questions is a strong “yes.” InterAction’s Commission on the Advancement of Women (CAW) implemented this program from January 2003-September 2006. The aim of the program was to institutionalize a gender perspective in the work of development and humanitarian assistance PVOs and NGOs as a necessary means to improve living conditions for poor communities in Africa and Asia. The program focused on building the capacity of PVOs and NGOs through training and technical assistance in Inter-Action’s Gender Audit Organizational Self Assessment and Action Planning methodology.
These organizations are major contributors to global development, collectively implementing about 40% of US government funded development assistance as well as administering over $7 billion annually in assistance from private sources and in-kind contributions. The program targeted the very way PVOs and NGOs do their work and enhanced the effectiveness of their field programs by reducing gender inequalities and promoting women’s and girls’ full participation throughout their operations.
However, the program did not stop at capacity building, but assessed the impact of capacity building at the field level. A unique feature of the program was a study on the impact of gender mainstreaming in four African countries, one of the few such impact studies that has been carried out globally by donors, governments, or the United Nations. In addition, the program documented innovative practices in gender integration from the Asia-Pacific region and drew out lessons learned to guide other planners and practitioners. Major accomplishments of the program are: 287 individuals and approximately 173 organizations (or country offices) participated in eight Gender Audit Courses and seven Gender Audit Workshops in the US and overseas. The Courses were offered in the U.S., Ghana, Kenya, and the Philippines. The workshops were offered in New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.
What works for gender norm change? Enhancing gender inclusive agricultural de...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Kristie Drucza (CIMMYT), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
Scaling-up GBC Interventions Using Organization Barrier Analysis_Cloninger_5....CORE Group
This document summarizes a study on scaling up gender-based violence (GBV) interventions using organization barrier analysis. The study found that only 15% of organizations surveyed currently measure GBV in their child survival projects. Through a survey of 58 organizations, the study identified several significant determinants of GBV measurement: 1) perceived severity and prevalence of GBV in project communities and 2) perceived organizational capacity. Significant enablers included organizational leadership and knowledge/capacity building, while significant barriers included staff reluctance. The study implications call for further research on changing perceptions of GBV and informing organizations, as well as developing standardized GBV indicators and training materials to promote GBV measurement and response in child survival projects.
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
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The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)IFPRI Gender
This document discusses measuring women's empowerment in agriculture through the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). It provides an overview of the WEAI and its evolution over time. Specifically, it introduces the project-level WEAI (pro-WEAI) which was developed to better measure empowerment at the individual project level. The pro-WEAI uses quantitative surveys and qualitative protocols to assess empowerment across different domains. The document discusses applying the pro-WEAI to measure empowerment among beneficiaries of Malawi's ATVET for Women program, which provides agricultural training to farming couples.
What's measured, matters: Lessons from the WEAI - GAAP2 Inception WorkshopIFPRI Gender
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) titled Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
In this presentation, Agnes Quisumbing of IFPRI introduces the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). The presentation covers the scope of the WEAI, its relevance, the indicators that make up the index, its uses and its criticisms.
Measuring empowerment in agricultural development projects using WEAI and WELIILRI
Presentation by Alessandra Galiè, Elena Martinez and Agnes Quisumbing at the 2019 Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy Week, Hyderabad, India, 24–28 June 2019.
WEAI Seminar for IFPRI Malawi June 12, 2019 IFPRIMaSSP
The document discusses the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), which measures women's empowerment and inclusion in the agricultural sector. It provides an overview of the evolution of the WEAI, including the development of a project-level version (pro-WEAI) to better measure outcomes of specific agricultural development programs. The document also summarizes key learnings from quantitative analyses showing relationships between women's empowerment and nutrition outcomes, as well as lessons from qualitative research validating and contextualizing pro-WEAI findings.
Identification and advocating for scaling partners: Integrating rights and li...ILRI
Presented by Elizabeth Waithanji at the "Expanding Livelihood Opportunities for Poor Households Initiative in East Africa (ELOPHI)" Sharing Forum at the Crown Plaza Hotel Nairobi, 20 August 2013
Evaluating the impacts of livestock microcredit and value chain programs on w...ILRI
This study evaluated the impacts of livestock microcredit and value chain programs on women's empowerment in Kenya using the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). The study examined three case studies involving livestock value chains and microcredit programs. It found that different interventions contributed differently to women's empowerment, with some interventions empowering women from both female- and male-headed households equally while others disempowered women from male-headed households. The study also found that women's self-perceptions of their empowerment did not always match the measurements from the WEAI, highlighting a need to better align empowerment indicators used by researchers with those used by women themselves.
Evaluating the impacts of livestock microcredit and value chain programs on w...ILRI
Presentation by Elizabeth Waithanji, Jemimah Njuki, Edna Mutua, Luke Korir and Nabintu Bagalwa at a stakeholder workshop on "Integrating livelihoods and rights in livestock microcredit and value chain development programs for empowering women" held at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya on 25 February 2013.
The session presents gender analysis tools that can be used during project design, implementation and evaluation. The gender analysis tools will help to make the development intervention gender sensitive, so that the benefits of project reach both women and men.
The document discusses several gender analysis frameworks that can be used to assess how policies, programs, and projects differentially impact men and women. It describes frameworks like the Harvard Analytical Framework, Moser's triple roles framework, and Longwe's Women's Empowerment Framework. Each framework asks different questions to analyze factors like who does what work, who has access to and control over resources, and how interventions may affect gender roles, status, and responsibilities.
Economic empowerment programmes and women participation in community developm...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the Empowerment Support Initiative (ESI) in Rivers State, Nigeria, which aims to empower women through various programs. The study examined the implementation of ESI programs, women's participation in the programs, and the impact on women's involvement in community development. The researcher conducted a survey of over 2,000 women involved with community groups. The results showed that the extent of implementation of ESI programs, women's participation in decision-making, and the influence of ESI on women's roles in their communities were all rated as very low. The document concludes that more needs to be done to improve ESI's effectiveness in achieving its goals of enhancing women's socioeconomic status and participation in
Catalyzing Equitable Development: An Initiative to Institutionalize a Gender...Dr Lendy Spires
The Catalyzing Equitable Development (CED) Program responded to two questions that are key to gender equality and effective development. First, can organizations effectively integrate gender in their programs and operations? And second, to the extent they can, does gender integration enhance development outcomes?
The CED program demonstrated that the answer to both of these questions is a strong “yes.” InterAction’s Commission on the Advancement of Women (CAW) implemented this program from January 2003-September 2006. The aim of the program was to institutionalize a gender perspective in the work of development and humanitarian assistance PVOs and NGOs as a necessary means to improve living conditions for poor communities in Africa and Asia. The program focused on building the capacity of PVOs and NGOs through training and technical assistance in Inter-Action’s Gender Audit Organizational Self Assessment and Action Planning methodology.
These organizations are major contributors to global development, collectively implementing about 40% of US government funded development assistance as well as administering over $7 billion annually in assistance from private sources and in-kind contributions. The program targeted the very way PVOs and NGOs do their work and enhanced the effectiveness of their field programs by reducing gender inequalities and promoting women’s and girls’ full participation throughout their operations.
However, the program did not stop at capacity building, but assessed the impact of capacity building at the field level. A unique feature of the program was a study on the impact of gender mainstreaming in four African countries, one of the few such impact studies that has been carried out globally by donors, governments, or the United Nations. In addition, the program documented innovative practices in gender integration from the Asia-Pacific region and drew out lessons learned to guide other planners and practitioners. Major accomplishments of the program are: 287 individuals and approximately 173 organizations (or country offices) participated in eight Gender Audit Courses and seven Gender Audit Workshops in the US and overseas. The Courses were offered in the U.S., Ghana, Kenya, and the Philippines. The workshops were offered in New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.
What works for gender norm change? Enhancing gender inclusive agricultural de...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Kristie Drucza (CIMMYT), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
Scaling-up GBC Interventions Using Organization Barrier Analysis_Cloninger_5....CORE Group
This document summarizes a study on scaling up gender-based violence (GBV) interventions using organization barrier analysis. The study found that only 15% of organizations surveyed currently measure GBV in their child survival projects. Through a survey of 58 organizations, the study identified several significant determinants of GBV measurement: 1) perceived severity and prevalence of GBV in project communities and 2) perceived organizational capacity. Significant enablers included organizational leadership and knowledge/capacity building, while significant barriers included staff reluctance. The study implications call for further research on changing perceptions of GBV and informing organizations, as well as developing standardized GBV indicators and training materials to promote GBV measurement and response in child survival projects.
Similar to The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Quantitative and qualitative approachesThe Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Quantitative and qualitative approaches (20)
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
The document provides an introduction to social accounting matrices (SAM) and economywide analysis. It discusses key concepts such as:
- SAMs capture the circular flow of income and expenditures between households, firms, government, and the rest of the world.
- Economywide analysis considers how changes in one sector can impact other sectors through economic linkages.
- A SAM shows payments by columns and receipts by rows to ensure double-entry bookkeeping and macroeconomic consistency.
- Building a SAM requires data from various sources like national accounts and household surveys, which are reconciled using statistical techniques.
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
This document discusses sustainable food systems. It defines a food system as encompassing all actors and activities involved in food production, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal. A sustainable food system is one that provides food security and nutrition for current and future generations without compromising economic, social or environmental sustainability. It must be economically viable, socially equitable, and have neutral or positive environmental impacts. The food system is driven by biophysical, demographic, technological, political, economic and socio-cultural factors.
The document summarizes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), a large social protection program that aims to smooth food consumption and protect assets for chronically food insecure communities. Key points:
- The PSNP provides direct transfers and public works projects to build community assets like roads and irrigation. It supports up to 8 million beneficiaries with a budget of $0.5 billion annually.
- Independent evaluations show the PSNP improved household food security and dietary diversity but had little impact on child nutrition outcomes. It did not reduce labor supply or crowd out private transfers.
- While the PSNP enhanced resilience, graduation remains a challenge. Targeting in lowland areas also proved difficult. Ensuring timely payments
Some Welfare Consequences of COVID-19 in Ethiopiaessp2
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2) The surveys found that over 50% of farmers reported receiving less income in May compared to usual times, though most planned to continue vegetable production. Wholesalers reported decreased transport options and client numbers but stable or lower costs, while most retailers saw lower client numbers but stable or lower costs and losses.
3) Retail prices for the main vegetables remained quite stable between February and May, suggesting marketing margins absorbed most impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on vegetable supply chains in Ethiopia during the
Improving evidence for better policy making in Ethiopia’s livestock sector essp2
1. The document discusses Ethiopia's evolving livestock sector and improving evidence for better policy making.
2. While livestock contributed little to GDP growth, there is considerable potential for growth given Ethiopia's large livestock populations and rising demand for animal-sourced foods.
3. Factors like education, household size, extension services, and herd size are positively associated with adoption of improved practices and inputs like vaccination and cross-breeding.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Security in Ethiopia – An Interim Analysisessp2
This document summarizes the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Ethiopia. It finds that the pandemic is likely to have large short-term negative economic effects through impacts on exports, imports, remittances and domestic lockdown measures. This will reduce GDP, household incomes, employment and agricultural market functioning. Many households are already experiencing income losses, higher food prices and shifts away from nutritious foods. Recommendations include continuing the government's response, addressing misinformation, expanding social safety nets and implementing selective lockdowns.
COVID-19 and its impact on Ethiopia’s agri-food system, food security, and nu...essp2
The document summarizes the effects of COVID-19 on agricultural value chains in Ethiopia. It discusses how measures taken to prevent spread of the virus, such as closing land borders and restricting movement between regional states, have reduced economic activity. It then outlines an assessment of local rural-urban value chains to understand how the pandemic is impacting farmers' incomes, market access, and food security. The assessment will focus on commodities like potatoes, onions, and tomatoes that rely on transportation between rural and urban areas. Recommendations will be made on how to minimize disruptions to the agricultural sector during this crisis.
This short document does not contain any clear topics, details, or essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only includes line numbers without any accompanying text.
AFFORDABILITY OF Nutritious foods IN ETHIOPIAessp2
This document summarizes research on the affordability of nutritious diets in Ethiopia. It finds that between 2001 and 2017, the cost of the least expensive diet providing adequate calories and nutrients for an adult woman increased 67% from $0.91 to $1.52. While real prices of some staple foods have decreased in recent years, prices of nutrient-rich foods like dairy, eggs, and meat have increased substantially. However, overall affordability has improved due to rising incomes. Still, ensuring adequate supply of nutritious foods is important to keep their prices low.
The EAT Lancet Publication: Implications for Nutrition Health and Planetessp2
The document discusses a publication by the EAT-Lancet Commission that aimed to define global scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems. It established a reference diet of 2500 calories per day consisting of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and limited red meat and sugar. Current diets vary widely from this target. The commission also set planetary boundaries related to greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use, and nutrient flows to define a safe operating space for food production. Global modeling was used to identify combinations of measures needed to meet dietary targets sustainably by 2050, such as shifting diets, reducing food waste, and improving agricultural practices.
Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia (SURE): Evaluation studies essp2
The SURE program is a government-led multisectoral intervention in Ethiopia that aims to reduce undernutrition through a package of interventions like joint household visits, cooking demonstrations, and media campaigns. Evaluation studies of SURE used a quasi-experimental design and found that children's dietary diversity is positively associated with reduced stunting, and that household production of fruits and vegetables was linked to increased child dietary diversity and reduced stunting. However, the studies also found variability in the delivery of nutrition messages across households and limited awareness of nutrition guidelines among local officials.
Policies and Programs on food and Nutrition in Ethiopiaessp2
This document outlines policies and programs on food and nutrition in Ethiopia. It discusses nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions, and the pathways through which nutrition-sensitive interventions can affect diet and food systems. It then provides an overview of Ethiopia's policy landscape on food and nutrition, outlining various strategies and policies that aim to improve nutrition, including the Food, Nutrition and Policy, Agriculture Growth Program Phase II, Productive Safety Net Program, and National Nutrition Program. The document concludes that Ethiopia has a favorable policy environment for improving diets and nutrition, but effective implementation, coordination, evidence-based scaling up of interventions, and strong monitoring and evaluation are still needed.
1) Access to nutritious foods is challenging for many households in Ethiopia, especially low-income households, due to high costs and an inability to afford animal-source proteins, zinc, iron, and other micronutrients that are critical for young children's development.
2) A study found that households in Ethiopia spend around 25,000 birr per year on food, with 14,535 birr from purchases and 11,000 birr from own production, but still struggle to meet half of nutritional requirements for children under two.
3) Factors like religious fasting practices and lack of separate feeding plates for children can negatively impact children's diet diversity in Ethiopia. Increased investment in small and
Kaleab Baye presented on diets and stunting in Ethiopia. Stunting rates have declined overall but inequalities persist, with the lowest wealth quintile having the highest rates. Complementary foods in Ethiopia are often low in quantity, diversity, and quality. Improving maternal and child nutrition requires interventions across food systems to increase availability, accessibility, and affordability of nutrient-dense foods as well as improving caregiver feeding practices and maternal health. Comprehensive measures are needed to assess diet quality and reduce consumption of unhealthy foods and risks to food safety.
This document discusses the linkages between irrigation and nutrition in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Policy and Nutrition Sensitive Agricultural Strategy recognize the role of irrigation in improving nutritional outcomes. There are several pathways through which irrigation can impact nutrition, such as increasing food production, household income, access to water, and women's empowerment. Studies show that children and women in irrigating households in Ethiopia have better dietary diversity and nutrient intake, as well as reduced stunting and wasting, compared to non-irrigating households. Therefore, promoting irrigation can help improve nutrition in addition to increasing income and agricultural yields.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Bharat Mata - History of Indian culture.pdfBharat Mata
Bharat Mata Channel is an initiative towards keeping the culture of this country alive. Our effort is to spread the knowledge of Indian history, culture, religion and Vedas to the masses.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PFMS) and DBT.pptx
The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Quantitative and qualitative approachesThe Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI): Quantitative and qualitative approaches
1. The Women’s Empowerment in
Agriculture Index (WEAI):
Quantitative and qualitative approaches
Emily Myers, Audrey Pereira & Chloé van Biljon
December 4, 2019
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2. Practice Slido question
On your phone or laptop, go to http://sli.do
Enter code: ESSPWEAI19
Have you ever used the WEAI or its versions in
your project?
Yes
No, but want to
Never heard of it
2
3. Roadmap
Defining empowerment
Understanding agency
Reach-Benefit-Empower: Types
of gender-sensitive agricultural
development programs
Women’s Empowerment in
Agriculture Index (WEAI) Basics:
Overview and evolution
The pro-WEAI
Lessons from qualitative
research
Photo credit: Kalyani Raghunathan (IFPRI)
3
4. The various material,
human, and social
resources that serve to
enhance one’s ability
to exercise choice
The capacity to define
one’s own goals and make
strategic choices in pursuit
of these goals, particularly
in a context where this
ability was previously
denied
The achievement of
one’s goals
Agency
AchievementsResources
Source: Kabeer (1999)
4
How WE(AI) define empowerment
6. Local understandings of empowerment
Common elements
Difficulty in translating
“empowerment”
“emancipated”, “admired”,
“dignified”, “lift up”, “enable”
Economic status
Taking care of oneself and
family needs
Well dressed, good appearance
Relational, not individualistic
Taking care of others (family
and community)
Having means or status to do
so, connections
Not power over (especially not over
men)
Differences, tensions
Ambivalence of men, women to
empowered women
“Lift the burden” vs threat to men
Following social norms, ideals of
femininity (“submissive”) vs Strong,
able (sometimes stand against norms)
Age (young or old)
Marital status
Unmarried women seen as having
more/less independence
7. Intrinsic (Power within)
Strong, courageous, moral being
Instrumental (Power to)
Hard work, good decisions
Collective (Power with)
Lifting burden, helping others
Husbands, children, parents, other community members
Coercive power (Power over) always negative
Men or other women (daughters-in-law)
Local understandings of agency
9. Objectives of gender-sensitive agricultural
development programs
Three types of gender-sensitive agricultural development
programs:
The strategies and activities to achieve these aims will
be different
Need indicators to monitor these programs
Reach Benefit Empower
Include women in
program activities
Increase women’s well-
being (e.g. food
security, income,
health)
Strengthen ability of women to
make strategic life choices and
to put those choices into
action
9
10. Implications
Projects
Align objectives, strategies,
tactics, indicators
If seeking to empower, think
about what tactics will affect
what domains of empowerment
Funders
Check that objectives,
strategies, tactics,
indicators align
Both projects and funders
Need a suite of indicators that can
measure empowerment at the
project and at the portfolio level
11
11. Quiz
A project aims to educate individuals on means of accessing credit.
They invite only women to the training sessions. What is the aim of the
project?
12. Quiz
A project aims to educate individuals on means of accessing credit.
They invite only women to the training sessions. What is the aim of the
project?
a. Reach women
b. Benefit women
c. Empower women
d. Reach, benefit and empower women
14. Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index
(WEAI)
Measures inclusion of women in the
agricultural sector
Survey-based index - interviews men and
women in the same household
Launched in 2012 by USAID, IFPRI, and OPHI
Methodology:
Similar to multi-dimensional poverty
indices (Alkire and Foster 2011) and the
Foster-Greere-Thorbeck (FGT) indices
Details on index construction in Alkire et
al. (2013)
15. How is the index constructed?
An aggregate index in
two parts:
Five Domains of
Empowerment (5DE)
Gender Parity Index
(GPI)
Constructed using
interviews of the
primary male and
primary female
adults in the same
household
16. WEAI used by 103 organizations in 54 countries
17
18. Evolution of WEAI metrics: What WEAI had
WEAI A-WEAI
WEAI A-WEAI
Women’s and men’s
empowerment across 5
domains in agriculture
Standardized measure,
internationally validated
Ability to diagnose
empowerment gaps
19. Evolution of WEAI metrics: What projects wanted
WEAI A-WEAI Pro-WEAI
CoreWEAI A-WEAI
More adaptability to project
context
Issues of intrahousehold
harmony, mobility, control of
income from projects,
domestic violence
Shorter interview time
20. Evolution of WEAI metrics: What projects wanted
WEAI A-WEAI Pro-WEAI
CoreWEAI A-WEAI
Attention to domains related
to health and nutrition
Health &
Nutrition
Livestock
Market
Inclusion
22. Challenges and importance of measuring empowerment
24Photo credits: Clockwise from top-left - Shammi Ferdousi (ANGeL); Jessica Heckert (MoreMilk); Kalyani Raghunathan
(WINGS); Shammi Ferdousi (ANGeL)
Preparing nutritious foods Training milk traders
Organizing self-help groups Training men to be caregivers
24. Why GAAP2? What’s measured matters
Learning what works
Learning what doesn’t work
Particular gender strategies
Gender-blind approaches?
Comparability across a portfolio
A learning and capacity-development initiative working with a portfolio
of 13 development projects in the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets
Project Phase 2 (GAAP2)
Supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, and A4NH
Icon created by ProSymbols for the Noun Project
27
28. Pro-WEAI is made up of two sub-indices
Three domains
of empowerment
(3DE)
A direct measure of
women’s empowerment
in 3 dimensions
Gender parity
Index (GPI)
Women’s
achievement’s
relative to the primary
male in household
Project-level
Women’s
Empowerment
in Agriculture
Index
(pro-WEAI)
All range from zero to one;
higher values = greater empowerment
90 % 10 %
31
31. What have we learned?
Lessons from qualitative research
35
32. Purpose of qualitative methods
Contextualizing quantitative pro-WEAI and other
findings
Presentation of the overall context, not just the person
Validation of pro-WEAI from participants’
perspectives
Empowerment
Individual domains and indicators
33. Methods
Review of project documents
Community profile
Seasonality patterns
Sex-disaggregated focus groups on
local understanding of
empowerment
Semi-structured interviews: Life
histories
Key informant interviews: Market
traders
Key informant interviews: Project
staff
Photo credit: Emily Myers
34. Intrinsic agency:
Intrahousehold relationships
Other household members:
Tanzania + Mali: Co-wives’
mutual support to attend
meetings, diversify
production
Spouses
Kenya: Supportive
Burkina Faso + Ethiopia:
Submission
Photo credit: Jessica Heckert
35. Instrumental agency:
Decision-making on agricultural production
Small vs. large
Tanzania: livestock
Ethiopia: quantity
Intrahousehold dynamics
Mali: individual, not
household production
Ethiopia: men have
authority
Ghana: share
responsibility was
protective
Photo credit: Jawoo Koo
36. Instrumental agency:
Ownership and control over resources
“Ownership” is context specific
Tanzania: decisions vs. legal
Control over assets is a type of
agency, not resource
Ethiopia: Public ownership
vs. joint decision-making
privately
Photo credit: Emily Myers
37. Instrumental agency:
Time Use
Seasonality, men’s migration
Changing household gender roles
Ethiopia: women take on
men’s, but men do not take
on women’s, but gradual
change…
“…I this is a result of increased
understanding about the situation
of women, which came through
various trainings” (Mulema
2018:9)
Photo credit: Berber Kramer
39. Collective agency:
Leadership and group participation
Tanzania: “leadership” informal;
signified by helping others
"act humbly, participate in
community fundraisers and regularly
report back to group members or the
community" (Krause et al. 2018:28).
Mali: Self-esteem
“I am a female leader in my
community. All the members of the
village respect me. I am always
informed of the visits in the village
and I participate in external
meetings, on behalf of my village. I
am influential in my village"
(Bagayoko 2018:36).
Photo credit: Katrina Kosec
40. Implications for pro-WEAI: Emic views
expand ideas of empowerment
Benefit of empowerment is relational
“Lifting the burden” “Taking care of others”
Each component of empowerment is
relational, not simply individual
41. Intrahousehold relationships group membership,
income generating ability
Co-wives
Spousal support of businesses
Decision-making on agricultural production
intrahousehold relationships
Shared responsibility
Group membership intrinsic agency
Self-esteem
Interconnections among indicators and
domains
42. Join our community of practice!
weai.ifpri.info
Follow us on Twitter: @hmalapit @agnesquis @A4NH_CGIAR @PIM_CGIAR
#proWEAI #A4NHResearch #GenderInAg
49
43. Resources
Alkire, S., R. Meinzen-Dick, A. Peterman, A. Quisumbing, G. Seymour, and A. Vaz. 2013. The
Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index. World Development 52: 71-91.
Johnson, N., M. Balagamwala, C. Pinkstaff, S. Theis, R. Meinzen-Dick, and A.
Quisumbing. 2018. How do agricultural development projects empower women? What hasn’t
worked and what might. Journal of Agriculture, Gender, and Food Security 3(2):1-19.
http://agrigender.net/views/agricultural-development-projects-empowering-women-JGAFS-
322018-1.php
Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of
women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464.
Malapit, Hazel J.; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Seymour, Gregory;
Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Rubin, Deborah; Vaz, Ana; and Yount, Kathryn M. 2019.
Development of the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI).
IFPRI Discussion Paper 1796. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute
(IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15738coll2/id/133061
Malapit, Hazel J.; Sproule, Kathryn; Kovarik, Chiara; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Quisumbing,
Agnes R.; Ramzan, Farzana; Hogue, Emily and Alkire, Sabina. 2014. Measuring progress toward
empowerment: Women's empowerment in agriculture index: Baseline report. Washington,
D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/128190
Meinzen-Dick, R., D. Rubin, M. Elias, A. Mulema, and E. Myers. 2019. Women’s Empowerment
in Agriculture: Lessons from Qualitative Research. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1797. Washington,
DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/133060 50
Editor's Notes
In the WEAI, we focus on the Agency measures, which are often operationalized in terms of decision-making.
Why? Because when the WEAI was developed, we already had indicators, methodologies, and tools that measured resources and measured achievements. We know how to measure different types of resources, physical capital, human capital, social capital. We know how to measure achievements like yields, profits, expenditures, nutritional status. So we know how to do those things, better than we know how to measure agency.
So there was a deliberate decision to focus on agency in the WEAI.
Flexibility in gender norms during crises – this refers to several cases (esp. BD) where people expressed acceptance/admiration when women took on jobs outside the home
or outside their normal roles to be able to care for the family when spouses were absent
Unmarried women seen as having more/less independence – In some situations younger/unmarried women have greater opportunities (in school or work) while elsewhere they are kept more protected
age or stage in the life cycle was perceived as influencing women’s empowerment, with younger women being less empowered than older women due to heavier labor burdens and lack of voice in household decision-making. For example, a young woman from Mopti, Mali remarked that “I am considered young therefore my suggestions are not taken into consideration”
An example from an intervention that bred more nutritious crops, being disseminated through farmers groups with ag extension (OSP-type)
The WEAI was developed by IFPRI, USAID, and OPHI in 2012 to measure the greater inclusion of women in the agricultural sector as a result of US Government’s Feed the Future (FTF) Initiative
It is a survey-based index constructed using interviews of the primary male and primary female adults in the same household
Key aspect of index construction: similar to family of multi-dimensional poverty indices (Alkire and Foster 2011, J of Public Econ) and the Foster-Greere-Thorbeck (FGT) indices
Details on index construction in Alkire et al. (2013), World Development
Used by 100 organizations in 54countries as of November 2019
-Breaking down the 5DE score into its component indicators provides additional insight as to which indicators contribute substantially more or less to women’s empowerment. For example, compare Ghana and Kenya, whose 5DE scores are similar but whose composition of disempowerment differs. The contribution of production and resources to disempowerment is greater in Ghana, whereas lack of time and leadership opportunities are more disempowering in Kenya. In contrast, Zambia and Malawi have quite similar patterns of disempowerment, but Zambian women are slightly less empowered, primarily due to their greater constraint in workload. Examining the highest and lowest 5DE scores, women in Bangladesh, Liberia, and Tajikistan are more than three times as disempowered as women in Rwanda (excluding Cambodia which appears an outlier).
-Looking at scores by region, Asia has the greatest range in scores, followed by East Africa due to Kenya’s notably lower achievement. Both southern and West Africa exhibit the greatest similarity in score, although they have fewer countries of comparison. In the majority of countries, limited ownership of assets and lack of leisure time contribute least to women’s disempowerment. Conversely, access to and decisions on credit emerges as a major constraint in most countries, with low levels of group membership and heavy workloads also significant contributors to women’s disempowerment. However, in general, there is no simple pattern to women’s disempowerment, in terms of either the depth of disempowerment or the relative contribution of each indicator.
-Breaking down the 5DE score into its component indicators provides additional insight as to which indicators contribute substantially more or less to women’s empowerment. For example, compare Ghana and Kenya, whose 5DE scores are similar but whose composition of disempowerment differs. The contribution of production and resources to disempowerment is greater in Ghana, whereas lack of time and leadership opportunities are more disempowering in Kenya. In contrast, Zambia and Malawi have quite similar patterns of disempowerment, but Zambian women are slightly less empowered, primarily due to their greater constraint in workload. Examining the highest and lowest 5DE scores, women in Bangladesh, Liberia, and Tajikistan are more than three times as disempowered as women in Rwanda (excluding Cambodia which appears an outlier).
-Looking at scores by region, Asia has the greatest range in scores, followed by East Africa due to Kenya’s notably lower achievement. Both southern and West Africa exhibit the greatest similarity in score, although they have fewer countries of comparison. In the majority of countries, limited ownership of assets and lack of leisure time contribute least to women’s disempowerment. Conversely, access to and decisions on credit emerges as a major constraint in most countries, with low levels of group membership and heavy workloads also significant contributors to women’s disempowerment. However, in general, there is no simple pattern to women’s disempowerment, in terms of either the depth of disempowerment or the relative contribution of each indicator.
-Breaking down the 5DE score into its component indicators provides additional insight as to which indicators contribute substantially more or less to women’s empowerment. For example, compare Ghana and Kenya, whose 5DE scores are similar but whose composition of disempowerment differs. The contribution of production and resources to disempowerment is greater in Ghana, whereas lack of time and leadership opportunities are more disempowering in Kenya. In contrast, Zambia and Malawi have quite similar patterns of disempowerment, but Zambian women are slightly less empowered, primarily due to their greater constraint in workload. Examining the highest and lowest 5DE scores, women in Bangladesh, Liberia, and Tajikistan are more than three times as disempowered as women in Rwanda (excluding Cambodia which appears an outlier).
-Looking at scores by region, Asia has the greatest range in scores, followed by East Africa due to Kenya’s notably lower achievement. Both southern and West Africa exhibit the greatest similarity in score, although they have fewer countries of comparison. In the majority of countries, limited ownership of assets and lack of leisure time contribute least to women’s disempowerment. Conversely, access to and decisions on credit emerges as a major constraint in most countries, with low levels of group membership and heavy workloads also significant contributors to women’s disempowerment. However, in general, there is no simple pattern to women’s disempowerment, in terms of either the depth of disempowerment or the relative contribution of each indicator.
-Breaking down the 5DE score into its component indicators provides additional insight as to which indicators contribute substantially more or less to women’s empowerment. For example, compare Ghana and Kenya, whose 5DE scores are similar but whose composition of disempowerment differs. The contribution of production and resources to disempowerment is greater in Ghana, whereas lack of time and leadership opportunities are more disempowering in Kenya. In contrast, Zambia and Malawi have quite similar patterns of disempowerment, but Zambian women are slightly less empowered, primarily due to their greater constraint in workload. Examining the highest and lowest 5DE scores, women in Bangladesh, Liberia, and Tajikistan are more than three times as disempowered as women in Rwanda (excluding Cambodia which appears an outlier).
-Looking at scores by region, Asia has the greatest range in scores, followed by East Africa due to Kenya’s notably lower achievement. Both southern and West Africa exhibit the greatest similarity in score, although they have fewer countries of comparison. In the majority of countries, limited ownership of assets and lack of leisure time contribute least to women’s disempowerment. Conversely, access to and decisions on credit emerges as a major constraint in most countries, with low levels of group membership and heavy workloads also significant contributors to women’s disempowerment. However, in general, there is no simple pattern to women’s disempowerment, in terms of either the depth of disempowerment or the relative contribution of each indicator.
-Breaking down the 5DE score into its component indicators provides additional insight as to which indicators contribute substantially more or less to women’s empowerment. For example, compare Ghana and Kenya, whose 5DE scores are similar but whose composition of disempowerment differs. The contribution of production and resources to disempowerment is greater in Ghana, whereas lack of time and leadership opportunities are more disempowering in Kenya. In contrast, Zambia and Malawi have quite similar patterns of disempowerment, but Zambian women are slightly less empowered, primarily due to their greater constraint in workload. Examining the highest and lowest 5DE scores, women in Bangladesh, Liberia, and Tajikistan are more than three times as disempowered as women in Rwanda (excluding Cambodia which appears an outlier).
-Looking at scores by region, Asia has the greatest range in scores, followed by East Africa due to Kenya’s notably lower achievement. Both southern and West Africa exhibit the greatest similarity in score, although they have fewer countries of comparison. In the majority of countries, limited ownership of assets and lack of leisure time contribute least to women’s disempowerment. Conversely, access to and decisions on credit emerges as a major constraint in most countries, with low levels of group membership and heavy workloads also significant contributors to women’s disempowerment. However, in general, there is no simple pattern to women’s disempowerment, in terms of either the depth of disempowerment or the relative contribution of each indicator.
Many agricultural development interventions specifically aim to empower women alongside other goals, such as to improve agricultural productivity and income; reduce poverty, hunger and malnutrition; and improve health outcomes.
Despite this growing commitment to gender equality and women’s empowerment among funders and implementers of agricultural development, consistent approaches for measuring women’s empowerment in agricultural development projects are lacking.
If you were looking at a range of agricultural development projects—some that taught women how to prepare nutritious foods for their children, another that trained milk traders, another that organized women into self-help groups, and another that also trained men to be caregivers to their children—how would you know which one worked best in terms of empowering women? It would be very difficult.
Therefore, we need a measure that enables us to capture women’s voices, but also to be able to compare them across a variety of settings. Appropriate metrics are needed to assess whether these projects are achieving their goals of empowering women.
Through the GAAP2 project, we are working to develop a project-level WEAI, or pro-WEAI.
GAAP2 is a collaboration between IFPRI, OPHI, USAID, and 13 agricultural development projects that are piloting and providing input on the new index. The 13 projects are crop and/or livestock that have nutrition (and some income) outcomes. The 13 GAAP2 projects take place in 9 different countries in Africa and South Asia and use a variety of strategies to empower women.
GAAP2 is a truly collaborative and consultative process. The research teams, implementation teams, impact evaluators, and more from the 13 projects have been engaged from the start in developing the survey modules, piloting the modules, providing input and expertise on what should be in the index. This process will help us to develop a standardized tool that has been tested in the project setting and is comparable across contexts.
Each of the projects is piloting both quantitative and qualitative pro-WEAI protocols. I will not have time to delve into the qualitative work today, but it gives us insight into local definitions of empowerment and a more nuanced understanding of gender roles.
Strategies in blue have at least 8 or more projects implementing them
Strategies not in bold are the least popular among the projects
Emphasizing why it’s important to include such metrics for tracking whether women/men are being empowered or disempowered by agricultural interventions
For donors or large organizations: need common metrics for comparability
In pro-WEAI what we have done is to make these links to the empowerment literature more explicit, and so these three types of agency are our three domains: Intrinsic Agency, Instrumental Agency, and Collective Agency.
For pro-WEAI, we have 12 indicators of empowerment across 3 domains.
[PAUSE here for audience to look over slide]
The WEAI was developed by IFPRI, USAID, and OPHI in 2012 to measure the greater inclusion of women in the agricultural sector as a result of US Government’s Feed the Future (FTF) Initiative
It is a survey-based index constructed using interviews of the primary male and primary female adults in the same household
Mention if interested there is the WEAI resource center
Let me end with some results, to give you a flavor of we can get out of pro-WEAI.
This chart summarizes the extent of disempowerment among women and among men, which is the length of the bars.
The gap between the two bars shows us the empowerment gap between women and men overall – so as expected, women are more disempowered.
The colors within the bars, represent the how each of the indicators contribute to that disempowerment. So the bigger the area, the more important it is in constraining women’s empowerment and men’s empowerment.
Interestingly, despite that gap between women and men, we find that the top 2 contributors to disempowerment are the same for both women and men, which is around Collective Agency: Group membership, and Membership in influential groups.
Visiting important locations and respect among household members are large contributors to disempowerment for women but not for men. This suggests that interventions to empower women might focus on improving mobility and relationships in the household.
Now these indicators are both new to pro-WEAI, so the original WEAI would have missed these important aspects of empowerment.
So that, in a nutshell, is what pro-WEAI is about. The next question is: if you are working on a nutrition-sensitive agricultural project, what else do you need to measure?
For that let’s hear from Jessica, who will talk about the Health and Nutrition add-on module.
Let me end with some results, to give you a flavor of we can get out of pro-WEAI.
This chart summarizes the extent of disempowerment among women and among men, which is the length of the bars.
The gap between the two bars shows us the empowerment gap between women and men overall – so as expected, women are more disempowered.
The colors within the bars, represent the how each of the indicators contribute to that disempowerment. So the bigger the area, the more important it is in constraining women’s empowerment and men’s empowerment.
Interestingly, despite that gap between women and men, we find that the top 2 contributors to disempowerment are the same for both women and men, which is around Collective Agency: Group membership, and Membership in influential groups.
Visiting important locations and respect among household members are large contributors to disempowerment for women but not for men. This suggests that interventions to empower women might focus on improving mobility and relationships in the household.
Now these indicators are both new to pro-WEAI, so the original WEAI would have missed these important aspects of empowerment.
So that, in a nutshell, is what pro-WEAI is about. The next question is: if you are working on a nutrition-sensitive agricultural project, what else do you need to measure?
For that let’s hear from Jessica, who will talk about the Health and Nutrition add-on module.
EMILY begin again here
Not all the qual studies were able/designed to do all these things due to time and staff resources.
In some cases the quant results were not ready at the time, e.g.,
In BD, the AVC survey had been completed, but the results were not yet calculated
Some illustrative questions:
How can the qualitative help with understanding how to build the index?
How can qual help us understand differences we see in the index results?
Presentation of the place, not just the person, to look at local understandings of empowerment
E.g. seasonality diagrams to identify how the timing of survey fits with agricultural cycle, time use
Including a broader description of the project itself and how it relates to other development efforts in the region and/or sector
Disempowerment by poverty vs. disempowerment by gender (major theme in qual; Ruth)
Empowerment of the whole household; empowerment of women within the household.
qualitative adds value in interpreting the data. May not affect the score, but may help understand the quantitative results.
There was some variability in which tools were used and not all projects used each of the protocol options listed in the slide.
You may want to also give a few sentences of background on the way that the qual protocols were done and about the recommended sample size (refer to the handouts)
Africa: 6 (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mail, Tanzania)
South Asia: 3 (Bangladesh, India, Nepal)
Still to be done: 4 (ANGeL + TRAIN in Bangladesh, SE LEVER in Burkina Faso, WINGS in India)
Submission
Burkina Faso and Ethiopia: “To maintain good relations, especially with husbands, wives were expected to be “submissive” to husbands as a sign of “respect” in the JP-RWEE case in Ethiopia and the Grameen case in Burkina Faso.” (34)
Ethiopia: ““The cultural marriage practice that demands the total submission of women to their husbands is changing because of the increased awareness of women as a result of various trainings provided by the government and NGOs” (Ethiopia; Mulema 2018:21).” (34)
Supportive
Kenya: “The MoreMilk study in Kenya reported the importance of supportive husbands for women to succeed in their business” (35)
Tanzania: “women were more likely to report making decisions about small livestock while men made decisions marabout cattle among the Maasai in Tanzania (Maisha Bora)” (21)
Ethiopia: “JP-RWEE found that women in dual adult households exercise autonomy over agricultural activities that occur on small scale, with smaller quantities of produce, and products or activities of low value, whereas men make decisions on larger amounts or higher values of produce” (21)
Mali: “The WorldVeg garden project in Mali found that, even though the project targeted women, women decide which crops to grow only with respect to their own productive activities rather than household production, and “under the advisement of their husbands (this is a show of respect)” (Bagayoko 2018:32).” (21-22)
Ethiopia: “women’s overt decision-making was seen as a threat to masculinity and farming is considered to be men’s sphere – a farmer is understood to be a man. However, although men are the ultimate decision makers regarding agricultural production, they often consult their spouses before making decisions; women have more influence than might appear on the surface.” (22)
Ghana: “During public discussions in focus groups in the iDE study in Ghana, the dominant discourse was around the importance of family harmony. In interviews held in private, women indicated that they want more input on decisions, but do not want full responsibility for decisions in case they go wrong.” (22)
o Tanzania: “in the quantitative work conducted in the context of the pro-WEAI Maisha Bora study among the Maasai in Tanzania, 96 percent of men reported that they own some of the land that the household cultivates, while 65 percent of the women reported that they solely or jointly owned household agricultural land, even though very few of them are likely to have state-recognized ownership of the land (Krause et al. 2018).” (24)
Ethiopia: “Mulema (2018:10) notes that: “Although culturally women cannot publicly claim individual ownership (‘I cannot say that it is mine. I have to say that it is ours,’ stated one of the beneficiaries), they exercise more bargaining power over such resources and men cannot freely access or control them without women’s consent. Such invisible control over assets by women causes underestimation of their power.”” (25)
Women control personal income, not household income
Ethiopia: the JP-RWEE study noted that diversification of income sources under the project gave women more options for income under their control, but many of the income sources that women control, such as eggs, handicrafts, brewing, and petty trade, earn only small amounts of money.” (26-27)
Tanzania: “women were said to (normatively) have control over the income they earn from poultry, small livestock, or crop sales, but a number of women reported that they are, in practice, expected to hand it over to their husbands, pointing to the importance of a nuanced understanding of what is meant by “ownership” of assets.” (27)
Personal motivations vs. social sanctions
Burkina Faso: “women reported that these contributions to family income led to “more understanding” between spouses (Kieran, Gray, and Gash 2018:48). Men appreciated when their wives did not depend on them for everything, but did not feel that their contributions to household finances should lead to more power over household decisions (Kiernan, Gray, and Gash 2018).” (28)
Ghana: “Some women also indicated that the expectations that they take on household expenses like school fees were a burden.” (28)
Tanzania: “women were expected to not only contribute to the household, but also to help others in the community—an extension of the notion of empowered women helping others: “The down side of women's control over their own income is that if they have too much and do not help others they are said to be witches or to be engaging in prostitution or other inappropriate behavior” (Krause et al. 2018:38).” (28)
Intrahousehold harmony and empowerment are not trade-offs – greater harmony often enables the behaviors and resources that allow a person to enact empowerment; Valued both for its own sense (intrinsic value) and for what it allows (instrumental value)
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