Why Liberty Malayalam Translation എന്തുകൊണ്ട് സ്വാതന്ത്യ്രം

AtlasNetwork.org StudentsForLiberty.org
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´yw
n-§-fpsS Po-hn-Xw- . n-§-fpsS Xn-csªSp-¸p-I-Ä- . n-§-fpsS `m-hn-

First published in 2013 by Atlas Network & Students For Liberty / Jameson Books, Inc.
Second edition 2022
Published by Atlas Network
Copyright © 2013 by Tom G. Palmer,
Atlas Economic Research Foundation,
and Students For Liberty
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Essays reprinted with the permission of the authors.
Edited by Tom G. Palmer
Copyedited by Dara Ekanger
Book and Cover Design by Colleen Cummings
ISBN: 978-1-7325873-7-3
Ebook ISBN: 978-1-7325873-8-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021915884
Atlas Network
Two Liberty Center
4075 Wilson Blvd. Suite 310
Arlington, VA 22203
www.atlasnetwork.org
Translated to Malayalam by
Centre for Public Policy Research, India.
First Floor, Mandoli House,New Link Road
Elamkulam, Kochi, Kerala, India - 682020
cppr@cppr.in I www.cppr.in
This book translation is made possible with the support grant from Atlas
Network, Washington DC, USA

D-Å-S-¡w-
B-ap-Jw- 6
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- H-¶v 8
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- c-ïv 16
n-b-aw- D-ïm-hm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-
-tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ-
A-[ym-bw- aq-¶v 19
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- kaq-e- -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
A-[ym-bw- m-ev 24
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- A-©v 36
"Im-ew- A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv': kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- D-·q-e--hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ-
-sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn- Pq-n-b-À-
A-[ym-bw- B-dv 41
kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶-Xnsâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-
A-[ym-bw- G-gv 49
kzm-X-{ý-ansÃ¦n-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-: I-e-bnsÃ¦n-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hp-an-Ã-
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-
A-[ym-bw- F-«v 55
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-v -thïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw-
B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â-
A-[ym-bw- H-¼-Xv 62
B-{^n-¡- -Â-In-b- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-p-Å- hm-KvZm-w-
H-ep-amtbmh- HtISn-c-³-

A-[ym-bw- ]-¯v 68
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw-: BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-
k-tem¬- -t{^mkväv
A-[ym-bw- ]-Xnsm¶v 77
mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-? A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯nsâ A-p-am--hpw-
-temUv -sImÊm-b-À- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK
A-[ym-bw- ]-{´-ïv 86
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâbpw- kÀ-¡m-cnsâbpw- B-cw-`w-
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-

6
B-ap-Jw-
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- a-p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ H-cp- {]-[m-s¸«- `m-K-am-Wv cm-{ão-bw-. Fs´m-
s¡bm-bm-epw-,- a-p-jy-À- X-½n-Â- X-À-¡n-¡p-¶- hn-j-b-§-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- NqtSdn-b- H-¶m-
W-Xv. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw- a-äp- hn-j-b-§sf At]£n-¨v cm-{ão-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-W-Àthm-sS
kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-.I-e-,Im-bn-Iw-,c-kX-{´w-,kn-n-a-,X-¨p-im-kv{Xw-,-sshZy-im-kv{Xw-F-¶n-hsb¡m-fpw
Iq-Sp-X-Â- c-kI-c-am-b-XpsImï-Ã- cm-{ão-bw- N-À-¨- -sN¿s¸Sp-¶-Xv. a-dn-¨v, A-Xv a-äp- a-p-jy-cpsS-
taÂ- A-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯p-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨v B-b-XpsImïm-Wv.
F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- -taÂ- Htc ]-cn-lm-cw- Xs¶ A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡pt¼mÄ-, an-¡-h-cpw- B- ]-cn-
lm-c-¯n-Â- i-à-am-b- Xm-Â-]-cyw- Im-Wn-¡pw-. H-cp- cm-{ão-b- ]m-À-«ntbm H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-ctm
AsÃ¦n-Â- H-cp- kÀ-¡mtcm n-§-fpsS-taÂ- Fs´¦n-epw- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡-ï- F-¶psï¦n-Â-,
n-§-Ä- A-XnsXnsc -s]mcp-Xntb¡mw-. n-§-fpsS B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw- a-äp-Å-h-À- Fs´¦n-epw- -sN¿-
Wsa¶psï¦n-epw- C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv.
`-£-W-Im-cy-¯n-epw- Iq-«-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¯n-cp-¶sX¦ntem, F-Ãm-h-
À-¡pw- In-«p-¶-Xp- am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p- -ap-¡pw- In-«p-¶sX¦n-Â-, `-£-W-hpw- cm-{ão-bs¯-t¸m-se
NqtSm-sS X-À-¡n-¡s¸-t«-s. F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Htc `-£-Ww- Htc A-f-hn-em-bn-cp-¶p- X-cp-¶sX¦n-Â-,
`-£-W- hn-Z-Kv²-·m-cpw- e-Lp-`-£-W-{]n-b-cpw-, kky-`p-¡p-I-fpw- amw-k`p-¡p-I-fpw-, `mtcmZ-z-l-w-
-sN¿p-¶-h-cpw- Xq-¡w- Ip-d-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶-h-cpw- X-½n-Â- D-ïm-hm-³- -t]mIp-¶- NqtSdn-b- hm-¡p-
X-À-¡-§-fpw- G-Io-I-c-W-hpw- B-kq-{X-W-§-fpw- Kq-VmtemN--I-fpw- H-¶v k¦-Â-]n-¨p- -tm¡p-. a-p-
jy-À-¡v Xm-Â-]-cy-ap-Å- a-äv Im-cy-§-Ä-¡pw- C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv.
Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- ka-À-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶- B-i-b-§-Ä- cm-{ão-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v H-cp- hy-Xy-kvX-am-b-
Im-gvN-¸m-Sv-Â-Ip-¶p-:_-e-¯n-p-]-I-cw--t{]c-W-D-]tbmKn-¨v,Po-hn-¡m-³-hn-«p--sImSp-¯psImïpw-,
Io-g-S-¡-epw- -taÂtImbva-bp-an-Ãm-¯- H-cp- cm-{ão-bw-. kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n- F-¶- N-e-m-ß-
I-hpw- Bthi-I-c-hp-am-b- H-cp- A-´m-cm-{ã- {]-kvYm--¯n-Â- kPo-h-am-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- Nn-e-
bp-hm-¡-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-em-bpw- Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯nse D-]-ym-k§-Ä- F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. A-h- Np-cp-
§n-b- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- Im-gvN-¸m-S-Ã- {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, hym-]-I-am-b- a-p-jym-p-`-ht¯mSv
kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. an-¡- a-p-jy-cpw- A-h-cpsS n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- A-p-jvTn-¡p-¶- X-¯-z-
im-kv{X-¯n-sâ H-cp- ap-J-hp-c- -Â-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv Cu- D-]-ym-k§-Ä-. Cu- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xs¯
-temIsa¼m-Spw- ]-e- m-a-§-fn-em-Wv A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv, en-_-d-en-kw-, ¢m-Ên-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- (Atacn-
¡-bn-Â-' en-_-d-en-kw-' F-¶v A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m-³-), ent_Àt«dn-b-n-kw-, ------
Xp-S--§n-b-h-. Cu- Im-gvN-¸m-Sv Htcka-bw- e-fn-X-hpw- k¦o-À-W-hp-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww-, e-fn-X-am-b- n-b-a-§-Ä-
D-]tbmKn-¨ps¡mïv k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡msa¶m-Wv C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶- n-e-
]m-Sv.- B-[p-n-I- km-aq-ln-I-im-kv{X-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw- kp-{]-[m--am-b- ]m-T-§-fn-Â- H-¶m-W-Xv.
-{I-aw--- kzta[-bm- D-ïm-Im-hp-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶- hn-j-bw- Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯nse D-]-ym-k§-fn-Â- B-g-
¯n-Â- N-À-¨sN¿s¸«n-«p-ïv.

7
{l-kz-am-b- Cu- ]p-kvX-Iw- {]-[m-s¸«- {]-iv-§sf¡p-dn-¨v ]p-Xn-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â- Nn-´n-¡m-p-Å-
H-cp- A-`y-À-°--bm-Wv. Cu- {]-iv-§sf¡p-dn-¨v B-Zy-am-bn- -tIÄ-¡p-¶-h-À-¡pw- A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶
hn-Z-Kv²-cm-b- ]-WvUn-X-À-¡pw- -thïn-bp-Å- ]p-kvX-I-am-Wn-Xv. Cu- c-ïv hn-`m-K-¡m-À-¡pw- A-Xn-n-S-bn-
Âs¸«-h-À-¡pw-Cu-D-]-ym-k§-Ä-{]tbmP-s¸Spsa¶vRm-³-{]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶p-.A-h-G-Xv{I-a-¯n-epw
hm-bn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv, H-cp- A-[ym-bw- hm-bn-¡m-³- a-äp- A-[ym-b-§-Ä- H-¶pw-Xs¶ hm-bnt¡ï-Xn-Ã-.
hm-b--¡m-c-v ap-gp-h-³- ]p-kvX-Iw- hm-bn-¡msX _m-ly-am-bn- hm-bn-¨pt]mIm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Cu-
]p-kvX-Is¯a--Ên-pthïn-bp-Å-H-cp-cp-Nn-I-c-am-b--t]mj-Im-lm-c-am-bn-I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv,
B-kz-Zn-¨ps¡mÅp-I-.
hn-Â-o-b-kv, en-X-zm-n-b-
Pq-¬- 3, 2013

A-[ym-bw- H-¶v
"F-´psImïv kzm-X-{ýw-" F-¶v X-es¡«p-Å- H-cp- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ H-cp- A-k¦o-À-W-
am-b- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-hpw-, F-´psImïv hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{ýs¯ km-aq-ln-I- kw-hn-[m--¯n-sâ H-cp- A-Sn-kvYm--
X-¯-z-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww- F-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨pw- ]-d-ªpsImïv Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv Xn-I-¨pw- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
n§-Ä- Po-hn-X-¯n-eqsS I-S-¶pt]mIpt¼mÄ- H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Znsb-t]m-se -s]cp-
am-dm-p-Å- km-[y-X- G-ItZiw- 100 i-X-am--am-Wv. n-§-Ä- H-cp-]s£ -tNmZn-¡pw-
"H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Znsb-t]m-se -s]cp-am-dp-I'- F-¶m-Â- F-´m-Wv. A-X-{X- k¦o-À-W-a-Ã-. asämcm-
fpsS -s]cp-am-äw- A-Xr-]vX-am-bn- -tXm¶n-bm-Â- n-§-Ä- A-bmsf X-Ãp-¶n-Ã-. n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
h-kvXp-¡-Ä- X-«nsbSp-¡m-dn-Ã-. n-§-Ä- A-h-cpsS h-kvXp-¡-Ä- I-c-kvY-am-¡m-³- A-hsc I-_n-fn-
¸n-¡p-Itbm h-©n-¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-¶n-Ã-, AsÃ¦n-Â-, A-dn-ªpsImïv A-h-À-¡v -sXäm-b- h-gn-
]-d-ªpsImSp-¯ps¡mïv ]m-e-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- n-¶v Xmtg¡v ho-gv¯m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶n-Ã-. n-§-Ä-
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-b-Ã-.
n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-hsc _-lp-am-n-¡p-¶p-. A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfbpw- _-lp-am-n-¡p-¶p-.
Nn-et¸mÄ-, asämcm-Ä- A-[nt£]-I-c-am-bn- Fs´¦n-epw- ]-d-bpt¼mÄ- n-§-Ä-¡v A-bm-fpsS ap-J-
¯ptm¡n- H-cp- A-Sn- -sImSp-¡-Wsa¶v -tXm¶ntb¡mw-; F-¶m-Â-, n-§-fpsS km-am--y t_m[w-
n-§sf X-S-bp-I-bpw-, ]-I-cw-, n-§-Ä- ]n-ń-cn-ªpt]mIp-Itbm -sN¿pw-. AsÃ¦n-Â- n-§-Ä-
hm-¡m-Â- a-dp-]-Sn- -Â-Ip-Itbm -sN¿pw-. n-§-Ä- kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-bm-Wv.
A-`n--µ--§-Ä-. n-§-Ä- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ a-u-en-I- X-¯-z-§-Ä- D-Äs¡mïp-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-.---
n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{ýt¯bpw- A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfbpw- am-n-¨psImïm-W-v- n-§-
fpsS Po-hn-Xw- -bn-¡p-¶-Xpw- n-§-fpsS kzm-X-{ýs¯ B-kz-Zn-¡p-¶-Xpw-. n-§-fpsS -
s]cp-am-äw- H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bptSXm-Wv.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv k¶-²- X-¯-z-¯n-em-Wv, _-e-{]tbmK-¯n-e-Ã-. an-¡t¸mgp-w---,-
a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- C-Ss]g-Ipt¼mÄ-, Zn-w-{]-Xn- n-§-fpw- Cu- X-¯-zw- ]n-´p-S-cp-¶p-ïm-I-Ww-.
F-¶m-Â-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-atÃ, cm-Py-`-c-Wt¯bpw- -b-§tfbpw-
kw-_-Ôn-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w- B-i-b-§-Ä-? AsX. ]ns¶ F-´psImïv A-Xv kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ I-S-a-I-Ä-¡v
]-I-cw- hy-àn-I-Ä- -sN-t¿ï- Im-cy-§-Ä-¡v {]m-[m-yw- -sImSp-¡p-¶p-? C-hnsSbm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z--h-p-w-
a-äp- cm-{ão-b- B-i-b-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- {]-[m-- hy-Xym-kw-. kÀ-¡m-cn-v am-{ń-I-i-àn-bpsï¶v
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. a-p-jy-À- Xs¶bm-Wv A-h-cpw-. -½sf -t]m-se Xs¶, a-äp-a-
p-jy-cn-Â- n-¶pw- D-¶-Xn-bn-Â- n-Â-¡p-¶- A-am-p-jn-I- hn-Úm-tam A-dnthm i-àntbm D-Å- H-cp-
{]tXyI-h-À-¤w- a-p-jy-À- A-Ã- A-h-À- - cm-Pm-¡-³-am-À-, N-{I-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-, a-{ń-am-À-, {]-hm-N-I-À-, A-²y-
£-À-, n-b-a-n-À-½m-Xm-¡-Ä-, {]-[m--a-{ń-am-À- F-¶n-§s GsXm-s¡ -t]cp-I-fn-Â- A-dn-bs¸«m-epw-.
P-m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn- Xn-csªSp-¡s¸«- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- -t]mepw-, km-[m-c-W- a-p-jysc
kw-_-Ôn-¨v "s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw-' Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-Å-h-c-Ã-, ]-et¸mgpw- A-Xv Xosc Ip-d-ª-h-cm-Wv.
A-h-À- a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-fpw- kzm-À-°-X- Ip-d-ª-h-cmsW-t¶m D-Zm-c-a--kvI-X- D-Å-h-cmsW-t¶m
8

9
F-¶-Xn-p- -sXfn-hp-Isfm¶p-an-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-À-¡v i-cnsXäp-Isf¡p-dn-¨v km-[m-c-W- a-p-
jytc¡m--f-p-w-- I-cp-X-Â- Dsï¶v Im-Wn-¡m-pw- -sXfn-hp-Isfm¶p-an-Ã-. A-h-cpw- -½sf-t¸m-se
Xs¶bm-Wv.
]s£ H-¶v n-Â-¡p-, `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- a-äp- a-p-jy-À-¡v e-`y-a-Ãm-¯- ]-e- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw-
{]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. B-fp-Isf A-d-kväp- -sN¿m-pw-; bp-²-§-Ä- Xp-S-§n- a-p-jysc -sImÃm-pw-;
B-fp-I-Ä- hm-bn-¡m-pw- hm-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-pw- km-[y-X-bp-Å- D-¯-c-hp-I-Ä- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡m-pw-;
-ssZhm-cm-[-- A-p-h-Zn-¡tWm-sb¶pw- B-cm-[-- -sN-t¿ï- co-Xn-I-fpw-; B-cv Bsc
hn-hm-lw- -sN¿-Wsa¶pw-; I-gn-¡m-pw- Ip-Sn-¡m-pw- ]p-I-¡m-pw- A-p-h-Zn-¡s¸«-h-bpw
A-Ãm-¯-h-bpw-; D-]-Po-h--¯n-pthïn- -sN¿m-³- A-p-h-Zn-¡s¸«-h-bpw- A-Ãm-¯-h-bpw-; G-Xv hn-Zym-
e-b-¯n-Â-t]mI-Wsa¶pw-; bm-{X- -sN¿m-p-Å- A-p-hm-Z-hpw-; GsXÃmw- km-[-§-fpw- tkh--§-fpw-
I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿msa¶pw- A-Xn-p- F-{X- hn-e-bn-S-Wsa¶pw-; Iq-SmsX ]-e-X-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw- A-h-À-
{]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, A-h-À- a-äp-Å-h-À-¡n-Ãm-¯- ]-e- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw- {]tbmKn-¡p-
¶p-. A-h-À- I-cp-¯v D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-, A-Xpw- H-cp- ]-Xn-hp-N-S-§pt]m-se, -C-Xm-Wv kÀ-¡m-dns a-äp-
kvYm-]--§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xv. ]s£ A-h-cpsS {K-l-W-i-àntbm D-Ä-Im-gvNtbm
Zo-À-L-Zr-ãntbm H-¶pw- Xs¶ a-äp-f-f-htc¡m-Ä- an-I-¨-X-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-cpsS i-cnsXäp-I-fpsS n-e-
hm-c-§-fpw- i-cm-i-cn-bn-Â- n-¶pw- D-b-À-¶tXm I-À-i-tam A-Ã-. Nn-e-À- i-cm-i-cn- hy-àn-Itf¡m-Ä-
ka-À-°-cm-bn-cn-¡mw-, a-äp-Å-h-À- Nn-et¸mÄ- A-{X-bpw- _p-²n-am-·m-À- B-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-. ]s£, -½psS
-ta[m-hn-bm-Im-³- A-{X- D-¶-Xn-bn-e-Ã- A-h-À- n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv, A-h-À- a-äp- a-p-jy-h-À-¤t¯¡m-Ä- D-b-À-
¶-h-cmsW¶p-Å-Xn-v -sXfnshm¶p-an-Ã-.
a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bp-Å-C-Ss]S-ep-I-fn-Â--½-Ä-F-Ãm-h-cpw-k¶-²-am-b--t{]c-W-I-Ä--S-¯pt¼mÄ-,
F-´psImïv A-h-À- am-{Xw- _-e-{]tbmKw- -S-¯p-¶p-? cm-{ão-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- -ssIh-iwsh¡p-
¶-h-À- B-cpw-Xs¶ am-em-J-amtcm -ssZh-§tfm A-Ã-, ]ns¶ F-´psImïm-Wv A-h-À- am-{Xw- -½-Ä-
B-cpw- {]tbmKn-¡m-³- B-h-iys¸Sm-¯- A-[n-Im-c- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-Xv? F-´psImïv
-½-Ä- A-h-cpsS _-e-{]tbmK-¯n-p-ap-¶n-Â- h-g-§ns¡mSp-¡-Ww-? F-n-¡v n-§-fpsS ho-«n-Â- I-b-
dn-h-¶v n-§-Ä- F-´v I-gn-¡-Wsa-t¶m, F-´v ]p-I-¡-Wsa-t¶m, n-§-Ä- Ft¸mÄ- B-cp-am-bn- D-d-
§-Wsa-t¶m ]-d-bm-p-Å- A-[n-Im-c-ansÃ¦n-Â-, ]ns¶ F-´psImïv H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-ctm,
DtZymK-kvYtm, tkm- m-b-Itm, cm-Pm-hntm, K-h-À-W-Àt¡m B- A-[n-Im-cw- D-ïm-I-Ww-?
-½-Ä- _-e-{]tbmK-§-Ä-¡v h-g-§msa¶v k½-Xw- -sImSp-¯n-«ptïm?
]s£ H-¶v n-Â-¡p-, -½-fm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw-, AsÃ? Po-³Pm-¡v dqt-Êmhns -t]m-sebp-Å- ka-
À-°-cm-b- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À- hm-Zn-¨-Xpt]m-se, H-cp- P-m-[n-]-Xy-¯nse¦n-epw-, -½-Ä- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-v
-½tfmSv F-´v -sN¿-Wsa¶pw- -sN¿-cpsX¶pw- ]-d-ªp-X-cm-p-Å- k½-Xw- -Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. P--§-
fpsS "s]mXp- Xm-Â-]-cyw-' n-dthäp-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- -sN¿p-¶-Xv. A-Xm-b-Xv, A-h-À- -½psS
Xm-Â-]-cyw- Xs¶bm-Wv -S-¸n-Â-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ- H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- -aps¡Xnsc _-e-{]tbmKw-
-S-¯pt¼mÄ-, b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â- A-h-À- -½sf kz-X-{´-cm-¡m-m-Wv n-À-_-Ôn-¡p-¶-Xv, -½psS
Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf -tXSm-³- -½sf A-h-À- -t{]cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv, A-ÃmsX F-´v kw-`-hn-¡-Wsa¶v
-½-Ä- Nn-´n-¡pw- hn-[w- -S-¯p-I-b-Ã-. X-sâ A-km-[m-c-W- P--kzm-[o-w- -sNep-¯n-b- Zn- tkmjy-Â-
tIm¬-{Sm-Îv F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- dq-tÊm ]-d-ª-Xv -t]m-se, "-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw- Ft¸mgpw-

10
i-cn-bpw- kaq-l-¯n-sâ -·-¡pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-; ]s£ P--§-fpsS
Nn-´-IsfÃmw- Ft¸mgpw- H-cpt]m-se i-cn-bm-I-Wsa¶n-Ã-....]-et¸mgpw- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-fpw-
(F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- B-h-iy-ap-Å-Xv) -s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy-hpw- X-½n-Â- h-fscb-[n-Iw- hy-Xym-k§-fp-
ïm-Im-dp-ïv.
X-sâkn-²m-´-¯n-Â-,dq-tÊmkzm-X-{ýs¯_-e-{]tbmK-hp-am-bn-Iq-«nt¨À-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-,Im-
c-Ww-, At±lw- hm-Zn-¨-Xpt]m-se, "s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy-¯n-p- h-g-§m-¯-hs P--§-Ä- h-g-§m-m-bn-
n-À-_-Ôn-¡pw-. F-¶psh¨m-Â- asäm¶p-a-Ã-, A-h-³- kz-X-{´-m-Im-³- n-À-_-Ôn-X-m-Ipsa¶m-Wv.'
Fs´Ãmw-Xs¶bm-bm-epw-, kÀ-¡m-À- Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc, n-§-Ä-¡v i-cn-¡pw- F-´m-Wv
-thïsX¶v n-§-Ä-¡v A-dn-bn-Ã-. A-Xm-b-Xv, n-§-Ä- Fs´¦n-epw- -sN¿-Wsa¶v hn-Nm-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-
-t]meo-kv n-§sf X-S-bp-I-bpw- X-S-hn-em-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- n-§-Ä- kzm-X-{´-cm-hp-I-bm-Wv
-sN¿p-¶-Xv. n-§-Ä-¡v kÀ-¡m-cns [n-¡-cn-¡-Wsa¶v n-§sf Nn-ń-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wp-ïm-b-Xv.
am-{X-a-Ã- n-§-Ä-¡v i-cn-¡pw- -thïsX´msW¶v Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I- am-{X-am-Wv
t]meo-kv-sNbvX-Xv,]s£n-§-fpsShn-UvVn-¯-hpw-,A-dn-hn-Ãm-bva-bpw-,A-hnthI-hpw-,Zp-À-_-e-X-bpw-
Im-c-Ww- A-Xv a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-.
Ct¸mÄ- Im-cy-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- `-u-Xn-Im-Xo-X-am-b- kvYn-Xn-¡v -ap-¡v C-¯n-cn- Xo-{h-X-
Ip-d-¨v, `q-cn-]-£-`-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv F-´msW¶v -tm¡mw-. Xn-csªSp-¸p-
I-Ä- -sIm-tïm atä-sX¦n-epw- -S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-Ä- D-]tbmKnt¨m -½-Ä- "P--§-fpsS Xm-Â-]-cyw-' D-Â-]m
-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p-, F-¶m-epw- F-Ãm-h-cpw- A-XntmSv -tbmPn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã- (Ip-d-ª-]-£w- -thm«v -sNbvXn-«v
P-bn-¡m-¯-hsc¦n-epw- `q-cn-]-£t¯mSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶n-Ã-). A-h-À- `q-cn-]-£-¯n-pthï-Xv -
sN¿m-³- n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-¶p-, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, I-Åpw- I-©m-hpw- D-]tbmKn-¡msXbn-cn-¡m-pw-
AsÃ¦n-Â- hntZi-bp-²-§-fpw- kzm-[o--ap-Å- km-¼-¯n-I- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-Ä-¡pthï- k_vkn-Un-I-Ä-
-t]m-sebp-Å- A-h-À- F-Xn-À-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä-¡pthïn- ]-Ww- -sNe-h-gn-¡m-pw- n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-¶p-.
`q-cn-]-£w- -thm«v -sNbvX-Xv X ntcm[n-¡mtm Y -S-¸n-em-¡m-p-Å- n-b-a-¯n-v -thïntbm B-Imw-,
AsÃ¦n-Â- X ntcm[n-¡msa-t¶m Y -S-¸n-em-¡msa-t¶m hm-KvZm-w- -sNbvX- kvYm-m-À-°n-¡v
-thïntbm B-Imw-, At¸mÄ- -ap-¡v "P--§-fpsS Xm-Â-]-cyw-' a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. F-¶n-«v
H-cm-Ä- _n-b-À- Ip-Sn-¡p-Itbm, I-©m-hv h-en-¡p-Itbm, A-bm-fpsS k¼m-Zyw- H-fn-¨psh¡p-Itbm
-sNbvXm-Â-, A-bm-Ä- F-´psIm-tïm A-bm-Ä- Xp-S-cmsa¶v k½-Xn-¨- -s]mXp-P--Xm-Â-]-cy-¯ns
Xnsc {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. -ap-¡v Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- B-g-¯nte¡v A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- -tm¡mw-.
ntcm[-m-ß-I-am-b- H-cp- n-b-aw- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¨psh¶pw- n-§-Ä- B- ntcm[-m-ß-I-am-b-
n-b-a-¯n-pthïntbm AsÃ¦n-Â- kvYm-m-À-°n-¡pthïntbm -thm«v -sNbv-sX¶p-an-cn-¡s«.
Nn-e-À- ]-d-bpw- n-§-Ä- A-¯-cw- A-ń-a- ^-e-¯n-p- _-Ôn-X-am-Im-³- A-p-a-Xn- -Â-In-bn-
cp-¶psh¶v. At¸mÄ-, n-§-Ä- B- ntcm[-m-ß-I-am-b- n-b-a-¯nsXnsc-tbm AsÃ¦n-Â-
A-XnsXnsc n-Â-¡p-¶- kvYm-m-À-°n-¡pthïntbm B-Wv -thm«v -sNbvXsX¦ntem? A-§s
bmsW¦n-Â- A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- n-§-Ä- Cu- Xn-csªSp-¸n-sâ -S-]-Sn-{I-a-¯n-Â- `m-K-am-b-XpsImïv
n-§-Ä- A-Xn-sâ A-ń-a- ^-e-¯n-p- _-Ôn-X-am-Im-³- A-p-a-Xn- -Â-In-bn-cp-¶psh¶v. At¸mÄ-
n-§-Ä- -thm«v -sNbvXnsÃ¦ntem AsÃ¦n-Â- n-§-Ä-¡v H-cp- n-h-À-¯n-bp-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶nsÃ¦ntem?
A-§sbmsW¦n-Â- A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- C-n- n-§-Ä- B-h-em-Xns¸Sm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-, Im-c-Ww- n-§-Ä- -thm«v
-sNbvXv A-ń-a- ^-ew- am-äm-p-Å- A-h-kcw- n-c-kn-¨p-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶v! {_n-«o-jv kzm-X-{ý-hm-
Zn-bm-b- -slÀ-_-À-«v kv-s]³-kÀ- C-¯-cw- hm-Z-§sf¡p-dn-¨v h-fsc ]-ïv {]-kvXm-hn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-,

11
"B-Ý-cy-I-cw- Xs¶, A-bm-Ä- {]-h-À-¯n-¨- F-Ãm- co-Xn-I-fn-epw- A-bm-Ä- A-p-a-Xn- -Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p
A-bm-Ä- -thï- F-¶p-]-d-ªm-epw- -thWw- F-¶p-]-d-ªm-epw- AsÃ¦n-Â- n-jv]-£-am-bn- C-cp-¶m-Â-
¡q-Sn-!CsXmcp-Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b-{]-am-Ww-B-bn-cp-¶tÃm.'Ip-g-¸-I-cw-,Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-.n-§-Ä-hm-kvX-h-
¯n-Â- F-´p-Xs¶ ]-d-bp-Itbm {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-I-bmsW¦n-epw- AsXÃmw- A-p-a-Xn
-Â-Ip-¶- H-¶msW¶v ]-d-bp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, "A-p-a-Xn-' F-¶- hm-¡n-p- A-À-°-an-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-,
Im-c-Ww- A-Xn-v "A-p-a-Xn-bn-Ãm-bva-' F-¶pw- "A-p-a-Xn-' F-¶pw- A-À-°w- h-cp-¶p-. C-¯-cw- kµ-À-`-
§-fn-Â- H-cp- hm-¡n-p- A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bm-Wv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv.
kXy-¯n-Â-, X-sâ ho-«n-en-cp-¶psImïv I-©m-hv h-en-¨-Xn-v A-d-kväv -sN¿s¸«- H-cm-Ä- A-hs
A-d-kväv -sN¿m-³- H-cp- A-À-°-¯n-epw- "A-p-a-Xn-' -Â-In-bn-«n-Ã-. A-XpsImïm-Wv -t]meo-kp-Im-À-
h-Sn-bpw- -tXm¡pw- -sImïp--S-¡p-¶-Xv - P--§sf A-{I-awsImïv `-bs¸Sp-¯m-³-.
H-cp-]s£ C-¯-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- P--§-Ä- kÀ-¡m-dns G-Â-¸n-¨-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww-. A-Xm-b-Xv,
P--§-Ä-¡v I-©m-hv h-en-¡-ïmsb¶- Xo-cp-am-w- F-Sp-¡msa¦n-Â- A-h-À-¡v kz-bw- A-d-kväv -sN¿m-
p-Å- Xo-cp-am--hpw- F-Sp-¡mw-. ]s£, n-§-Ä-¡v n-§-fpsS A-b-Â-¡m-c-sâ hm-Xn-Â- N-hn-«n-¯p-d-
¡m-pw- -tXm¡p-I-Ä- Nq-ïn- A-hsc ]p-dt¯¡v h-en-¨n-g-¨v A-hsc X-S-hn-em-¡m-p-ap-Å- A-[n-Im-c-
an-Ã-, F-¦n-Â- ]ns¶ n-§-Ä- F-§s A-¯-cw- H-cp- A-[n-Im-cw- asämcmsf G-Â-¸n-¡pw-? A-h-cpsS
A-`n-{]m-b-§-Ä- Fs´m-s¡¯s¶ B-bm-epw- A-h-À- G-Xv X-c-¯n-Â- -s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-¶psh¶m-epw
n-§-fpsS I-©m-hv h-en-¡p-¶- A-b-Â-h-¡-¡m-À- A-h-cpsS Xs¶ A-d-kväv -S-¯p-¶-Xn-p-Å- A-[n-
Im-cw- -Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶p-Å- A-Ûp-X-I-c-am-b- hm-Z-¯nte¡v -½-Ä- ho-ïpw- Xn-cns¨¯n-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p-.
H-cp-]s£, H-cp- cm-Py-¯v Po-htm-sSbn-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- Xs¶ A-hn-Sps¯ kÀ-
¡m-cn-v n-§tfmSp- F-´pw- B-h-iys¸Smsa¶p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- -Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶m-Imw-.
Fs´m-s¡¯s¶ B-bm-epw-, n-§-Ä- F-sâ ho-«nte¡v h-cpt¼mÄ-, n-§-Ä- F-sâ N-«-§sf A-p-
kcn-¡m-³- _m-[y-kvY-cm-Wv. ]s£, H-cp- 'cm-Pyw-' F-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv H-cp- "ho-Sv' -t]m-seb-Ã-. Rm-³-
F-sâ ho-Sn-sâ D-S-a-kvY-m-Wv ]s£ F-sâ cm-Py-¯n-sâ "D-S-a-kvY--Ã-'. kz-´w- Po-hn-Xw- F-§s
Po-hn-¡-Ww-F-¶p-Å-Xns¡p-dn-¨vA-h-cptSXm-b-A-`n-{]m-b-§-fp-Å-AtIw-hy-àn-I-Ä--tNÀ-¶m-Wv
H-cp- cm-Py-ap-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. A-h-À- F-sâ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-e-Ã-, A-Xm-Wv ]-I-z-X-bp-f-f- hy-àn-I-Ä- a--kn-
em-¡p-¶- G-ä-hpw- ap-Jy-am-b- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hv: a-äp- a-p-jy-À- F-sâ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-e-Ã-. A-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS
kz-´w- Po-hn-X-§-Ä- -bn-¡m-p-ïv. H-cp- ]-I-z-X-bp-Å- a-p-jys¶- n-e-¡v n-§-Ä-¡v A-Xv a--Ên-em-
hp-I-bpw- n-§-fpsS {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- A-Xv {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS ho-Sp-
I-fn-Â- I-b-dns¨¶v A-htcmSv F-§s Po-hn-¡-Wsa¶v ]-d-bp-¶n-Ã-. A-y-cpsS h-kvXp-¡-Ä- n-§-
Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-X-Â- _-es¸Spsa¶v I-cp-Xn- n-§-Ä- A-Xv -tamãn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. n-§-Ä-¡v G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-
s¸«- hn-j-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨v BsW¦n-Ât]mepw-, a-äp-Å-h-À- n-§tfmSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶nsÃ¦n-Â- n-§-Ä-
A-hsc X-Ãp-Itbm, C-Sn-¡p-Itbm, Ip-¯p-Itbm, -shSnsh¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-¶n-Ã-.
n-§-Ä- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Znsb -t]m-se -s]cp-am-dp-¶psï¦n-Â- H-cp-]s£ n-§-Ä-¡v H-cp-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Imw-.

12
H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°sa´m-Wv?
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf -t{Zmln-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-, A-Xm-b-Xv, a-äp-Å-hsc kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å-
o-Xn- n-b-a-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-I-, F-¶v am-{X-a-Ã-, a-p-jym-h-Im-i-§-fpsS A-À-°sa´msW¶pw-,
F-§sbm-Wv A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- km-aq-ln-I- kam-[m--hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- D-ïm-¡p-¶sX¶pw-,
F-§sbm-Wvkam-P-§-Ä-{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶sX¶pw-a--kn-em-¡m-³-a--ÊpsImïvX-¿m-dm-hp-I-bpw-
-sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. kz-´w- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-v -thïn- am-{X-a-Ã- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{ý-¯n-v -thïn-bpw
-s]mcp-Xp-I- F-¶m-Wv. H-cp- a-lm-m-b- {_-ko-en-b-³- Nn-´-I-³- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw
h-en-b-A-Xn-{I-a-am-b-A-Sn-a-¯w--n-À-¯-em-¡p-¶-Xn-v-thïn-X-sâPo-hn-Xw-ka-À-¸n-¨p-.At±l-¯n-sâ
t]cv -tPmInw- -_pt¡m F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p-, At±lw- X-sâ Po-hn-Xs¯ -bn-¨- H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-
X-¯-zw- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-:
n-§sfbpw- n-§-fpsS Ip-«n-Itfbpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{ý-§sf kv-tln-
¡m-³- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-I-, A-§s -sNbvXm-Â- am-{Xta n-§-fpsS kz-´w- kzm-X-{ýs¯ hn-[n-
-Â-In-b- H-cp- k½m--am-bn- I-cp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-. n-§-Ä- A-Xn-sâ hn-esb¡p-
dn-¨v -t_m[-hm-·m-cm-Ip-I-bpw- A-Xns Im-¡m-³- -ss[cys¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-.
H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâb-À-°w- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- kzm-X-{ýs¯¡p-dn-¨v
I-cp-X-ep-Å-h-cm-Ip-I- F-¶m-Wv. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, A-h-cpsS -s]cp-am-ä-§tfm hm-¡p-Itfm A-n-ã-I-c-
am-bn- -tXm¶pt¼mÄ- -t]mepw- A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-I-. A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w-, _-e-
{]tbmKw- -S-¯msX, kam-[m--hpw- kzta[-bm-bp-Å- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Äs¡mïv am-{Xw-, kz-´w- e-£y-
§sf ]n-´p-S-cp-I- F-¶m-Wv. A-Xv kz-´w- k-t´mj-am-Imw-, a-p-jy-h-À-K-¯n-sâ -sa¨s¸Sp-¯-en-p
thïn-bm-Imw-, A-dn-hptS-Â-, F-¶n-§s-sbÃm-am-Imw-, AsÃ¦n-Â- asä-s´¦n-ep-am-Imw-, A-Xv
"ap-X-em-fn-¯w-' D-Å- kz-X-{ý-kw-cw-`-§-fpw- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-ap-Å- H-cp- -temI-¯p-am-Imw-. AsÃ¦n-Â-
im-kv{Xw-, ]tcm]-Im-cw-, I-e-, kv-tlw-, ku-lr-Zw-, AsÃ¦n-Â- k¶-²-kl-I-c-Ww- -sImïp-ïm-¡n-b-
G-Xv a-p-jy-{]-b-Xv-hp-am-Imw-.
A-[n-Im-ct¯mSpw- `-c-Wt¯mSp-ap-Å- A-hn-i-zm-kw-
A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-kp-c-£n-X-am-Ip-¶-XvA-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-n-b-{ń-X-am-Ipt¼mÄ-am-{X-amsW¶va--
kn-em-¡p-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w-. A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡v n-b-a-hm-gvN
-thWw-. {_n-«o-jv X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-pw- {]-h-À-¯-I-p-am-b- -tPm¬- -tem¡v B-[p-n-I- -temI-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-¯-d-bp-ïm-¡m-³- klm-bn-¨p-. `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- n-b-{´-Wm-Xo-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-
D-]tbmKn-¡-Wsa¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- "G-Im-[n-]-Xy-'¯n-sâ ym-b-hm-Zn-I-Äs¡Xnsc At±lw-
X-À-¡n-¨p-. P--§-Ä-¡v "kzm-X-{ýw-' -Â-In-bm-Â- A-h-À- "a--kn-Â- hn-Nm-cn-¡p-¶-' F-´pw- -sN¿pw-,
A-Xv F-´p-Xs¶bm-bm-epw- A-h-cpsS -tXm¶-ep-I-Ä-¡v A-p-kcn-¨pw- a-äp-Å-h-Àt¡m A-h-cpsS
A-h-Im-i-§-Ät¡m D-ïm-hm-³- -t]mIp-¶- A--´-c-^-e-§-Ä- h-Ish¡msXbpw- -sN¿psa¶m-Wv
A-]-cn-an-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-À- ]-cn-lm-k]q-À-Æw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
A-XntmSv -tem¡v {]-Xn-I-cn-¨p-, "X-sâ i-co-ct¯bpw-, {]-h-À-¯n-Itfbpw-, -ssIh-i-ap-Å-
h-kvXp-¡tfbpw-,ap-gp-h-³-kz-¯ntbpw-,Xm-³-Io-gn-Â-h-cp-¶-n-b-a-¯n-sâA-p-a-XntbmSp-Iq-Sn-,
X-sâ B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-pw- n-b-{ń-¡m-p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{ýw-; A-Xp

13
t]m-seXs¶ asämcm-fpsS G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- Xo-cp-am--§-fpsS Io-gn-em-Im-Xn-cn-¡m-pw-, a-dn-¨v
kz-´w- Xo-cp-am--§sf ]n-´p-S-cm-p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{ý-am-Wv' en-_-À-«n- ]m-À-«n-¡m-À- A-h-iys¸Sp-
¶sX¶v. kz-´w- D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-Â- h-cp-¶- km-[--§sf C-ã-{]-Im-cw- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-p-Å- A-h-
Im-iw- Hmtcm hy-àn-¡p-ap-ïv. a-äp-Å-h-cpsS B-Ú- A-p-kcnt¡ï- B-h-iy-an-Ã-. ]s£, a-äp-Å-h-
cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¨psImïpthWw- kz-´w- A-h-Im-i-§sf D-]tbmKnt¡ï-Xv.
X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-m-b- -ssa¡n-Ä- lyq-a-dn-sâ hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm-w- "km-am-y-_p-²n-bpsS [m-À-½n-I-X'bn-em-Wv F-¶m-Wv, A-Xn-v aq-¶v L-S--I-fp-ïv:
hy-àn-Isf A-h--hs D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-pw-, -sImÃm-pw-, -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡m-pw-, h-©n-¡m-pw- ntcm[n-
¡p-¶- H-cp- "B-{I-a-W-c-ln-X- X-¯-zw-'; "`-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ F-Xn-À-¡p-¶-h-Às¡Xnsc im-co-cn-I-am-b-
A-Xn-{I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipsa¶v hn-i-z-ko-b-am-b- ò-j-Wn-I-Ä- ]n-´m-§ns¡mïp-Å- ...kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ
n-b-{´-W- kz-`m-hs¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-b-Â-'; Iq-SmsX, "A-[n-Im-c-§sf kw-i-bt¯m-sS -tm¡p-I-...
kÀ-¡m-cn-X-c- hy-àn-Itfm kw-L-S--Itfm -sNbvXm-Â- A-]-cm-[-am-Ip-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä- kÀ-¡m-À- -sN¿n-
Ãmsb¶v.' "A-[n-Im-cw- F-¶- H-cp- B-i-bs¯¡p-dn-¨m-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-hpw- a-äp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-
§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- X-À-¡w- -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv' F-¶v At±lw- Ip-dn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-.
kzm-X-{ýw-, kar-²n-bpw- {I-a-hpw-
H-cp- kz-´-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶psh¨m-Â- k¼-¯v F-§sbm-Wv D-ïm-Ips¶-sX¶v a--
kn-em-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv; H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-c-³- -Â-Ip-¶- B-Ú-I-Ä- -sImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, kz-X-{´-cm-b-
a-p-jy-À- H-¶n-¨p- {]-h-À-¯n-¡pt¼mÄ-, kr-ãn-¡p-I-bpw-, D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw-, an-¨w- -sh¡p-I-bpw-,
nt£]n-¡p-I-bpw-, hm-§p-I-bpw- hn-Â-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pt¼mgm-Wv. C-Xn-sâ-sbÃm-¯n-sâbpw-
A-Sn-kvYm-w- kz-¯p-¡tfmSp-Å- _-lp-am--am-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfmSp-Å-
_-lp-am-w-. "kz-¯v' F-¶m-Â- Ct¸mÄ- F-Ãm-h-cpw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se "F-sâ h-kvXp-' am-{X-a-Ã-,
a-dn-¨v, -tem¡n-sâ {]-kn-²-am-b- {]tbmK-a-p-kcn-¨v, A-Xn-Â- "Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw-, kzm-X-{ý-¯n-
sâbpw-, `q-an-bpsSbpw-' -taep-Å- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Iq-Sn- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-. Atacn-¡-³- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ
{]-[m-- kr-ãn-I-À-¯m-hm-b- -sPbnw-kv am-Un-k¬- ]-d-ªp-, "a-p-jy-v X-sâ kz-¯nt·Â- A-h-Im-i-
apsï¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ A-h-sâ A-h-Im-iw- A-h-sâ kz-¯msW¶v ]-d-bmw'.
H-cp- -sNdn-b- Iq-«w- a-p-jy-À- X-½n-Â- kam-[m--]-c-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-hp-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- D-ïm-
hm-³- kv-tl-hpw- hm-Õey-hpw- a-Xn-bm-Ipw- ]s£, -tcn-Â- C-S-]-g-Im-¯- h-en-b- Iq-«w- a-p-
jy-À-X-½n-Â- kam-[m--hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- kr-ãn-¡m-³- A-Xv a-Xn-h-cn-I-bnsÃ¶v kzm-X-{ý-
hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡-dn-bmw-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- n-b-a-hm-gvN-bn-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-, F-¶psh¨m-Â-,
F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-b- n-b-a-§-Ä-, A-ÃmsX A-[n-Im-c-¯n-ep-Å- hy-àn-I-fpsS {]-h-W-X-I-Ä-¡v
A-p-kcn-¨v h-f-¡p-I-bpw- Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- n-b-a-§-f-Ã-. kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-fnse n-b-a-
§-Ä- H-cp- hy-àntb-tbm Iq-«t¯-tbm A-p-Iq-en-¡m-³- -thïn-bp-Å-X-Ã-; A-h- enw-Kw-, n-dw-, a-Xw-,
`m-j-, Ip-Spw-_w- -t]m-sebp-Å- B-I-kvan-I-am-b- khntij-X-Isf I-W-¡nseSp-¡msX F-Ãm- a-p-jy-
cptSbpw- A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-¶p-.
A-]-cn-Nn-X-À -X-½n-ep-Å- k¶-²- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«- A-Sn-kvYm--§-
fn-Â- H-¶m-Wv h-kvXp-n-b-{´-W- n-b-a-§-Ä-. -ssIbn-Â-- ]n-Sn-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶-h- am-{X-a-Ã- h-kvXp-¡-Ä-;
Atymyw- ]-cn-N-b-an-Ãm-¯- hy-àn-I-fpsS {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- -bn-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-hsc kam-[m--]-c-
am-bn- Po-hn-¡m-pw- kw-L-S--I-fm-bpw- I-¼-n-I-fm-bpw- kl-I-cn-¡m-pw- ]-c-kv]-c- -t«-§-Ä-¡m-bn

14
I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿m-pw- A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- Np-a-X-e-I-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- k¦o-À-W-am-b- H-cp-
kw-_-Ô-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww-, A-h-sâ kvYn-Xn- -sa¨s¸Sp-¯m-³- -thïn- -sN-t¿ï- {]-h-À-¯n-bpsS A-Sn-
kvYm-w- -F-tâXv Fs´¶pw- n-tâXv Fs´¶pw- - F-´msW¶v A-h-À-¡-dn-bmw-. hy-à-am-bn
n-À-h-Nn-¨-, n-b-a-kp-c-£n-X-hpw- -ssIam-dm-hp-¶-Xp-am-b- kz-¯-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv k¶-²- kl-
I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- hym-]-I-am-b- sF-i-z-cy-§-fptSbpw- ]ptcmK-Xn-bptSbpw- kam-[m--¯n-
sâbpw- A-Sn-kvYm-w-. A-Xn-p-Ån-Â- n-§-Ä-¡v -ssIbn-Â-- -sh¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- km-[--§-fpw-
I-b-dn- n-Â-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶- C-S-§-fpw- am-{X-a-Ã-, a-cp-¶p-I-fpw-, hn-am--hpw-, -ssIX-¨-¡- -
t]m-sebp-Å- I-W-¡nsemXp-§m-¯- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- km-[--§-Ä-, B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-p- a-p-jy-cpsS
kl-I-c-Ww- -sImïv, D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- io-X-Im-e-§-fn-Â- n-§-fpsS Xo-³tai-bn-Â- -sIm-sï¯n-
¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- k¦o-À-W-am-b- hm-Wn-Py- kw-`-c-W-§-fnse Hm-l-cn-I-fpw- hsc D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
dn-¨m-À-Uv F-]vkväo-³- F-¶- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-b- n-b-a- A-[ym-]-I-³- X-sâ G-ä-hpw-
an-I-¨- ]p-kvX-I-§-fn-Â- H-¶n-v "kn-¼n-Ä- dq-Ä-kv -t^mÀ- F- -tImw-¹-Ivkv -thÄ-Uv' F-¶- -m------aw
--Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. k¦o-À-W-am-b- A-¨-S-¡-{I-a-§sf D-ïm-¡m-³- k¦o-À-W-am-b- n-b-a-§-fpsS B-h-iy-
an-Ã- F-¶- At±l-¯n-sâ {]tabw- B- X-es¡«v h-fsc hn-Z-KvZ-am-bn- D-Äs¡mïn-«p-ïv. e-fn-X-am-b-
n-b-a-§-Ä- a-Xn-bm-hpw-. b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, e-fn-X-hpw- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- {K-ln-¡m-hp-¶-Xpw- kvYn-c-X-bp-
ap-Å- n-b-a-§-fm-Wv A-¨-S-¡w- kr-ãn-¡m-n-S-bm-¡p-I-. AtXka-bw-, k¦o-À-W-hpw-, Zp-À-{K-l-hpw-,
N-©-e-hp-am-b-n-b-a-§-Ä-I-em-]-ap-ïm-¡m-m-Wvkm-[y-X-. hy-à-am-bn-hn-h-cn-¨-kz-¯p-¡-fpw-]-c-kv]-cw-
kzo-Im-cy-am-b- hy-h-kvY-I-fp-ap-Å- hym-]m-c-¯n-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw- h-³tXmXn-ep-Å- _-e-{]tbmK-ap-
à-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- km-[n-¸n-¡p-¶p-. kz-X-{´-am-b- hn-]-Wn-, n-b-{ń-¡s¸«- kaq-l-§sf¡m-fpw-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- ap-³-I-cp-X-epw- {I-a-hp-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. hn-]-Wn-bnse kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn- D-ïm-Ip-¶- {I-a-am-Wv
C-Xp-hsc D-ïm-¡n-bn-«p-Å- F-Ãm- ]-©-h-Õc- ]-²-Xn-Itf¡m-fpw- km-¼-¯n-I- C-Ss]S-ep-Isf¡m-fpw
-Iq-Sp-X-Â- B-i-b-]-c-hpw- k¦o-À-W-hpw- Zo-À-L-Zr-ãn-bp-Å-Xpw-. _-e-am-bn- Np-a-¯n-b- "B-kq-{X-W-§-Ä-',
b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, B-kq-{X-W-§-fpsS hn-]-co-X-am-Wv; A-Xv kz-X-{´-am-bn- kr-ãn-¡s¸«- km-aq-ln-I-
kvYm-]--§-fn-Â- D-Äs¡mïn-«p-Å- H-cp- Xp-S-À-¨-bm-bp-Å- ]-²-Xn- GtIm]--¯n-v F-Xnscbp-Å-
H-cp- X-S-Êam-Wv. kz-X-{´- I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bn- D-ïm-Ip-¶- n-c-¡pw- a-äpw-, hn-`-h-§sf G-ä-hpw
-Kp-W-I-c-am-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â- D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- DtZymK-kvY- -ta[m-hn-X-z-¯n-v
hn-«psImSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
X-§-fpsS A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- kp-c-£n-X-am-bn- A-p-`-hn-¡p-¶- a-p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- kz-X-{´-am-b-
k¼-À-¡-¯n-eqsSbm-Wv {I-aw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. C-Xv km-¼-¯n-I- {I-a-¯n-p- am-{X-a-Ã-, `m-j-I-Ä-¡pw-,
km-aq-ln-Im-Nm-c-§-Ä-¡pw-, k{¼-Zm-b-§-Ä-¡pw-, im-kv{X-¯n-pw- Iq-SmsX, ^m-j-³-, -kv-ssäÂ
t]mep-Å- -taJ-e-I-fn-epw- _m-[-I-am-Ip-¶p-. _-e-{]tbmKw- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv Cu- ]-d-ª- -taJ-e-I-
fn-Â- GsX¦n-epw- H-¶nt-tbm AsÃ¦n-Â- F-Ãm-¯ntbptam H-cp- `-c-W-I-À-¯m-hn-sâ-tbm G-Im-
[n-]-Xn-bpsS-tbm cm-{ã-]-Xn-bpsS-tbm I-½n-än-bpsS-tbm n-b-a-k`-bpsS-tbm DtZymK-kvY-sâ-tbm
G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- C-ã-¯n-p- Io-gv-s¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xv, {I-as¯ {I-at¡Sv -sImïpw- kzm-X-{ýs¯
n-b-{´-W-§-Äs¡mïpw- kam-[m-s¯ I-e-lw- -sImïpw- ]-I-cw- h-bv¡p-¶-Xn-v Xp-ey-am-Wv.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- -t]mcm-Sp-¶-Xpw- kam-[m--ap-Å- H-cp- -temI-¯n-v -thïn-
bm-Wv, A-hnsS hy-Xy-kvX-cm-b- F-Ãm- a-p-jy-cptSbpw- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw
_-lp-am-n-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-, B- -temI-¯nse ku-`m-Ky-§-Ä- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- k¶-²
kl-I-c-Ww- aq-ew- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpw- F-Ãm-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦n-Sp-¶-Xp-am-Ip-¶p-. A-hn-Sps¯ n-b-a-hy-

15
h-kvY- A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xpw- ]-c-kv]-c- B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶- C-S-]m-Sp-Isf
kp-e-`-am-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-[n-Im-
c-§-Ä-Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-v-thïn-bm-Wv,n-b-a-hm-gv¨-bv¡vC-Xp-hscD-ïm-bn-cp-¶-A-Xn-cn-Ãm-¯-A-[n-
Im-cw-Io-gv-s¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-pthïn-bpw-,F-Ãm-X-c-¯n-ep-ap-Å-I-em-]-§-fpw-n-À-¯nshbv¡p-¶-Xn-pw
Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-pw- -thïn-bm-Wv. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- ]n-´p-W- -Â-Ip-¶-Xpw-
Nn-ń-¡m-pw-, -sXmgn-Â- -sN¿m-pw-, Hmtcmcp-¯-À-¡pw- -thïpw- hn-[w- -s]cp-am-dm-p-ap-Å- A-h-
Im-i-§-Ä-¡v -thïn-bm-Wv, ]s£ F-Ãm-h-cpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- _-lp-am-n-¡p-
I-bpw- -thWw-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-I-bpw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- -temI-¯v
F-Ãm-hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw-A-h-À-¡vk-t´mjw-e-`n-¡m-³--thï-Im-cy-§-Ä--sN¿m-³-km-[n-¡p-¶-H-¶m-Ipw-,
n-esImÅm-pw- -s]cp-am-dm-pw- Po-hn-¡m-pw- B-cpsSbpw- A-p-a-Xn- -thï-.
A-§s-sb¦n-Â-...F-ń-p- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-? C-Xv H-cp- Nm-]-ey-am-bn- -tXm¶ntb¡mw-, ]s£ B-
-tNmZy-¯n-p-Å- H-cp- D-Nn-X-am-b- D-¯-cw- C-Xm-Wv, F-´psImïv B-bn-¡q-Sm-? asämcm-Ä- Ip-äw
-sNbvXpsh¶v -sXfn-bn-¡m-p-Å- Np-a-X-e- A-Xv Btcm]n-¡p-¶- B-fn-sâ ap-I-fn-em-Wvv, {]-Xn-
bpsS-taÂ- A-Ã-. A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶, asämcm-fpsS kzm-X-{ýw- X-S-ªpsh¡p-¶- B-Ä-¡m-Wv
F-´psImïv X-S-ªpsh¡-Wsa¶v -sXfn-bn-¡m-p-Å- Np-a-X-e-bp-Å-Xv, B- kzm-X-{ýw- B-kz-Zn-
¡p-¶-bm-Ä-¡-Ã-. H-cp- ]m-«p-]m-Smtm H-cp- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡mtm B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- hy-àn- A-Xv
-sN¿p-¶-Xn-p-Å- A-p-hm-Z-¯n-pthïn- -temI-¯p-Å- asäÃm-h-cpsSbpw- k½-Xw- bm-Nnt¡ï-
Xn-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, ]m-Sp-¶-Xntm -tI¡v D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xntm F-Xntch-cm-n-S-bp-Å- F-Ãm- hm-Z-§-
Ä-¡pw- {]-Xntj[nt¡ï- B-h-iytam A-bm-Ä-¡v C-Ã-. H-cmsf ]m-S-cpsX-t¶m AsÃ¦n-Â- -tI¡v
D-ïm-¡-cpsX-t¶m ]-d-ªp- hn-e-¡pt¼mÄ-, hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶- B-Ä- A-Xn-p- X-¡-Xm-b- Im-c-W-
§-Ä- -ÂtIï-Xm-Wv. hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶- B-Ä-¡m-Wv A-Xn-sâ B-h-iy-I-X- -sXfn-bn-¡m-p-Å-
Np-a-X-e-. A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- Np-a-X-e- n-À-h-ln-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, a-äp-Å-
h-cpsS D-d-¡w- I-f-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se D-¨-¯n-em-Wv ]m-«v ]m-Sp-¶sX¦ntem AsÃ¦n-Â- A-b-Â-¡m-cpsS
ho-Sp-I-Ä- I-¯nt]mIpw- hn-[w- Xos¸mcn-I-Ä- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡pt¼mÄ- D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶psï¦ntem.
CsXÃmw- ]m-Sp-¶-Xn-pw- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xn-pw- F-Xnsc hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶-Xn-v X-¡-Xm-b-
Im-c-W-§-fm-Wv. ]s£, A-p-am-w- kzm-X-{ýt¯mSm-Wv, A-Xv n-b-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn-p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw-
D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-XntmS-Ã-.
kzm-X-{ýw- H-cp- A-p-am--amsW¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- hy-àn-bm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-. A-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- H-cp- e-fn-X-am-b- A-p-am-w- D-ïm-Ipt¼mÄ-, A-Xv hm-kvX-h-¯n-Â- {]tbmKn-¨m-Â-, ]-e- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-c-h-cptSXm-b- k-t´mjw- kr-ãn-¡m-³- X-¡- H-cp- -temIw- D-ïm-Ipw-, A-hnsS
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v kz-X-{´-am-bn- hy-h-lm-c-§-Ä- -S-¯m-pw- km-[n-¡pw-, A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- Z-WvUp-
I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡msX hm-¡m-Â- Xo-À-¡m-pw- I-gn-bpw-. AsXmcp- n-Àt±mj-am-b- -temI-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-,
F-¦n-epw- A-Xv hn-e-a-Xn-¡p-¶- H-cp- -temI-am-bn-cn-¡pw-, {]-b-Xvw- A-À-ln-¡p-¶- H-¶v.

16
A-[ym-bw- c-ïv
H-cp- {]-ivw- ap-¶n-Â- Im-Wpt¼mÄ- a-p-jy-À- ]-et¸mgpw- A-Xn-v G-ä-hpw- F-fp-¸-am-b- H-cp- ]-cn-lm-cw- -tXSp-¶p-:
H-cp- n-b-aw- D-ïm-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv Ft¸mgpw- hn-P-bn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-, Im-c-Ww- _-e-{]tbmKw- -sImïv h-fsc hn-c-f-amtb
-Ã- am-ä-§-Ä- h-cn-I-bp-Åq-, Fs´¶m-Â- "n-b-a-§-Ä-' F-¶psh¨m-Â- b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â- A-Xv Xs¶bm-Wv, H-cp-
_-e-{]tbmKw-. -tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ- A-bm-fpsS Atzj-Wm-ß-I- ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-w- Xp-S-§n-b-Xv --t]mÀ-«vem-³-Uv,
H-d-KmthmWnse -sIPn-U-»yq- - So-hn- F-¶- Nm--en-Â- H-cp- D-]t`màr- dnt¸mÀ-«-À- B-bn-«m-Wv, ]n-¶o-Sv yptbmÀ-¡v
-K-c-¯nse U-»yq-kn-_n-F-kv-So-hn-bn-epw-, Xp-S-À-¶v Kp-Uv -tamWn-Mv Atacn-¡-bn-epw-, A-Xn-p- -tijw- F-_n-kn--
yq-kn-sâ 20/20 F-¶- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-Â- At±lw- klA-h-Xm-c-I-m-Ip-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. ]n-¶o-Sv At±lw- -t^mIvkv
-yq-kn-Â- Zn- kv-tämÊÂ- -tjm A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. Ct¸mÄ- At±lw- www.JohnStossel.com-Â- kz-X-{´-m-bn
]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-w- Xp-S-À-¶psImïpt]mIp-¶p-.
-Rm-³- H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-hm-p-Å- H-cp- Im-c-Wsa-s´¶m-Â-, cm-{ão-b- C-S-Xp-]-
£-hpw- h-e-Xp-]-£-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å- Xn-csªSp-¸n-Â- Rm-³- H-cp- I-]-S-X- Im-Wp-¶p-:
H-¶p-In-Â--½psSk¼-ZvL-S-sbAsÃ¦n-Â--½psSkz-Im-cy-Po-hn-Xs¯kÀ-¡m-À-n-b-{ń-¡p-¶p-.
c-ïv ]-£-¡m-cpw- A-hsc¯s¶ kzm-X-{ý-kv-tln-I-fm-bn- Im-Wp-¶p-. C-S-Xp-]-£w I-cp-
Xp-¶-Xv kÀ-¡m-dn-v km-¼-¯n-I- A-ka-X-zw- Ip-d-bv¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶m-Wv. h-e-Xp-]-£w-
hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-XvkÀ-¡m-dn-v P--§sf Iq-Sp-X-Â- kZvKp-W-ap-Å-h-cm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶m-Wv.
Rm-³- ]-d-bp-¶p- c-ïv ]-£-¡m-cpsSbpw- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- h-gn-bp-Å- {]-Nm-c-Ww n-À-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv
-ap-¡v G-ä-hpw- Kp-W-I-csa¶v. C-cp-Iq-«-cpw- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶v Zp-cp-]tbmKs¯¡p-dn-¨pw-
Zm-cn-{Zys¯¡p-dn-¨pw- X-À-¡nt¨m-s«, ]s£ H-cp- -tamj-Wtam B-{I-a-Wtam -S-¯p-¶-
Xp-hsc kÀ-¡m-À- Bscbpw- H-¶n-pw- n-À-_-Ôn-¡-cp-Xv. H-cp- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cn-v
{]-h-À-¯n-¡m-³- B-h-iy-ap-Å- Xp-I- H-gnsI, B-cpw- asämcm-fpsS ]-Ww- _-e-am-bn- F-Sp-¡-cp-Xv. B-h-
iy-aptïm F-¶v kw-i-bw- -tXm¶p-¶- Nn-e-hp-Isf H-gn-hm-¡p-I- - A-Xn-epw- -Ã-Xv, A-Xn-p-Å- D-¯-cw-
hn-]-Wn -kvY-ew- -t]m-sebp-Å- k¶-²- kvYm-]--§-Ä-¡v hn-«psImSp-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
]s£ C-§sb-Ã- an-¡- a-p-jy-cpw- Nn-ń-¡p-¶-Xv. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw- Im-Wp-¶-Xv {]-iv-§-Ä-
n-d-ª- H-cp- -temIs¯bm-Wv, "n-b-a-§-Äs¡mïv ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-m-hp-¶-" H-¶ns. A-h-À- I-cp-
Xp-¶-Xv cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpsS A-e-kXtbm aq-V-X-ztam Xm-Â-]-cy-an-Ãm-bvatbm aq-e-am-Wv -½psS
{]-i--§-Ä- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡m-¯sX¶m-Wv. C-¡m-c-W-¯m-Â-, kÀ-¡m-À- Po-hn-X-¯nse an-¡-
{]-iv-§-fn-epw- C-Ss]Sm-¯-Xm-Wv -Ã-Xv.
a-p-jy-À- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv "kÀ-¡m-dn-v km-[n-¡pw-!" F-¶m-Wv. {]-iv-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipt¼mÄ-
A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- "H-cp- n-b-aw- D-ïm-h-Ww-!"
-sR«n-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- -tI{µ- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sImïp- {]-h-À-¯n-¨n-cp-¶- tkmhn-b-äv
bq-Wn-b-sâ ho-gvNt]mepw- -temIs¯ h-en-b- cm-Py-`-c-Ws¯ Dt]£n-¡m-³- -t{]cn-¸n-¨n-Ã-.
bqtdm¸n-Â- H-cp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- "It¼mf- tkmjy-en-k"-s¯¡p-dn-¨p- N-À-¨-bm-cw-`n-¨p-. Atacn-¡-bnse
cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯n-pw- tkmjy-en-k¯n-pw-, "n-b-{ń-X-am-b- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯n-pw-" C-S-
bn-ep-Å- H-cp- "aq-¶m-as¯ h-gn-"-sb¡p-dn-¨p- In-m-hp-I-ïp- - C-hnsS cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- ]-et¸mgpw- B-
A-Zr-iy- I-c-§-Ä-¡v ]-I-cw- h-¶p-.

17
-tPmÀ-PvU-_yp-._p-jv{]-kn-U-âvkvYm-t¯¡va-Õcn-¨t¸mÄ-H-cp-'Nn-e-hp-Np-cp-§n-b-'`-c-W-am-Wv
hm-KvZm-w- -sNbvX-Xv. ]s£ At±lw- {]-Xn-h-À-jw- 50 _n-ey-¬- -tUmf-À- hn-e-h-cp-¶- Ip-dn-¸-Sn- a-cp-¶v
A-[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-hpw-, "-tm -ssNÂ-Uv -se^väv _nssl³-Uv" F-¶- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- -bw- kr-ãn-¡p-I-
bp-am-Wv -sNbvX-Xv. _p-jn-sâ `-c-W-¯n-Â-, dn-¸-»n-¡-³- ]m-À-«n-¡m-cpsS hnthN-m-[n-Im-c- -sNe-hp-
I-Ä- C-c-«n-bm-¡p-I-bpw- (F-Â-_nsP-¡ptijw- h-¶- G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- h-À-²--hv), a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶ns
Xnscbp-Å- -t]mcm-«w- hn-]p -eo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw-, Iq-SmsX 90,000 ]p-Xn-b- -sdKpteä-À-amsc n-b-an-¡p-
I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p- -sNbvX-Xv.
_p-jv h-À-²n-¸n-¨- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä-¡v am-[y-a-§sf im-´-am-¡m-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-, A-h-À- Iq-Sp-X-Â-
n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸«p-.
]n-¶o-Sv, _-dm-¡v H-_m-a- kvYm--¯v h-cn-I-bpw- P--§sf ]m-¸-cm-¡p-¶-hn-[w ]-Ww-
Nn-e-h-gn-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. Sn- ]m-À-«ntbbpw- 2010 Xn-csªSp-¸ntbpw- A-Xv -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p-.
Sn- ]m-À-«n- F-n-¡v {]-Xo-£- -Â-In-, ]s£ Rm-³- ho-ïpw- hn-UvVn-bm-bn-. am-k§-Ä-¡-Iw-, B-
]p-Xn-b- "km-¼-¯n-I- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-cm-b-" dn-¸-»n-¡-³- ]m-À-«n-¡m-À- Ir-jn- [--klm-b-§-Ä- n-e-
n-À-¯m-pw- -saUnsIb-À- -bs¯ kw-c-£n-¡m-pw- -thm«v -sNbvXp-, Iq-SmsX, -tdmw-n-bpsS
`m-hn- -sshkv-{]-kn-U-âv kvYm-mÀ-°n-bm-b- -sd]v. -t]mÄ- d-b-³- X-sâ "-ssaÂ-Uv -sU^n-kn-äv ¹m-³-"
apt¶m«psh¨t¸mÄ- A-h-À- -Sp-§p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-X-¯-z-§-fpsSbpw- a-äpw- kzm-[o-t¯mSp-Iq-Sn- kvYm-]n-¡s¸«- Atacn-¡-¡v
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- h-fsc h-ep-Xm-bnt¸mbn- F-¶v k½-Xn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡m-¯-Xv h-fsc -timN-o-bw
Xs¶. In-g-¡-³- G-jy-³- cm-Py-§-Ä- hm-Wn-`-k{¼-Zm-bs¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- D-¶-Xn -{]m-]n-
¡p-I-bpw--sNbvXp-.kzo-U-pw-P-À-½-n-bpw-A-h-cpsS-sXmgn-Â-It¼mfs¯kz-X-{´-am-¡n-btXm-sS
A-h-cpsS k¼-ZvL-S-- -sa¨s¸Sp-¶-Xv I-ïp-.
]s£ Atacn-¡-¡m-À- Ct¸mgpw- ]p-Xn-b- n-b-a-§-Ä- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¨ps¡m-tïbn-cn-¡p-¶p-.
a-p-jy-cpsS A-ht_m[-am-Wv C-hn-Sps¯ i-{Xp-. It¼mf-kvY-es¯ B-I-À-j-I-am-b
]m-cntXmjn-I-§-Ä-¡n-S-bn-Â-, A-Xn-sâ Kp-W-§sf hn-e-a-Xn-¡msX -t]mIp-¶-Xv kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
H-cp- hntZi-cm-Py-¯pt]mbn- H-cp- ¹m-kvän-Iv I-jvWw- Np-a-cn-Â- Ip-¯n-bm-Â- F-n-¡v ]-Ww- e-`n-¡pw-.
F-sâ `m-j- kw-km-cn-¡m-¯- H-cp- A-]-cn-Nn-X-v, AsX I-jvWw- -Â-In-bm-Â- A-bm-Ä- F-n-¡v H-cp-
hm-l-w- H-cp- B-gvNt¯¡v hm-S-I-¡v -Â-Ipw--. Rm-³- ho-«nse¯pt¼mÄ-, hn-k AsÃ¦n-Â- am-kvä-À
-Im-À-Uv F-n-¡v H-cp- A-¡w- -t]mepw- am-dmsX A-Xn-sâ -sNe-hp-I-Ä- A-b-¨p-X-cpw-. -½-Ä- C-¯-cw
Im-cy-§-Ä- hn-esh¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p-. AsXka-bw-, kÀ-¡m-cn-v i-cn-bm-bn- -thm«p-I-Ä- F-®m-³
t]mepw- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
F-¶m-epw-, Ft¸m-sg¦n-epw- {]-iv-§-Ä- h-¶m-Â- hy-àn-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cns kao-]n-¡p-¶p-.
-tI{µ-]-²-Xn- n-À-½m-Xm-¡-fpsS Xp-S-À-¨-bm-bp-Å- ]-cm-P-b-§-Ä- D-ïm-bn-«pt]mepw-, -½psS X-e-
¸-¯n-cp-¶p- F-Ãm-¯n-pw- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- F-Sp-¡p-¶- kÀ-¡m-À- A-{X-bpw- -tami-amsW¶v -½-fn-Â-
Ip-d-¨v -t]À-¡v -t]mepw- Nn-ń-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
F-¨v.F-Â-. -sa³sI³- F-¶- C-cp-]-Xmw- q-äm-ïnse H-cp- a-lm-m-b- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn
hn-e-]n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "A-Sn-kvYm--]-c-am-bn-, kÀ-¡m-À- a-p-jy-cpsS H-cp- Iq-«w- am-{X-am-Wv,
{]mtbmKn-I-am-bn- -tm¡n-bm-Â- A-Xnse an-¡-h-cpw- an-I-hp-Ip-d-ª-h-cp-am-Wv...F-¶n-«p
t]mepw-, a-p-jy-cpsS _-u-²n-I- A-e-kX-aq-ew-, Cu- lo--P--§sf...H-cp- I-S-asb¶t]m-se A-p-

18
kcn-¨pt]mIp-¶p-... (Iq-SmsX) km-[m-c-W- hnthI-_p-²ntb¡m-fpw- an-I-¨- hnthI-_p-²n-bp-Å-h-
cmsW¶v A-p-am-n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.'
kz-X-{´-hy-àn-I-fm-bn--AsÃ¦n-Â-H-¶n-¨v{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-kz-´-{X-hy-àn-I-fpsSIq-«-§-fm-bn-,
-ap-¡v -sN¿m-³- ]-äp-¶- H-¶pw- Xs¶ kÀ-¡m-cn-v Iq-Sp-X-Â- an-Ithm-sS -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
`o-a-am-b- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- C-Ãm-Xm-bm-Â-, -½psS A-h-kc-§-Ä-¡v ]-cn-an-Xn-I-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-Ipw-

19
A-[ym-bw- aq-¶v
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww-
B-Ipt¼mÄ-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bpsS Xp-S-À-¨-bm-b- -t{iWnsb "C-S-Xv" ap-X-Â- "h-e-Xv" hscbm-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶-Xv h-À-j-§-fm-
bn-«p-Å- H-cp- ]-Xn-hm-Wv. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-¡s¸«- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- B- -t{iWn-bn-Â- -tNcptam? hy-Xy-
kvX-am-b- cm-{ão-b- B-i-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- Iq-SmsX kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- ka-Im-en-I- N-À-¨-I-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm--am-b-Xv
F-§s F-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨pw- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- co-Xn-bn-Â- Nn-ń-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-bpsS
-sshkv -s{]kn-U-âm-b- ¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-. B-³- A-À-_-dnse bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v an-jn-K-n-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv dq-]-À-
N-cn-{X-]-T--¯n-Â- _n-cp-Zw- -tSn-b-Xv.
C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv cm-{ão-b- -t{iWn-bm-Wv cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bnte¡p-Å- km-[m-c-W- A-h-X-c-Ww-: n-§-Ä-
X--Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶psh¦n-Â- n-§-Ä- C-S-Xv ]-£-hpw- YÂ- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶psh¦n-Â- h-e-Xv ]-£-
hpw-. n-§-Ä- B-cp-am-bmtWm kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, A-h-cpsS A-`n-{]m-b-§-Ä-¡v A-p-kcn-¨v X----Dw
Y-Dw- {]-Xn-n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶- B-i-bw- am-dpw-; A-Xn-sâ B-hm-l-w- hy-àn-Isf A-hsc Xs¶ B-
-t{iWn-bn-Â- F-hnsS-sb¦n-epw- n-À-¯m-³- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡pw-; A-h-cpsS Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-I-Ä- A-hsc
B- -t{iWn-bnse GsX¦n-epw- H-cp- kvY-e-¯v -sIm-sï¯n-¡p-¶nsÃ¦n-Â- -t]mepw-. C-cp-h-i-§-fn-epw
-F-Xn-À-¯p-n-Â-¡p-¶-A-{I-am-kà-am-b-Iq-«m-bva-bp-Å-"c-ï-ä-§-fpw-Iq-Snt¨cpt¼mÄ-B--t{iWn-
H-cp-hr-¯-am-bn-am-dp-¶p'F-¶n-§s]-d-bpt¼mÄ-A-Xvho-ïpw-A-kw-_-Ô-am-bn-am-dp-¶p-.At¸mÄ-
n-§-Ä- "¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-k'¯ns¡p-dn-¨pw- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯ns¡p-dn-¨pw- B-Zy-am-bn -tIÄ-
¡pt¼mÄ- C-h- "-t{iWn-'bpsS G-Xv `m-K-¯m-Wv h-cp-¶sX¶v n-§tfmSp-Xs¶ -tNmZn-¨pt]mIpw-.
]s£ A-h- A-Xn-Â- h-cp-¶n-Ã-.
H-cp-km-[m-c-W-C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv-t{iWn-bpsSB-i-b-§sfn-c-kn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wvkzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-B-i-
b-§-Ä-.kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-F-¶-Nn-´m-K-Xn-cm-{ão-b-A-[n-Im-c-§sf-tNmZywsN¿p-¶-Xpw--shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-
¶-Xp-am-Wv. kÀ-¡m-À- G-Xv -taJ-e-bn-Â- C-Ss]S-Wsa¶v Xo-cp-am-n-¡m-p-Å- H-cp- A-h-Im-i-am-bn-«-Ã-
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- cm-{ão-bs¯ Im-Wp-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, A-[n-Im-c-¯n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ
-t]mcm-«-am-bn-«m-Wv. N-cn-{X-Im-c-m-b- -temÀ-Uv B-Iv«-¬- ]-Tn-¸n-¨- Cu- ]m-Ts¯ kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä-
h-fsc K-u-c-ht¯m-sS F-Sp-¡p-¶p-: "A-[n-Im-cw- Zp-jn-¸n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bp-ïv, A-Xpt]m-se, A-Xn-
cn-Ãm-¯- A-[n-Im-cw- A-Xn-cn-ÃmsX Zp-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p-'. Hmtcm `m-K-¯pw- H-cp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å- AsÃ¦n-Â- -
th-sdmcp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å- n-À-_-Ôn-X- i-àn-Isf ]n-´m-§p-¶- -t{iWn-bn-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- h-cp-¶n-Ã-.
]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bpsS H-cp- A-ä-¯v I-½yq-Wn-khpw- atä A-ä-¯v ^m-kn-
khpw-, ]p-I-bn-e- ntcm[-w- H-cp- h-i-¯pw- I-©m-hv ntcm[-w- atä h-i-¯pw-, H-cp- X-c-¯ntem
AsÃ¦n-Â- asämcp- X-c-¯ntem D-Å- kw-`m-j-W- ntcm[--§-Ä-. At¸mÄ kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-epw-
C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bn-epw- G-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-Nn-Xw-? n-§-Ä-¡p-Xs¶ Xo-cp-am-n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
20
H-c-À-°-¯n-Â-, -tcJo-b-am-b- -t{iWn- -thWsa¶v n-À-_-Ôn-X-amsW¦n-Â-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-
I-Ä- cm-{ão-b- {]-`m-j-W-¯n-sâ kaq-e- -tI{µ-¯n-Â- h-cpsa¶v ]-d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-
I-Ä- R-§-fpsS hn-i-I-e--¯n-Â- ]-cn-]q-À-®-cm-Wv - R-§-Ä- {]-iv-§-fpsS aq-e-Im-c-W-¯nte¡v -
t]mIpw- - A-Xpt]m-se, R-§-Ä- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-. -t{iWn-bpsS a-²y-
¯n-Â- n-¶v hn-hn-[- cm-{ão-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä-¡pw- B-i-b-§-Ä-¡pw- R-§-fpsS B-i-b-§-Ä- ]p-dt¯¡v
]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-m-Â-, -thWsa¦n-Â- R-§sf an-X-hm-Zn-I-Ä- F-¶v hn-fn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. X-Â-^-
e-am-bn-, G-ä-hpw- B-I-À-j-I-am-b- Kp-W-§-Ä- -Â-Ins¡mïv, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-Ä- a-²yC-S-
Xntbpw- a-²yh-e-Xntbpw kzm-[o-n-¡p-¶p-. am-{X-a-Ã-, ]-e- cm-Py-§-fntebpw- ]-u-c-·msc "C-S-Xv'
]-£-¡m-cmtbm "h-e-Xv' ]-£-¡m-cm-bnt«m I-W-¡m-¡m-m-hn-Ã-, am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-cn-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-
I-fm-bn- I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-h-cpsS i-X-am-w- h-À-²n-¨psImïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- F-¶- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw- hy-àn-kzm-X-{ýs¯ -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. H-cp-
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-¡v Htcka-bw- "km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-pw-' "km-aq-ln-I- ]ptcmK-a--hm-Zn-bpw-'
B-Imw-, -K-c-hm-kn-bpw- {Km-ao-W-hm-kn-bp-am-Imw-, `-à-pw- A-Ãm-¯-h-pw B-Imw-, a-Zy-h-À-Ö-Itm
a-Zy-]m-ntbm B-Imw-, hn-hm-ln-Xtm A-Ãm-¯-htm B-Imw-... n-§-Ä-¡v Im-cyw- ]n-Sn-In-«n-btÃm.
a-p-jy-À-¡v A-h-cpsS Im-cy-§-fn-ep-Å- kzm-X-{ýw- H-cp- A-p-am--amsW¶- D-d-¨- hn-i-zm-kam-Wv
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-Isf H-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv, A-Xm-b-Xv, Iymtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«nse -tUhn-Uv -t_mb-kv
]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ {]tbmK-¯n--Ã-, A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ D-]tbmK-¯n-m-Wv,
ym-bo-I-c-Ww- B-h-iy-ap-Å-Xv.' kzm-X-{ý-X-¯-z-§-fpsS kvYn-c-am-b- ]-cn-]m-e-I-cm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-
hm-Zn-I-Ä-, hy-àn-kzm-X-{ýw-, kam-[m-w-, n-b-{ń-X- kÀ-¡m-À-, F-¶n-§sbp-Å- hn-j-b-§-Ä-
D-Äs¡mÅp-¶- {]-iv-§sf]-än- A-h-À-¡v hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- a-p-jytcmSpw- P--¡q-«-§tfmSpw-
H-¶n-¨v {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
B-[p-n-I- -temIs¯ h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-n-¨- H-¶m-Wv kaq-e-am-b- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-
-tI{µw-. ^-co-Zv k¡-dn-b- F-¶- ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I-³- {]-kvXm-hn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-:
¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- Nn-{X-¯n-Â-n-¶pw- -t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶m-Wv -½tfmSv
]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A-§s-sb¦n-Â-, skâv. -t]mÄ-kv ]-Ån-bn-Â- kÀ- {In-kvä-^-À
sd¶n-sâ kvam-c-I-¯n-Â- Ip-dn-¨- "kn- -tamypsaâw-, kn-À-Iw-kv-ss]kv' F-¶m-bn-cn-
¡pw- A-Xn-sâbpw- ar-Xyp-Ip-dn-¸v. n-§-Ä- H-cp- kvam-c-I- -sI«n-Sw- Xn-c-bp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-,
Np-äpw- -tm¡p-I-. -½-Ä- Po-hn-¡p-¶- Cu- -temIs¯¡p-dn-¨v H-¶v BtemNn-¡q- - atXX-c-,
im-kv{Xo-b-, P-m-[n-]-Xy-, a-[y-h-À-K- -temIw-. n-§-Ä-¡v C-ãs¸«m-epw- CsÃ¦n-epw-, Cu- -temIw-
]ptcmK-a-- hm-Zw- -sImïm-Wv D-ïm-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. I-gn-ª- C-cp-¶q-dv -sImÃ-§-fm-bn-,
(X-sâ an-{X-am-b- ap-X-em-fn-¯t¯m-sSm¸w-), ]ptcmK-a-- hm-Zw- -in-¸n-¨-Xv c-ïm-bn-cw
h-À-j-§tfmfw- a-p-jy- kaq-l-¯n-Â- n-e-¶n-cp-¶- H-cp- {I-at¯bm-Wv - A-[n-Im-cw-,
a-Xw-, B-Nm-cw-, `q-an-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-À- D-ïm-¡n-b- H-¶v. A-Xn-sâ P-·-kvY-e-am-b- bqtdm¸n-Â-
n-¶pw- ]ptcmK-a-- hm-Zw Atacn-¡-bnte¡v ]-S-cp-I-bpw- Ct¸mÄ- G-jysb ]p--À-n-À-
½n-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- (¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ ka-Im-en-I- m-aw-) Ct¸mÄ-¯s¶ B-[p-
n-I- -temIs¯ h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-n-¨n-«p-ïv. -temI-¯n-sâ ]-e- `m-K-§-fn-epw-, h-fscb-[n-Iw
bp-²-§-Ä- -S-¶n-«p-ïv, A-Xn-Â- ]-e- kvY-e-§-fn-epw- hn-P-bn-¨n-«p-ap-ïv: k`-bpsSbpw- kw-kvYm--
¯n-sâbpw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-hv; `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv A-[n-Im-cs¯ n-b-{ń-¡p-I-;

kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-
21
kw-km-c- kzm-X-{ýw-; hym-]m-c-hm-Zs¯ kz-X-{´- hym-]m-cwsImïv ]-I-cw- h-bv¡-Â-; A-Sn-a-¯w- n-À-
¯-em-¡p-I-; hy-àn-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{ýw- Iq-SmsX a-X-, -tKm{X-, `m-j-, -ssew-Kn-I- yq--]-£-¡m-cpsS
kln-jvWp-X-; kz-¯v kw-c-£-Ww-; ^m-kn-k¯n-sâ ]-cm-P-bw-; Pnw- -t{Im; A-]m-À-Xo-Uv, m-kn-kw-,
I-½yq-Wn-kw- F-¶n-§s. h-fscb-[n-Iw- ]-WvUn-X-·m-cpsSbpw- {]-h-À-¯-I-cpsSbpw- {]-b-Xv-§-
fm-Wv Cu- P-b-§-Ä- -tSm-³- klm-bn-¨-Xv. A-h-À- -temIs¯ -sa¨s¸Sp-¯n- - Iq-Sp-X-Â- o-Xn-]q-
À-Æ-am-b-, kam-[m--ap-Å-, kz-X-{´-am-b- -temIw- D-ïm-¡n-. A-h-À- B- {]-iv-§-fpsSbpw- a-äp- ]-e-
{]-iv-§-fpsSbpw- ap-I-fn-ep-Å- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-Isf ym-b-am-b- cm-{ão-b- {]-`m-j-W-
¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm--am-¡n- am-än-. ]s£, C-¯-cw- _-lp-a-Xn-I-ÄsIm-sïm¶pw- R-§-Ä- kw-Xr-]vX-
cm-hn-Ã-. F-¶s¯bpwt]m-se, ]-g-b- ]-e- bp-²-§-fpw- ho-ïpw- -t]mcmtSïn-h-cm-dp-ïv. ]-g-b- X-e-ap-d-
I-fnse¶t]m-se, C-¶s¯ bp-hm-¡-Ä-¡pw- -t]mcm-Sm-³- C-n-bpw- bp-²-§-fpw- P-bn-¡m-³- C-n-bpw-
kzm-X-{ý-§-fpw- _m-¡n-n-Â-¡p-¶p-.
]m-À-«n- L-S--bn-Â- n-¶pw- am-dn-n-¶psImïv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- F-§sbm-Wv C-{X-
bp-a-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-w- -sNep-¯n-b-Xv? Nn-et¸mÄ- R-§-fpw- kz-´-am-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä- Xp-S-§m-dp-ïv,
bqtdm¸nsebpw- a-äp- cm-Py-§-fnsebpw- ]-e- (¢m-kn-¡-Â-) en-_-d-Â- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä- C-Xn-p- D-Zm-l-c-W-
am-Wv. ]-et¸mgpw- R-§-Ä- -sNdn-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä-¡p-Ån-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-dp-ïv, Atacn-¡-bnse en-_-
Àt«dn-b-³- ]m-À-«n- -t]m-se, B- ]m-À-«n-bnse 2012 Xn-csªSp-¸nse {]-kn-U-âv kvYm-m-À-°n-bm-b-
K-h-À-W-À- Km-cn- -tPm¬-k³- e-£-¡-W-¡n-v B-fp-Isf kÀ-¡m-À- ]-²-Xn-I-fm-b- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v
F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-hpw- a-äpw- D-ïm-¡p-¶- -tZmj-§sf¸-än- ]-Tn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-. Nn-et¸mÄ- R-§-Ä- n-e-
hn-ep-Å- ]m-À-«n- kw-L-S--¡p-Ån-epw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-dp-ïv, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, dn-¸-»n-¡-³- kvYm-m-À-°n-
bm-b- -tdm¬- -t]mfn-sâ 2008sebpw- 2012sebpw- Xn-csªSp-¸v {]-Nm-c-W-I-Ä-. At±l-¯n-v X-sâ
cm-{ão-b- {]-Nm-c-W-¯n-sâ {]-kw-KthZn-bn-Â n-¶psImïv Atacn-¡-bnsebpw- -temIsa¼m-Sp-
ap-Å- -sNdp-¸-¡m-cnte¡v kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-X-¯-z-§sf F-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¨p-. cm-Py-hpw- km-l-N-cy-hpw-
A-p-kcn-¨v R-§-fpsS cm-{ão-b- {]-h-À-¯-w- ]-e- cq-]-§-fpsaSp-¡psa¦n-epw-, cm-{ão-b- -t{iWnsb
R-§-fpsS B-i-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- Ft¸mgpw- A-dn-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
1960-I-fnseAtacn-¡sb¡p-dn-¨vBtemNn-¨ptm¡q-,Xo-{h-am-b-hn-Zym-À-°n-{]-h-À-¯--¯n-sâ
kp-h-À-®- Im-e-L-«-am-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶- ka-bw-. h-e-Xv ]-£-¯v, bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-cm-b- b-Mv Atacn-¡-³-kv
-t^mÀ- {ô-Uw- (YAF). 1960-Â- kzo-I-cn-¡s¸«- A-h-cpsS kvYm-]-I- {]-kvXm-h--bm-b- im-c-¬- kv-tääv-saâv
]-d-bp-¶p-: "kzm-X-{ýw- hn-`-Pn-¡m-³- ]-äm-¯- H-¶m-Wv, km-¼-¯n-I- kzm-X-{ý-an-ÃmsX cm-{ão-b-
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-v A-[n-I-m-Ä- n-e-n-Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-; B-`y-´-c- {I-aw- n-e-n-À-¯ns¡mïpw-
-tZi-¯n-sâ sskys¯ D-]tbmKn-¨psImïpw-, o-Xn- -S-¸n-em-¡ns¡mïpw- B- kzm-X-{ý-§sf
kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ Np-a-X-e--; C-¯-cw- ym-b-am-b- Np-a-X-e-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw-
]p-dt¯¡v-t]mIpt¼mgm-Wv kÀ-¡m-À- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- kw-`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, A-Xv {I-as¯bpw-
kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- Ip-d-bv¡m-n-S-bm-Ip-¶p-;' A-h-cpsS B-cm-[y-]p-cp-j-m-b- sk-ä-À- _m-cn
Hm-Ä-U-zm-«-À-, -tZi-¯ntmSp-Å- {]-kw-K-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-,"kzm-X-{Xys¯ kw-c-£n-
¡m-³- Xo-{h-hm-Zw- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- -sXä-Ã- F-¶v Rm-³- Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯s«. A-Xp
t]mseXs¶,o-Xn-e-`y-am-¡m-³-e-Lq-I-c-Ww-H-cp--·-bp-a-Ã-F-¶p-Iq-Sn-Rm-³-Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯p-¶p-.'
AtXka-bw-, kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- F- -sU-tam{Im-än-Iv skmsskän- (SDS) C-S-Xv ]-£-¯p-n-¶v
H-cp- bp-²-hn-cp-²- {]-kvYm-w- -bn-¨psImïv h-¶p-. 1962-Â- kzo-I-cn-¡s¸«- A-h-cpsS -t]mÀ-«v

22
lyqtdm¬- kv-tääv-saâ n-Â- A-h-À- kXywsN¿p-I-bp-ïm-bn-: "a-p-jysc A--´-am-b- A-aq-ey-cm-bn-«pw-,
bp-àn-, kzm-X-{ýw-, kv-tlw- F-¶n-§sbp-Å- n-dthdm-¯- I-gn-hp-I-Ä- D-Å-h-cm-bn-«p-am-Wv
Im-Wp-¶-Xv. B-Z-À-i-cm-{ã-¯n-sâbpw- {]-Xo-£-bpsSbpw- ho-gvN-I-Ä- C-¶s¯ km-aq-ln-I- Po-hn-
Xs¯hntijn-¸n-¡p-¶-khntij-X-I-fm-Wv.A-Xn-sâIm-c-W-§-Ä-]-e-Xm-Wv:ap-³-C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-sâ
kz-]v-§sf kväm-en-n-kw- -in-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- ]n-¶o-Sv H-cn-¡-epw- A-h- ]p--:n-À-½n-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw-
-sNbvXn-«n-Ã-...C-cp-]-Xmw- q-äm-ïn-sâ ò-I-c-X-I-Ä- Kym-kv-A-Sp-¸p-I-fn-epw- -tIm¬k-t{ïj-³- Iym-¼p-
I-fn-epw- B-äw- -t_mw-_p-I-fn-epw- {]-Xn-n-[o-I-cn-¡s¸«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv, A-h- {]-Xo-£sb -in-¸n-¨p-. H-cp-
B-Z-À-i-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-¶-Xv Zm-cp-W-hpw- ]-än-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xn-p- Xp-ey-amsW¶p-am-Wv I-cp-Xs¸Sp-¶-Xv.
SDS-sâ ap-³- {]-kn-U-âm-b- Im-Ä- HsKÂ-kv_n- X-sâ Hm-À-½-¡p-dn-¸m-b- -td-sh³-kv C-³- Zn-
kv-tämw- F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- A-p-kva-cn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-, H-cmsf h-e-Xv]-£-¡mtcmSpw- C-S-Xv]-
£-¡mtcmSpw- kw-km-cn-¡m-³- A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶- H-cp- n-e-]m-Sm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-tâXv, A-Xv
Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p-Rm-pw-F-¶pw--sN¿m-³-{i-an-¨n-cp-¶-Xv...C-{X-bp-a-[n-Iw-C-S-Xv]-£-§-Ä-D-Åt¸mÄ-
Cu- hn-j-b-¯n-Â- F-´psImïv h-e-Xv]-£s¯ kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww-? C-S-Xpw- h-e-Xpw- F-Xn-À-¡p-¶p- F-¶v
Im-Wn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¦n-Â- n-§-Ä- bp-²-¯nsXnscbp-Å- G-ä-hpw- i-à-am-b- hm-Zw- -sImïp-
h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-.' am-{X-a-Ã-, "kaq-e- -tI{µ-'-s¯¡p-dn-¨pw- "Xo-{h-am-b- an-X-hm-Z-'-s¯¡p-dn-¨pw- kw-km-cn-
¡p-¶-Xv A-ptbmPy-amsW¶v Rm-³- ap-³t] Xo-cp-am-n-¨-Xm-Wv. -½psS hn-i-I-e--¯n-Â- Xo-{h-
am-I-Wsa¶pw- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-ItcmSv ar-Zp-e-X- Im-Wn-¡-Wsa¶p-am-Wv Rm-³- Dt±in-¨-Xv .
H-cp- h-i-¯p- km-¼-¯n-I- kzm-X-{ýs¯ ]n-´m-§n- tkmjy-en-k¯ns F-Xn-À-¡p-¶- YAF;
a-dp- h-i-¯p- ]-u-cm-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw- kam-[m--¯n-pw- -thïn- -t]mcm-Sp-¶- SDS- C-h-À- hy-Xy-kvX-
am-b- Im-cy-§sfbm-Wv ]n-´m-§p-¶sX¦n-Ât]mepw-, ap-gp-h-m-bn- F-Sp-¯m-Â-, C-hsc B-[p-n-I-
Im-e-L-«-¯nse kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«-¯nse Xp-S-¡-¡m-cm-bn- I-cp-Xmw-.
B- kw-cw-`-§-fnse -tXm-¡-Ä-, Xp-S-À-¶v, A-[ym-]-I-cpw-, ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I-cpw-, -s{]m^-ÊÀ-am-cpw-,
cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpw-B-bn-,C-¶s¯-s]mXp-{]-`m-j-Ww-n-b-{ń-¡m-³-Xp-S-§n-.A-h-À-C-S-Xv]-£t¯m-tSm
h-e-Xv ]-£t¯m-tSm Iq-dv Im-Wns¨¦n-epw- A-h-cpsS G-ä-hpw- ka-À-°-am-b- hm-Z-§-fpw
Du-À-Ö-hpw- A-h-cpsS A-´-À-eo--am-b- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- -t{]c-W-I-fn-Â- n-¶m-Wv h-¶-Xv.
a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²w- H-cp- A-_-²-am-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶v Iq-Sp-X-Â-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡s¸«psImïn-cn-¡p-¶p-. Iymtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«v -t]m-sebp-Å- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-
Kthj-W-im-e-I-Ä- h-À-j-§-fm-bn- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-¯n-sâ `-bm--I-am-b-
Nn-e-hp-Isf¡p-dn-¨pw- AtXka-bw- hy-àn-]-c-am-b- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-§-fpsSbpw- kzm-X-{ý-
§-fpsSbpw- Kp-W-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- -tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. a-Zy- ntcm[--¯n-sâ Zp-jv-t{]m
Õm-l--§sf¡p-dn-¨v an-Â-«-¬- -ss{Ûva-³- D-Ä-¸sSbp-Å- {]-i-kvX- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- km-¼-¯n-I-
im-kv{X-Ú-·m-À- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ïv. kzm-X-{ý-hpw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-X-z-hp-ap-f-f- hy-àn-I-fp-Å- H-cp- kaq-lw-
ntcm[-w- -t]m-sebp-Å- C-c-bn-Ãm-¯- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-¡psa¶v [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-Nn-´-
I-À- hm-Zn-¨n-«p-ïv, A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- en-km-ï-À- kv]q-W-dpsS 1875se e-LpteJ--am-b- "sshkkv
B-À- -tm«v -ss{Iavkv' -Â- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv. [m-À-½n-I-X-, o-Xn-, Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-fpsS n-c-¡v, Ip-Spw-_w-,
km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- F-¶n-hsb -tZmj-am-bn- _m-[n-¡p-¶- ntcm[--¯n-sâ Zq-jy-h-i-§sf B-Zy-am-bn
Nq-ïn-¡m-Wn-¨-Xv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. A-XpsImïv C-¶v Iq-Sp-X-Â- cm-{ão-btXm-¡-Ä-
-t]Sn-¡msX a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-¯nsXnsc kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-, "a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v
A-p-Iq-ew-'F-¶vNn-{Xo-I-cn-¡s¸Spsa¶v`-bs¸SmsXXs¶.a-Zy-ntcm[-w--sImïp-h-¶-Ip-ä-Ir-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-

23
Xy-§-fpw-,A-{I-a-§-fpw-,A-gn-a-Xn-I-fpw-klnt¡ïn-h-¶--saIvknt¡m,K-zm-«n-am-e-,-sImfw-_n-b-,{_-ko-Â-
Xp-S-§n-b- cm-Py-§-fnse cm-{ã-]n-Xm-¡-Ä-, K-h-À-W-À-am-À-, ap-³- kw-kvYm-- sk{I-«-dn-am-À-, P-UvPn-am-À-,
-t]meo-kv -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- A-§s AtIw- -t]À- C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
a-äp-Å-h-À- {]tXyIw- Nn-e- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-v A-p-Iq-e-am-b- hn-i-zm-k§-Ä- B-I-kvan-I-am-bpw-
A--u-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bpw- -ssI-s¡mÅpt¼mÄ-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-h- ]n-´m-§p-¶-Xv
X-¯-z-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-em-Wv. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- C-S-Xv ]-£-¯n-sâ-tbm h-e-Xv ]-£-¯n
sâ-tbm H-cp- X-¯-z-a-Ã-. A-Xv kaq-e-am-b- a-[y-kvYm--am-Wv, Po-hn-¡m-pw- Po-hn-¡m--p-h-Zn-¡m-pw-
B-{K-l-ap-Å-h-cpsSbpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pw- kz-´w- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pw- hn-e- -Â-Ip-¶-
h-cptSbpw-, B-h-À-¯-- hn-c-kam-b-Xpw- I-]-S- hm-KvZm--§-fp-am-b- kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Zs¯ F-Xn-À-¡p-
¶-h-cpsSbpw- kz-´w- C-Sw-, A-Xv "C-S-Xv' ]-£-¡mtcm "h-e-Xv' ]-£-¡mtcm B-Imw-.
C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bn-Â- G-Xv `m-K-¯m-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv? A-XnsÃmw- ap-I-fn-Â-.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-

24
A-[ym-bw- m-ev
B-i-b-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv F-§sbmsW¶pw- A-h- X-½n-ep-Å- _-Ô-§-Ä- a--kn-em-¡m-pw- N-cn-{Xw-
klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- Nn-´- -temI-¯n-sâ H-cp- ap-gp-h-³- Nn-{Xs¯ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv F-§s
bmsW¶pw- a-p-jy-À- -s]cp-amtdï-Xv F-§sbmsW¶pw- kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯ N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bpw-
B-i-b-]-c-am-bpw- n-co-£n-¡pt¼mÄ- Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS e-£-W-§-Ä- a-p-jy-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ F-Ãm-bn-S-¯pw- Im-Wm-³-
km-[n-¡psa¦n-epw-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bm-bn- h-¶-Xv B-[p-n-I-
bp-K-¯n-em-Wv. A-Xv hy-àn-kzm-X-{ýs¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- H-cp- B-[p-n-I- X-¯-z-am-Wv, A-Xn-Â- A-Sn-
a-¯-¯ntm hnt[b-¯-¯ntm kvYm--an-Ã-; G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-p- ]-I-cw- A-h-Im-
i-§-fpsS B-kzm-Z-s¯ A-Sn-kvYm-s¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv A-hn-Sps¯ n-b-a- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä-;
A-Sn-a-¯-hpw--, n-À-_-Ô-§-fpw-, Nq-j-W-§-fpw- C-ÃmsX, kz-X-{´-am-b- A-²-zm--hpw- k¶-²- kl-I-
c-W-hpw- hn-n-a-b-hpw- -sImïv D-ïm-Ip-¶- ]-c-kv]-c- kar-²n-bn-em-Wv A-Xv hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv; A-hnsS
a-X-, -tKm{X-, Po-hn-Xssien- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX a-p-jy-À- kam-[m--]-c-am-bpw- kln-jvWp-XtbmSp-Iq-Sn-bpw-
kl-h-kn-¡p-¶p-, A-hnsS bp-²-§-fn-Ã-. B-[p-n-I- -temI-¯nse Cu- X-¯-zw- -sNdp-¸-¡m-À-¡n-S-bn-Â-
-thK-¯n-Â- ]-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
-temIsa¼m-Spw- ]-c-¡p-¶- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-kw-cw-`s¯¡p-dn-¨v a--kn-em-¡m-³-, B-Zyw- kzm-X-{ý-
hm-Zw- F-¶- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zs¯ D-ïm-¡p-¶- B-i-b-§sf a--kn-em-¡-Ww-. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-§sf
a--kn-em-¡m-³- ]-e- h-gn-I-fp-ap-ïv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- ]-Tn-¨v, A-Xv H-cp- Iq-«w- {]-iv-§-fpsS ]-cn-lm-c-
am-bn- h-¶sX§s-sb¶v -tm¡mw-. B-i-b-§-Ä- Nn-e- Im-cy-§-fn-Â- D-]-I-c-W-§sf-t¸m-sebm-Wv
]-c-kv]-c-am-bpw- -temI-hp-am-bpw- C-S-]-g-Im-³- klm-bn-¡p-¶- am--kn-I- D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä-. D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä-
-¶m-bn- a--kn-em-¡m-³- A-h- ]-cn-lm-c-§-fm-bn- h-cp-¶- {]-iv-§sf¡p-dn-¨v a--kn-em-¡-Ww-. N-cn-
{X-]-T-w- B-i-b-§sf a--kn-em-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡pw-. A-h-À- X-½n-ep-Å- {]-h-À-¯n- _-Ô-§sf¡p-
dn-¨pw- a--kn-em-¡mw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, o-Xn-, A-h-Im-iw-, ym-bw-, kzm-X-{ýw-, {I-aw- - F-¶n-§s
bp-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- X-½n-Â- C-Ss]Sp-¶-Xpw- Atymyw- A-À-°w- -Â-Ip-¶- co-Xn-I-fpw- a--kn-em-¡mw-.
Cu- -sNdn-b- D-]-ym-kw- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zs¯ a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- c-ïv co-Xn-Isf¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å-
H-cp- -sNdn-b- B-ap-Jw- -Â-Ipw-.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zs¯ N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- a--kn-em-¡mw-
N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- -tm¡n-bm-Â-, H-cn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- F-¶v A-dn-bs¸«n-cp-¶- {]-kvYm--
¯n-sâ B-[p-n-I- ]-Xn-¸m-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-. "en-_-d-en-kw-" F-¶- ]-Z-¯n-sâ ]-g-b- hym-Jym-w-
-ãs¸«n-cn-¡p-¶p-, {]tXyIn-¨pw- Atacn-¡-bn-Â-. {]-i-kvX- km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv²-m-b- -tPmk^v
jpw-]o-ä-À- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "kz-Im-cy- kw-cw-`-¯n-sâ i-{Xp-¡-Ä- B- X-es¡«v X-«nsbSp-¯-Xv H-cp-
_p-²n-]-c-am-b- o-¡-am-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶p-, B- o-¡w- I-cp-Xn-¡q-«n-b-XsÃ¦n-epw- H-cp- A-`n--µ--am-Wv."

25
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-,AsÃ¦n-Â-Atacn-¡-bnse"¢m-kn-¡-Â-en-_-d-en-kw-"F-¶-]-Z-§-Ä-Ct¸mgpw--temI-¯v
en-_-d-en-kw- F-¶- -t]cntem AsÃ¦n-Â- A-Xn-sâ -t`Z-K-Xn-I-fntem D-]tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-ïv. Atacn-
¡-bnse ]-Z-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- B-i-b-¡p-g-¸w- aq-ew-, "en-_-d-en-kw-" F-¶v Atacn-¡-bn-Â- hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶-
Im-gvN-¸m-Sn-Â- n-¶pw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-¶- Dt±it¯mSp-Iq-Sn- Ipsd hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw
F-¶- ]-Zw- kzo-I-cn-¨p-, B- ]-Z-¯n-pw- 'kzm-X-{ýw-' F-¶- hm-¡n-sâ em-än-³- D-Xv]-¯n- Xs¶bm-
Wp-Å-Xv. en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ Iq-Sp-X-Â- {]m-h-À-¯n-I-am-b- cq-]-§sf A-Xn-sâ kvYn-c-am-bn- D-]
tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶- cq-]-§-fn-Â- n-¶v -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m-m-bn- Cu- hm-¡v D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. (a-äp- `m-j-
I-fn-Â- X-À-Ö-a- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- en-_-d-en-k¯n-pw- ens_À-«-dn-b-n-k¯n-pw- (kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-) Htc
hm-¡m-Wv D-]tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv; D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, lwtKdn-b-³- `m-j-bn-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯n-pw-/
ens_À-«-dn-b-n-k¯n-pw- 'szabadelvűség', 'liberalizmus' F-¶- hm-¡p-I-Ä- H-cpt]m-se D-]
tbmKn-¡p-¶p-).
At¸mÄ-¸ns¶, F-hnsSn-¶m-Wv en-_-d-en-kw- h-¶-Xv? kam-[m--¯n-sâbpw- kln-
jvWp-X-bpsSbpw- ]-c-kv]-c- Kp-W-{]-Z-am-b- k¶-²- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- C-S-]m-Sp-I-
fpsSbpw- A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- Po-hn-X-co-Xnsb kw-c-£n-¡m-m-bn-«m-Wv bqtdm¸n-epw
a-äp- `m-K-§-fn-epw- en-_-d-en-kw- D-b-À-¶p-h-¶-Xv. "A-_vskmeyq-«n-kw-" (G-Im-[n-]-Xyw-) -t]m-sebp-Å- kÀ-Æ-
i-à-am-b- G-Im-[n-]-Xy- kn-²m-´-§-Äs¡Xnsc kam-[m--]-c-am-b- Po-hn-Xs¯ kw-c-£n-¡m-m-bn
en-_-d-en-kw-h-¶p-.A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâi-cn-bm-b-hym-]vXnsb¡p-dn-¨p-Å-X-À-¡-§-fn-Â-en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ
B-i-b-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- ka-À-°-hpw Xo-{h-hpw- ]-c-kv]-cw- i-àns¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xp-am-bn-.
C-cp-ï- Im-e-L-«-¯n-p- -tijw-, h-³-a-Xn-ep-I-fpsS kw-c-£-W-¯n-Â- I-S-Âs¡mÅ-¡m-
cn-Â- n-¶pw-, I-h-À-¨-¡m-cn-Â- n-¶pw-, bp-²-{]-`p-¡-fn-Â- n-¶pw- o-¡s¸«-, kz-bw-`-c-W- -K-c-§-
fpsSbpw- kz-X-{´- "kaq-l-§-fpsSbpw-" h-f-À-¨- aq-ew- bqtdm¸n-Â- hym-]m-c-hpw- hm-Wn-Py-hpw- h-À-²n-¨p-.
bqtdm¸n-Â- ]-e-bn-S-§-fn-epw- D-Xv]m-Z--¯n-sâbpw- I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâbpw- ]p-Xn-b- -K-c-§-Ä- kvYm-]n
-¡s¸«psImïn-cp-¶p-. ]p-Xn-b- -K-c-§-fpw- A-hn-Ss¯ "kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-fpw-", H-cp- ]-g-b- P-À-a-³-
ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se "Stadtluft macht frei (-K-c-¯nse hm-bp- H-cp-hs kz-X-{´-
m-¡p-¶p-), hy-àn-kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâbpw- kam-[m--¯n-sâbpw- kvY-e-§-fm-bn- A-dn-bs¸«p-h-¶p-.
H-cp- N-cn-{X-Im-c-³- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "kzm-X-{ý-an-ÃmsX, A-Xm-b-Xv, -t]mIm-pw- h-cm-pw-,
I-¨-h-Sw- -S-¯m-pw-, km-[--§-Ä- hn-Â-¡m-pw- D-Å- kzm-X-{ý-an-ÃmsX, A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-Â-- -s]«-h-À-¡v
e-`y-a-Ãm-¯- H-cp- A-[n-Im-c-an-ÃmsX, hym-]m-cw- A-km-[y-am-bn-cp-¶p-." C-¯-cw- -K-c-§-fn-Â- C-¶pw-
D-SseSp-¡p-¶- kaq-l-§sf kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- (kn-hn-Â- "civil", civitas-Â- n-¶pw- city) kaq-l-§-Ä- F-¶v
hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. -s]cp-am-äs¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶- H-cp- hm-¡v Iq-Sn-bm-Wv: kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- -s]cp-am-äw-.
kw-kvIm-ct¯m-sS -s]cp-am-dp-I- F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- A-]-cn-Nn-XtcmSv hn-o-X-am-bpw-, X-sâ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-Â-
kXy-kÔ-am-bpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¨psImïpw- s]cp-am-dp-I- F-¶m-Wv.
n-b-a-§sfbpw- s]mXp- -b-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- n-cq-]n-¨n-cp-¶- P--Io-b-am-b- k`-I-Ä- A-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- ]p-Xn-b- -K-c-§-fn-epw- kw-L-§-fn-epw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. "]-u-c- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-", A-Xm-b-Xv H-cp-
]-u-c-kaq-l-¯n-p- B-h-iy-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-, F-¶- ]p-Xn-b- H-cp- B-i-bw- A-hnsSbp-ïm-bn-cp-
¶p-.
hym-]m-cw- hn-I-kn-¨tXm-sSbpw- k¼-¯v kw-`-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXtXm-sSbpw-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-À-
B-[p-n-I- ]-«m-f- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS A-[n-Im-cw- D-Û-hn-¨- A-{I-am-kà-am-b-
Io-g-S-¡-ep-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- Xs¶ A-[n-Im-cw- e-`n-¨- P-·n-am-À-¡ptaepw- k¶-² kl-I-c-W-¯n-Â-

26
-thcp-d-¸n-¨- -K-c-§-Ä-¡ptaepw- A-Xp-]tbmKn-¨v A-h-À- A-h-cpsS A-[n-Im-cw- -sImïp-h-¶p-.
"sskn-I- hn-¹-hw-" Iq-Sp-X-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS -taepw- A-h-cpsS A-[n-
Im-c-§-Ä-¡ptaepw- (`m-hn-bn-Â- "`-c-W-Iq-Sw-"), -tI{µo-I-cn-¨p-.
-tI{µo-Ir-X-am-b-Xpw- G-Im-[n-]-Xy-am-b-Xpw- cm-{ão-b- kw-hn-[m--§-Ä-, bqtdm¸n-Â- n-e-n-
¶n-cp-¶- H-«p-an-¡- cm-{ão-b- kw-hn-[m--§sf ]n-cn-¨p-hn-Sp-I-bpw- Io-g-S-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-, A-Xn-Â-
kz-X-{´- "-K-ccm-Py-"§-fpw-, lm-³-kn-bm-än-¡v eo-Kv Hm-^v a-À-¨-âv kn-äo-kpw-, Zn- -tlmfn- -tdma-³- F-¼-
b-dpw- D-Ä-¸sS a-äp- cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S--I-fp-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-§sbp-Å- "]-c-am-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS"
i-àn- Iq-Sn-¡q-Sn- h-¶tXm-sS, A-h-À- "n-b-a-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â-" BsW¶-h-À- hm-Zn-¨p-, F-¶n-«v,
asäÃm- a-p-jy- kw-L-S--I-fpsS-taepw- k¼q-À-®m-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯n-. k¼q-À-®- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-
-sNep-¯m-³- A-h-À-¡v "-ssZho-I- A-h-Im-iw-" Dsï¶v cm-Pm-¡-·m-À- kvYm-]n-¨p-. atXX-c- i-àn-I-fpw-
a-X-]-c-am-b- A-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw- X-½n-Â- kJyw- -tNÀ-¶p-, an-¡t¸mgpw- atXX-c- i-àn-I-Ä- a-Xm-[n-Im-cn-
I-fpsS-taÂ- B-[n-]-Xyw- kvYm-]n-¨p-, Nn-et¸mÄ- Xn-cn-¨pw- kw-`-hn-¨p-, C-Xn-Â- c-ïm-a-¯-Xns ]n-¶o-Sv
Zn-hym-[n-]-Xyw- F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸«p-.
ka-X-z-hm-Z- X-¯-z-a-p-kcn-¨v `-c-W-I-À-¯m-hv n-b-a-¯n-p- ap-I-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p-, hy-àn-]-c-
am-b- A-[n-Im-cn-b-Ã- n-b-a-am-Wv G-ä-hpw- ap-I-fn-Â- F-¶p-f-f- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â-
n-¶pw- H-cp- am-ä-am-bn-cp-¶p-. Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv VI & I (kv-tImSve-³-Un-Â- Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv VI ]n-¶o-Sv,
1603-Â- Cw-¥-ïn-Â- Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv I B-hp-I-bpwsNbvXp-) 1598-Â- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "cm-Pm-hv
ap-gp-h-³- kw-kvYm--¯n-sâbpw- A-[n-]-m-Wv; At¸mÄ- At±lw- B- `q-an-bn-Â- Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶- F-Ãm-
h-cpsSbpw- -tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv, A-Xn-Â- Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- Po-h-n-epw- a-c-W-¯n-epw- A-[n-Im-c-
ap-Å-bm-Ä-. H-cp- cm-P-Ip-am-c-³- H-cp- hy-à-am-b- n-b-a-an-ÃmsX A-h-sâ {]-P-I-fpsS Po-h-³- F-Sp-¡n-Ã-,
F-¶m-Â- Po-hsSp-¡m-³- B-{i-bn-¡p-¶- n-b-a-§-Ä- A-htm AsÃ¦n-Â- A-h-sâ ap-³-Km-an-Itfm
D-ïm-¡n-b-Xm-Wv,A-Xn-m-Â-,A-[n-Im-cw-Ft¸mgpw-A-h-n-Â-n-¶p-am-WvD-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv...n-b-a-¯n-sâ
-teJ-I-pw- A-Xn-v i-àn- -Â-Ip-¶- B-fm-b-Xn-m-epw-, cm-Pm-hv n-b-a-¯n-v ap-I-fn-emsW¶v
C-§s h-fsc hn-i-Z-am-bn- Rm-³- -sXfn-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-."
ka-X-z-hm-Z-¯ntm-sSm¸w- H-cp- km-¼-¯n-I-im-kv{X- X-¯-zw- IqsS D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-: hym-]m-c-
hm-Zw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, cm-Pm-hpw- At±l-¯n-sâ DtZymK-kvY- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-am-Wv hy-h-km-bs¯
-bnt¡ï-Xv F-¶p-Å- B-i-bw-. C-ã-{]-Im-cw- kw-cw-`-§sf hn-e-¡m-pw- ]n-´m-§m-pw- Ip-¯-I-
bm-¡m-pw- (kz-P--]-£-]m-Xw- F-¶v A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶p-), C-d-¡p-a-Xn- km-[--§-Ä- Ip-d-ª- hn-e-bv¡v
hn-Â-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv X-S-ªp-n-À-¯n- Xt±i- hym-]m-cn-Isf "kw-c-£n-¡m-pw-", `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf
Kp-Ws¸Sp-¯p-¶-hn-[w- hn-]-Wnsb n-b-{ń-¨p- J-P-m-hnse ]-Ww- Iq-«m-pw- D-Å- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä-
F-Sp-¡m-p-Å- A-[n-Im-c-apsï¶p-Å- B-i-bw-.
A-n-b-{ń-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-pw-, Ip-¯-I-I-Ä-¡pw-, {]tXyIm-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw-, hm-Wn-Py-
hm-Z-¯n-pw-, kw-c-£-W-hm-Z-¯n-pw-, bp-²-¯n-pw-, -s]mXp-hm-bv]-¡pw- F-Xntcbm-bn- ]-u-cm-h-Im-
i-§-Ä-¡pw- n-b-a- hm-gvN-¡pw- A-p-Iq-e-am-bn- kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- kaq-l-¯ns ]n-´m-§ns¡mïm-
bn-cp-¶p- en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ D-Z-bw-. B- -t]mcm-«w h-fscb-[n-Iw- D-d-hn-S-§-fn-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv D-ïm-b-Xv.
hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY-sbbpw- Io-g-S-¡s¸«- Atacn-¡-³- C-ý-¡m-À-¡v A-h-cpsS kv]m-n-jv -tae-
[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v F-Xnscbp-Å- A-h-Im-i-§sfbpw- ym-bo-I-cn-¨- ke-a-¬-I-bnse kv]m-n-jv kv-
tImfm-kvän-¡nse Nn-´-I-À- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨- hy-àn- kzm-X-{ýs¯ Ip-dn-¨p-Å- B-i-b-§-fpw- ]ns¶ U-¨v,
P-À-a-³- Nn-´-I-À- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨- {]-Ir-Xn-n-b-a-¯n-sâbpw- kzm-`m-hn-I- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsSbpw- X-¯-z-

27
§-Ä- C-Xn-Â- G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«-Xm-Wv. H-cp- ]s£ B-Zys¯ k¼q-À-®-am-b- H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-
hm-Zt]mcm-«w- Cw-¥-ïnse kn-hn-Â- bp-²-§-fpsS ka-b-¯m-I-Ww-: Zn- -sehtÃgvkv. Cw-¥o-jv kn-hn-Â-
bp-²-¯n-Â- (1642-1651), ]m-À-fsaâ n-sâ h-i-¯p-n-¶m-Wv -sehtÃgvkv -t]mcm-Sn-b-Xv, A-Xv H-cp-
n-b-{ń-X-, n-b-a-L-S-m-]-c-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cn-pw-, a-X- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pw-, -sXmgn-Â- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pw-,
kz-¯v kw-c-£-W-¯n-pw-, D-]-Po-h--¯n-pw thïn-bp-Å- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pw-, Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
¡pw- -thïn-bm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À- kaq-e-]-cn-jvI-c-W-hm-Zn-I-fpw-, D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-fpw-, a-p-jym-h-Im-i-
¯n-sâbpw- kam-[m--¯n-sâbpw- ]n-´m-§n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p-.
A-¯-cw- B-i-b-§-Ä- - hy-àn- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâbpw-, ]-cn-an-X- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâbpw-, Nn-´-, a-Xw-,
kw-`m-j-Ww-, -sXmgn-Â-, D-Xv]m-Z-w-, bm-{X- F-¶n-h-¡p-Å- kzm-X-{ýw- - a--kp-Isf Xp-d-¶p-, ]p-cm-X--
_-Ô-§sf X-I-À-¯p-, km-[m-c-W- a-p-jy-v C-Xp-hsc D-ïm-hm-¯-hn-[w k¼m-Zyw- -sImïp-h-¶p-,
Iq-SmsX, ]-e- km-{am-Py-§sfbpw- C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-. bqtdm¸n-epw- tmÀ-¯v Atacn-¡-bn-epw- ku-¯v
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- A-Sn-a-¯w-- n-À-¯-em-¡n-, CtXm-sS 1888 -sabv 13v {_-ko-en-epw- n-À-¯-em-¡s¸«p-.
P-³-an-¯-k{¼-Zm-bw- C-Ãm-Xm-bn-. bqtdm¸nse A-Sn-a-Isf kzm-X-{´-cm-¡n-, Nn-et¸mÄ- H-¶n-¨pw-
Nn-et¸mÄ- L-«-§-fm-bpw-: Hm-kv{Sn-b-bn-Â- 1781-epw- 1848-epw-; -sU·m-À-¡n-Â- 1788-Â-; skÀ-_n-b-bn-Â-
1804-epw- 1830-epw-; _thdn-b-bn-Â- 1808-Â-; 1848-Â- lw-K-dn-bn-epw- -t{Im-tbjy-bn-epw-; d-jy-bn-Â- 1861-epw-
1866-epw-; 1918-Â- -t_mkvn-b-bn-epw- -slÀ-k-tKmhn--bn-epw-, A-Sn-a-Isf kzm-X-{´-cm-¡n-.
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- -t]mcm-«w- bqtdm¸n-epw- bqtdm¸n-sâ -tImf-n-I-fn-epw- am-{X-a-Ã-,
C-kvem-an-I- cm-Py-§-fn-epw- -ssN-bn-epw-, A-hn-S-§-fnse {]mtZin-I- ]m-c-¼-cy-§sf am-n-¨psImïv,
]-c-¶p-. Im-c-Ww-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ B-i-b-§-Ä- H-cp- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-sâ am-{Xw- D-Â-]m-Z--a-Ã-;
F-Ãm- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-pw- F-Ãm- ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-pw- kzm-X-{ýs¯¡p-dn-¨pw- A-[n-Im-cs¯¡p-dn-¨pw-
A-h-cptSXm-b- hym-Jym--§-fp-ïm-Ipw-. -thmÄ-«-b-dpw- B-Uw- kvan-¯pw- bqtdm¸n-Â- n-¶pw- B-bn-cp-
¶-Xpt]m-se, ]n-¶o-Sv h-¶- ap-tÊmfn-n-bpw-, -sen-pw-, ln-äve-dpw- A-hnsSn-¶p-Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p-.
]-Xn-äm-ïp-Itfmfw-, -ssN-bn-Â- A-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯n-bn-cp-¶- {]-am-W-§-fpsS D-S-a-bm-b- am-À-Ivkv,
-ssN-¡m-c-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-, P-À-a-n-bn-Â- n-¶p-am-bn-cp-¶p-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ Úm-n-I-fpw
i-Ð-§-fpw-F-Ãm-kw-kvIm-c-§-fn-epw-D-ïm-Ip-¶t]m-se,k¼q-À-®-A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ]n-´p-W-¡m-cpw
D-ïm-Ipw-. {]mtZin-I- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fp-am-bn- -tbmPn-¨psImïv, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw temIsa¼m-Spw- -thcn-
d-§p-I-bm-Wv, {]tXyIn-¨pw- B-{^n-¡-bn-epw- G-jy-bn-epw-, A-Xpt]m-seXs¶ bqtdm¸n-epw- em-än-³-
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- -tmÀ-¯v Atacn-¡-bn-epw- A-Xv Xn-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶p-ïv.
ap-³-kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-fpsS-tIh-e-hm-Z-¯n-vF-Xnscbp-ïm-bn-cp-¶--t]mcm-«-¯n-sâA-p-`-h-
§-fn-Â-n-¶p-am-{X-a-Ã-,kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pw-kw-kvIm-c-¯n-pw-F-Xnscbp-Å-am-c-I-am-b-ò-j-Wn-bm-b-
kvYn-Xn- ka-X-z-hm-Z- ka-{Km-[n-]-Xyw- D-ïm-¡n-b- ò-I-c-X-bpsS A-p-`-h-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
ka-Im-en-- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«w- D-ïm-b-Xv. ]s¯m³-]-Xmw- q-äm-ïn-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- Nn-´-
bpsS X-cw-Kw- A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- D-¶-Xn-bnse¯n-¯p-S-§n-. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpsS
A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- D-ïm-b- ]p-Xn-b- cm-{ão-b- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-§-Ä- en-_-d-en-k-s¯ -shÃp-hn-fn-¨p-.
km-{am-Py-X-zw-, hw-io-b-X-, tkmjy-en-kw-, -tZio-b-X-, I-½yq-Wn-kw-, ^m-kn-kw-, C-h-bpsS ]-e-X-cw-
Iq-Snt¨c-ep-I-Ä-, F-Ãmw- ka-X-z-hm-Z-¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-- A-p-am--¯n-Â- n-¶p-ap-ïm-b-Xm-Wv.
hy-àn-Isf A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS I-e-h-d-bm-bn-«-Ã- I-ïp-h-¶-Xv; `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-[n-Im-c-¯n-
eqsS {]-Xn-n-[o-I-cn-¡s¸«- -tZi-¯n-sâbpw- -tKm{X-¯n-sâbpw- h-À-¤-¯n-sâbpw- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw-
Xm-Â]-cy-§-fp-am-Wv {]-[m-w- F-¶m-Wv A-h-À- A-h-Im-is¸«-Xv.

28
1900-Â- Zn- -tj-sâ kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- F-Un-ä-À- B-b- C-.F-Â-. -tKmUvIn-³-, H-cp- -teJ--¯n-Â-
C-§s F-gp-Xn-: "A-htijn-¡p-¶- G-Xm-pw- Nn-e-À-, (A-Xn-Â- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- In-g-h-·m-cm-Wv,) am-{Xta
en-_-d-Â- X-¯-z-§sf ]n-´m-§p-¶p-Åp-, A-h-À- a-cn-¨pt]mbm-Â- ]ns¶ A-Xn-p- ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- D-ïm-
In-Ã-."Iq-Sp-X-Â-`-bs¸Sp-¯p-¶-H-cp-Im-cyw-Fs´¶m-Â-,h-cp-¶-q-äm-ïn-Â-,-tImSn-¡-W-¡n-p-a-p
-jy-À-¡v A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§-Ä- -ãs¸Sp-¯n-b- ka-X-z-hm-Z- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-Itfbpw- bp-²s¯bpw-
At±lw- {]-h-Nn-¨n-cp-¶p-: "kzm-`m-hn-I- A-h-Im-i-§sf¡p-dn-¨v -½-Ä- Ct¸mÄ- -tIÄ-¡mtdbn-Ã-.
-ssZhw- A-h-cpsS -ta[m-hn-I-fm-bn h¨-h-cpsS B-Ú-I-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨p- Po-hn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv
Xm-gv¶- h-À-¤-¡m-cpsS Np-a-X-e-. -ssZhn-I- A-h-Im-iw- F-¶- -sXäm-b- hm-Zw- H-cn-¡-Â-¡q-Sn- A-Xn-sâ
m-i-I-c-am-b- i-àn- kvYm-]n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv, A-Xv ho-ïpw- n-c-kn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xn-p-ap-¼v h-³tXmXn-
ep-Å- A-´m-cm-{ã- ka-c-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv." A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ kw-`-hn-¨p-. A-Xn-sâ
^-ew- C-¶p-hsc Im-Wm-¯- hn-[-ap-Å- H-cp- Iq-«sIme-]m-X-I-am-bn-cp-¶p-, ]p-Xn-b- -tXmXn-ep-Å- _-lp-
P-- A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-sâ kw-hn-[m--§-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p-. bqtdm¸n-epw-, bqtdjy-bn-epw-, G-jy-bn-epw- D-ïm-
bn-cp-¶- -temI- a-lm-bp-²-§-fpsS ò-I-c-X-I-Ä- Z-£n-W- Atacn-¡-bnte¡pw-, B-{^n-¡-bnte¡pw-,
an-Un-Â- Cu-kvänte¡pw- ]-I-À-¶p-.
kzm-X-{ýt¯mSpw- kw-kv¡m-ct¯mSpw- Po-hn-Xt¯mSpw- Xs¶ kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Zw- D-b-À-¯n-b-
-shÃp-hn-fn- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- {]-Xn-I-c-Ws¯ m-S-Io-b-am-bn- cq-]s¸Sp-¯n-. Xmsg ]-d-bp-¶- kzm-X-
{ý-hm-Z- Nn-´-I-fpsS aq-e-X-¯-z-§-Ä-¡v -taep-Å- {]m-[m-y-hpw- A-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-. tkmjy-en-kw-,
I-½yq-Wn-kw-, m-kn-kw-, ^m-kn-kw- ap-X-em-b-h- kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Z- X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- n-c-kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-.
1. kw-Ls¯¡m-fpw-, A-Xv kw-kvYm-tam, h-À-¤tam, hw-itam, cm-{ãtam B-hs«, A-Sn-kvYm--
[m-À-½n-I- L-S-Isa¶- n-e-bn-em-Wv hy-àn-K-X- a-p-jy-sâ {]m-ap-Jyw-;
2. hy-àn-hm-Z-hpw- AtXm-sSm¸w- Hmtcm hy-àn-¡pw- kz-´w- k-t´mjw- Isï¯m-p-Å- A-h-Im-
i-hpw-;
3. hntI{µo-Ir-X-hpw- kam-[m--]-c-hp-am-b- Xo-cp-am-saSp-¡p-¶-Xn-p-Å- am-À-Ksa¶- n-e-bn-Â-
kz-¯-h-Im-i-hpw- hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY-bpw--, -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-p- a-p-jy-cpsS A-dn-hns
^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kl-I-c-W-hpw-;
4. ]-u-c-kaq-l-¯nseIp-Spw-_w-,a-X-kaq-lw-,A-b-Â-]-¡-A-tkmkntbj-³-,_n-kn--kvkvYm-]-w-,
te_-À- bq-Wn-b-³-, {^-ïven- skmsskän-, -s{]m^-j-W-Â- A-tkmkntbj-³- -t]mep-Å-h-bpw-
hy-àn-Isf A-h-cpsS A-Xp-ey-am-b- -t«-§-Ä- -ssIh-cn-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-
Po-hn-X-¯n-vA-À-°-hpw-Hm-P-Êpw--Â-Ip-¶-F-®-a-ä-a-äp-Å-k¶-²-kw-L-S--I-fpsS{]m-[m-yw-,
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-[n-Im-c-§-fm-Â- A-h- Xp-S-¨p-o-¡s¸Sp-¶p-;
5. `-c-W-Iq-St¯mSp-Å- `-b-hpw- ssky-¯nsebpw- `-c-W-Iq-S- A-[n-Im-c- L-S-I-§-fnsebpw-
A-[n-Im-c- -tI{µo-I-c-Ws¯ Ip-dn-¨p-Å- `-b-hpw-.
h-fscb-[n-Iw- hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS ]p--À-Öo-h-pthïn- klm-bn-¨n-«p-ïv,
{]tXyIn-¨pw-c-ïmw--temI-a-lm-bp-²w-A-h-km-n-¨p-Xp-S-§n-bt¸mÄ-.1943-Â-Atacn-¡-bn-Â-{]-kn-²o-
I-cn-¨- aq-¶v ]p-kvX-I-§-Ä- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- B-i-b-§sf -s]mXp- N-À-¨-bnte¡v Xn-cn-¨psImïp-h-¶p-:
tdmkv -sshÂ-U-À- -ssen-sâ Zn- Un-kvI-h-dn- Hm-^v {ô-Uw-, C-k-s_Â- ]m-ä-À-k®n-sâ Zn- -tKmUv Hm-
^v Zn- -sajo-³- ]ns¶ A-bn-³- dm-ïn-sâ {]-kn-²-am-b- Zn- ^-ussï³slUv. 1944-Â- Atacn-¡-bn-Â-

29
ep-U-zn-Kv -thm¬- an-kkv Hm-avns]m«-âv K-h-¬saâv: Zn- -ssdkv Hm-^v Zn- -tSm«-Â- kv-tääv B-³-Uv -tSm«-Â-
hm-À- F-¶- ]p-kvX-Iw- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-, Iq-SmsX, bpssWä-Uv Inw-KvU-¯n-Â- F-^v.F-. lsb¡v ka-
X-z-hm-Z- km-¼-¯n-I- B-kq-{X-W-¯n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- X-sâ ]p-kvX-I-am-b- Zn- -tdmUv äp- kÀ-^vUw-
{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-. lsb¡n-sâ B- ]p-kvX-Iw- a-äp- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- A-Xv
{]-kn-²-am-hp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. lsb¡v B-Wv ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- ]-WvUn-X-cpsS A-´m-cm-{ã
kw-L-am-b- -tam¬-«v -s]-sedn-³- skmsskän- cq-]o-I-cn-¨-Xv, A-Xn-sâ B-Zys¯ k-t½f-w- 1947-Â
kzn-ä-kÀ-em-³-Un-Â- -sh¨m-Wv D-ïm-b-Xv. A-Xn-ptijw-, Iq-Sp-X-Â- ]p-kvX-I-§-fpw-, kw-L-§-fpw-,
kw-L-S--I-fpw-, {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-im-e-I-fpw-, Kthj-W- kw-L-S--I-fpw-, hn-Zym-À-°n- kan-Xn-I-fpw- cm-{ão-b-
]m-À-«n-I-fpw- n-e-hn-Â- h-¶p-.
¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- B-i-b-§-Ä- {]-N-cn-¸n-¡m-m-bn- Kthj-W- kw-L-S--I-Ä- cp-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«p-.
A-Xn-sâ B-Zys¯ X-cw-Kw- 1940-I-fn-epw- 1950-I-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p-, Hm-kv-t{Sen-b-bnse C-³-kvän-äyq-«v
-t^mÀ- ]-»n-Iv A-^tbgvkv (1943), Atacn-¡-bnse ^-utïj-³- -t^mÀ- F-¡tWman-¡v F-Uyqt¡j-³-
(1946), bq-.-sI.bnse C-³-kvän-äyq-«v Hm-^v F-¡tWman-¡v A-^tbgvkv (1955) F-¶- -t]cp-I-fn-ep-Å-
C-¶p-ap-Å- Du-À-Ö-kz-e- kw-L-S--I-Ä- At¸mÄ- cp-]o -I-cn-¡s¸«p-. -s]mXp- -bs¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- N-À-
¨sb am-än-a-dn-¨- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS c-ïmw- X-cw-K-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bm-Wv Atacn-¡-bnse
Imtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«v 1977-epw- kzo-U-nse Snwt{_m 1978-epw- kvYm-]n-¡s¸«-Xv. (qtdmfw- kvYm-]--
§-Ä- A-Xn-ptijw- cq-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«n-«p-ïv, A-Xn-Â- an-¡-Xpw- C-³-kvän-äyq-«v Hm-^v F-¡tWman-¡v
A-^tbgvkn-sâ kvYm-]-I-³- kÀ- B-â-Wn- ^n-j-À- kvYm-]n-¨- A-äve-kv -sä-z-À-¡p-am-bn- kwtbmPn-X-am-
b-Xm-Wv.) ]mtägvk¬-, -sse³-, dm-ïv, an-kkv, lm-b-¡v F-¶n-h-cpsS ]m-X- ]n-´p-S-À-¶p- h-¶- {]-ap-J
X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-cm-b- -tdm_-À-«v -tmkn-¡v, F-Nv._n-. B-¡v«-¬-, B-â-Wn- ^vfq- F-¶n-h-cpw-, ]ns¶,
tm_-Â- k½m-w- -tSn-b- km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv[-cm-b- -sPbnw-kv _p-¨--³-, an-Â-«-¬ -ss{Ûvam-³-,
-sdmWm-Ä-Uv-tImbvkv,-tPmÀ-Pvkvän-¥-À-,-tdm_-À-«vaptïÂ-,F-entmÀ-Hm-kv-tämÀ-av,-thÀ--¬-kvan-¯v,
Iq-SmsX ]-e-cpw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-, A-h-À- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-fpw- X-¯-z-§-fpw- ]-e- X-cw- km-aq-
ln-I-, km-¼-¯n-I-, n-b-a-]-c-am-b-, cm-{ão-b- {]-iv-§-fpw- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-m-bn- D-]tbmKn-¨p-.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-Ä-¡v an-Un-Â- Cu-kvän-epw-, B-{^n-¡-bn-epw-, G-jy-bn-epw-, em-än-³-
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- ]ns¶ ap-³- tkmhn-b-äv bq-Wn-b-sâ `m-K-am-bn-cp-¶- cm-Py-§-fn-epw- Iq-Sp-X-Â-
]n-´p-W-¡m-À- B-btXm-sS kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- ]p-Xn-b- X-cw- {]-iv-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-pthïn-
am-dns¡mïn-cp-¶p-, {]tXyIn-¨pw-, A-hn-Ss¯ Xt±io-b-am-b- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â-,
H-cp- ]-u-c-kaq-l-¯nse n-b-a-kvYm-]--§sf ]-WnsXSp-¡m-m-bpw- A-Xns i-à-am-¡m-m-bpw-.
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-kvYm-]--§-fn-Â-kam-[m--]-c-am-b-N-À-¨-I-Ä--S-¯p-¶-io-e-§-fpw-;enw-K-,-tKm{X-,a-X-,
-ssew-Kn-I-, `m-jm- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX hy-àn-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- ]-c-kv]-c- _-lp-am--hpw-; X-À-¡-§sf kam-[m--
]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-m-bp-Å- kz-X-{´- o-Xn-ym-b- hy-h-kvY-bpw-; [-w- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xn-pthï- C-S-]m
-Sp-I-Ä- kp-K-a-am-¡p-¶-Xn-pthïn-bp-Å- hy-à-am-bn- n-À-Æ-Nn-¨-, n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-, F-fp-
¸-¯n-Â- -ssIam-äw- -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- H-cp- kz-¯-h-Im-i- k{¼-Zm-b-hpw-; -s]mXp-N-À-¨-I-Ä-¡pw
]-{X-{]-h-À-¯--¯n-p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{ý-§-fpw-; A-[n-Im-c- {]-h-À-¯nsXnscbp-Å- ]-cntim[--I-Ä-
-S-¯p-¶- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpw- kvYm-]--§-fpw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ H-cp- Np-cp-§n-b- kw-{K-l-¯n-Â- C-{X-bp-a-[n-Iw- ]-d-bm-p-ïv.
C-n- -ap-¡v kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zs¯¡p-dn-¨v asämcp- co-Xn-bn-Â- a--kn-em-¡mw-.

30
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zs¯ B-i-b-]-c-am-bn- a--Ên-em-¡mw-: kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-¸o-Tw-
H-cp- Im-ev am-{X-ap-Å- H-cp- I-tkc- Xmsgho-gpw-. H-cp- Im-ev¡q-Sn- A-Xn-p- -sImSp-¯m-Â- A-Xv Ip-d-¨p-
Iq-Sn- D-d-¸p-Å-Xm-Ipw-. aq-¶m-asXm¶v -sImSp-¯m-Â- A-Xv H-cp- ap-¡m-en- ¸o-T-am-hp-I-bpw-, A-Xn-sâ
Im-ep-I-Ä- Atymyw- Zr-Vo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. B-i-b-§-fpw- A-Xpt]m-sebm-Wv. A-h-Im-i-
§sfbpw-, o-Xntbbpw-, km-aq-ln-I- {I-as¯bpw-, ym-bt¯bpw- Ip-dn-¨p-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- X-n
sbb-Ã- n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv. A-Xnse Hmtcm¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-bpsS A-À-°w- ap-gp-h-m-¡p-¶p-. H-cp- ap-¡m
-en-]o-T-¯n-sâ Im-ep-I-Ä- -t]m-se, A-h- ]-c-kv]-cw- ]n-´p-W- -Â-Ip-¶p-.
kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶- A-Sn-kvYm-- B-Z-À-i-¯n-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- D-ïm-b-Xv; kzm-X-
{ý-hm-Zn-I-fpsS I-®n-Â- cm-{ão-b- aq-ey-§-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- D-b-À-¶-Xm-Wv kzm-X-{ýw-. A-Xn--À-°w-
kzm-X-{ýw- Po-hn-X-¯nse G-ä-hpw- aq-ey-ap-Å- Im-cyw- B-I-Wsa¶n-Ã-; Fs´m-s¡bm-bm-epw-, a-p-
jy-À- {]-W-b-¯n-em-hp-I-bpw-, kXyt¯bpw- ku-µ-cyt¯bpw- -tXSp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-ïv, am-{X-a-Ã-,
A-h-À-¡v a-Xt¯bpw- a-äp- {]-[m-s¸«- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- B-i-b-§-fp-ap-ïv At¸mÄ-, cm-{ão-b-
am-hn-Ã-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- {]-[m--am-b- Htc-sbmcp- Im-cyw-. ]s£, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡v,
cm-{ão-b-¯n-Â- n-¶pw- e-`nt¡ï- G-ä-hpw- {]m-Y-an-I-am-b- aq-eyw- kzm-X-{ý-am-Wv. o-Xn-bpw- kam-[m-
-hpw- kar-²ntbbpw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-p-Å-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-b- Po-hn-Xw-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- X-¯-z-§-fpw
aq-ey-§-fpw- ]-c-kv]-cw- Zr-V-am-¡pw- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶- ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- Nn-´-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm--
¯nt·em-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-]o-Tw- aq-¶v kvXw-`-§sf-sImïm-Wv n-À-½n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv:
hy-àn-K-X- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-: cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S--I-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn-p- ap-¼p-Xs¶ hy-àn-
I-Ä-¡v A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-; A-Xv A-[n-Im-c-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- e-`n-¨-X-Ã-, a-dn-¨v,
A-[n-Im-c-§-Äs¡Xnsc D-]tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv; -tmkn-¡v X-sâ kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- C-Xn-
lm-kam-b- A-m-À-¡n-, kv-tääv, B-³-Uv bqt«m]n-b- Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv C-§sbm-Wv: "hy-àn-
I-Ä-¡v A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïv, A-Xpt]m-se (A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡msX) H-cp-
hy-àntbm Iq-«tam H-cn-¡-epw- A-htcmSv -sN¿m-³- ]m-Sn-Ãm-¯- Nn-e-Xp-ap-ïv."
kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw-: {I-as¸Sp-¯p-¶- -t_m[-i-àn-bpsS {]-h-À-¯n-aq-e-am-Wv F-Ãm-
{I-a-hpw- D-ïm-Ip-¶sX¶-Xv hy-àn-I-Ä-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å- H-cp- -s]mXp-hm-b- A-p-am--am-Wv,
]s£, kaq-l-¯n-ep-ïm-Ip-¶- G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«- {I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv -t_m[-]q-À-
h-am-b- B-kq-{X-W-§tfm cq-]-I-Â-¸--Itfm -sImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, X-sâ A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS
A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- a-p-jy-cpsS k¶-²- k¼-À-¡-¯n-epw- A-h-cpsS
]-²-Xn-I-fpsS ]-c-kv]-c- {I-ao-I-c-W-¯n-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv A-Xv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv.
`-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-: A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-³- _-ew-
{]tbmKn-¡m-³- A-[n-Im-cs¸Sp-¯n-b- n-b-a-kvYm-]--§-fpsS B-h-iy-ap-ïv, ]s£
A-¯cw--kvYm-]--§-Ä-Xs¶bm-WvA-h-Im-i-§-Äs¡Xnscbp-Å-G-ä-hpw-h-en-b-ò-j-Wn-,
F-¶v -sh¨m-Â-, C-¯-cw- kvYm-]--§sf Zr-V-am-b- `-c-W-L-S-sImïv n-b-{ńt¡ï-
Xm-Wv, A-Xn-Â- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ D-d-hn-S-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- hn-`-P--hpw- a-Õc-hpw-, `-c-W-
n-À-Æ-l-W-kan-Xn-bpsS A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- n-¶pw- kz-X-{´-am-b- n-b-a-hy-h-kvY-bpw-, A-[n-
Im-c-¯n-ptaÂ- n-b-a-¯n-v -taÂt¡mbva- Dsï¶p-Å- hym-]-I-am-b- n-À-_-Ô-hpw
D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
ap-I-fn-Â-]-d-ª-F-Ãm-kvXw-`-§-fpw-Atymyw-Xp-W--Â-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv.A-h-Im-i-§sfhy-à-am-bn

31
h-À-®n-¡p-I-bpw- n-b-a-kvYm-]--§sf-s¡mïv kw-c-£n-¡s¸Spt¯ï-Xp-am-Wv; A-h-Im-i-§sf
hy-à-am-bn- h-À-®n-¡pt¼mgpw- A-hsb n-b-a-kp-c-£-bn-Â- -sImïp-h-cpt¼mgpw-, kz-X-kn-²-am-b-
{I-aw- D-ïm-Ipw-; kaq-ln-I- {I-a-hpw kam-[m--hpw- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-, hy-àn-I-Ä-
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡m-p-Å- km-[y-X- Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv; kz-´w- A-h-Im-i-§sf
B-kz-Zn-¡p-I-bpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv io-e-am-bm-Â-,
hy-àn-I-Ä- n-b-a-]-c-am-b- kvYm-]--§-Ä-¡v `-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-b- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cm-³-
n-À-_-Ôw- ]n-Sn-¡pw-.
hy-àn-K-X- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
a-X-kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn-bpw- i-à-cm-b-h-cpsS ]o-U-w- klnt¡ïn-h-¶- Zp-À-º-e-cm-b-h-
cpsSkzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn-bp-ap-Å--t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ-taem-Wvkzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-B-i-b-§-Ä-D-ïm-b-Xv.
{^m-³-kn-kv-tIm Un- hntämdn-b- F-¶- kv]m-n-jv Nn-´-I-³- 1539-Â- F-gp-Xn-b- Atacn-¡-³- C-ý-
¡msc ]-än-bp-Å- X-sâ {]-i-kvX- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- Atacn-¡-I-fnse {]mtZin-I- P--§-Äs¡Xnsc
kv]m-n-jv km-{am-Pyw- -S-¯n-b- {Iq-c-X-Isfbpw- ]o-U-t¯bpw- hn-a-À-in-¡p-¶p-ïv. Atacn-¡-³-
C-ý-¡m-À-¡v A-h-cpsS {]-h-À-¯--§-fpsS-taÂ- H-cp- [m-À-½n-I- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- ("dominium") D-ïm-
bn-cp-¶psh¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv At±lw- C-{]-Im-cw- A-h-km-n-¸n-¨p-:
{In-kvXym-n-I-Ä-¡p-Å-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ {]m-Ir-X-À-¡pw- ({In-kvXym-n-I-Ä- A-Ãm-
¯-hscbpw- bqtdm]y-³-am-À- A-Ãm-¯-hscbpw- A-¡m-e-¯v hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶-
-t]cv) -s]mXp-hm-b-Xpw- kz-Im-cy-am-b-Xp-am-b- kz-¯p-¡-fpsS B-kzm-Z--¯n-p taÂ-
b-Ym-À-°- B-[n-]-Xyw- Dsï¶v kw-i-b-an-Ã-. F-¶psh¨m-Â-, A-h-À- ]-u-c-·m-cm-bm-epw-
cm-Pm-¡-·m-cm-bm-epw- i-cn-bm-b- D-S-a-kvY--Ã- (ueri domini) F-¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv, A-h-cpsS
kz-¯p-¡sf -ssI-tbäw- -sN¿m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-.
G-Xv kv-s]bn-³-Im-c-pw- D-Å-Xpt]m-se, Atacn-¡-³- C-ý-¡m-À-¡pw- A-h-cpsS Po-h-ptaepw-,
kz-¯n-sâ-taepw-, cm-Py-¯n-ptaepw- _-lp-am-w- e-`n-¡m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv, F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p-
hntämdn-b-bpw- At±l-¯n-sâ ]n-³-Km-an-I-fpw- hm-Zn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-h-À-¡v B-h-iy-§-Ä- D-ïv, A-¯-cw
A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS-taep-Å- -ssI-tbäw-- F-Xn-À-¡s¸-tSï- H-cp- A-o-Xn-bm-Wv. [m-À-½n-I- D-¯-c-hm-
Zn-¯-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- A-h-Im-i-§sf¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- a-p-jysc¡p-dn-¨p-Å- Nn-´-Isf
h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-n-¨p-; P--w- F-¶- bm-Zr-Ñn-I-X-b-Ã- C-hnsS {]-[m-w-, a-dn-¨v, A-bm-Ä-, kz-´w-
Xn-csªSp-¸p-I-Ä-¡pw {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-¡pw- -taÂ- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- GsäSp-¡m-³- I-gn-bp-¶-, [m-À-
½n-I- {]-h-À-¯-I-mtWm F-¶m-Wv.
G-Xm-ïv B- ka-b-¯v Xs¶bm-Wv, a-p-jy-À- Nn-ń-¡m-pw- n-cq-]n-¡m-pw Xn-csªSp-
¡m-pw- I-gn-hp-Å- Po-hn-I-fm-b-Xn-m-Â- A-h-cpsS a--Êm-£n- kz-X-{´-am-bn-cn-¡-Wsa¶pw- A-h-À-¡v
a-Xs¯ Xn-csªSp-¡m-p-Å- kzm-X-{ý-ap-ïm-I-Wsa¶pw- a-X-kzm-X-{ý- {]-h-À-¯-I-À- A-h-cpsS
Po-h-³- hsc -sImSp-¯psImïv {]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-[n-Im-c-¯n-ep-Å-h-À- -Â-Ip-¶- H-cp- B-p-Iq-
ey-a-Ã- a-X-kzm-X-{ýw-, AsXmcp- A-h-Im-i-am-Wv. `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v i-cn-bm-b- hn-i-zm-k-s¯
kw-c-£n-¡m-p-Å- Np-a-X-e-bpsï¶v ]-d-ªpsImïm-Wv -ssZh-im-kv{X-]-WvUn-X-m-b- -tPm¬-
Im-Â-hn-³- X-sâ hn-a-À-i-I-m-b- skÀthä-kn-sâ P-o-h-bn-Â- -sh¨p-ïm-b- -sIme-]m-X-Is¯

32
A-p-Iq-en-¨-Xv. ]-Xn-m-dmw- q-äm-ïnse {]-i-kvX- a-X-kzm-X-{ý- {]-h-À-¯-I-m-b- sk_m-kväy-³-
Im-kvä-entbm Im-Â-hn-v -Â-In-b- a-dp-]-Sn- C-Xm-Wv: H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS -sIme-]m-X-Iw- H-cp- X-¯-z
-¯n-sâ kw-c-£-W-a-Ã-, A-Xv H-cp- -sIme-]m-X-Iw- Xs¶bm-Wv. P-o-h-¡m-À- skÀthä-kns
-sImes¸Sp-¯n-bt¸mÄ-, A-h-À- H-cp- X-¯-zs¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-I-b-Ã- -sNbvX-Xv, H-cp- hy-ànsb
-sImes¸Sp-¯p-I- Xs¶bm-Wv." H-cp- X-¯-zs¯ hm-¡p-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨v -thWw- kw-c-£n-¡p-I-
bpw- a--Êv am-äp-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ï-Xv, A-ÃmsX B-bp-[-§-fpw- Xo-bpw- D-]tbmKn-¨v Xt¶mSv A-p-Iq-
en-¡m-¯-h-cpsS i-co-c-§sf H-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- I-¯n-¡p-I-bp-a-Ã-. {_n-«o-jv I-hn- -tPm¬- an-Â-«-¬- X-sâ
"F-cntbm]-Km-än-¡-' F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- ]-{X-kzm-X-{ýs¯ A-p-Iq-en-¡p-¶- h-gn-¯n-cn-hm-b-
hm-N-Iw-: "n-b-{´-W-hpw- in-£-bpw- -Â-Im-p-Å- n-b-aw- F-´msW¶pw-, GsXm-s¡ Im-cy-§-fn-Â-
-t{]c-W- am-{Xw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡psa¶pw- hnthNn-¨-dn-bp-hm-³- a-l-¯m-b- I-e- B-h-iy-am-Ip-¶p-."
a-X-, -tKm{X-, enw-K- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX AsÃ¦n-Â- A-Xv -t]m-sebp-Å- a-p-jy-cpsS B-I-kvan-I-am-b-
khntij-X-I-fpsS -t`Z-an-ÃmsX F-Ãm- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw- Xp-ey- _-lp-am-w- -Â-I-Wsa¶v n-À-
_-Ôn-¨n-cp-¶- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ ap-³-Km-an-I-Äs¡Xnsc Hmtcm hy-àn-¡pw- X-sâ Po-hn-Xs¯
n-b-{ń-¡m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïm-bm-Â- kaq-l-¯n-Â- -sam¯-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- ]-²-Xn- D-ïm-
hnsÃ¶pw- A-Xp-aq-ew- Ip-g-¸-§-fpw- {I-at¡Sp-I-fpw- D-ïm-Ipsa¶pw- ]-d-ªpsImïv k¼q-À-®-/
Zn-hym-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- i-à-am-b- -shÃp-hn-fn- -S-¯n-. {I-a-an-Ãm-¯- H-cp- Iq-«s¯
i-cn-bm-¡m-³- -thï- D-Ä-¡m-gvN-bpw- n-À-_-Ô-_p-²n-bp-ap-Å- H-cp- b-P-am--³- -thWsa¶m-Wv
k¼q-À-®-/Zn-hym-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-cpsS A-`n-{]m-bw-. AsÃ¦n-Â-, F-´v D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-
¡-Wsa-t¶m A-Xv D-]tbmKn-¨v F-´v -sN¿-Wsa-t¶m -ssZhs¯ F-§s B-cm-[n-¡-Wsa-t¶m
G-Xv h-kv{Xw- [-cn-¡-Wsa-t¶m F-{X-am-{Xw- Nn-e-hm-¡-Wsa-t¶m o-¡nsh¡-Wsa-t¶m n-§-Ä-¡v
A-dn-bmsX h-cpw-.
kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw--
k¦o-À-W-am-b-- {I-a-¯n-sâ c-l-ky-§-Ä- km-aq-ln-I- im-kv{X-Ú-am-À- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-
Xp-hsc hy-àn-ItfmSp-Å- _-lp-am-w- F-¶- [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-¯n-v B- -shÃp-hn-fnsb H-ä-¡v
tcn-Sm-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-. q-äm-ïp-Itfmfw- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xpt]m-se, H-cp- -tXo-¨-¡q-«nse k¦o-
À-W-am-b- {I-as¯ "`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv", a-äp- -tXo-¨-I-Ä-¡v B-Ú-I-Ä- -Â-Ip-¶- A-n-b-{ń-X-am-b-
A-[n-Im-cw- D-Å-, H-cp- cm-Ún-b-Ã- F-¶v B-[p-n-I- Io-S-im-kv{X-Ú-À- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨-Xpt]m-se,
k¦o-À-W-am-b-a-p-jy-kaq-l-§sf"`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv",£o-c-I-À-j-I-À-¡vFt¸mÄ-]-ip-hnsI-d-¡-Wsa¶pw-
]m-en-v F-{X- hn-e- C-S-Wsa¶pw- ]-d-bp-¶- ]-W-¯n-sâ aq-eyw- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xpw- kaq-l-¯n-Â- N-«w-
-sImïp-h-cm-³- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn- B-Ú-I-Ä- -Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-, A-[n-Im-c-§-fp-Å- a-p-jy-
c-Ã- F-¶v ]-e- km-aq-ln-I- im-kv{X-Ú-·m-cpw- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨p-. a-dn-¨v, A-h-À- a--Ên-em-¡n-b-Xv -t]m-se,
{I-a-hpw- kar-²n-bp-ap-Å- H-cp- kaq-lw- -thWsa¦n-Â-, Pm-¡v -t¢mUv a-dn- hn-³-skâv -sS K-u-ÀsW
F-¶- ]-Xns«mw- q-äm-ïnse kzm-{ý-hm-Z- hn-Z-Kv²-³- ]-d-ª- "laissez faire et laisser passer le monde
va de lui même!" F-¶- {]-am-W-¯n-Â- B-{i-bn-¡-Ww-.
k¦o-À-W-am-b- N-«-§-Ä- B-Úm-]n-¨p-ïm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. `m-j-, hn-]-Wn- k¼-ZvL-S--, -s]mXp-
n-b-aw-, Iq-SmsX a-äp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-]-cn-Nn-X-À- X-½n-ep-Å- k¦o-À-W-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- D-d-hn-Sp-¶-Xv
H-cp- a-lm-m-b- -tXm-hn-sâ (AsÃ¦n-Â- A-¯-cw- -tXm-¡-·m-cpsS H-cp- kw-L-¯n-sâ) a--Ên-Â-
D-ïm-Ip-¶- H-cp- ]-²-Xnsb A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¨psImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, H-cp- Iq-«w- ]-£n-I-fpw-, a-Õy-§-fpw-,

33
-tXo-¨-I-fpw- H-cp- n-b-{ń-X- _p-²n- C-ÃmsXXs¶ k¦o-À-W-am-b- N-«w- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xp
t]m-see-fn-X-am-b-n-b-a-§-Ä-]n-´p-S-cp-¶-a-p-jy-cpsSk¼-À-¡-¯n-sâH-cp-Dt]mÂ-¸-¶-am-bn-«m-Wv.
A-Xv D-ÄsImÅm-³- F-fp-¸-ap-Å- H-cp- Im-cy-a-Ã-. {I-ao-I-cn-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w- Im-cy-§sf
Im-Wpt¼mÄ- -½-Ä- A-Xns {I-ao-I-cn-¡p-¶- H-cm-Ä- Dsï¶p-I-cp-Xpw-. h-cn-h-cn-bm-bn- A-S-
¡nsh¨n-cn-¡p-¶- I-tkc-I-Ä- I-ïm-Â-, "B-cm- Cu- I-tkc-Isf C-§s A-Sp-¡nsh¨-Xv?" F-¶v
H-cp-]s£ Rm-³- -tNmZn-¨pt]mIpw-. F-¶m-Â-, hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY- D-Ä-¸sSbp-Å- F-Ãm- {I-a-§-fpw
A-Xn-sâ hn-I-k-¯n-sâ h-f-À-¨-bn-Â- Xs¶ cq-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«-Xm-Wv, A-§s Xs¶bm-Wv
km-¼-¯n-I-im-kv{X-¯n-Â- -tm_-Â- k½m-w- e-`n-¨- -sPbnw-kv _p-¨--³- ]-d-ª-Xv: "hn-]-Wn-
bnse '{I-aw--' D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv A-Xn-Â- ]s¦Sp-¡p-¶- hy-àn-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- k¶-²-am-b- C-Ss]
S-ep-I-fn-Â- n-¶m-Wv. {I-as¯ Xs¶ A-Xv kr-ãn-¡p-¶- {]-{In-b-bpsS ^-e-am-bm-Wv n-À-h-Nn-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hym-]m-c- {]-{In-b-bn-Â- n-¶pw- kz-X-{´-am-bn- n-e-n-Â-¡m-¯-Xpw- n-e-n-Â-¡m-³-
km-[n-¡m-¯-Xp-am-Wv, "A-Xn-sâ' hn-ln-Xhn-X-c-W- ^-ew-. Cu- {]-{In-b-bn-ÃmsX '{I-aw--' D-ïm-hn-Ã-,
D-ïm-hp-I-bp-an-Ã-.a-p-jy-a--Ên-vC-Xva--kn-em-¡m-³-A-{X-F-fp-¸-a-Ã-,Im-c-Ww-,-½-Ä-F-hnsS-sb¦n-epw-
{I-aw Im-Wp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, {I-as¯ kr-ãn-¨-hsc Isï¯m-³- -tm¡pw-. ]s£, -½-Ä- A-§s
-tm¡pt¼mÄ- Xm-c-Xtay- e-fn-X-am-b- X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a-§-Ä D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-
Wv Im-Wp-I-. a-p-jy- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâ k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶- Im-cy-¯n-epw- C-Xp-
Xs¶bm-Wv kw-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv.
{I-a-¯n-sâbpw- a-p-jy- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- k¦o-À-W-am-b- cq-]-§-Ä- D-ïm-hm-³- -¶m-bn-
n-À-h-Nn-¨-Xpw- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-Xp-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- a-Xnsb¶v a--Ên-em-¡pt¼mÄ-, A-h-Im-
i-§-Ä- F-¶- B-i-bw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-i-z-ko-b-am-bn- -tXm¶pw-. ]s£ A-hsb -½-Ä- F-§s
kw-c-£n-¡pw-? C-hnsSbm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-¸o-T-¯n-v aq-¶m-as¯ Im-ev B-h-iy-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
`-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-
A-h-Im-i-§sf km-£m-Xv¡-cn-¡m-pw- kw-c-£n-¡m-pw- ]-e- h-gn-I-fp-ïv. A-Xn-{I-a-§sf
-ssII-ÄsImïv A-{I-an-¡p-¶-h-cpw- AsÃ¦n-Â- A-Xn-Â- n-¶v Hm-Sn- H-gn-bm-³- -tm¡p-¶-h-cpw
A-h-cpsS Po-htbpw- kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- kz-¯p-¡sfbpw- kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-Xp
t]m-se Xs¶, A-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡m-³- km-[y-X- D-Å-hsc ]p-d-¯m-¡m-³-, hm-Xn-ep-I-Ä-¡v ]q-«p-
I-Ä- hm-§pt¼mgpw- Nm-hn-bp-]tbmKn-¨v N-en-¸n-¡p-¶- hm-l--§-Ä- hm-§pt¼mgpw- -½-Ä- -½psS
A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. -½psS am-{Xw- i-ànsImïpw- ]q-«p-I-fpw- Xmt¡mep-I-fpw-
-sImïpw- am-{Xw- kz-bw- kw-c-£n-¡p-¶- H-cp- -temI-¯v, Iq-Sp-X-Â- i-à-cm-b-h-À- Zp-À-º-e-cm-b-hsc
Io-g-S-¡pw-. A-XpsImïm-Wv a-p-jy-À-, kz-´w- kw-c-£-W-¯n-pthïn- ]-e- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kw-L-S--
I-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv. B-[q-n-I- Im-e-L-«-¯nse kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-Ä- C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv X-§sf
kw-c-£n-¡m-m-bn- D-S--Sn A-{I-aw- kzo-I-cn-¡m-¯-Xv (]-et¸mgpw- A-Xv B-h-iyw- h-¶m-Â-Iq-Sn-);
Fs´-s´¶p-h-¨m-Â-, C-S-¡nsSbp-Å- -tamis¸«- A-Sn-]n-Sn-I-Ä- H-gnsI, A-{I-a-§-Ä- Ip-d-bm-p-Å-
Im-c-Wsa-s´¶m-Â-, A-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- e-`n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- Kp-W-§-Ä- A-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- D-ïm-
hm-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- -tZmj-§tf¡m-Ä- Ip-d-hm-Wv. a-p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- k¼-À-¡-¯n-Â- A-{I-a-
§-Ä- F-¶pw- Ip-d-ªpsImïn-cn-¡p-¶p- (A-Xm-b-Xv, `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-{I-a-§-Ä- H-gn-¨v, A-Xv
e-£-¡-W-¡n-p- a-p-jy-cpsS -sIme-]m-X-I-¯n-v C-S-bm-¡p-¶p-). C-¯-csamcp- Im-cyw -C-â-Às

34
än-Â- I-e-l-¯n-sâ-tbm -sIme-]m-X-I-¯n-sâ-tbm A-Sn-bpsS-tbm Nn-{Xw- I-ï- H-cmsf B-Ý-
cys¸Sp-¯ntb¡mw-, ]s£, I-gn-ª- B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-v h-À-j-§-fn-Â- A-Xpw- I-gn-ª- G-Xm-pw
Nn-e- q-äm-ïp-I-fm-bn-«v, n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- D-ïm-Ip-¶- A-{I-a-§-fpsS F-®w- -¶m-bn- Ip-d-
ªpsh¶- h-kvXp-X- tÃmWw- -tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. -temI-¯v kv{Xo-I-Äs¡Xnscbp-Å-
A-{I-a-§-Ä- H-cn-¡-Â- h-fsc km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p-, F-sâ Ip-«n-¡m-e-¯v, "X-Wp-¯pt]mb-,
]-X-bn-Ãm-¯- Im-¸n-" -Â-In-b-Xn-v A-h-cpsS `m-cy-amsc X-Ãp-¶- `-À-¯m-¡-·mtcbpw- C-SnsImïv
I-dp-¯- ap-J-ap-Å- kv{Xo-I-Ä- C-n-ap-X-Â- A-h-cpsS `-À-¯m-¡-·msc k-t´mjn-¸n-¡p-¶- co-Xn-bn-Â-
-s]cp-am-dmw- F-¶v Im-Wn-¨n-cp-¶- ]-e- ]-c-ky-§-fpw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. -s]mXp-hm-bn- -tm¡n-bm-Â-, A-{I-
a-§-fpsS F-®w- Ip-d-bpt´mdpw-, A-h-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶- {i-²- Iq-Sp-I-bpw- A-XnsXnscbp-ïm-Ip-¶-
{]-Xntj[-§-Ä- Iq-Sns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv.
cm-{ão-b- Nn-´tbmSv -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv -½psS A-{I-a-¯ntmSp-Å- Zp-À-_-e-X- - A-{I-aw
n-b-{ń-¡m-p-Å- B-h-iy-I-X-. B-ß-c-£-bn-Â- am-{Xw- B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-p-]-I-cw-, C-¶p- -½-Ä
Nn-e- {]tXyI- hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS-taem-Wv X-À-¡-§-Ä- Xo-À-¡m-pw (-tImS-Xn-I-fpw- a-[y-kvY-X-bpw-)
A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-pw- (kp-c-£m- G-P-³-kn-I-fpw- -t]meo-kpw-) B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. -½-Ä
a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v _-e-{]tbmKw- -S-¯m-³- A-[n-Im-cw sImSp-¡pt¼mÄ-, A-Xv -½sf kw-c-£n-¡m-m-
bn-«msW¦n-Ât]mepw-, kw-c-£n-¡m-³- Np-a-X-es¸Sp-¯n-b-h-À- Xs¶ -½sf C-c-bm-¡m-³- km-[y-
X-bp-ïv F-¶m-Wv C-hn-Sps¯ A-]-I-Sw-. -tdma-³- I-hn- Ppshm-en-sâ h-cn-I-Ä- Cu- {]-ivs¯
hm-¡p-I-fn-eqsS B-hn-jvI-cn-¨n-«p-ïv, "Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?" - B-cm-Wv Im-h-Â-¡msc
-tm¡p-¶-Xv?
cm-{ão-b- im-kv{X-¯nse G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«- H-¶m-b- Cu- -tNmZy-¯n-v, A-[n-Im-c- n-b-{´-
W-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- N-e--¯n-sâ ap-³-Km-an-I-fm-b-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- {]m-[m-yw
-Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. A-[n-Im-c- n-b-{´-W-¯n-pthïn- D-]tbmKn-¡s¸«n-cp-¶- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- kvYm-
]--§-fpw- k{¼-Zm-b-§-fpw- C-h-bm-Wv: n-b-a-]m-e-w- -S-¯m-p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- -Â-Ip-I-bpw
AsXka-bw- A-¯-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- -ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-hsc A-[o--X-bn-Â- -sImïp-h-cp-I-bpw-
-sN¿p-¶- `-c-W-L-S--I-Ä-; "]-cntim[--I-fpw- Xp-ey-X-bpw-" D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-m-bn- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ
hn-hn-[- im-J-I-Ä- -sImïp-ïm-¡n-b- a-Õcn-¡p-¶- kw-hn-[m--§-Ä-; A-ym-b-am-btXm A-n-ã-I-
c-am-btXm B-b- cm-{ão-b-hpw- n-b-a-]-c-hp-am-b- hy-h-kvY-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- ]p-d-¯p-h-cm-p-Å- A-h-
Im-iw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯p-I-; A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{ý-¯n-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, B-bp-[-§-Ä- kq-£n-¡m-pw-
h-ln-¡m-p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, Pq-dn- hn-Nm-c-W- -sN¿m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, kz-´w- kz-¯ns B-kz-
Zn-¡m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶- H-cp- F-gp-Xs¸«- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS -tcJ-; Iq-SmsX, cm-Pyw-,
kw-kvIm-cw-,Im-e-L-«w- F-¶n-h-¡v C-W-§p-¶- co-Xn-I-Ä-.
cm-Pm-¡-·msc n-b-{ń-¡p-¶- ]p-cm-X--am-b- D-S-¼-Sn-I-fm-b- C-¯-cw- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-Ä-, Cw-¥-
ïnse am-ám- Im-À-«-bn-epw-, lw-K-dn-bnse -tKmÄ-U-³- _p-Ån-epw- Xp-S-§n-, ]ns¶, kzn-ävkÀ-em-³-Un-epw-
Hm-kv-t{Sen-b-bn-epw-, Atacn-¡-bn-epw- bp-²m--´-c- Im-es¯ P-À-a-n-bn-epw- Hm-kv{Sn-b-bn-epw- D-Å-
-sÛ-d-en-k¯n-sâ B-[p-n-I- cq-]-§-Ä- B-bn-. bqtdm¸ns bp-²-¯nte¡v hn-«- m-kn-k¯n-sâ
H-cp- "-tXÀ-Uv do-bvNv" -t]m-sebp-Å- H-cp- Zp-c-´w- H-gn-hm-¡m-m-bm-Wv -taÂ- ]-d-ª-Xnse A-h-km-
s¯ c-ïv cm-Py-§-fpw- -sÛ-d-Â- kv-tääv -sImïp-h-¶-Xv. A-Xn-sâ -S-¸n-em-¡-Â- H-cn-¡-epw- Ip-ä-
ap-à-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-, am-{X-a-Ã-, A-Xv Htcm cm-Py-¯nsâ N-cn-{X-¯n--p-kcn-¨pw-, Hmtcm n-b-a-kvYm-
]--¯n-sâ I-cp-¯n--p-kcn-¨pw- a-äp- L-S-I-§-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨pw- am-dpw-, F-¶m-epw-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-
¯n-sâ {]-[m-s¸«- aq-¶mw- kvXw-`-am-Wv A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ-taep-Å- `-c-W-L-S-m- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä-.

35
kzm-X-{ýw-, {I-aw--, o-Xn-, kam-[m-w-, kar-²n-
h-fsc hy-à-am-bn- n-À-h-Nn-¡s¸«- hy-àn- kzm-X-{ý-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-pw- o-Xn-]-c-am-b- {]-h-À-
¯n-Isf -sImïp-h-cm-pw- -S-¸n-em-¡m-p-ap-Å- Np-a-X-e- am-{X-am-Wv kÀ-¡m-cn-p-ÅsX¦n-Â-,
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS kz-´w- Im-cy-§sf kz-X-{´-am-bn- -sN¿m-pw- A-h-cptSXm-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â-
k-t´mjw- Isï¯m-pw- km-[n-¡pw-, A-§sh-cpt¼mÄ-, kÀ-¡m-À- _-e-{]tbmKw- D-]tbmKn-¨v
-sImïp-h-cm-³- {i-an-¡p-¶- H-cp- N-«-¯ns¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- {I-a-hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- kaq-l-¯n-Â-
D-ïm-Ipw-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ ap-¡m-en-¸o-Tw- D-ïm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶- aq-¶v L-S-I-§-Ä-¡v - (hy-àn-kzm-
X-{ýw-, kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw-, `-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À)- - h-fsc h-en-b- N-cn-{X-
§-fp-ïv.
H-cp- kzm-X-{´temIw-, F-´m-bm-epw-, H-cp- Ip-ä-hn-ap-à- -temI-am-hn-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, A-hn-Sw -tZmj-
§-fp-Å- hy-àn-Isf-sImïv n-d-ª-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw-, A-h-cn-Â- B-À-¡pw- A-p-kcn-¸n-¡m-p-Å- A-[n-
Im-cw- hn-i-z-kn-¨p- -Â-Im-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. Fs´¶m-Â-, G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨-h-Àt]mepw a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ-
-tXm¶p-¶-Xpt]m-se A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡pw-, A-hsc C-c-bm-¡pw-, A-ym-bw- Im-Wn-¡pw-.
]s£, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-Ä- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- Z-À-i-w- am-{X-a-Ã-. A-Xv km-aq-ln-I-,
im-kv{Xo-b-, I-em-]-c-am-b- D-¶-Xn-bpsSbpw- Z-À-i--am-Wv; hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-I-fpsSbpw-
kw-kvIm-c-§-fpsSbpw- C-S-bn-ep-Å- kam-[m--]-c-hpw- ]-c-kv]-c- _-lp-am-t¯mSp-Iq-Sn-bp-ap-Å-
Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bm-Wv; hy-h-km-b-hpw-, hm-Wn-Py-hpw-, kmt¦Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv Zm-cn-
{Zys¯bpw- hn-Zym-lo--Xsbbpw- Xp-S-¨p-am-äp-¶-Xp-am-Wv; kz-X-{´-cpw- ap-à-cpw- a-l-X-z-ap-Å-h-cm-b-
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS B-kzm-Z-w- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-³- I-gn-bp-¶-Xp-am-Wv.
{]-[m-s¸«- B-i-b-§sf a--Ên-em-¡m-pw A-h- X-½n-Â- _-Ôs¸Sp-¯m-pw- D-Å- H-cp-
_-u-²n-I- ]-²-Xntbbpw-, kzm-X-{ý-hpw- o-Xn-bpw- kam-[m--hp-ap-Å- H-cp- -temIs¯ D-ïm-¡m-p-
ap-Å- H-cp- {]mtbmKn-I- ]-²-Xntbbpw- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- k½m-n-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv GsäSp-¡m-³- -ss[cy-
ap-Å-h-À-¡v kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶- ]-²-Xn- H-cp- {]tNmZ--am-Ipw-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bn-«pw-.
.

36
A-[ym-bw- A-©v
""Im-ew-, A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv'':
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- D-·q-e--hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ-
-sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn-, Pq-n-b-À-
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ F-¡m-es¯bpw- G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- e-£y-§-fn-Â- H-¶v kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw-
h-en-b- ew-L--am-b- A-Sn-a-¯s¯ C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-p-Å- {]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p-. A-¯-cw- B-Z-À-i-am-Wv C-¶s¯
bp-hm-¡-Ä-¡n-S-bn-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zs¯ H-cp- cm-{ão-b- i-àn-bm-bn- -tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. -tmÀ-¯v Atacn-¡-³-
F-Ivkn-Iyq-«o-hv -t_mÀ-Uv Hm-^v kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-bpsS -sshkvsNb-À-am-pw- C-â-À-m-j-W-Â- F-Ivkn-Iyq-
«o-hv -t_mÀ-Un-sâ Aw-K-hp-am-b- -sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn- -tIm-tfPv Hm-^v hn-eyw- B-³-Uv -tacn-bn-Â- Atacn-¡-³- kvä-
Uo-kn-Â- _n-cp-Z- hn-Zym-À-°n-bm-Wv.
"a-c-Ww- -Â-In- -t]mcm-Sm-³- A-À-l-am-b- {]-b-Xv-am-WnsX¶v Rm-³- B-g-am-bpw-, Zr-V-am-bpw-,
BtemN-m-]q-À-Æ-am-bpw- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-'F-¶n-§sbm-Wv B-RvP-eo-- {Knws¡ X-sâ
1835seI-¯vA-h-km-n-¸n-¨-Xv.A-¡m-es¯G-ä-hpw-{]-i-kvX-am-b-D-·q-e--hm-Z-{]-kn-²o-I-c-W-am-b-
Zn- en-_tdä-Àsâ ]-{Xm-[n-]-m-b- hn-eyw- -tembvUv Km-cn-k®n-v F-gp-Xn-b- I-¯m-Wn-Xv. A-Sn-a-
¯s¯ n-À-¯-em-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p- B- {]-b-Xvw-. "n-§-Ä- n-Â-¡p-¶- `q-an- ]-cn-ip-²-am-Wv:
H-cn-¡-epw- A-Xv hn-«psImSp-¡-cp-Xv' F-¶n-§s A-h-À- Km-cn-k®ns Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯n-. D-·q-
e--hm-Z- -t]mcm-«w- H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- {]-h-W-X-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-. N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- C-d-§nsN¶v A-h-cpsS
kaq-l-§sf A-Xn-sâ K-Xn- am-äp-hm-³- -thïn- bm-Nn-¨- AtIw- hy-àn-I-fpsS -t_m[-]q-À-h-am-b-
Xo-cp-am-s¯ D-ÄsImï- H-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- A-Xv. A-Xv -tcJs¸Sp-¯n-b- Im-ew- ap-X-Â- N-cn-{X-¯n-Â-
n-e-¶n-cp-¶- H-¶m-Wv A-Sn-a-¯w, am-{X-a-Ã-, H-À-fmtïm ]m-ä-À-k¬- Ip-dn-¨-Xpt]m-se, "A-Sn-a-¯w-
F-¶- B-Nm-c-¯n-Â- {it²b-am-b- H-cp- {]tXyI-X-bp-an-Ã-. Cu- B-Nm-cw- H-cp- Im-es¯¦n-epw
D-ïm-hm-Xn-cp-¶- H-cp- kvY-ew- Cu- -temI-¯n-Ã-. H-cp- ]s£, A-Sn-a-Itfm A-Sn-a- D-S-a-Itfm B-bn-cp-¶-
]q-À-hn-I-À- C-Ãm-¯- H-cp- Iq-«w- a-p-jy-À- Xs¶ D-ïm-hn-Ã-.' a-p-jy- N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-p-
ïm-bn-cp-¶-- hym-]vXn- A-Sn-a-¯w- F-¶- B-Nm-c-¯n-v H-cp- n-b-a-km-[p-X- -Â-In-, ]-cn-N-b-¯n-sâ
n-b-a-km-[p-X-. C-Xns -temI-¯nse F-Ãm- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpw- - kmw-kvIm-cn-I-, km-aq-ln-I-, cm-{ão-b-
]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpw- - H-cpt]m-se h-f-À-¯m-³- km-[y-X-bp-ïv.
F-¶m-Â-, bqtdm¸nse ÚmtmZ-b- Im-e-L-«-¯v {]-N-cn-¡s¸«n-cp-¶- hy-àn-K-X- A-h-Im-
i-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-dns¡p-dn-¨pw- cm-{ão-b- k¼-ZvL-S-sb¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å-
B-i-b-§-fn-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- [m-À-½n-I- -t_m[-¯n-v A-Sn-a-I-fpsS-taÂ- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡s¸«n-cp-¶-
A-{I-am-kà-am-b- n-b-{´-W-§sf -tm¡n-n-Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡msXh-¶p-. Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v
C-³-Uns]³-U-³-kv kzo-I-cn-¨tXm-sSbpw- "F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-fpw- Xp-ey-cm-Wv' F-¶v A-Xn-Â- n-À-_-Ô-
am-¡n-btXm-sSbpw- -taÂ-]-d-ª- Im-cyw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- kXy-am-bn-. A-h-À-¡v ]p-Xn-b-Xm-bp-ïm-b- [m-À-
½n-I- A-ht_m[w-, B-Zy-Im-e- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-Isf, D-·q-e--hm-Z- {]-kvYm--¯n-sâ -tXm-¡-Ä-
D-Ä-¸sSbp-Å-hsc, n-b-a-, cm-{ão-b-, kw-kvIm-c- kvYm-]--§-Ä- kzm-X-{ý-hp-am-bn- kam-[m--]-c-am-bn-
t]mIp-¶- H-cp- -temIs¯ kr-ãn-¡m-³- {]tNmZ-w- -Â-In-. D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡v ap-¶n-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶

37
ò-a-am-b- Np-a-X-etb¡m-fpw- `m-cn-¨-Xm-bn- -tXm¶n-b-Xv kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- o-Xn-]-c-am-b-
{]-kvYm-s¯bm-Wv; kXy-¯n-Â-, A-h-cpsS At¸mgs¯ `-bm--I-am-b- bm-Ym-À-°y-am-Wv A-h-
cpsS kPo-{]-h-À-¯-s¯ Dt¯Pn-¸n-¨-Xv. "H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS hy-àn-kzm-X-{ýw- H-cn-¡-epw- asämcp-
hy-àn-bpsS n-b-{´-W-¯n-Â- B-Im-³-]m-Sn-Ã-.' F-¶- A-h-cpsS hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â- n-¶pw- C-f-ImsX,
A-h-À- N-cn-{X-¯nse G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- a-p-jym-h-Im-i- {]-Nm-c-Ww- B-cw-`n-¨p-.
D-·q-e-hm-Z-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-¯n-sâ -t{]mÕm-l--¯n-Â-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-Sp-¯-Xm-bn-
kv{Xo-I-fpsS A-ka-X-z-¯nte¡v Xn-cn-ªp-. kv{Xo-Isf-, -tacn- -thmÄ-kv-täm¬-{Im-^väv ]-d-ª-Xp
t]m-se, "Xm-gv¶-h-cm-bn-«m-Wv I-cp-Xs¸«n-cp-¶-Xv, A-hsc a-p-jy- h-À-¤-¯n-Â- -s]«-h-cm-bn-«-Ã-.' 1848-Â
{]-i-kvX- D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-fm-b- F-en-k_-¯v Im-Sn- kväm-â-¬-, ep-Iv-tdjy- -tam«v, {^-U-dn-Iv U-¥-kv
F-¶n-h-À- yqtbmÀ-¡n-Â- -sh¨p-ïm-b- sk-s¡m- ^m-Ä-kv I-¬sh³-j-n-Â- Cu- {]-ivw- -tcn-«v
kwt_m[-- -sN¿m-m-bn- h-¶p-. B- Iq-Sn-Im-gvN-bn-Â- n-¶m-Wv Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v skâ nsaâvkv
D-ïm-b-Xv. Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v C-³-Uns]³-U-³-knsâ ]-e- hm-Iy-§-fpw- {]-Xn-[-z-n-¨psImïv A-Xn-Â-
{]-Jym-]n-¡s¸«-Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv:
R-§-Ä-Cu-kXy-§sfkz-bw-{]-I-S-am-bn-I-W-¡m-¡p-¶p-:F-Ãm-B-Wp-§-fpw--s]®p-§-fpw
Xp-ey-cm-bm-Wv kr-ãn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv...a-p-jy-hw-i-¯n-sâ N-cn-{Xw- B-Wp-§-Ä- -s]®p-§-
fpsS-taÂ-ho-ïpw-ho-ïpw--sN¿p-¶-D-]-{Z-h-§-fpsSbpw-X-«n-¡-b-ä-¯n-sâbpw-N-cn-{X-am-Wv,
A-h-fpsS-taÂ- ]q-À-®-am-b- Zp-À-`-c-Ww- D-ïm-h-Wsa¶p-Å- Dt±it¯mSp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv...
-taÂ-]-d-ª- A-o-Xn-Isf a--Ên-em-¡p-I-bpw- A-Xp-aq-ew- X-§-Ä-¡v -ãs¸«- A-h-Im-
i-§sfbpw- a--Ên-em-¡n-b- kv{Xo-I-Ä- A-h-À-¡v Atacn-¡-bnse ]-u-c-·m-cm-·m-À-¡v
e-`nt¡ï- F-Ãm- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- B-p-Iq-ey-§-fpw- D-S--Sn- -Â-I-Wsa¶v B-h-iys¸Sp-
I-bm-Wv.
A-h-À-¡p-ap-¶n-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- Iq-ä-³- Ir-Xys¯¡p-dn-¨v A-h-À-¡v -t_m[y-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-.
kaq-ls¯ ]p-Xn-b- aq-ey-§sf kzo-I-cn-¡m-pw- ]-g-b- io-e-§sf am-äm-pw- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv F-fp-¸-a-Ã-,
N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- am-ä-§sf¡p-dn-¨p-Å- A-h-cpsS A-`n-{]m-b-§-Ä- C-Xns {]-Xn-[-z-n-¨p-. {^-U-dn-Iv
U-¥-kv ]-d-ªp-:
Rm-³- n-§tfmSv ]-cn-jvI-c-W- X-¯-zs¯¡p-dn-¨v H-¶v ]-dtªm-s«. C-Xp-hscbp-
ïm-bn-«p-Å- A-h-fpsS a-l-o-b-am-b- F-Ãm- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- Zr-V-am-b- -t]mcm-«-§-
ÄsImïv am-{X-amsW¶m-Wv a-p-jy- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ ]ptcmK-Xn-bpsS ap-gp-h-³-
N-cn-{X-hpw- {]-I-S-am-¡p-¶-Xv. B- -t]mcm-«w- Bthi-I-c-hpw-, -t£m`n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw-,
{i-²- A-]-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p-, Iq-SmsX Xm-Â-¡m-en-I-am-bn-- asäÃm- _-l-f-
§sfbpw- n-i-Ð-am-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-Xv C-{]-Im-cw- -sN¿p-¶nsÃ¦n-Â- AsXm¶pw-
-sN¿p-¶n-Ã-. -t]mcm-«-ansÃ¦n-Â- ]ptcmK-Xn-bp-an-Ã-. kzm-X-{ýs¯ A-p-Iq-en-¡p-¶p- F-¶v
]-d-ªpsImïv {]t£m`-§sf n-cm-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-À- [m-y-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸«v n-ew- D-gp-Xp-
a-dn-¡m-¯-hsc-t]m-sebm-Wv; A-h-À-¡v C-Sn-an-¶-ep-I-Ä- C-ÃmsX a-g- -thWw-. A-h-À-¡v kap-
{Zs¯ A-Xn-sâ ]-e- P-em-i-b-§-fpsS ap-g-¡-an-ÃmsX -thWw-. Cu- -t]mcm-«w- [m-À-½n-Itam
`-u-Xn-Itam B-hmw-, AsÃ¦n-Â- [m-À-½n-I-hpw- `-u-Xn-I-hpw- IqsSbm-hmw-, ]s£ H-cp-

""Im-ew-, A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv'': kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- D-·q-e--hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ
38
-t]mcm-«w- D-ïm-I-Ww-. H-cp- B-h-iys¸S-en-ÃmsX A-[n-Im-cw- H-cn-¡-epw- H-¶pw- hn-«psImSp-
¡n-Ã-. C-Xp-hsc A-§sbp-ïm-bn-«n-Ã-, C-n- D-ïm-hp-I-bp-an-Ã-.
A-Xpt]m-se, sk-s¡m-bnse -ho-I-c-W-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡pw- A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p- "-½psS
ap-¶nse a-l-¯m-b- -tPmen-bnte¡v C-d-§pt¼mÄ-, -sNdn-b- -tXmXn-ep-Å- -sXän-²m-c-W-Itfm,
-sXäm-b- A-h-X-c-W-§tfm, ]-cn-lm-k-tam am-{X-a-Ã- -½-Ä- {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶-Xv.' F-¶n-«pt]mepw-, o-Xn-
bn-ep-Å- hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â-, A-h-À- `-bs¸SmsX A-h-cpsS -t]mcm-«w- Xp-S-À-¶p-, F-Ãm- a-p-jy-À-¡pw- Xp-ey-
A-h-Im-iw- e-`n-¡m-p-Å- -t]mcm-«w-.
A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-v F-Xnscbp-ïm-b- -t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ I-Y- Atacn-¡-bn-Â- am-{X-am-Wp-ïm-bn-«p-
ÅsX¶vBsc¦n-epw-hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶psï¦n-Â-,A-Xv-temI-¯n-sâa-äp-]-e-`m-K-§-fn-epw-D-ïm-bn-«p-ïv
F-¶v a--kn-em-¡p-I-. (Nn-e-bn-S-§-fn-Â- A-Xv Xp-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- -t]mcm-«-amsW¶v Rm-³
k¦-S-]q-À-Æw- ]-d-bp-¶p-.) Nn-e- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- A-Xv h-fsc ]-Xps¡bm-bn-cp-¶p- n-À-¯-em-¡n-b-Xv
]s£ a-äp- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- A-Xv h-fsc -s]-s«¶m-bn-cp-¶p-. A-Sn-a-I-Ä- n-À-½n-¨- ]-©-km-c-bpsS _-ln-
jv¡-c-W-hpw-, ]ns¶ hn-eyw- hn-Âs_Àt^mgvkv -t]m-sebp-Å- hy-àn-I-fpsS X-f-cm-¯- -t]mcm-«-hpw
aq-e-am-Wv {_n-«o-jv cm-Py-¯v A-Sn-a-¡-¨-h-S-hpw-, ]n-¶o-Sv A-Sn-a-¯-hpw-, n-À-¯-em-¡s¸«-Xv. hn-Âs_
Àt^mgvkn-sâ kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- A-³-]-Xv h-À-j-§-fm-bp-Å- {]-b-Xvs¯ Atakn-Mv
-t{Kkv F-¶- Nn-{X-¯n-Â- atml-c-am-bn- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ïv. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ Xn-c-am-
esImïv -th-sd, {Iq-c-X- Ip-d-ª-Xpw- n-À-®m-b-I-am-b-Xp-am-b- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-Sn-a-¯s¯ Xp-S-
¨p-o-¡s¸«n-«p-ïv. bqtdm¸n-sâ ]-Sn-ªm-dv `m-K-¯v A-Sn-athe- F-¶- B-Nm-cw- in-Yn-e-am-bn-. ]s£,
bqtdm¸n-sâ In-g-¡v `m-K-¯v A-Xv C-Sn-¨p- X-I-À-¡s¸«-Xv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- ]-cn-jvI-À-¯m-¡-fpsS
[-À-½-ka-c- {]-b-Xv-§-Ä- aq-e-am-Wv. A-h-cpsS Xm-gv¶- ]-Z-hn-bn-Â- n-¶pw- Pq-X-·msc kz-X-{´-cm-
¡n-b-Xpw- A-h-À-¡v ap-gp-h-pw- Xp-ey-hp-am-b- ]-u-c- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- -Â-In-b-Xpw- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- -
t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ ^-e-§-fnsem¶m-Wv.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- k-tµiw-, lr-Z-b-§sfbpw- a--Êp-Isfbpw-- am-äns¡mïv, -temIsa¼m-Spw-
]-c-¶tXm-sS,h-À-j-§tfmfw-o-ïp-n-¶n-cp-¶-]-e-X-c-¯n-ep-Å-A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-I-fpw-C-Ãm-Xm-¡s¸«p-.
D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v,kz-X-{´-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsSbpw-hn-]-Wn-bpsSbpw-i-àn-bn-Â-hn-i-zm-kw-h-¶tXm-sS,
]s¯m³-]-Xmw- q-äm-ïn-sâ Xp-S-¡-¯n-Â- {_n-«-Wn-Â- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- B-â n-tIm¬- eo-Kn-sâ
]ptcmK-Xns¡Xnsc {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-bpw-, A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn- {_n-«o-jv -tNmf-¯n-sâ hn-e- D-b-
cm-³- Im-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶- Xo-cp-h-I-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-hp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. hntZi- C-d-¡p-a-Xn-Isf X-S-
ªpsh¨tXm-sS (AsÃ¦n-Â- A-h-bpsS-taÂ- Iq-ä-³- n-Ip-Xn-I-Ä- -sImïp-h-¶tXm-sS), A-¯-cw
n-b-a-§-Ä- cm-{ão-b- ]n-Sn-]m-Sp-I-fp-Å- [m-y- I-À-j-I-À-¡v B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- -Â-Ip-I-bpw-, A-Xv aq-ew-
{_n-«-Wnse ]m-h-§-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS h-cp-am--¯n-sâ Iq-Sp-X-Â- `m-K-hpw- `-£-W-¯n-pthïn- Nn-e-h-
gnt¡ï-Xm-bpw- h-¶p-. -tIm¬- n-b-a-§-Ä- B-Wv, a-lm-m-b- dn-¨m-À-Uv -tIm_v-sU³- ap-g-¡t¯m-sS
]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "cm-Py-¯v ]-S-À-¶n-cp-¶-...-s]mXp-hm-b- Zp-cn-X-¯n-v', D-¯-c-hm-Zn-, am-{X-a-Ã-, 1849-Â-,
At±l-hpw- At±lt¯m-sSm¸w- ap-¸-Xv h-À-j-§tfmfw- A-h-bpsS d-²m-¡-en-pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¨-
kl-{]-h-À-¯-I-cpw-, kw-c-£-W-hm-Z-¯n-sâ-taÂ- kz-X-{´- hy-h-lm-c-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-¯n-sâ km-£n-
I-fm-bn-.
kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶- B-i-bw-, A-Xv en-_-d-en-kw-, ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- F-¶n-
§s G-Xv -t]cn-Â- A-dn-bs¸«m-epw-, -½psS -temIs¯ am-änsbSp-¯p-. G-I-I-WvT-am-bpw-
_p-²n-iq-y-am-bpw- am-À-K-¯n-v {]m-[m-yw- -Â-Ip-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xnsb B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-p- ]-I-cw-,

39
km-aq-ln-I- am-äw- -sImïp-h-cp-¶-Xn-v ]-e- am-À-K-§-fp-apsï¶- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hm-Wv, A-Xn-v C-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- B-gtadn-b-Xpw- o-ïp-n-Â-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b- am-äw- -sImïp-h-cm-³- km-[n-¨-Xn-v Im-c-Ww-.
D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v,Atacn-¡-³-D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-fn-Â-Nn-e-À-1848-Â-en-_-À-«n-]m-À-«n-(-ssek³-U-À-kv]q
-Wn-sâ "A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-sâ `-c-W-L-S-m-hn-cp-²-X-' A-h-cpsS ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn- Xn-csªSp-¡p-I-bpw-)
cq-]o-I-cn-¨t¸mÄ-, a-äp-Å-h-À- Xn-csªSp-¸v kw-_-Ô-a-Ãm-¯- -ho-I-c-W- {]-kvYm--§-fn-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-
¡m-³- Xo-cp-am-n-¨p-. A-h-À- "P--§-fpsS [m-À-½n-I- Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-I-fn-Â- am-äw- h-cp-¯n-bm-Â- am-{Xta
cm-{ão-b- -ho-I-c-Ww- -sImïp-h-cm-³- km-[n-¡q-; F-Ãm- D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡pw- -thm«v -sN¿m-p-Å-
Np-a-X-e-bn-Ã-, F-¶m-Â-, -thm«v -sN¿p-¶- F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-Ä- B-Im-p-Å- Np-a-X-e-bp-ïv,
F-¶v -sXfn-bn-¡m-³- {i-an-¨psImï-Ã-' F-¶- hm-Z-¯n-Â- D-d-¨p-n-¶p-. {]-[m-- D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-fn-Â-
H-cm-fm-b- -shï-Â- ^n-en-]vkv, "R-§-Ä- cm-{ão-bw- I-fn-¡m-dn-Ã-'F-¶v ]-d-ªpsh¦n-epw-, A-h-km-w-,
D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-Ä- [m-À-½n-I-am-bpw- cm-{ão-b-am-bpw- hn-P-bn-¨p-. "D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-cm-{ão-b-c-Ã-.
cm-{ão-bs¯ Xym-Kw- -sN¿-em-bn-cp-¶p- A-h-cpsS cm-{ão-b-¯n-sâ c-l-kyw-' F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- eq-bn-kv
-sam-ïv F-¶- hn-Z-KvZ-m-b- N-cn-{X-Im-c-³- ]-d-ª-Xv.
kvYm-]--]-c-am-b- am-ä-§-fpw- cm-{ão-b-]-c-am-b- am-ä-§-fpw- `-bs¸Sp-¯p-¶-h-bm-Wv, ]s£
kzm-X-{ýs¯ A-p-`-hn-¡m-³- A-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. A-ym-b- n-b-a-§-Ä- d-±m-¡p-I-bpw- A-Sn-¨-a-
À-¯-Â- C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXmte a-p-jy-À-¡v kz-X-{´-cm-Im-³- km-[n-¡p-. A-¯-cw- am-ä-§-Ä-
a-p-jy- a--Êp-I-fn-Â h-cp-¯p-¶- am-ä-¯n-sâ Im-c-W-hpw- ^-e-hp-am-Wv; A-h-À- Nn-ń-¡p-¶- co-Xn-bpsS
am-äw- am-{X-a-Ã-, -s]cp-am-dm-³- Dt±in-¡p-¶- co-Xn-I-fpsSbpw- am-ä-§-fm-Wv. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä-
am-dp-¶- B-i-b-§-fntem, n-b-a-§-fntem, kvYm-]--§-fntem AsÃ¦n-Â- kaq-l-¯n-Â- am-dns¡mïn-
cn-¡p-¶- atä-sX¦n-epw- Im-cy-§-fntem A-h-cpsS {i-²- -tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-. kzm-X-{ýs¯ D-b-À-
¯m-³- H-cp- h-gn- am-{X-a-Ã- D-Å-Xv; F-{X-am-{Xw- a-p-jy- I-gn-hp-Itfm, Xm-Â-]-cy-§tfm, kz-]v-§tfm
D-ïv, A-{X-am-{Xw- h-gn-I-fp-ap-ïv. am-dn-h-cp-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn-I-Ä-¡v kvYm-]--§-fpsS-taÂ- i-à-am-b-
B-Lm-Xw- D-ïm-hmw-. H-cp- A-Sn-a-bpsS am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn- - "Rm-³- H-cp- a-p-jy-pw
k-tlmZ-c-pw AsÃ?' F-¶- ap-{Z-hm-Iyw- a-lm-m-b- kw-cw-`-I-³- -tPmkn-b- -shUvP-zq-Un-sâ
{]-i-kvX-am-b- A-Xn-Yn- -thjw- D-·q-e--hm-Z- kw-cw-`s¯ {]-N-cn-¸n-¡m-³- D-]tbmKn-¨n-cp-¶p- - A-Xv,
h-ensbmcp- B-Lm-Xw- kr-ãn-¨p-. kz-h-À-¤m-p-cm-Kn-Isf¸-än-bp-Å- am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn-
Atacn-¡-bn-Â- h-en-b- am-ä-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cm-³- klm-bn-¨p-, B-Zyw- kz-Im-cy- -taJ-e-I-fnse kvYm-
]--§-Ä- kz-h-À-¤m-p-cm-K- -sXmgn-em-fn-Isf B-I-À-jn-¡m-pw- A-hsc n-e-n-À-¯m-pw- -b-§-Ä-
-sImïp-h-¶p-, A-Xn-ptijw- cm-{ão-b- -taJ-e-bn-Â-, kw-kvYm--§-Ä- kz-h-À-¤m-p-cm-K- _-Ô-§sf
Ip-ä-hn-ap-à-am-¡n- (asämcp- hy-ànsb kv-tln-¨n-cp-¶-XpsImïv am-{Xw- a-p-jysc h-À-j-§tfmfw-
X-S-hn-em-¡s¸«n-cp-¶p- F-¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡m-³- _p-²n-ap-«m-Wv), bp-.F-kv. kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn- "{]-Ir-Xn-hn-
cp-²t`mK- n-b-a-§sf' kzm-X-{ý-¯n-ptaep-Å- H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-m- hn-cp-²-am-b- ew-L--amsW¶v
{]-Jym-]n-¨p-, Iq-SmsX, kw-kvYm--§-Ä- kz-h-À-¤- hn-hm-l-§-Ä-¡v Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cm-³-
Xp-S-§n-.
D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-Sn-a-¯- hntamN--¯n-pthïn- {]-b-Xvn-¨-Xv hy-Xy-kvX- Nn-´-bp-Å-h-
cm-Im-³- -thïn- am-{X-a-Ã- F-¶v A-Sn-a-¯- hntamN--¯n-sâ aq-ey- Im-c-W-¯nte¡v I-S-¡pt¼mÄ-
Hm-À-½n-¡p-¶-Xv -Ã-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw-. A-h-À-¡-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p- B- -t]mcm-«w- o-ï-Xpw- _p-²n-apt«dn-
b-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡psa¶v, F-¶m-epw- A-h-À- [m-À-½n-I-am-b- -t{]c-W-I-fpw-, km-aq-ln-I- hn-Zym-`ym-khpw-,
cm-{ão-b- -t]mcm-«-hpw-, a-äp- ]-e- hn-Zy-I-fpw- K-u-c-ht¯m-sS D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv B-Zyw- A-Sn-a-¯s¯,
]ns¶ kv{Xo-I-fpsS Io-gv-s]Sp-¯-ens C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- {i-an-¨p-. A-Xn-Â- ]-e- ]-cn-jvI-À-¯m-¡-fpw-

40
h-fsc -sNdp-¸-¯n-Â-¯s¶ Xp-S-§n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À- o-Xn-bp-Å-Xpw- kz-X-{´-hp-am-b- H-cp-
`m-hnsb kz-]vw- I-ïp-. A-p-cq-]o-I-c-Ww-, "{]mtbmKn-I-X-', Iq-SmsX, F-Ãm-h-cpw- Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xp
t]m-se kz-´w- C-ã-§tfbpw- Xo-cp-am--§sfbpw- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯m-³- n-À-_-Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶- I-]-S- bm-Ym-
À-°yw-, F-¶n-§sbp-Å- Im-cy-§-Ä- B- kz-]vs¯ X-I-À-¡m-³- {i-an-¨p-. kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-bn-Â- -Ã-
H-cp- DtZymKw-, H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- -tPmen-, ]-Ån-bnse -the- F-¶n-§sbp-Å- {]mtbmKn-I- Kp-W-§-Ä- e-`n-
¡m-³- A-h-À- -sN-t¿ï-Xv -tIh-ew- C-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-: A-o-Xn-Im-Wpt¼mÄ- H-¶v I-®-S-¡p-I-. ]s£,
CsXm¶pw- B- kz-]vs¯ C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- A-h-À- k½-Xn-¨n-Ã-. A-Sn-a-¯s¯ C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- -thïn-
bp-Å- ]-cn-{i-as¯ GsäSp-¯-h-cpsS I-®p-I-Ä- Xp-d-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- C-cp-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. A-h-À- A-h-À-
¡p- Np-äp-ap-Å-Xv I-ïn-cp-¶p-. F-¶n-«pw-, A-h-À- A-Xv kzo-I-cn-¡m-³- X-¿m-dm-bn-Ã-. -½-Ä- A-h-cpsS
-t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ Kp-Wt`màm-¡-fm-Wv.
C-¶s¯ A-o-Xn-I-Ä- `m-hn-bn-Â- Xp-Stcï-Xn-Ã- F-¶- A-dn-hm-Wv kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-zs¯
h-f-À-¯p-¶-Xv. kw-kvIm-c-§-Ä- am-dn- h-cmw-. B-i-b-§-Ä- am-dn- h-cmw-. cm-{ão-b-hpw- kvYm-]--§-fpw
am-dn- h-cmw-. C-h-bm-Wv ]n-Â-¡m-es¯ ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- hy-àn-Isfbpw- C-¶s¯ -sNdp-
¸-¡m-cm-b- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-Isfbpw- H-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. b-u-h--¯n-sâ Du-À-Ö-hpw- A-o-Xn-
C-Ãm-Xm-I-Wsa¶p-Å- kz-]v-hpw- H-¯ptNÀ-¶t¸mÄ- hy-àn-K-X- a-p-jy- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ
{]-Xym-i-bpw- hm-KvZm--hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- bp-àn-]-c-am-bn- -tXm¶n-. C-¶s¯ -sNdp-¸-¡m-cm-b- kzm-X-
{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- N-en-¡p-¶-Xv ap-³-¡m-es¯ kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- H-cp-¡n-b- h-gn-bn-eqsSbm-Wv. -ap-¡v
h-fscb-[n-Iw- ]m-c-¼-cy-h-im-Â- e-`n-¨n-«p-ïv, ]s£ {]-h-À-¯-w- Ct¸mgpw- Xo-cm-dm-bn-«n-Ã-. k¶-²-
C-S-]m-Sp-Isf X-S-bp-I-bpw- A-`w-Kn-X-am-b- Nn-´m-, B-hn-jvI-c-W- kzm-X-{ýs¯ n-b-{ń-¡p-I-bpw-
-sNbp-¶- F-Ãm- n-b-a-§tfbpw- d-±m-¡-Ww-, Iq-SmsX, -sImÅ-, _-e-{]tbmKw-, A-{I-aw- F-¶n-§s
bp-Å- F-Ãm- {]-hr-¯n-I-fpw- F-Xn-À-¡-Ww-. -½psS X-e-ap-d-bpw- B- ]m-X-bn-eqsS k©-cn-¡-Ww-,
-½psS ]n-³-Km-an-I-Ä- -sNbvX-Xpt]m-se. am-ä-§-fn-ÃmsX -temI-¯n-v Xp-S-cm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-,
A-§s Xp-S-cm-³- A-p-h-Zn-¡m-pw- ]m-Sn-Ã-; A-Xm-Wv am-ä-¯n-sâ {]-Ir-Xw-. -ap-¡v ap-¶n-ep-Å- `m-hn
-½-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-³- Xo-cp-am-n-¨- `m-hn-bm-Wv. H-cp- ap-³- X-e-ap-d- bp-²s¯bpw- hw-io-b- -thÀ-Xn-cn-hv
F-¶- Xn-·sbbpw- F-Xn-À-¡m-³- A-Wn-n-c-¯n-, A-h-cpsS {]-kvYm--§-Ä-¡v i-Ðw- -Â-In-b-Xv
-t_m_v Un-e-sâ N-en-¸n-¡p-¶- Cu- h-cn-I-fm-Wv: "n-§-fpsS ]-g-b- ]m-X- -thK-¯n-Â- ]-g-b-Xm-Ip-¶p-/
-]pXn-b-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- ]p-d-¯p-Nm-Sq-/ n-§-Ä-¡v H-cp- -ssI -Â-Im-³- km-[n-¡p-¶nsÃ¦n-Â-/ Im-c-Ww-,
Im-ew-, A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv'.
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Zr-V-n-Ý-bt¯m-sSbm-Wv C-cp-]-¯n-b-©mw- h-b-kn-Â- hn-eyw- -tembvUv
Km-cn-k¬- X-sâ {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-am-b- Zn- en-_tdä-À- -ss[cy-k-taXw- C-d-¡n-b-Xv:
Rm-³- kXyt¯mfw- Z-b- C-Ãm-bva-bpw- o-Xntbmfw- n-À-_-Ô-_p-²n-bpw- Im-Wn-¡pw-. Cu- hn-j-
b-¯n-Â- Rm-³- an-X-am-b- A-f-hn-Â- Nn-ń-¡mtm kw-km-cn-¡mtm F-gp-Xmtm B-{K-ln-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
C-Ã-! C-Ã-! X-sâ ho-Sn-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- Xo-]n-Sn-¨- H-cmtfmSv an-X-am-b- Pm-{K-X- -Â-Im-³- ]-d-bp-; A-htmSp-
X-sâ `m-cysb H-cp- ]o-U-I-sâ ssIbn-Â-- n-¶pw- an-X-]q-À-Æw- c-£n-¡m-³- ]-d-bp-; Xo-bn-Â- ho-W- H-cp-
Ip-«n-bpsS A-½tbmSv A-Xns ]-Xps¡ F-Sp-¡m-³- ]-d-bp-; - F-¶m-epw-, Ft¶mSv C-¯-cw- H-cp- -
t]mcm-«-¯n-v ku-ay-X- Im-Wn-¡m-³- ]-d-b-cp-Xv. Rm-³- B-ßm-À-°-X- n-d-ªp-n-Â-¡p-I-bm-Wv
Rm-³- Z-z-bm-À-°-am-bn- kw-km-cn-¡n-Ã- - Rm-³- £-an-¡p-I-bn-Ã- - Rm-³- H-c-Sn- -t]mepw- ]nt¶m«v -
t]mIn-Ã- - am-{X-a-Ã-, F-n-¡v ]-d-bm-p-Å-Xv -tIÄt¡ï-h-À- -tI«n-cn-¡pw-.
R-§-Ä-, kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-, D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. am-{X-a-Ã-, R-§-Ä-¡v ]-d-bm-p-Å-Xv
-tIÄt¡ï-h-À- -tI«n-cn-¡pw-.
""Im-ew-, A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv'': kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- D-·q-e--hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ

41
A-[ym-bw- B-dv
kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶-Xn-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-
H-cp- cm-{ão-b- kn-²m-´-¯n-v AsÃ¦n-Â- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-¯n-v aq-¶v L-S-I-§-fp-ïv: ym-bo-I-c-Ww-, X-¯-zw-,
-bw-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv X-¯-z-¯n-sâ AtX n-e-bn-em-Wv, A-Xv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-Isf hn-hn-[- X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- Zm-À-i-n-I- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw-, a-X-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw-, Po-hn-X-co-Xn-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- Xn-csªSp-
¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. -tPmÀ-PvS-u-¬- bq-Wnthgvkn-än-bn-Â- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-Â- ]n-.F-Nv.Un-. hn-Zym-À-°n-bpw-,
kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-bpsS A-²y-£-pw kl-kvYm-]-I-p-am-b- A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³- kz-´-{ý-hm-Zw-
-temIs¯ap-gp-h-pw- B-I-À-jn-¡p-¶-Xv F-§sbmsW¶pw- F-´psImïmsW¶pw- Im-Wn-¨p-X-cp-¶p-.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- F-¶psh¨m-Â- F-´m-Wv? F-´m-Wv A-Xv A-Ãm-¯-Xv? n-e-n-Â-¸n-sâbpw-,
kXy-¯n-sâbpw-, I-e-bpsSbpw-, Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw- A-À-°w- ]-d-ªp-X-cp-¶- F-Ãm-
¯nsbpw- D-ÄsImÅp-¶- H-cp- X-¯-z-Nn-´m-]-c-am-b- hy-h-kvY-bmtWm A-Xv? Ip-d-¨p-Ip-Sn- -sa¨s¸«-
Po-hn-X-§-Ä- F-§s -bn-¡-Ww- F-¶v ]-d-ªp-X-cp-¶- H-cp- [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-amtWm? AtXm,
Po-hn-Xs¯bpw- [m-À-½n-I-Xtbbpw- Ip-dn-¨p-Å- hn-hn-[- X-cw- X-¯-z-§-fpsS kl-h-À-¯-w- km-[y-am-
¡p-¶- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-amtWm A-Xv, k¶-²- km-aq-ln-I- k¼-À-¡-¯n-sâ H-cp- ]-²-Xn-? kzm-X-
{ý-hm-Zs¯ kzo-I-cn-¨-h-À-¡pw- A-Ãm-¯-h-À-¡pw- B- ]-Z-¯n-sâ A-À-°s¯¡p-dn-¨v a--Ên-em-¡p-
¶-Xv Kp-W-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw-.
Np-cp-¡-¯n-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶- X-¯-z-¯n-v {]m-[m-yw- -sImSp-¡p-¶- H-cp-
cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-am-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-.
e-fn-X-am-b- `m-j-bn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, n-§-Ä-¡v Htcka-bw- H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bpw- A-Xpt]m-se
H-cp- ln-µpthm, {In-kvXym-ntbm, Pq-Xtm, ap-kÂ-amtm, _p-²-a-X-¡m-ctm, Cu-i-z-c-hm-Zntbm,
A-hn-i-zm-kntbm, n-co-i-z-c-hm-Zntbm, G-Xv a-X-¡m-ctm B-Imw-, n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Xp-ey- A-h-
Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-¶n-St¯mfw- Im-ew-. n-§-Ä-¡v ln-]vtlm¸v, dm-¡vam--m-^n-sâ kw-Ko-
Xtaf-I-Ä-, -sd-s¤, {_mw-kv, -ssNo-kv Hm-¸-d-, AsÃ¦n-Â- atä-sX¦n-epw- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kw-Ko-Xtam
C-ãs¸Smw-, AsÃ¦n-Â- H-¶pw- C-ãs¸SmsXbpw- C-cn-¡mw-. C-¯-cw- D-Zm-l-c-W-§-Ä- ]-d-ªpsIm-
tïbn-cn-¡mw- ]s£, C-Xp-hscbp-Å-Xv a-Xn-bm-hpw-. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-tbm, kv-tl-¯n-sâ-tbm, -saäm-
^n-kn-Ivkn-sâ-tbm, a-X-¯n-sâ-tbm, I-e-bpsS-tbm, aq-ey-¯n-sâ-tbm X-¯-z-a-Ã- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-,
A-Xv C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- A--´-am-b- hn-hn-[- X-¯-z-§-fp-am-bn- A-ptbmPy-amsW¦n-Â- -t]mepw-.
At¸mÄ-, F-´m-Wv H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-? H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-¯n-v aq-¶v L-S-I-§-fp-ïv:
ym-bo-I-c-Ww-, X-¯-zw-, -bw-. H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS hn-i-zm-k§sf ym-bo-I-cn-¡m-p-Å- Kp-W-n-e-hm-c-
am-Wv H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ ym-bo-I-c-Ww-; A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- G-ä-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- B-fp-I-Ä-¡v
G-ä-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Kp-Ww- F-¶m-Imw-, [m-À-½n-I- Po-hn-I-Ä- F-¶- n-e-bn-Â- -½psS IqsSbp-Å- a-p-
jy-À-¡p-Å- kz-bm-[n-Im-ct¯mSp-Å- _-lp-am--am-Imw-, {]m-cm-Ï-§-fpw- B-p-Iq-ey-§-fpw- hn-X-c-Ww-
-sN¿pt¼mÄ- o-Xn- ]p-e-À-¯p-I- F-¶m-Imw- AsÃ¦n-Â- asä-s´¦n-ep-am-Imw-. ym-b-am-b- hn-i-zm-
k§sf bm-Ym-À-°y-am-¡p-¶-Xv F-§sbmsW¶v ]-d-bp-¶- A-aq-À-¯-am-b- {]-kvXm-h--I-fm-Wv
X-¯-z-§-Ä-. C-¯-cw- X-¯-z-§sf n-À-±n-ã-, b-Ym-À-°- -temI- {]-iv-§-fn-Â- {]mtbmKn-I-am-bn-

42
{]tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv -bw-. n-Xy- cm-{ão-b- Po-hn-X-¯nse Iq-Sp-X-Â- N-À-¨-I-fpw- -bs¯¡p-
dn-¨m-Wv. "-½-Ä- n-Ip-Xn- Iq-«tWm (AtXm Ip-d-bv¡tWm )?"-½-Ä- asämcp- cm-Py-hp-am-bn- bp-²-
¯n-Â- G-Às¸StWm?" A-Xpt]m-se, "I-©m-hv h-en-¡p-¶-Xv ntcm[n-¡-Wtam ?
"-½-Ä- klm-bw- -thï-hsc klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xnt¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ A-p-kcn-
¡p-¶-Xns¸-än- Xm-Â-]-cyw- Im-Wn-¡tWm?" F-¶v -tNmZn-¡pt¼mÄ- ]-e-cpsSbpw- -b- n-e-]m-Sp-
I-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm-- X-X-z-§-Ä- ]p-d-¯p-h-cm-dp-ïv. A-¯-cw- -tNmZy-§-Ä- Nn-et¸mÄ- B-fp-I-Ä- G-Xv
X-¯-z-§-Ä-¡m-Wv ap-³-K-W-- -Â-Ip-¶sX¶v -shfns¸Sp-¯m-dp-ïv. A-§sh-cpt¼mÄ- A-h-
cpsS -b- n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm--hpw- -shfns¸Sm-dp-ïv. A-¯-cw- X-¯-z-§-fpsS ym-bo-I-c-Ww
-s]mXp-hm-bn- X-¯-z-Nn-´m-]-c-am-b- kw-`m-j-W-§-fn-Â- am-{X-am-Wv D-ïm-hm-dp-Å-Xv, hy-àn-I-Ä- C-{]-
Im-cw- -tNmZn-¡pt¼mÄ-: "ka-X-zt¯¡m-Ä- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-mtWm ap-³-K-W-- -ÂtIï-Xv?"
AsÃ¦n-Â- "`-c-W-L-S--bpw- A-i-c-W-cpsS B-h-iy-§-fpw- X-½n-Â- F-´v am--Z-WvUw- A-p-kcn-¨m-Wv
-½-Ä- Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-I-?"
ym-bo-I-c-Ww- ap-X-Â- -b- n-Àt±iw- hscbp-Å-, F-Ãm- Im-cy-§-fn-epw- hy-à-am-b- H-cp- am-À-¤-
n-Àt±iw- -Â-Ip-¶- ka-{K-am-b- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-a-Ã- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-. H-cp- a-[yn-e- kzm-X-{ý
X-¯-z-¯ntmSp-Å- {]-Xn-_-²-X-bm-bn-«m-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zs¯ n-À-h-Nn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. X-¯-zs¯
]-e-cpw- ]-e- h-gn-I-fn-em-bn-cn-¡pw- ym-bo-I-cn-¡p-I-. (kXy-¯n-Â-, kzm-X-ý- X-¯-zs¯ an-¡t¸mgpw-
hn-hn-[- n-e-hm-c-§-ÄsImïv ym-bo-I-cn-¡m-dp-ïv; kz-bm-[n-Im-c-¯ntmSp-Å- _-lp-am--¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-epw- hym-]-I-am-b- kar-²n- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-epw- A-Xv ym-bo-I-cn-
¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. c-ïpw- Htc X-¯-z-¯nte¡m-Wv Iq-Snt¨cp-¶sX¦n-Â-, "i-cn-bm-b- ym-bo-I-c-Ww-"
G-XmsW¶v Xn-csªSpt¡ï- B-h-iy-an-Ã-.) am-{X-a-Ã-, kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-zs¯ -b-]-c-am-b- {]-iv-
§-fn-Â- {]tbmKn-¨m-Â-, X-À-¡-§-fpw- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-fpw- ht¶¡mw-, A-Xv H-cm-fpsS km-l-N-cy-
§tfm, H-cp- -tIkn-sâ h-kvXp-X-Itfm ap-X-em-b-hsb-tbm B-{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡pw-.
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zt¯mSv {]-Xn-_-²-X-bpsï¶psh¨v H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-¡v
a-äp-Å-h-À- A-h-cpsS kzm-X-{ý-ap-]tbmKn-¨v -sN¿p-¶-Xns Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-ï- B-h-iy-ansÃ¶v F-Sp-
¯p-]-d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. H-cm-Ä-¡v asämcp-hy-àn-bpsS A-]-Io-À-¯n-I-c-am-b-, kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-²-am-b-,
Xo-£vW-am-b-, a--Êm-£n-¡p- hn-cp-²-am-b- {]-hr-¯n-Isf Ip-äs¸Sp-¯mw-. ]s£, B- hy-àn-¡v
A-¯-c-¯n-Â- -s]cp-am-dm-p-Å- A-h-Im-is¯ _-lp-am-n-¨psImïv am-{Xw-, A-Xp-]s£, A-¯-cw
s]cp-am-ä-§-Ä- -th-sdbm-fp-I-fpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡p-¶nsÃ¦n-Â- am-{Xw-.
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ Np-a-X-e-I-Ä- X-¯-z-§-fpsS n-e-I-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨m-Wv. hntijn-¨pw-, kzm-X-
{ýw- H-cp- A-p-am--amsW¶- X-¯-zt¯mSm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- X-¯-zw- Np-a-X-es¸«n-«p-Å-Xv: F-Ãm-
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§-Ä- -sh¨pw- A-h-Im-i-§sf-sh¨pw- A-h-À- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xp
t]m-se -sN¿m-p-Å- kzm-X-{ý-ap-ïm-I-Ww-, AsÃ¦n-Â- A-hsc X-S-bm-³- X-¡- Im-c-Ww- D-ïm-I-Ww-
(a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS ew-L-w-). F-Ãm- a-p-jy-Po-hn-¡pw- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-p-Å- A-h-Im-
i-ap-ïv. a-äp-Å- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-§-fn-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-À- A-h-cpsS -b- n-À-®-b-§-Ä- a-äp-
X-¯-z-§-fn-em-Wv A-À-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv, A-Xm-b-Xv:

43
1. kmtlmZ-cyw:- - hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§-fn-epw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- Dsï¶p-Å- X-¯-zw-.
2. ^-e-§-fpsS Xp-ey-X-: - hy-àn-I-Ä- A-h-km-w- kam--am-b- n-e-I-fn-epw-, kam--am-b- h-kvXp-¡-
fp-am-bpw-, em-`- n-e-I-fn-epw-, AsÃ¦n-Â- atä-sX¦n-epw- A-`n-Im-ay-am-b- ^-e-¯n-Â- F-¯nt¨c-
Wsa¶v ]-d-bp-¶- X-¯-zw-.
H-cp-]s£ H-cm-Ä- -tNmZnt¨¡mw-: kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-zs¯ n-À-h-Nn-¡m-³- Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- -sa¨s¸«-
H-cp- h-gn-bptïm? H-cp-]t£. "hy-àn- kzm-X-{ýw-, ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-, kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-,
]ns¶ kam-[m-w-" C-Xm-Wv Imtäm C-³-kvän-Syq-«n-sâ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw-. C-XmtWm kzm-X-{ý- X-¯z-s¯
n-À-h-Nn-¡m-p-Å- G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- co-Xn-, AtXm B- X-¯-zs¯ hn-hn-[- X-c-§-fn-em-bn- hn-`-Pn-¡p-
¶-Xv -sXän-²-cn-¸n-¡ptam? D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, "kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-Isfbpw-" "kam-[m-s¯bpw-"
kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- c-ïv `m-K-§-fm-bn- am-{Xw- Im-Wp-I-bnsÃ? G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨tXm
AsÃ¦n-Â- ^-e-{]-Z-am-b- cq-]-h-Â-¡-c-Ww- km-l-N-cy-§-Ä-¡v A-p-kcn-¨n-cn-¡pw-. Imtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«v
{]-[m--am-bpw- H-cp- -s]mXp--b- Kthj-W- kvYm-]--am-b-Xn-m-Â-, A-h-cpsS cq-]-h-Â-¡-c-Ww
A-h-À-¡v -Ã-h-Ww- D-]tbmK-{]-Z-am-bn- F-¶v -tXm¶p-¶p-.
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- ym-bo-I-c-W-§-Ä-
H-cp- X-¯-zs¯-tbm H-cp- Iq-«w- X-¯-z-§sf-tbm am-{Xw- A-p-Iq-en-¨v a-äp-Å-hsb n-c-kn-
¡p-¶- H-cp- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-v F-´psImïv H-¶ns kzo-I-cn-¨v a-äp-Å-hsb n-c-kn-¨p- F-¶-Xn-v
H-cp- ym-bo-I-c-Ww- B-h-iy-am-Wv. X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- n-¶v Xn-csªSp-¡pt¼mÄ- H-cp- ym-bo-I-c-Ww-
-thWw-. "Hmtcm hy-àn-bpw- A-h-sâ AsÃ¦n-Â- A-h-fpsS Xs¶ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-em-Wv. A-Xn-m-Â-,
kz-´w- i-co-cs¯-tbm kz-¯ns-tbm ]-än-bp-Å- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv" F-¶v
Nn-e-À- X-À-¡nt¨¡mw-, ]s£, A-Xn-pt]mepw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww- a-Xn-h-cn-Ã-, (D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v,
F-´m-Wv "D-S-a-kvY-X-", GsXm-s¡ {]-hr-¯n-I-fm-Wv "C-¶-Im-cy-¯n-Â-" h-cp-¶-Xv), ]-I-cw-, A-Xn-v
Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- B-g-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- ym-bo-I-c-W-¯n-sâ B-h-iy-ap-ïm-Ipw-. ym-bo-I-c-W-an-ÃmsX,
A-Xv -tIh-ew- H-cp- A-h-Im-iw- am-{X-am-bn-cn-¡pw-. kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-z-¯n-v hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-
ym-bo-I-c-W-§-Ä- D-ïv. C-¡-gn-ª- h-À-j-§-fn-Â-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- ]-e-Xnsbpw- apt¶m«v -sImïp-
h-cn-I-bpw-, ]n-´m-§p-I-bpw-, X-À-¡n-¡p-I-bpw-, hn-a-À-in-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXn-«p-ïv, Nn-e-Xv C-¶pw- X-À-
¡n-¡s¸Sp-¶p-ïv. Nn-e-Xv Xmsg -sImSp-¯n-«p-ïv, AtXm-sSm¸w- A-Xn-sâ A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- kzm-X-
{ýs¯ ym-bo-I-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- Nn-´-I-sâ -t]cpw- -sImSp-¯n-«p-ïv:
1. D-]tbmKtbmKy-X:- cm-{ão-b- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ X-¯-zw- kzm-X-{ý-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww-, Im-c-Ww-,
A-Xv G-ä-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- a-p-jy-À-¡v G-ä-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Kp-W-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cp-¶p- (-sP-
sdan- -s_´w-);
2. kz-bw-`-c-Ww:- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cpw- Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§tfmSp-Å- _-lp-am--hp-am-Wv
[m-À-½n-I- {]-Xn-n-[n-I-fpsS kz-bw-`-c-Ws¯ _-lp-am-n-¡m-³- G-ä-hpw- -Ã- cq-]-h-Â-¡-
c-Ww- (-tdm_-À-«v -tmkn-¡v);
3. kz-´w- k-t´mj-¯n-sâ bp-àn-kl-P-am-b- ]-cn-{i-aw-: -a-p-jy- kz-`m-h-a-p-kcn-¨v
k-t´mjw- Isï¯m-p-Å- ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-v kzm-X-{ýw- B-h-iy-am-Wv (A-b-³- dm-³-Uv);
4. kz-`m-hn-I- n-b-a-hpw- kzm-`m-hn-I- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw-: kz-bw- n-b-{ń-¡p-I-bpw- km-aq-ln-I-
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-a

44
C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpw- -sN¿p-¶- H-cp- Po-hn-bm-b- a-p-jy-sâ kz-`m-h-§-fn-Â- H-¶m-Wv kzm-X-{ýw-
(-tPm¬- -tem¡v);
5. shfn-]m-Sv: kzm-X-{ýw- -ssZhw- -Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv, A-XpsImïv, B-À-¡pw- asämcm-fn-Â-
n-¶pw- -ssZhw- -Â-In-b- A-h-Im-iw- Xn-cns¨Sp-¡m-³- kz-bw- ntbmKn-¡m-³- km-[n-
¡n-Ã- (-tPm¬- -tem¡v, -tXma-kv -sP-t^gvk¬-);
6. klm-p-`q-Xn-: - asämcm-fpsS kvYm--¯v n-¶v-tm¡m-p-Å- a-p-jy- -tijnsb A-p-h-Zn-
¡p-¶- H-cp- "e-fn-X-am-b- hy-h-kvY-"bm-bn-«m-Wv kzm-X-{ýw- B-hn-À-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv (B-Zw- kvan-¯v);
7. -tbmPn-¸v :- bp-àn-kl-P-am-b- Im-cy-I-À-¯m-¡-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- ]-c-kv]-c- k½-X-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-
bn-«m-Wv kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-zs¯ ym-bo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv (Pm-³- m-Àshk¬-);
hn--bw-: kzm-X-{ýs¯ H-cp- cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S--bpsS X-¯-z-am-bn- ym-bo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xn-v
Im-c-Ww- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§sf -bn-¡m-³- B-h-iy-ap-ÅsX´msW¶v B-À-¡pw-
A-dn-bm-¯-XpsImïm-Wv (F-^v.F-. lsb¡v);
8. ym-bw:- -kaq-l-¯nse G-ä-hpw- -t£aw- Ip-d-ª-h-À-¡v B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- -Â-Im-p-Å-
G-ä-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-am-b- h-gn-bm-b-XpsImïm-Wv kzm-X-{ýs¯ ym-bo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv
(-tPm¬- -tSma-kn-).
CsXmcp- hn-kvX-cn-¨- ]-«n-I-b-Ã--. H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-¯n-v H-¶n-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- ym-bo-I-c-W-§-
fn-Â- B-{i-bn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C-hn-Sps¯ {]-[m-- kq-N-- Fs´¶m-Â-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- H-cp- ym-bo-
I-c-W-¯n-Â- am-{Xw- B-{i-bn-¡-Wsa¶nsÃ¦n-epw-, A-Xv H-cp- ym-bo-I-c-W-hp-an-ÃmsX n-e-n-Â-¡n-Ã-
F-¶-Xm-Wv. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ ym-bo-I-c-W-§-fn-Â- {]tXyIns¨m¶ntmSpw
_-Ôn-¡s¸«n-«n-Ã-.
a-p-jy- -s]cp-am-ä-¯n-v -tXr-X-zw- -Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-zw-, ]s£ A-Xv kz-bw-
ym-bo-I-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- X-¯-z-a-Ã-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- kI-e-Xpw- D-Äs¡mÅp-¶- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-
im-kv{X-asÃ¦n-Ât]mepw-, a-p-jy- A-`n-hr-²n-, kz-bw-`-c-Ww-, bp-àn-, k-t´mjw-, a-X-]-c-am-b- {]-am-
W-§-Ä-, kl-Xm-]w-, o-Xn- F-¶n-§sbp-Å- B-g-¯n-ep-Å- ym-bo-I-c-W- aq-ey-§tfmSp-Å- Np-a-X-e-
Im-c-Ww- hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zs¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-.
H-cp- X-¯-zw-, hn-hn-[- -b-§-Ä-
H-cp- X-¯-z-¯n-v h-fsc-tb-sd ym-bo-I-c-W-§-fp-Å-Xpt]m-se, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡n-S-bn-Â-
Xs¶, kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-zs¯ hym-Jym-n-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- co-Xn-I-fp-ïm-Ipw-. -t]ä-âp-I-fpw-
tIm¸nssdäp-I-fpw- (kÀ-Km-ß-I-X-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-ep-Å- kz-¯-h-Im-itam AtXm kÀ-¡m-À-
-Â-Ip-¶- Ip-¯-Im-h-Im-itam?); Ip-äw- -sNbvXpsh¶v -sXfn-bn-¡s¸«- -sIme-]m-X-In-I-Ä-¡v h-[-
in-£- (o-Xn-]-c-am-b- H-cp- in-£tbm AtXm A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- A-[n-Im-ctam?); K-À-`-Ñn-{Zw- ([m-À-½n-I-
A-h-Im-i-ap-Å- c-ïv Po-h-mtWm AtXm Ht¶m F-¶p-Å- hn-i-zm-k¯ns B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-v
A-p-kcn-Np-Å- H-cp- X-À-¡-hn-j-bw-); n-Ip-Xn-hy-h-kvY- (H-cp- -sImÅtbm AtXm sskyw- -
t]mep-Å- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn- Iq-«m-b- km-[--§-Ä-¡pthïn- -Â-Im-p-Å- n-Ip-Xntbm, tkh--
¯n-p-Å- n-b-am-p-kr-X- n-c-¡p-Itfm?); hntZi-, sskn-I- -bw- (F-Ãm- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-fpw-
bp-²-¯nsXnsc H-cp- A-p-am--apsï¶v k½-Xn-¡p-¶p-ïv, ]s£, B- A-p-am-w- {]-Xntj[n-
¡m-³- F-´m-Wv -thïsX¶p-Å-Xns¡p-dn-¨pw- sskn-I- i-àn- ym-bo-I-cn-¡m-³- B-h-iy-am-b-Xv

45
F-{Xsb¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨pw- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- D-ïv); Iq-SmsX, kz-h-À-¤- hn-hm-lw- (`-c-W-Iq-Sw
kz-h-À-¤- Z-¼-Xn-ItfmSv hy-Xym-kw- Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv n-À-¯tWm AtXm `-c-W-Iq-Sw- hn-hm-l- C-S-]m-Sp-
I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- ap-gp-h-m-bn- am-dn-n-¶v, I-cm-À- n-b-a-¯n-v hn-«psImSp-¡tWm?), F-¶n-§sbp-Å
hn-j-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨v Xp-d-¶- X-À-¡-§-fp-ïv. ym-bt_m[-ap-Å- B-fp-I-Ä-¡v Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- H-cp-
X-¯-zw- F-§s D-]tbmKn-¡-Ww- F-¶p-Å-Xns¡p-dn-¨v A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- D-ïm-Imw-.
A-Xn--À-°w- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- X-¯-z-§-Ä- C-Ãmsb¶-Ã-. -sIme-]m-X-Iw-, _-em-Â-kw-Kw-, A-Sn-a-¯w-,
-tamj-Ww- F-¶n-hs¡Xnscbp-Å- n-b-a-§-Ä- GsXmcp- ]-cn-jvIr-X- n-b-a-hy-h-kvY-bpsSbpw-
A-Sn-kvYm--am-Wv; A-h- kÀ-¡m-cn-pw- _m-[-I-amt¡ï-Xm-Wv. F-´p-Xs¶bm-bm-epw-, C-¯-cw-
-s]mXp- n-b-a-§sf -S-¸n-em-¡m-³- n-Ýn-X-am-b- G-Xv -b-§-fm-Wv -thïsX¶v Ft¸mgpw- hy-à-
am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-. C-hnsSbpw-, ym-bt_m[-ap-Å- B-fp-I-Ä-¡v A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipw-. ]-u-c-
·mscbpw- A-h-cpsS Ip-Spw-_-§sfbpw-, A-{I-a-§-fn-Â-n-¶pw- kw-c-£n-¡m-³- kÀ-¡m-À- AsÃ¦n-Â-
]-u-c-·m-À- F-Sp-¡p-¶- D-Nn-X-am-b- -S-]-Sn-I-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- kw-hm-Z-¯n-v hnt[b-am-Wv.
]m-Xn-h-gn-bn-ep-Å- -S-]-Sn-I-fpw- kw-hm-Z-¯n-v hnt[b-am-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v: Hu-j-[- B-h-iy-
§-Ä-¡pthïn- I-©m-hns Ip-ä-hn-ap-à-am-¡p-¶- n-b-a-§sf kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- ]n-´m-§-Wtam,
kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ {]tbmKw- I-©m-hns, ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fn-ÃmsX Xs¶, Ip-ä-hn-ap-à-am-¡ntÃ?
C-Xv "h-©--"bm-b- X-¯-z-amtWm AtXm Iq-Sp-X-Â- kzm-X-{ý-¯nte¡p-Å- Im-e-Sntbm?
cm-{ão-b-hpw- [m-À-½n-I-X-bpw- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kw-
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-am-Wv, [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-a-Ã-. [m-À-½n-I-X-
i-cntbbpw- -·sbbpw- kw-_-Ôn-¨n-«p-Å-Xn-sâ Im-c-Ww- A-Xv i-cn-bpw- -·-bpw- B-b-Xn-m-em-Wv.
A-Xv kzta[-bm- i-cn-bpw- -Ã-Xp-am-b-Xns Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- {i-an-¡p-¶p-. A-Xp-am-bn- _-Ô-ap-Å-
XmsW¦n-Â- -t]mepw-, cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xw- a-p-jy- -s]cp-am-ä-¯n-sâ asämcp- `m-Ks¯ kw-_-
Ôn-¨-Xm-Wv. a-p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- i-cn-bm-b- _-Ô-§sf kw-_-Ôn-¨-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xw-.
X-¯-z-im-kv{X-]-c-am-b- Cu- -taJ-e-I-Ä- X-½n-Â- ]-et¸mgpw- Im-cy-am-b- Iq-Snt¨c-ep-I-Ä- D-ïm-hm-dp-Å-
Xn-p- Im-c-Ww- A-h- c-ïpw- a-p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- -s]cp-am-ä- N-«-§-Ä- n-Àt±in-¡p-¶-Xn-m-epw- a-p-jy-À-
H-ä-¡n-cn-¡pt¼mgpw- a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- C-S-]-gp-Ipt¼mgpw- F-§s -s]cp-am-d-Ww- F-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨v
hy-à-am-¡p-¶-XpsImïp-am-Wv]s£Cu--s]cp-am-ä-N-«-§-Ä-H-cp-hy-àn-F-´psImïvkzo-I-cn-¡-Ww
F-¶-Xn-v C-h- -Â-Ip-¶- ym-bo-I-c-W-§-fn-Â- C-h-À- hy-Xy-kvX-cm-Wv.
-sN¿p-¶-bm-Ä- H-cp- [m-À-½n-I- Po-hn-bmsW¶p-Å-Xn-sâ A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-em-Wv [m-À-½n-I- {]-hr-
¯n-I-Ä- ym-bo-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv. A-h-fpsS [m-À-½n-I- -tijn- A-hsf i-cn-bm-b- co-Xn-bn-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-
¡m-³- n-Àt±in-¡p-¶p-. [m-À-½n-I-X- H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS [m-À-½n-I- {]m-]vXn-bn-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv Xp-S-§p-
¶-Xv, A-Xv C-{]-Im-cw- -tNmZn-¡pw-,"A-h-Ä- H-cp- [m-À-½n-I- {]-h-À-¯-I-bmsW¦n-Â- F-§sbm-Wv
A-h-Ä- -s]cp-amtdï-Xv?" ]s£, H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯nse -s]cp-am-ä- N-«-§-Ä- H-cp- {]-h-À-
¯-I-³- a-äp- hy-àn-I-fn-Â- n-¶v -thÀs]«- [m-À-½n-I- {]-h-À-¯-I-cm-b-Xn-m-Â- _-lp-am-n-¡p-¶p-
F-¶- A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- ym-bo-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. hy-àn-I-fpsS ]-c-kv]-c- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Im-gvN-¸m-
Sn-Â-, a-p-jy-À- Atymyw- F-§s ]-cn-N-cn-¡-Ww- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶- H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- X-¯-z-am-W-Xv.
A-Xv -tNmZn-¡p-¶p-: "a-äp- hy-àn-I-fp-am-bn- C-S-]-gp-Ip-¶-h-fmsW¦n-Â-, F-§sbm-Wv H-cp- hy-àn-
-s]cp-amtdï-Xv?"
a-äp- hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-: [-À-½-¯n-sâ B-cw-`w- A-h--h-n-Â- n-¶m-Wv: a-p-jy-

46
Po-hn-I-Ä- B-b-Xn-m-Â- F-§sbm-Wv -s]cp-amtdï-Xv. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-sâ B-cw-`w-
a-äp-Å-h-cn-Â- n-¶m-Wv: a-äp-Å-h-À- a-p-jy- Po-hn-I-Ä- B-b-XpsImïv A-htcmSv o-Xn-]-c-am-bn- -s]
cp-am-d-Ww-.
F-¶m-Â-, -s]cp-am-ä-¨-«-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS -t£as¯ [m-À-½n-I- ]-cn-K-W-- aq-ew- H-gn-
hm-¡n-bn-«psï¶v A-À-°-an-Ã-. ]-e- kµ-À-`-§-fn-epw- [m-À-½n-I-am-b- {]-hr-¯n- G-XmsW¶v a--kn-em-
¡m-³-, -½-Ä- F-§sbm-Wv -½psS {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- a-äp-Å-hsc _m-[n-¡p-¶sX¶v Nn-ń-¡-Ww-,
AsÃ¦n-Â-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS e-£y-§sfbpw- D-XvI-WvT-Isfbpw- kz-´-amsW¶v I-cp-Xn- kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww-.
F-¶m-epw-, Cu- hn-j-b-¯n-sâ {i-²- Ct¸mgpw- {]-h-À-¯-I-sâ [m-À-½n-I- -tijn-bn-em-Wv. a-äp- hy-àn-
Isf¡p-dn-¨v -½-Ä-¡v I-cp-X-ep-ïm-hp-I- F-¶v -sh¨m-Â- A-hsc -½psS [m-À-½n-I- -tijn-bpsS
H-cp- `m-K-am-bn- Im-Wp-I- F-¶m-Wv. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-{]-Im-cw-, a-äp- hy-àn-Isf¡p-dn-¨v -½-
Ä-¡v I-cp-X-ep-ïm-hp-I- F-¶v -sh¨m-Â-, A-hsc _-lp-am-w- A-À-ln-¡p-¶- -thÀ-Xn-cn-ª- [m-À-½n-I-
-tijn-bp-Å-h-cm-bn- Im-Wp-I- F-¶pw-, A-Xp-aq-ew-, A-hsc _-lp-am-n-¡pw-hn-[w- -½psS-taÂ- n-b-
{´-W-§-Ä- -sh¡p-Isb¶p-am-Wv.
an-¡- a-p-jy- {]-hr-¯n-I-fn-epw- a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bp-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- B-h-iy-ap-Å-Xn-m-Â-,
Htc kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â- [m-À-½n-I- N-«-§-fpw- cm-{ão-b- N-«-§-fpw- {]tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv, A-Xp-aq-ew-,
hy-àn-I-Ä- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xs¯bpw- [m-À-½n-I-Xsbbpw- G-Io-I-cn-¡p-¶p-. Nn-e- hy-àn-I-Ä-
[m-À-½n-I-Xsb n-b-awsImïv n-b-{ń-¡m-³- {i-an-¡pw-, Im-c-Ww-, A-h-À- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp-
Im-cyw- A-[-À-½-amsW¦n-Â- A-Xv Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- n-b-a-hn-cp-²-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww- F-¶m-Wv. H-cm-Ä- H-cp-
Im-cyw- -sN¿m-³-]m-Sn-Ãmsb¦n-Â-, a-äp-Å-h-À- A-hsc A-Xv -sN¿p-¶-Xn-Â- n-¶v X-S-b-Ww-. C-Xn-v
-s]mXp-hm-bn- e-`n-¡p-¶- {]-Xn-I-c-Ww- "]-e-À-¡pw- ]-e- [m-À-½n-I-X-bm-Wv" F-¶m-Wv, AsÃ¦n-Â-, "A-h-
cpsS [m-À-½n-I-X-" A-h-À- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡-cpsX¶m-Wv. F-¶m-Â-, kzm-X-{ýs¯
kzo-I-cn-¡m-³- H-cm-Ä- [m-À-½n-I- Bt]£n-I-hm-Zw- ("F-sâ [-À-½-o-Xn-" " n-§-fpsS [-À-½-o-Xn-"-tbmfw-
-Ã-Xpw- {]-_-e-am-b-Xp-am-Wv) kzo-I-cn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-. Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Bt]£n-I-
hm-Zw- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-v H-cp- Zp-À-º-e-am-b- A-Sn-kvYm--am-bn-cn-¡pw-, Im-c-Ww- F-Ãm- hm-Z-§-fpw- a-äp-Å-
htbmfw- -Ã-XmsW¦n-Â-, ]ns¶ kzm-X-{ýw- F-§s _-e-{]tbmKt¯¡m-Ä- -sa¨s¸«-Xm-Ipw-?
B- X-À-¡-¯n-sâ H-cp- -t`Zw- Fs´¶m-Â-, F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-b- H-cp- kÀ-Æ-hym-]n-bm-b-
[-À-½-o-Xn- Dsï¦n-Â-¯s¶, B-À-¡pw- A-Xv F-´msW¶v A-dn-bn-Ã-, At¸mÄ- i-cn-bm-b- [-À-½-
o-Xn- G-XmsW¶v A-dn-bm-¯-XpsImïv, B-cpw- [-À-½-o-Xnsb n-b-a-h-im-Â- n-b-{ń-¡-cp-Xv.
[m-À-½n-I- Bt]£n-I-hm-Zs¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- hm-Zt¯¡m-Ä- i-à-am-Wv Cu- hm-Zsa¦n-epw-, i-cn-bm-b-
[-À-½-o-Xn- G-XmsW¶v Isï¯n-bm-Â- "[-À-½-o-Xn-bpsS n-b-a-n-b-{X-Ww" ym-bm-p-kr-X-
am-Wv F-¶- B-i-bs¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶- hm-Z-am-Wn-Xv. H-cp- kÀ-Æ-hym-]n-bm-b- [-À-½-o-Xn-bpsï¶v
-½-Ä- k½-Xn-¡p-I-bpw- A-Xns F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- A-dn-bmsa¶pw- A-XntmSv k½-X-amsW¶v
A-p-am-n-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXm-Ât]mepw-, cm-{ão-b- kvYm-]--§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨p- [m-À-½n-I-Xsb n-b-
a-n-b-{´-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-Xv n-b-am-p-kr-X-a-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, [m-À-½n-I-X- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xs¯
At]£n-¨v asämcp- a-p-jy- A-p-`-h-hp-am-bm-Wv C-Ss]Sp-¶-Xv. Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- -sa¨s¸«- Po-hn-X-§-Ä-
-bn-¡m-³- - -½-Ä- {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶p- - [m-À-½n-I-X- -½sf klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. ]-c-kv]-cw- o-Xntbm-sS
Po-hn-¡m-³- n-b-aw- -½sf klm-bn-¡p-¶p-.
GsX¦n-epw- [m-À-½n-I-X-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm--an-Ãm-¯- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-v ym-bo-I-c-
W-an-Ã- F-¶v Nn-e-À- X-À-¡n-¡pw-. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xw- H-cp- a-[yn-e- A-h-Im-i-amsW¶v ]-d-bp-¶

47
- X-¯-zs¯ H-¶v Hm-Às¯Sp-¡p-. A-Xn-v Ct¸mgpw- H-cp- ym-bo-I-c-W-ap-ïv (H-cp- ]s£, ]-e-
ym-bo-I-c-W-§-Ä-),]s£A-Xvkzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-X-¯-z-§tfmSv-tNÀ-¶pt]mIp-¶-X-Ã-.-tcs¯]-d-ª-
Xpt]m-se, hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- ym-bo-I-c-W-§-Ä- D-Å-h-À-¡pw- H-cp- -s]mXp- X-¯-zt¯mSv -tbmPn-¡mw-
Cu- kµ-À-`-¯n-Â-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- -sshhn-[yt¯mSp-Å- kln-jvWp-X- kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ.
H-cp- {]tbmK-am-Wv, A-Xv hn-hn-[- [m-À-½n-I- ho-£-W-§sfbpw- -s]cp-am-ä-§sfbpw- A-p-h-Zn-¡p-
¶-Xm-Wv, F-Ãm-h-cpw- Htc A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Xp-ey-am-bn- B-kz-Zn-¡p-I-bmsW¦n-Â- am-{Xw-. an-¡- kµ-
À-`-§-fn-epw-, [m-À-½n-I-X-bpw- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-hpw- Htc -s]cp-am-äw- Xs¶bm-bn-cn-¡pw-
n-Àt±in-¡p-I-: -sIme-]m-X-Iw-, _-em-Â-kw-Kw-, -tamj-Ww- Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- [-À-½-hn-cp-²-am-Wv, A-hsb
n-b-am-p-kr-Xw- in-£nt¡ï-Xp-am-Wv. ]s£, Nn-e- kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â-, [m-À-½n-I-X- H-cp- {]-hr-¯nsb
n-À-_-Ôn-¡p-Itbm ntcm[n-¡p-Itbm -sN¿pt¼mÄ- cm-{ão-b- im-kv{Xw- A-Xns¡p-dn-¨v n-i-
Ð-amtb¡mw-. Nn-et¸mÄ-, [-À-½-o-Xn- n-§sf n-§-fpsS A-b-Â-hm-knsb kz-´w- k-tlmZ-cs-
t¸m-se (AsÃ¦n-Â- k-tlmZ-cnsb-t¸m-se) kv-tln-¡m-³- B-h-iys¸-t«¡mw-, ]s£ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z
-im-kv{Xw- - H-¶p-ansÃ¦n-Â-, kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xw- - A-Xv B-h-iys¸Sp-¶n-Ã-. B-cm-
[y-m-b- skâv -tXma-kv A-¡-zn-m-kv -t]mepw- hm-Zn-¨-Xn-§sbm-Wv, "a-p-jy- n-b-aw- D-ïm-¡n-bn-
«p-Å-Xv H-cp- Iq-«w- a-p-jy-À-¡pthïn-bm-Wv, A-Xn-Â- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- ]p-Wy-¯n-Â- ]q-À-®-c-Ã-. B-I-
bm-Â- a-p-jy- n-b-a-§-Ä- kZvKp-W-k¼-¶-À- h-À-Ön-¡p-¶- F-Ãm- -sXäp-Isfbpw- ntcm[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-,
a-dn-¨v, `q-cn-]-£-¯n-pw- h-À-Ön-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Zm-cp-W-am-b- -sXäp-Isf am-{X-am-Wv
ntcm[n-¡p-¶-Xv; A-Xn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-epw- a-äp-Å-hsc -t{Zmln-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv, A-Xn-sâ ntcm[--an-
ÃmsXa-p-jy-kaq-l-¯n-vn-e-n-Â-¡m-³-km-[n-¡n-Ã-;A-Xn-m-Â-a-p-jy-n-b-a-§-Ä--sIme-]m-X-Iw-,
tamj-Ww-, Xp-S-§n-b-hsb ntcm[n-¡p-¶p-. [m-À-½n-I-X-bpsS h-i-¯p-n-¶v -tm¡pt¼mÄ-
Bt£]m-À-l-am-b-, A-[m-À-an-I-am-b-, o-N-am-b- ]-e- Im-cy-§-fpw- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-sâ
h-i-¯v A-p-h-Z-o-b-am-b-h-bn-Â- ht¶¡mw-. H-cp- Im-cyw- n-b-a-h-im-Â- ntcm[n-¡s¸«-XmtWm-
sb¶v -tcJs¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xv Cu- -tNmZy-{]-Im-c-am-Wv: Cu-{]-hr-¯n- asämcm-fpsS A-h-Im-is¯
ew-Ln-¡ptam?
D-]-kw-lm-cw-
hn-hn-[- a-X-¡m-cpw- H-cp- a-X-¯n-epw- C-Ãm-¯-h-cpw-, hy-Xy-kvX-hpw- hym-]-I-hp-am-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-
§sf -ssIh-cn-¨-h-cpw-, hn-hn-[- Po-hn-Xssien-I-Ä- D-Å-h-cpw-, hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- hw-io-b-hpw- `m-jm-]-c-hp-
am-b-kw-L-§-fpsSAw-K-§-fpw-,kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-fn-Â-D-Äs¸«n-«p-ïv,]s£A-hscsF-Iy-cm-¡p-¶-Xv
kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶- X-¯-z-am-Wv. X-¯-z-¯n-sâ Nn-e- {]tbmK-§sf kw-_-Ôn-¨v A-h-À- hy-Xy-kvX-cm-
bn-cn-¡pw-, {]-kà-am-b- h-kvXp-X-Isf¡p-dn-¨v A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- ht¶¡mw-, Nn-et¸mÄ-, Htc
kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-z-¯n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-Àt]mepw- A--´-c-^-e-am-bn- H-cp- {]-iv-¯n-sâ F-Xn-À-h-i-
§-fn-Â- ht¶¡mw-. C-c-I-fn-Ãm-¯- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-pw-, Zp-À-`-c-Ws¯ F-Xn-À-¡m-pw-,
hym-]m-c-¯n-sâbpw- kw-cw-`-¯n-sâbpw- kzm-X-{ýw- kw-c-£n-¡m-pw-, hn-cp-²-am-b- A-{I-as¯
F-Xn-À-¡m-pw-, ]ns¶ -s]mXp-hm-bn- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- Xp-ey- kzm-X-{ýs¯ ]n-³-Xm-§m-pw- -thï-
ka-b-¯v Cu- X-¯-zw- A-hsc -tbmPn-¸n-¡p-¶p-.
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xt¯mSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶-hsc Rm-³- kzm-X-{ý-
hm-Z- B-i-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-X-Â- K-u-c-ht¯m-sS ]-Tn-¡m-pw-, A-Xns¡p-dn-¨v hm-bn-¡m-pw-,

48
Nn-ń-¡m-pw-, N-À-¨sN¿m-pw-, X-À-¡n-¡m-pw-, a-äp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw-
-sN¿m-pw- £-Wn-¡p-¶p-. kzm-X-{ý- X-¯-zs¯ ]n-´m-§p-I- F-¶psh¨m-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bm-
Ip-I- F-¶m-Wv. B- X-¯-zs¯ ]n-´m-§p-hm-³- H-cp- hy-àn-¡p-Å- Im-c-W-§-Ä- a-äp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-
I-fn-Â-n-¶pw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-Imw-; a-äp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-fn-Â-n-¶v kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zs¯ hy-Xy-kvX-
am-¡p-¶- h-gn-I-fn-Â- H-¶m-Wn-Xv, Im-c-Ww-, A-Xn-v A-Sn-kvYm--X-¯-z-§-fpsS sF-Iy-X- B-h-iy-an-Ã-,
F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-v Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-apsï¶- -tIh-ew- H-cp- -tbmPn-¸v a-Xn-bm-Ipw-.
H-cp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn- asämcp- kzm-X-{ý-hm-ZntbmSv A-h-À- c-ïpt]cpw- kzo-I-cn-¨- H-cp- X-¯-zs¯
D-Zm-l-c-W-kln-Xw- hn-h-cn-¡pt¼mÄ- H-cp- ]s£ A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- H-¯- -b- n-e-]m-Sns¡p-dn-¨v
hntbmPnt¨¡mw-. kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-am-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- X-¯-z-im-
kv{Xs¯ n-À-h-Nn-¡p-¶-Xpw- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-Isf H-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw-. As{Xbpw- D-Åp-, A-Xv a-Xn-
bm-Ipw-.

49
A-[ym-bw- G-gv
kzm-X-{ý-ansÃ¦n-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-:
I-e-bnsÃ¦n-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hp-an-Ã-
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-
kzm-X-{ýw- I-e-bv¡v {]-[m--am-Wv F-¶v ]-Xn-hm-bn- ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wv, F-¶m-Â-, I-e- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pw-
{]-[m--am-Wv. I-e- ]-g-b- am-Xr-I-Isf C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-I-bpw- -½sf Nn-ń-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. kzm-X-{ý-an-ÃmsX
I-e- km-[y-a-Ã-, A-Xpt]m-se, I-e-bn-ÃmsX kzm-X-{ý-hpw- km-[y-a-Ã-. km-dm- kvI-z-b-À- en-_-À-«n- ^-ïnse -s^-tÃmbpw-
-ssdänw-Kv hn-¯v F- Xo-kn-kv F-¶- {]-kn-²- -tIm-tfPv-X-e- F-gp-¯p- ]-T-- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-sâ -teJ-I-bp-am-Wv. A-h-À-
bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v Nn-¡mtKmbn-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv Bwt¥b-`m-j-bn-Â- ]n-.F-Nv.Un-. F-Sp-¯-Xv.
_n-.kn-.C-. 380-Â- I-hn-I-Ä- X-sâ B-Z-À-i-]-c-am-b- P-m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-Â- Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- A-]-
I-S-amsW¶v -t¹-täm hm-Zn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-.
kn-.C- 8.-Â-, “H-cp- I-hn-X-bpw- H-cp- -sXäpw-” F-¶v Hm-hn-Uv hn-h-cn-¨-Xn-v At±l-¯ns -tdman-Â-
n-¶pw- m-Sp-I-S-¯n-.
kn-.C-. 722-Â-, N-{I-h-À-¯nsb hn-a-À-in-¨-Xn-v Pm-¸-o-kv I-hn- A-tkman-H-bp- -tlmkp-ansb
kmtUm Z-zo-]nte¡v m-Sp-I-S-¯n-.
kn-.C-. 1642-Â-, H-en-h-À- -t{ImashÃn-sâ kÀ-¡m-À- e-ï-Wnse F-Ãm- m-S-I-im-e-I-fpw- ]q-«m-³-
D-¯-c-hn-«p-.
kn-.C-. 1815-Â-, -tKmbsb C-³-I-zn-kn-j-³- hn-fn-¨p-h-cp-¯p-I-bpw- At±l-¯n-sâ “Zn- -t¡-Uv
am-P-” F-¶- Nn-{Xw- B-À-¡pthïn-bm-Wv h-c-¨sX¶pw- -tNmZn-¨p-. A-Xp-I-gn-ªp- Xm-a-kn-bmsX,
At±l-¯n-v kv]m-n-jv cm-P-kZ-Ênse Nn-{X-Im-c-sâ ]-Z-hn- -ãs¸«p-.
kn-.C-. 2012-Â- ]p-Ên- d-b-«v F-¶- d-jy-³- Km-b-I-kw-Ls¯ kÀ-¡m-cns hn-a-À-in-¨psImïp-Å-
H-cp- Km-w- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xn-v A-d-kväpsN¿p-I-bpw- c-ïv h-À-jw- X-S-hp-in-£- -Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-.
H-cp- I-em-Im-cn- B-bm-Â- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ n-b-{´-W-§-Ä-¡v hnt[b- B-Im-p-Å- km-
[y-X- h-fsc Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. 1920-I-fn-epw- 30-I-fn-epw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- kväm-en-sâ “h-en-b- ip-²o-I-c-
Ww-” “c-ïm-bn-cw- F-gp-¯p-Imscbpw-, I-em-Im-c-·mtcbpw-, _p-²n-Po-hn-Itfbpw- P-bn-en-em-¡n-.
A-Xn-Â- G-ItZiw- 1500 -t]À- P-bn-en-Â- a-cn-¨p-. 1933-Â- ln-äve-dn-sâ m-kn- kÀ-¡m-À- F-Ãm- I-e-I-
fpsSbpw- n-b-{´-Ww- -s{]m¸-Km-ïm- an-n-kv{Sn-bv¡v -ssIam-dn-, Iq-SmsX, I-em-Im-c-·mtcbpw-
_p-²n-Po-hn-Itfbpw- X-S-hn-em-¡m-pw- -sImes¸Sp-¯m-p-am-bn- {]tXyI-am-bn- -sX-tckn-b-³-kväm-Uv
-tIm¬-sk³t{Sj-³- Iym-¼v kr-ãn-¨p-. amthmbpsS kmw-kvIm-cn-I- hn-¹-h-¯n-sâ “-ãs¸«- Z-i-I-”
¯n-Â- (1966-1976), F-{X- I-em-Im-c-³-am-À- a-cn-¨psh-t¶m A-{]-Xy-£-amsb-t¶m, AsÃ¦n-Â- A-h-
cn-Â- F-{Xt]cpsS Po-hn-X-hpw- {]-b-Xv-hpw- Fs¶-t¶¡p-am-bn- -in-¸n-¡s¸-s«-t¶m -ap-¡v
Ct¸mgpw- A-dn-bn-Ã-.
C-cp-]-¯nsbm¶mw- q-äm-ïnse ]m-Ým-Xy- cm-Py-§-fnse kzm-X-{ý-¯n-Â- I-e- kr-ãn-¡m-p-Å-

50
A-h-kc-ap-ïm-b-h-À-¡v, I-em-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{ýs¯¡p-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-X-Â- Nn-ńt¡ïmsb¶p-Å-
ku-`m-Ky-ap-ïv. -½-Ä- A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- BtemNn-¡pt¼mÄ-, A-Xns ]-et¸mgpw- H-cp- ku-µ-cym-
ß-I- {]-iv-am-bn-«m-Wv I-W-¡m-¡p-I- - -ap-¡v B-h-iy-ap-Å- D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¡m-pw
--½tfmSv G-ä-hpw- B-g-¯n-Â- {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶- -ssiensb Xn-csªSp-¡m-p-ap-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-
]-c-hpw- I-em-]-c-hp-am-b- kzm-X-{ýw-. n-b-{ń-X- -ssien-]-c-am-b- am-À-¤-n-Àt±i-§-fn-ÃmsX, C-ã-
ap-Å- Nn-{X-§-Ä- kr-ãn-¡m-pw- B-h-iy-ap-Å- hm-¡p-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡m-p-ap-Å- B-{K-l-¯n-sâ
n-dthä-em-bn-«m-Wv I-em-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{ýs¯ -½-Ä- Im-Wp-¶-Xv. (Nn-{X-Im-c-pw- -t^m-t«m{Km-
^-dp-am-b- -s_³- jm-³- H-cn-¡-Â- ]-d-ªn-cp-¶p-, I-em-Im-c-·msc kz-´w- -te_-ep-I-Ä- Xn-csªSp-
¡m-m-bn- hn-«psImSp-¯m-Â- A-h-À- “H-¶ntbpw- Xn-csªSp-¡n-Ã-”). 2001-Â- km-dm- -tPm¬-kn-sâ
“bp-h-À- -sdh-eyq-j-³- hn-Â- -tm«v lm-¸-³- _n-ä-zo-³- Zo-kv -ssXkv” F-¶- ]m-«v -sh¨-Xn-v H-cp- -tdUntbm
{]t£]-W-n-e-b-¯n-sâ-taÂ- F-^v.kn-.kn-. $7,000 -sâ ]n-g- Np-a-¯n-b-Xns¡p-dn-¨v H-cp- ]s£
n-§-Ä- -tI«n-«p-ïm-Ipw-. ln-¸vtlm¸v kw-Ko-XtaJ-e-bn-Â- kv{Xo-I-fpsS -ssew-Kn-I- h-kvXp-n-jvT-Xsb
{]-Xntj[n-¨psIm-sïgp-Xn-b- dm-¸v kw-Ko-Xs¯ “hy-à-hpw- kv]-ã-hpw- n-µy-hp-am-b- -ssew-Kn-I- ]-cm-
a-À-i-§-Ä-” D-ÅsX¶pw- “B-Ý-cys¸Sp-¯m-pw- -sR«n-¡m-pw- cq-]-I-Â-¸-- -sNbvX-Xm-bn- -tXm¶p-
¶p-”sh¶pw- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨-Xn-sâ hntcm[m-`m-kw- -½sf Nn-cn-¸nt¨¡mw-.
-sNdpsX¶v -tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶- C-¯-cw- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-I-fpsS D-Zm-l-c-W-§sf -½-Ä- X-Ån-¡-f-
bp-I-bm-Wv]-Xn-hv. C-cp-]-¯nsbm¶mw-q-äm-ïnse-shkv-tä¬-kw-kvIm-c-¯n-Â-,I-es¡Xnscbp-Å-
sk³-kÀ-jn-¸v k¦p-Nn-X- Nn-´m-K-Xn-¡m-cptSbpw- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- -sR«p-¶-h-cptSbp-am-Wv. lm-cn- -
t]m«-À- ]p-kvX-§-Ä- -ss]im-Nn-I-X- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-h-À-¡pw- ]m-c-â-Â- ayq-kn-Iv
dn-tkmgvkv skâ-À- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶- Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡v -tIÄ-¡m-³- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- “^n-Â-¯n- ^n-^väo-³-”
-tdm¡v kw-Ko-X-§-fpsS ]-«n-I- kr-ãn-¡p-¶- hn-UvVn-I-Ä-¡pw- -thïn-bp-Å-Xm-W-Xv. bq-Pn-³- Hm-'n-Â-
F-¶- m-S-I-c-N-bn-Xm-hv ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, “F-ńs-sb¦n-epw- sk³-kÀ- -sN¿p-¶-Xv, A-Xv G-Xv
ka-bt¯m, G-Xv kvY-et¯m, F-´v Im-c-W-¯mtem B-bm-epw-, A-Xv F-Ãm- Im-e-¯pw- `m-hn-bn-epw-
h-À-¤o-b-hm-Zn-bpsSbpw- _p-²n-iq-y-X-bpsSbpw- A-h-km-- B-{i-b-am-Wv.”
A-Xv -ap-¡v A-dn-bm-hp-¶-XpsImïv -½-Ä- Nn-cn-¡p-¶p-. H-cp- ]s£, -½-Ä- A-Xv -sNbvXp-
Iq-Sm-. -sNdn-b- ]n-g-I-fpw- im-k-§-fpw- -sImïv Po-hn-¡m-³- F-fp-¸-am-Wv, ]s£, A-h-, I-em-Im-c-
·msc A-h-cpsS hn-j-bs¯ n-b-{ń-¡m-pw- A-h-cpsS I-emt_m[s¯ ap-gp-h-m-bn- {]-I-Sn-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xv kw-i-bn-¡m-pw- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡pw-. A-Xv Nn-e- Zp-jn-¨- Im-cy-§-fnte¡p-Å- B-Zy- ]-Sn-bm-Wv.
h-fscb-[n-Iw- I-em-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{ý-apsï¶v I-cp-Xn- kr-ãn-¡m-p-Å- kzm-X-{ýw- H-cp- Zp-À-º-
e-am-b- kzm-X-{ý-amsW¶- Im-cyw- -½-Ä- H-cn-¡-epw- a-d-¡-cp-Xv. -½-Ä- F-{X- Zp-À-_-e-cmsW¶pw- a-d-
¡-cp-Xv. N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- I-em-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{ýs¯ ]-Xn-hm-bn- C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶- Im-cy-hpw
-½-Ä- a-d-¡-cp-Xv.
A-hsb a-d-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- Zp-c-´-am-bn-cn-¡pw-, ]s£ A-Xv, -ap-¡v ap-¼v D-ïm-bn-cp-¶-h-À-
-S-¯n-b- Xym-K-§sf a-d-¡p-¶-XpsImïv am-{X-a-Ã-. kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn- I-e-bv¡v -sN¿m-³-
km-[n-¡p-¶-¯n-sâ i-àn- Im-WmsX-t]mIp-¶p- F-¶-XpsImïm-Wv A-Xv H-cp- Zp-c-´-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn- I-e-bv¡v -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§-fpsS i-àn- F-¶v Rm-³
]-d-bpt¼mÄ-, A-Xn-Â- [-Àt½m]tZi-]-c-am-b- I-e- - kzm-X-{ýs¯ kv]-ã-am-bn- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-
¡p-¶tXm `-c-W-Iq-S- A-[n-Im-cs¯ -tNmZyw- -sN¿p-¶tXm B-b- B-hn-jvIm-c- cq-]-§-Ä- - am-{X-
a-Ã- Rm-³- Dt±in-¡p-¶sX¶v C-hnsS hy-à-am-¡s«. Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- I-e-I-Ä-¡v
kzm-X-{ý-ansÃ¦n-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-:I-e-bnsÃ¦n-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hp-an-Ã-

51
h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o--hpw- ^-e-§-fpw- D-ïm-Imw-. _m-¦vknsb -t]mep-Å- I-em-Im-c-³-am-À- kr-ãn-
¡p-¶- ka-Im-eo-- -sXcp-hv I-e-bpw- {^m-¦v -sSgvW-À- -t]m-sebp-Å- -t^m¡v kw-Ko-X-Ú-cpsS Km--
§-fpw- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- I-e-, A-Xv -¶m-bn- -sN¿pt¼mÄ-, D-ïm-¡p-¶- h-en-b- kzm-[o--¯n-sâ -Ã-
D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.
kzm-X-{ýs¯ -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡-Ww- F-¶p-Å- Dt±i-an-ÃmsX kr-ãn-¡s¸Sp-¶- I-e- -t]mepw-
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- I-e-bm-Wv. “Zn- ¹m-kvän-Iv ]o-¸n-Ä- Hm-^v Zn- bq-Wnthgvkv”
F-¶- -sN¡v Km-b-I-kw-L-¯n-sâ A-d-kväpw- hn-Nm-c-W-bpw- -shÂshäv hn-¹-h-¯n-v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv
A-h-cpsS kw-Ko-Xw- {]-Xy-£-¯n-Â- cm-{ão-b-am-b-XpsImï-Ã-, ]s£, h-¢m-hv lmshÂ- F-gp-Xn-b-Xp
t]m-se“-tdm¡vkw-Ko-Xw--tIÄ-¡m-p-Å-kzm-X-{ýs¯a-p-jy-kzm-X-{ý-am-bn-«m-Wva--kn-em-¡s¸«-Xv,
B-b-Xn-m-Â-, X-¯-z-Nn-´sbbpw- cm-{ão-bs¯bpw- Ip-dn-¨v Nn-ń-¡m-p-Å- kzm-X-{ý-hpw-, F-gp-
Xm-p-Å- kzm-X-{ý-hpw-, kaq-l-¯nse hn-hn-[- kmw-kvIm-cn-I- cm-{ão-b- Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨v N-À-
¨sN¿m-pw-, hm-Zn-¡m-p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- -t]m-se¯s¶bm-Wv” F-¶- Im-c-W-¯m-em-Wv.
H-cp- kaq-l-hpw- A-Xnse Aw-K-§-fpw- I-esb kr-ãn-¡m-³- kz-X-{´-csÃ¦n-Â- “kXy-¯n--I-¯v”
Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv A-km-[y-am-Ipw-.
-tamïn--ss]¯-¬-Aw-K-am-b-F-dn-IvsF-Un-Â-CsX§skw-`-hn-¨p-F-¶-Xvhn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-.
At±lw- F-gp-Xn-, “H-cp- kaq-l-¯nse kzm-X-{ýw- A-f-¡m-p-Å- H-cp- am-À-¤w- A-hnsS F-{X-am-{Xw
lm-kyw- A-p-h-Zn-¨n-«psï¶p-Å-Xm-Wv, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, Hm-P-Êp-Å- H-cp- kaq-lw- ntcm[-I-am-b-
H-cp- kaq-ls¯¡m-fpw- Bt£]- lm-kyw- A-p-h-Zn-¡pw-.” -tamïn- -ss]¯-Wn-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-Â- -
{]tXyIn-¨pw- -sse^v Hm-^v -s{_bn-³-, Iq-SmsX, -tamïn- -ss]¯-¬- B-³-Uv Zn- -tlmfn- -ss{KÂ- -
kv]-ã-am-b- cm-{ão-b- A-À-°-§-Ä- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¦n-epw-, sF-Un-en-sâ hm-Z-a-p-kcn-¨v,
lm-ky-¯n-sâ -shdpw- kr-ãnt]mepw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- {]-hr-¯n-bm-Wv, B- {]-hr-¯n-, A-Xn-sâ kz-`m-h-
¯m-Â- Xs¶, kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Zn- ]m-c-äv kv-sI¨v, A-Xn-sâ -shdpw-
n-e-n-Â-¸psImïv am-{Xw-, -tlmfn- -ss{Kense hn-hn-[- cq-]-¯n-ep-Å- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ n-b-a-km-[p-
Xsb¡p-dn-¨p-Å- X-À-¡t¯mfw- Xs¶ kzm-X-{ý-¯ntmSp-Å- H-cp- Xn-cn-¨-Sn-bm-Wv. am-À-¡v ssSz³
]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, “A-m-Z-c-hm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-, Iq-SmsX, A-Xn-sâ H-cp- D-d-¸m-b-
]-cn-c-£-W-hpw-.”
I-e-bv¡v`n-¶n-¸n-¡m-³-km-[n-¡pw-.GsXm-s¡cq-]w-F-Sp-¯m-epw-,A-Xn-sân-co-£-Is]-g-b
B-i-b-§sf ]p-:-{I-ao-I-cn-¡m-pw-, ]-g-b- [m-c-W-Isf ]p--cmtemNn-¡m-pw-, ]-g-b- co-Xn-Isf
am-äm-pw- n-À-_-Ôn-¡p-¶p-. F-an-en- Un-¡n-³-k¬- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-, “im-co-cn-I-am-bn-, F-sâ X-e-
ap-gp-h-m-bn-F-Sp-¯p-am-äs¸«psh¶v-tXm¶p-¶psï¦n-Â-,A-XvI-hn-X-bmsW¶vF-n-¡vA-dn-bmw-.”
X-sâ Im-hym-ß-I-am-b- {]-h-À-¯--co-Xn-bpsS B-i-bs¯ ]-Xn--©p- hm-¡p-I-ÄsImïv B-hn-
jv¡-cn-¡m-³- “Zn- FtägvW-Â- -sImkvSym-³- B-³-Uv Ct½mÀ-«-Â- B-³-kÀ- Hm-^v _-Àsekv¡nse
“n-§-Ä- H-cp- Ip-«nsb -sh¨v n-Â-¡p-¶- H-cp- kv{Xosb C-Sn-¡ptam? - C-Ã-, Rm-³- A-hsc I-Ãv
-sh¨v C-Sn-¡pw”, F-¶- h-cn-I-fnse ]-Xn--©v hm-¡p-I-Ä- a-Xn-” F-¶v C-.C-. I-½n-Mvkv F-gp-Xn-bt¸mÄ-,
At±lw- CtX hn-Im-cw- h-À-®n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-. “bp- ^n-äv C-âp- an-” F-¶- I-hn-X-bn-eqsS am-À-K-c-äv
B-äp-hp-Upw- AsX A-p-`-hw- X-sâ hm-b--¡m-À-¡m-bn- ]p-kvX-I-¯m-fp-I-fn-Â- kr-ãn-¡p-¶p-:
o- Ft¶mSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶p-
I-®n-Â- -sImfp-¯p- Ip-¯p-¶-Xv -t]m-se
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-

52
H-cp- Nq-ï-ap-Åv
H-cp- Xp-d-¶- I-®v
-½psS Nn-´m-K-Xn- am-dp-¶- AsX n-an-j-¯n-em-Wv I-e-bp-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv: -t]mbn-â n-en-kw- F-¶-
hn-Zy-bp-]tbmKn-¨p- kr-ãn-¡p-¶- Nn-{X-§-Ä- H-c-Sn- Zq-c-¯p-n-¶v -tm¡pt¼mgpw- ap-dn-bpsS At§b-
¸p-d-¯v n-¶v -tm¡pt¼mgpw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-bn- -tXm¶pw-; -tjIvkv]n-b-dn-sâ -sl³-dn- V F-¶-
Ir-Xn-bpsS kn-n-a- A-p-cq-]o-I-c-W-§sf c-ïv co-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv -temd-³-kv H-en-hn-b-dpw- -sI¶-¯v
{_m-m-Ipw- n-À-½n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv; ntXym]tbmK- km-[--§-fn-epw- I-e- Dsï¶- -t]m¸v B-À-«v
hn-i-zm-kw-;n-i-Ð-X-bpw-kw-Ko-X-amsW¶--tPm¬--tIPn-sâhm-Zw-.I-e--½psS{]-Xo-£-Isfn-c-´-cw-
]p-:{I-ao-I-cn-¡m-pw- -ap-¡v A-dn-bmsa¶v -tXm¶p-¶-Xns ]p-:]-cntim[n-¡m-pw- n-À-_-Ôn-
¡p-¶p-. I-e-bpsS A-p-`-hw-, A-Xv kr-ãm-hm-bnt«m AsÃ¦n-Â- Im-Wn-bm-bnt«m B-bm-epw-, -½psS
Nn-´-Isf h-g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv Xs¶ H-cp-X-cw- kzm-X-{ý-am-Wv.
I-e- -½-fn-Â- H-cp- kzm-X-{ýt_m[w- D-ïm-¡p-¶p- F-¶- Im-c-W-¯m-Â- am-{X-a-Ã- Rm-³- A-Xv
kzm-X-{ýs¯ h-f-À-¯p-¶p- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. -½-Ä- Nn-ń-¡p-¶-Xv I-e- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wv.
]s£ -½-Ä- H-cp- Im-cyw- am-{Xta Nn-ń-¡m-hq- F-¶v A-Xv B-h-iys¸Sp-¶n-Ã-. -½psS hn-hn-[- X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- A-`n-{]m-b-§sf {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-p-Å- kzm-X-{ýw- A-Xv X-cp-¶p-. kzm-X-{ýs¯ -t]m-se,
I-e-bv¡pw- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{Xt¯mSv £-a-bn-Ã-. hm-Ä-«v hn-ävam-³- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv C-§sbm-Wv:
Rm-³- Ft¶mSp-Xs¶ F-Xn-À-¯p-]-d-bp-¶ptïm?
F-¦n-Â-, Rm-³- A-Xp-Xs¶bm-Wv -sN¿p-¶-Xv,
(Rm-³- h-ep-Xm-Wv, F-sâbp-Ån-Â- A--h-[n- Nn-´-I-fp-ïv.)
dm-Â-^v hm-ÄtUm Ftagvk¬- A-Xpt]m-se {]-kvXm-hn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-, “H-¶n-Â-¯s¶
D-d-¨p-n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv hn-UvVn-¯-am-Wv, A-Xv -sNdn-b- Nn-´m-K-Xn-bp-Å- Po-hn-I-fptSXm-Wv, cm-{ão-b-
¡m-À-¡pw-, X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À-¡pw-, Zn-hy-·m-À-¡pw- A-Xm-Wv B-h-iyw-. A-§s D-d-¨p-n-Â-¡pt¼mÄ-
H-cp- a-l-¯m-b- Po-h-p- -sN¿m-m-bn- H-¶p-an-Ã-.” ]-e- I-em-Im-c-·m-À-¡pw- H-cp- hn-j-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v
Zr-V-hpw- A-ń-a-hp-am-b- A-`n-{]m-bw- F-¶p-Å- Nn-´m-K-XntbmSv -tbmPn-¸n-Ã-. hnthI-ap-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv
I-esb kr-ãn-¡p-¶- {]-h-À-¯n-bn-eqsSbm-Wv - H-cp- kz-X-{´- kaq-l-¯nse C-Ss]S-ep-I-ÄsImïv
A-dn-hv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpt]m-se AsÃ¦n-Â- kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bpsS hn-e- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpt]m-se. e-ï-³
kvIq-Ä- Hm-^v F-¡tWman-Ivkn-sâ kl-kvYm-]-I-m-b- {K-lmw- hm-e-kv, H-cn-¡-Â- F-gp-Xn-, “H-cp-
I-hn-lr-Z-bw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- -s]¬-Ip-«ntbmSv ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- a--kn-em-¡n-b-Xn-p- -tijw-
kw-km-cn-¡-Wsa¶v ]-d-ªt¸mÄ- A-h-Ä- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-ªp-, “]-d-bp-¶sX´msW¶v -tIÄ-¡p-
¶-Xn-p- ap-¼v Rm-³- F-§s a--kn-em-¡pw-?” “. I-e- -½sf Htc ka-bw- H-¶ns - odi et amo
C-ãs¸Sp-I-bpw- -shdp-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv -½sf --sl³-dn-- V-sâ [o-c-
Xsb BtLmjn-¡m-pw- AtX ka-bw- bp-²-¯n-sâ A--´-c-^-es¯¡p-dn-¨p- hy-kn-¡m-p-ap-Å-
A-h-kcw- -Â-Ip-¶p-. H-¶n-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Im-cy-§-Ä- kXy-am-Imsa¶pw- Htc kw-`-hs¯¡p-dn-¨p
hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- [m-c-W-I-Ä- D-ïm-Imsa¶pw- A-Xv -shfns¸Sp-¯p-¶p-.
I-e- B-i-b-§sf kr-ãn-]-c-am-bn- -s]cp-am-dm-³- A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p-. C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-

53
kr-ãn-]-c-am-b- -s]cp-am-ä-§-fn-Â- n-¶p-Xs¶bm-Wv G-ä-hpw- a-l-¯m-b- ]p-Xp-a-I-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpw-.
C-Xp-Xs¶bm-Wv im-kv{X-Ú-³- am-äv -ssden- X-sâ Cu- hm-¡p-I-Ä- -sImïv Dt±in-¨-Xv, “a-p-jy-À-
A-h-cpsS _p-²nsb H-¶n-¨p- -sImïp-h-cp-¶-Xv F-§sbmsW¶v a--kn-em-¡-Ww-, A-Xpt]m-se
A-h-cpsS B-i-b-§sf X-½n-Â- -tNcm-pw-, ho-ïpw- -tNcm-pw-, I-ïp-ap-«m-pw-, ]ns¶, C-WtNcm-pw-
A-p-h-Zn-¡-Ww-. asämcp- hm-¡n-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, B-i-b-§-Ä- X-½n-Â- kwt`mKw- -sN¿p-¶sX§s
bmsW¶v a--kn-em-¡-Ww” C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- I-em-]-c-hpw- bp-àn-]q-À-Æ-hp-am-b- kz-X-{´- -taJ-
esbbm-Wv -sdmWm-Ä-Uv -ssdK-³- {]-iw-kn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv - At±lw- cm-{ão-b-¡m-c-m-Ip-¶-Xn-v h-fsc
apt¼ H-cp- A-`ntXm-hm-bn-cp-¶p- - At±lw- ]-d-ª-Xn-§sbm-bn-cp-¶p-, “kz-X-{´-am-b- H-cp-
A-´-co-£-¯n-Â-, I-em-Im-c-·m-cpw- B-kzm-Z-I-cpw- Nn-ń-¨p-Iq-Sm-¯-Xv Nn-ń-¡m-pw- [n-¡-cn-¡p-¶-
X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Im-cy-§-Ä- kr-ãn-¡m-pw- kz-X-{´-cm-Wv; A-h-À- `-bm--I-am-b- -sXäp-I-fpw- a-l-¯m-b-
BtLmj-§-fpw- -S-¯m-³- kz-X-{´-cm-Wv.”
A-¯-cw- [m-À-ãyt¯m-sSbp-Å- kr-ãn-I-Ä- - a--kp-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-
kw-LwtNc-Â- - F-Ãm-bn-S-¯pw- kw-`-hn-¡pw-, G-ä-hpw- -tamis¸«- kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â- -t]mepw-. Fs´m-
s¡¯s¶bm-bm-epw-, G-ä-hpw- {Iq-c-am-b- `-c-W-¯n-epw- G-ä-hpw- C-cpt«dn-b- X-S-h-d-I-fn-epw- I-e-
kr-ãn-¡s¸Sm-dp-ïv. kw-Ko-X-Ú-bpw- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-bp-am-b- en-³-Un- -thm]-³t^ymUv ]-d-bp-¶p-,
“kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- B-{K-l-am-Wv H-cp- I-em-Im-c-v kr-ãn-¡m-p-Å- G-ä-hpw- i-à-am-b-
kzm-[o-w-; A-XpsImïm-Wv, G-ä-hpw- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-I-Ä- D-Å- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- -t]mepw- G-ä-hpw- ku-µ-
cy-hpw- i-à-hp-am-b- Nn-e- I-e-I-Ä- kr-ãn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv.” Nn-e-À- {]-kvXm-hn-¨- -sR«n-¡p-¶- H-cp- Im-cyw
Fs´¶m-Â-,A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-I-fpsSap-¶n-Â-I-e-bpsSkvYn-c-am-b--ssNX-yw-kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-XvG-ä-hpw
an-I-¨- I-e-bp-ïm-hm-³-, C-¯n-cn- Zp-À-`-c-Ww- B-h-iy-amsW¶m-Wv. -sÛ-dntIm -s^Ãn-n- hm-Zn-¨n-cp-
¶p-, “H-cp- I-em-Im-cs C-ã-ap-Å-Xv -sNbv-tXmfq- F-¶v ]-d-ªp- kz-X-{´-am-¡n- hn-«m-Â- A-bm-Ä-
A-h-km-w- H-¶pw- -sN¿msX-t]mIpw-. H-cp- I-em-Im-c-v A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- H-cp- Im-cy-apsï¦n-Â-,
(am-À-¡v -sNbv-tX¡p-¶- skâ-³-kv ^p-Ä- am-ä-Ww- C-§s:) A-Xm-Wv Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- k¼q-À-W- kzm-X-
{ý-¯nsâ -tNmZyw-, A-Xm-Wv {]tNmZ--¯n-p-Å- Im-¯n-cn-¸v, _m-¡n- h-cp-¶- F-Ãmw-.” H-cp- I-em-Im-
c-v F-Xn-À-¡m-m-bn- H-¶p-ansÃ¦n-Â- ]ns¶ F-´m-Wv A-bm-fpsS kr-ãn-]-c-am-b- -t{]c-W-bv¡p-Å-
-t{]mÕm-l-w-?
A-Xv H-cp- Nn-´m-K-Xn-. B-Â-_-À-«v Im-a-kv ]-d-bp-¶-Xv F-Ãm- n-b-{´-W-§-fpw- kz-bw- D-ïm-¡n-
F-Sp-¡p-¶-h- BsW¶m-Wv. At±lw- F-gp-Xn-, “kzm-X-{ý-an-ÃmsX I-e-bn-Ã-; I-e- Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv A-Xv
kz-bw- Np-a-¯p-¶- n-b-{´-W-§-fn-em-Wv, asäÃmwsImïv A-Xv a-cn-¡pw-.” I-em-]-c-am-b- -shÃp-hn-fn-
¡pthïn- kzta[-bm- F-Sp-¡p-¶- H-cp- N-«w- ]p-d-¯p-n-¶p- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡s¸Sp-¶- Xo-cp-am--§-fn-Â-
n-¶pw- A-Sn-kvYm--]-c-am-bn- hy-Xy-kvX-am-Wv. “Hm-¬- Zn- skm-sWäv” F-¶- I-hn-X-bn-Â- CtX hm-Z-am-Wv
C-{]-Im-cw- F-gp-Xpt¼mÄ- Io-ävkpw- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv: “...-½sf n-b-{ń-¡-Wsa¶psï¦n-Â-, / ...
-½psS I-e-bpsS {]-Xn-`sb kz-X-{´-am-bn- hn-SnsÃ¦n-Â-, / A-h-Ä- A-h-fpsS ]q-am-e-I-ÄsImïp-
Xs¶ _-Ôn-X-bm-Ipw-.“ A-XpsImïv -½-Ä- -½psS I-esb ]-cn-]m-en-¡-Ww-, Iq-SmsX, -½psS
[n-¡-cn-¡p-¶- kr-ãn-I-fpsS-taÂ- kzo-Im-cy-a-Ãm-¯- n-b-{´-W-§sf A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡m-³- A-p-h-Zn-¡-
cp-Xv - A-Xv “-½psS Xs¶ -·-¡pthïn-” B-bm-epw-, “kaq-l-¯n-sâ -·-¡pthïn-” B-bm-epw-.
-½psS I-em-]-c-hpw-, km-aq-ln-I-hp-am-b-, cm-{ão-b- kzm-X-{ýs¯ -thÀ-Xn-cn-ªp- I-W-¡m-¡p-
¶-Xv n-jv^-e-amsW¶m-Wv d-jy-³- F-gp-¯p-Im-c-m-b- h-kn-en- -t{KmÊam-sâ -tmh-em-b- -t^m-sdh-À-
^v-tfmbn-Mv -tI{µ- I-Ym-]m-{X-am-b- C-hm-³- {Kn-K-dnsbhn-¨v hm-Zn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-

54
kzm-X-{ýw- F-¶psh¨m-Â- kw-km-c- kzm-X-{ý-hpw-, ]-{X- kzm-X-{ý-hpw-, a--Êm-£n- kzm-X-{ý-hp-
amsW¶m-Wv Rm-³- I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. F-¶m-Â- kzm-X-{ýw- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- ap-gp-h-³- Po-hn-X-am-Wv.
A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- C-§sbm-Wv: n-§-Ä-¡v B-{K-l-ap-Å-Xv hn-X-bv¡m-pw-, -sNcp-¸v AsÃ¦n-Â-
I-«n-Â- n-À-½n-¡m-pw-, n-§-Ä- hn-X-¨- hn-¯psImïv A-c-¨- am-hv -sh¨v -sdm«n-bp-ïm-¡m-pw-, A-Xp-
hn-Â-¡mtm hn-Â-¡m-Xn-cn-¡mtm D-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv; I-S-¨n-Â-¨-{Iw- {]-h-À-¯n-¸n-¡p-¶-h-pw-,
D-cp-¡v ]-Wn-¡m-c-pw- I-em-Im-c-pw- A-Xv n-§-Ä- B-Úm-]n-¡p-¶-Xpt]m-seb-Ã-, ]-I-cw-, A-h-
cpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Po-hn-¡m-pw-, -tPmen- -sN¿m-p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv. am-{X-a-Ã-, -½psS cm-Py-¯v
kzm-X-{ý-an-Ã- - ]p-kvX-I-§-Ä- F-gp-Xp-¶-h-À-¡pw- hn-¯v hn-X-¡p-¶-h-À-¡pw- -sNcp-¸v n-À-½n-¡p-¶-h-
À-¡pw- A-Xn-Ã-.
-½psS I-esb kr-ãn-¡m-³- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- Iym-a-d-, {_-jp-I-Ä-, -t]-I-Ä-, D-fn-I-Ä-, D-]-I-c-W-
§-Ä-, r-¯- -sNcp-¸p-I-Ä- F-¶n-h- D-]tbmKn-¨-Xn-v I-em-Im-c-·msc -sImes¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. A-Xn-
m-Â-, -ap-¡v C-ã-ap-Å- I-esb kr-ãn-¡m-pw-, -ap-¡n-ã-ap-Å- -tPmen- -sN¿m-pw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
I-esbbpw- kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-pw- CtX D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡p-Isb¶-Xv
-½psS Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv. I-e- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv kzm-X-{ý-¯n-Â- n-¶m-Wv, A-Xpt]m-se, I-e- kzm-X-
{ý-¯n-pw- Po-h-³- -Â-Ip-¶p-. A-Xv n-km-c-hpw- n-À-®m-b-I-hp-am-Wv, hn-cq-]-hpw- kp-µ-c-hp-am-Wv.
A-Xv, X-n-¨v, -½sf c-£n-¡n-Ã-. ]s£, A-Xn-ÃmsX -½sf c-£n-¡m-pw- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. I-e-, dn-¨m-À-Uv
hn-Â-_-À- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, “F-sâ Hm-at, B- Im-cyw- Ft¸mgpw- / Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-tbm a-c-W-¯n-
sâ-tbm B-Wv, ]s£ Rm--Xv a-d-¶p”

55
A-[ym-bw- F-«v
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw-
Xo-{h-am-b- {]-Xym-Lm-X-§-Ä- D-Å- H-cp- X-¯-z-Nn-´-bm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-. a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v F-´m-Wv -thïsX¶v
A-dn-bmsa¶p-Å- H-cp- A-h-Im-i-¯n-sâ ]p-d-¯-Ã- A-¯-cw- {]-Xym-Lm-X-§-Ä- D-SseSp-¡p-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, a-äp-Å-h-
cpsS Po-hn-X-§-Ä- F-§s -bn-¡-Wsa¶p-Å-Xns¡p-dn-¨p-Å- kz-´w- A-dn-hntmSp-Å-, A-Xm-b-Xv, kz-´w-
I-gn-hntmSp-Å- H-cp- A-hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â- n-¶m-Wv. kw-i-bm-kv]-Z-am-b- atm`m-h-¯n-Â- n-¶p-ap-ïm-Ip-¶- H-cp-
kZvKp-W-am-b- hn--bw-, H-cp- -Ã- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-sâbpw- A-Sn-¯-d-bm-Wv.
B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â- Imtäm C-³-kvän-Syq-«n-Â- H-cp- dn-kÀ-¨v -s^-tÃmbpw- B- kvYm-]--¯n-sâ Libertarianism.org F-¶-
-t{]mP-Ivän-sâ F-Un-ä-dp-am-Wv, B- -s{]mP-Iväv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- kv-tImf-À-jn-¸n-sâbpw- km-a-{Kn-I-fpsSbpw- G-ä-hpw-
h-en-b- -sh_v -t]mÀ-«-Â- hn-I-kn-¸n-¨psImïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. At±lw- X-sâ -sP.Un-. -tSn-b-Xv bq-Wnthgvkn-än-
Hm-^v -sU³-h-dn-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv.
]-e- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- F-n-¡v -sXäm-b- [m-c-W-bp-ïmtb¡mw-. F-n-¡v A-dn-bm-¯-Xv
F-sâ A-dn-hn-ep-Å-Xnt At]£n-¨v F-{Xtbm Iq-Sp-X-emsW¶m-Â- F-sâ b-Ym-À-°- A-dn-
hv A-Ú-X-bpsS kap-{Z-¯nse H-cp- -sNdn-b- N-§m-Sw- -t]m-se {]-Xy-£s¸Sp-¶p-.
Cu- ap-J-kvXp-Xn-bn-ÃmsX Im-cyw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-v F-n-¡v H-«pw- a-Sn-bn-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, kXyw-
Xp-d-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xn-Â- H-cp- a-Sn-bpw- -tXm-t¶ï-Xn-Ã-, am-{X-a-Ã-, _m-¡n-bp-Å- F-Ãm-h-cpw- CtX
-tXmWn-bn-Â- Xs¶bm-Wv. -½psS A-Ú-X- - -ap-¡v A-dn-bm-¯-Xv - F-Ãm-bnt¸mgpw- -½psS
A-dn-hnt¡m-Ä- h-fsc ò-a-am-Wv. G-ä-hpw- _p-²n-im-en-I-fpsSbpw- G-ä-hpw- A-dn-hptSn-b-h-
cpsSbpw- Im-cy-¯n-epw- C-Xv kXy-am-Wv.
A-¡m-cys¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xv -½sf F-fn-b-h-cm-¡pw-. Iq-SmsX, B- F-fn-atbm-sSm¸w- H-cp-
kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ {]-h-À-¯-s¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- H-cp- b-Ym-À-°-am-b- Nn-{Xo-I-c-Ws¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- A-dn-hv
-½sf kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-fm-¡-Ww-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- F-fn-a-bpsS X-¯-z-Nn-´-bm-Wv. A-Xv -½sf
-½-fm-bn-¯s¶ kzo-I-cn-¡m-pw- -ap-¡v km-[y-am-Ip-¶-b-{Xt¯mfw- -½sf h-f-À-¯m-p-ap-Å-
kzm-X-{ý-hpw- X-cp-¶p-. a-p-jy- ]-cm-P-b-§-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ _-em-XvIm-ct¯mSv -tNcpt¼mÄ-
F-{X-am-{Xw- -tISp-]m-Sp-I-Ä- kw-`-hn-¡mw- F-¶v a--kn-em-¡p-¶- H-cp- X-¯-z-Nn-´-bm-Wv A-Xv.
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- A-km-[m-c-W- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- km-[m-c-W- a-p-jy-cmsW¶v
Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-XpsImïm-Wvkzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw-A-hscn-b-{ń-¡p-¶-Xv-A-¯-cw-A-[n-Im-cw--sImïp-
h-cp-¶- -tZmj-§-Ä- an-¡t¸mgpw- A-Xv -sImïp-h-cm-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- Kp-W-§sf¡m-Ä- h-fsc A-[n-I-
am-Wv. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- F-fn-a-bn-em-Wv n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv. X-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-Ä- D-b-À-¶-h-cpw- i-à-cpw
BsW¶v I-cp-Xp-¶-h-cpsS [n-¡m-c-¯n-v A-hnsS kvYm--an-Ã-.
-ap-¡v A-dn-hpsï¶v I-cp-X-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨v H-cp- F-fn-b- Im-gv¨-¸m-Sns -tm¡ns¡mïv
-ap-¡v Xp-S-§mw-. -ap-¡v F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Ip-d-¨-[n-Iw- Im-cy-§-Ä- A-dn-bmsa¶v -tXm¶p-¶p-, -½-Ä
cm-hnse F-´p- I-gn-¨p- F-¶-Xp- Xp-S-§n- -sNmÆ-bv¡v Np-äpw- F-{X- N-{µ-·m-À- Dsï¶p-Å-Xp-hsc.
-tPmÀ-Pv hm-jnw-KvS-¬- Atacn-¡-bnse B-Zy- {]-kn-U-âm-bn-cp-¶psh¶pw- -t_mdn-kv -sbÂ-ävkn-³- d-jy-
bnse B-Zys¯ {]-kn-U-âm-bn-cp-¶psh¶pw- a-Zy-]n-¨v hm-l-tamSn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- -tami-am-b- Im-cy-
amsW¶pw- -ap-¡-dn-bmw-.

56
]s£ _-u-²n-I- N-cn-{Xw- -tm¡n-bm-Â-, Hmtcm I-ïp-]n-Sn-¯-hpw- Hmtcm¶m-bn- Xn-cn-¨p-a-
dn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-. ap-¶q-dv h-À-jw- ap-¼v im-kv{Xo-b- kXy-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv C-¶v
hn-UvVn-¯-am-Wv. -½-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- _p-²n-im-en-bm-bn-cp-¶-h-À- H-cn-¡-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv H-cm-fpsS
X-e-bnse ap-g-I-Ä- ]-Tn-¨m-Â- A-h-sâ a--Êpw- kz-`m-h-hpw- a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶m-bn-cp-¶p-.
("{^tmf-Pn-"F-¶-im-kv{Xo-b-am-bn--tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶--t]cm-bn-cp-¶p-A-Xn-v-Â-In-bn-cp-¶-Xv.)G-ä-hpw
Úm-n-I-fpw- a-lm-·m-cpw- H-cn-¡-Â- I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-Xv `q-an- {]-]-©-¯n-sâ a-[y-¯n-Â- B-bn-cp-¶p-
F-¶m-Wv.
im-kv{X-¯n-v am-{X-a-Ã-, kXy-am-bsX´msW¶v Xo-À-¨-bm-bn- ]-d-bm-³- km-[n-¡m-
¯-Xv. G-ä-hpw- _p-²n-am-·m-cpw-, A-h-À- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- Im-ew- ap-X-Â-, B-g-¯n-ep-Å- X-¯-z-
Nn-´m- {]-iv-§sf¡p-dn-¨v X-À-¡n-¨n-«p-ïv. c-ï-c- kl-{km-Ð-§-Ä-¡p-ap-¼v, ¹mtäm I-cp-Xn- At±lw-
o-Xn-bpsS A-À-°sa´msW¶v I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨psh¶v. A-Xn-p- -tijw- h-¶- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À- F-Ãm-h-cpw
A-XntmSv hntbmPn-¨p- - ]s£ A-Xn-em-cpw-, i-à-am-b- F-Xn-À-¸n-Ãm-¯- H-cp- a-dp-hm-Zw- -sImïp-h-
¶n-Ã-.
k¼q-À-®- A-dn-hn-sâ A-h-Im-i-§sf -½-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- kw-it¯m-sS-thWw- Im-Wm-³-.
X-¯-z-Nn-´m-]-c-am-b- H-cp- -tNmZyw- Xo-À-¨s¸Sp-¯n-bn-«psï¶v n-§-Ä- I-cp-Xp-¶psï¦n-Â-, n-§-
Ä-¡v -sXäp-]-än-. im-kv{Xw- H-cp- hn-j-bs¯ ap-gp-h-m-bn- a--kn-em-¡nsb¶v n-§-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-
¶psï¦n-Â-, G-Xm-pw- h-À-j-§-Ä-¡-Iw- A-§sb-Ã- F-¶v n-§-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- km-[y-X-bp-ïv.
am-{X-a-Ã-, a-p-jy- h-À-¤-¯n-sâ ap-gp-h-³- A-dn-hns¡p-dn-¨p- n-§-Ä-¡v kw-i-b-amsW¦n-Â-, -½psS
h-À-K-¯nse Nn-e- hy-àn-I-Ä- Xo-À-¨-bpsï¶v ]-d-bp-¶- A-h-Im-i-§sfbpw- -½-Ä- A-Xnte-sd
kw-i-bt¯m-sS ImtWï-Xm-Wv.
C-¯-cw- Im-cy-§-Ä- D-ïm-bn-«pt]mepw- -½-fn-Â- Nn-e-À- A-h-À-¡v -sXäp-]-än-Ã- F-¶- hn-i-zm-
k¯n-Â- D-d-¨p-n-Â-¡p-¶p-.
Rm-³- -tIm-tfPn-Â- ]-Tn-¡pt¼mgm-Wv a--kn-em-¡n-b-Xv C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- _-u-²n-I- A-l-
¦m-cw- F-{X- kp-e-`-amsW¶v. F-sâ -s{]m^-ÊÀ-am-cn-Â- ]-e-cpw- A-h-cpsS -sshZ-KvZys¯
F-{X- hn-kvXm-c-ap-Å-Xm-bn-«m-Wv I-W-¡m-¡p-¶sX¶v I-ïv Rm-³- -sR«n-bn-«p-ïv. B-Zy-
Im-e- Atacn-¡-³- lm-ky- Nn-{X-§-fn-Â- ]n-F-NvUn- F-Sp-¯-bm-Ä- Du-À-Ö-X-{´-¯nse G-ä-hpw-
D-b-À-¶- Kthj-W-§sf hn-a-À-in-¡m-pw-, G-Xv X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Iym-³-kÀ- Nn-In-Õ¡m-Wv G-ä-hpw
[--klm-bw- e-`nt¡ïsX¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨pw- X-sâ hn-Zym-À-Yn-ItfmSv D-]tZin-¡m-pw
X-n-¡v -tbmKy-X-bpsï¶v I-cp-Xn-. A-Xv kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-bpsS ]p-d-¯pw- kw-`-hn-¡m-dp-ïv,
{]tXyIn-¨pw- cm-{ão-b-¯n-Â-. -½psS BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-- kw-hn-[m--¯n-sâ atml-c-
am-b- k¦o-À-®-X- I-ïv F-{X- Atacn-¡-¡m-À- ]-d-bpw-, "Hm-, A-Xv ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶sX§s
bmsW¶v F-n-¡-dn-bmw-" F-¶v? km-¼-¯n-I-im-kv{Xs¯¡p-dn-¨v A-Sn-kvYm-- A-dn-hv
C-Ãm-¯- F-{X- P--§-fm-Wv A-h-À-¡v G-Xv kvYm-m-À-°n-bpsS {]-kvXm-h--bm-Wv G-ä-hpw
kar-²n- -sImïp-h-cn-I- F-¶v A-dn-bmsa¶v I-cp-Xp-¶-Xv? -Ã- Im-c-W-§-fpsï¶v I-cp-Xn
-½-Ä-hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨v-ap-¡v-sXäv]-äntb¡mw-F-¶vk½-Xn-¡m-³-_p-²n-ap-«m-Wv.
G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-ª-Xv, -ap-¡v H-¶p-a-dn-bm-¯- hn-j-bs¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶sX¦n-epw- F-fp-¸-am-I-W-
atÃm.
am-{X-a-Ã-, h-kvXp-X-I-fpsS A-dn-hn-Â- n-¶pw- aq-ey-§-fpsS A-dn-hnte¡p-Å- o-¡s¯¡p-dn-¨p
-½-fn-Â- ]-e-cpw- -thïpthmfw- k-tµls¸Sp-¶n-Ã-. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, -t]mj-Im-lm-c- hn-Z-Kv[sc
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw

57
D-Zm-l-c-W-amsbSp-¡q-. G-ä-hpw- BtcmKy-I-c-am-b-, A-Xm-b-Xv, -ap-¡v G-ä-hpw- -t]mj-Iw- -Â-Ip-I-
bpw- G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-ª-b-f-hn-Â- -tZmj-I-c-am-b- h-kvXp-¡-fp-ap-Å-, `-£-WtaXmsW¶v A-dn-bmsa¶v
A-h-À- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-. -½-Ä- X `-£n-¡p-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn- Y sb {]-Xo-£n-¡mw-.
(Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, C-¡-gn-ª- h-À-j-§-fn-Â- B- hn-h-c-hpw- h-fscb-[n-Iw- am-dn-bn-«p-ïv.) ]s£, H-¶v
{i-²n-¡p-I-, "B-Wv" F-¶p-Å-Xv "-thï-Xv" F-¶-Xnte¡v -sImïp-h-cn-Ã-. G-Xm-Wv BtcmKy-I-c-am-b-Xv
F-¶- -tNmZyw- F-´m-Wv Rm-³- I-gnt¡ï-Xv F-¶-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- h-fsc hy-Xy-kvX-am-Wv.
-s]mcn-¨- In-g-§v -thhn-¨- -t{_m-t¡mfntbmfw- BtcmKy-{]-Z-a-Ã- F-¶- kXyw- a--kn-em-¡p-¶-
Xntm-sSm¸w- C-¶p- cm-{Xn- Rm-³- {^-©v -ss{^kv I-gn-¡-Wsa¶p-Å- Xo-cp-am--hpw- i-cn-bm-Ipw-.
Im-c-Ww-, Rm-³- F-´m-Wv I-gnt¡ï-Xv F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- F-´m-Wv G-ä-hpw- BtcmKy-{]-Zw- F-¶m-
h-Wsa¶n-Ã-. "-thï-Xv" F-¶-Xn-Â- a-äp- aq-ey-§-fpw- D-Äs¸Smw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, F-n-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶- B--µw-,
a-äp- km-[--§-fpsS hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- hn-e-I-Ä-, A-§sbp-Å-h-. -t]mj-Ww- H-cp- aq-ey-¯ntmSv
kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p- (G-Xm-Wv BtcmKy-{]-Zw-), ]s£ A-Xn-v a-äp- aq-ey-§tfmSv ]-d-bmsm¶p-an-Ã-.
i-cn-bm-b- kw-i-bw- a-äp-Å-h-À-¡pw- -ap-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-Wv. ]q-À-®-am-b- D-d-¸psï¶v n-§-Ä-
A-h-Im-is¸Sp-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨v F-n-¡v kw-i-b-ap-ïm-I-Ww-, A-Xpt]m-se, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- F-sâ
A-h-Im-i-¯n-sâ h-kvXp-Xsb¡p-dn-¨pw- F-n-¡v kw-i-b-ap-ïm-I-Ww-.
]s£A-hn-i-zm-kw--½sfA-dn-hn-sâF-Ãm-A-h-Im-i-§sfbpw-X-Ån-¡-f-bm-³-k½-Xn-¡-cp-Xv.
A-Xv -½sf hn--b-¯n-sâ H-cp- `m-hw- kzo-I-cn-¡m-³- -bn-¡-Ww-. kXyw- a--kn-em-¡m-³- a-äp-Å-h-cpw
CtX I-ã-¸m-Sp-I-Ä- -tcn-Sp-¶psï¶v A-dn-bp-¶-Xn-m-Â-, A-h-cn-Â- n-¶pw- hn--bw- {]-Xo-£n-¡m-
hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
C-hnsSbm-Wv hn--bw- s½ kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z-¯n-sâ Zn-i-bnte¡v X-Åp-¶-Xv. kXy-
§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- aq-ey-§sf¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å- -½psS A-dn-hv A-]q-À-®-amsW¶v mw-
kz-bw- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, -½psS A-`n-{]m-b-§tfmSv hntbmPn-¡p-¶-hsc -½psS
hn-i-zm-k§-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨p- Po-hn-¡m-³- n-À-_-Ôn-¡p-I-bn-Ã-. a-äp- hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-,
B-bp-[w- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-p-ap-¼pw- -s]meo-kp-Imsc A-h-cpsS h-Sn-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡m-m-bn-
hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xn-p-ap-¼pw- -½-Ä- Nn-ń-¡-Ww-.
F-´psImïv? G-Xv -t]meo-kv B-bm-epw- A-h-À- -tamitam ^-e-iq-ytam B-bn-¯o-Àt¶¡mw-,
]s£ -ap-¡v Xn-cn-¨pt]mbn- A-Xv i-cn-bm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡ntÃ? -temIs¯ -¶m-¡ms¶-
{i-a-¯n-Â-, -½psS kz-´w- I-cp-¯p-]tbmKnt¨m AsÃ¦n-Â- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-w- D-]
tbmKnt¨m a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ- _-e-{]tbmKw- -S-¯n- In-«p-¶- Kp-W-§tf¸-än- F-´v I-cp-X-Ww-?
-½psS aq-ey-§-Ä- i-cn-bmsW¶pw- A-hsb ]n-´m-§m-³- -½psS ]-¡-Â- h-kvXp-X-I-fp-apsï¶v
-ap-¡v G-ItZiw- D-d-¸psï¦n-Â- ]ns¶ cm-{ão-bw- D-]tbmKn-¨p- a-äp-Å-hsc A-p-kcn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-Â-
F-´m-Wv -tZmjw-?
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Nn-´-bpsS {]-ivsa´msW¶v a--kn-em-¡m-³- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ e-£yw-
F-´msW¶v Nn-ń-¡p-¶-Xv klm-bn-¡pw-. A-Xn-sâXm-b- A-p-`-h-¯n-pthïn- B-{K-ln-
¡s¸Sp-¶- Htc-sbmcp- Im-cyw- eudaimonia - "k-t´mjw-" AsÃ¦n-Â- "D-¶-Xn-" F-¶v X-À-Ö-asN¿mw- -
-tSp-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- ]p-cm-X-- {Ko-¡v Nn-´-I-m-b- A-cn-kv-täm«n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
kp-J-¯n-sâ-tbm -thZ--bpsS-tbm {]tXyI- kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â- D-ïm-Ip-¶-
X-Ã- eudaimonia ("Rm-³- k´p-ã-m-Wv" F-¶v ]-d-bpt¼mÄ- -½-Ä- km-[m-c-W- Dt±in-
¡p-¶-X-Ã- Cu- hm-¡n-sâ A-À-°w-), ]s£ A-Xv Isï¯m-³- Po-hn-Xs¯ ap-gp-h-m-bn-

58
hn-i-I-e-w- -sN¿-Ww- F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- A-cn-kv-täm«n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ A-h-
km-w- F-¯pt¼mÄ-, -½-Ä- H-¶v Xn-cn-ªp- -tm¡n- -tNmZn-¡-Ww-, "A-Xv -Ã-Xm-bn-cpt¶m?"
F-¶v. -½-Ä- Fs´m-s¡bmtWm, -ap-¡v Po-hn-¡m-³- GsXm-s¡ Im-c-W-§-fptïm,
CsXÃmw- D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-bm-Â- am-{Xta, ka-bw- B-Ipt¼mÄ- -ap-¡v "AsX" F-¶v ]-d-bm-³
km-[n-¡p-.
G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- Po-hn-Xw-, A-Xm-b-Xv eudaimonia sb A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- D-b-À-¶- n-e-
bn-Â- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw-, A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- A-cn-kv-täm«n-en-p- kz-´-am-bn- H-cp-
B-i-b-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. hnthN--i-àn- F-¶- a-p-jy-p- am-{X-ap-Å- I-gn-hn--p-kcn-¨p
Po-hn-¡p-I- F-¶m-W-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- F-¶m-Wv At±lw- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-Xn-m-Â-, G-ä-hpw
an-I-¨-Xm-b- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw- Nn-´-bn-Â- ap-gp-In-b- H-¶m-Wv. k-t´mjw- H-gp-Ip-¶-Xv X-¯-z-Nn-´-bn-Â-
ap-gp-In-b- H-cp- Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- n-¶m-Wv F-¶v -temI-¯nse G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-³- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-
cp-¶p- F-¶-Xv A-{X- A-Xn-i-b-I-csam¶p-a-Ã-.
A-cn-kv-täm«n-en-p-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, A-§sbm-bn-cp-¶p-. _m-ly- -temI-¯nse A-dn-
hns¸-än-bp-Å- -½psS ]-cn-an-Xn-I-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se, H-cp- -Ã- Po-hn-X-¯n-p
thï- -tNcp-h-Isf ]-än-bp-Å- -½psS hn-i-zm-k§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- -½-Ä- A-dn-ªn-cn-¡-Ww-.
F-n-¡v k-t´mjw- -Â-Ip-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡n-Ã- n-§-Ä-¡v k-t´mjw- -Â-Ip-¶-Xv. k´p-ã-
m-b- H-cp- km-am-y- "a-p-jy- Po-hn-" Fs¶m¶n-Ã-, hy-Xy-kvX-cm-b- -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-p- a-p-jy-
Po-hn-I-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. hnthN--¯n-Â- n-¶pw- k-t´mj-ap-ïm-Imw-, ]s£ A-Xv Ip-«n-Isf h-f-À-¯p-
¶-Xn-epw-, a-l-¯m-b- I-esb B-kz-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw-, hn-P-b-I-c-am-b- H-cp- I-¨-h-Sw- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw-,
Im-bn-I-Xm-c-am-Ip-¶-Xn-epw-, ]m-hs¸«-hsc klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- n-¶p-ap-ïm-Imw-. Hmtcm hy-àn-
bv¡pw- A-h-cptSXm-b- -Ã- Po-hn-X-¯n-pthï-Xv A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-¯nse {]tXyI- khntij-
X-I-fn-em-Wv D-ÅsX¦n-Â-, A-Xv Isï¯m-p-Å- h-gn-I-fpw- A-§s¯s¶bm-Wv. F-sâ
Po-hn-Xw- an-I-¨-Xm-¡m-³- Rm-³- -sN¿p-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä- n-§-Ä- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-bn-
cn-¡pw- - -½-Ä- D-¶wsh¡p-¶- e-£y-§-Ä- am-{X-a-Ã-, -½psS e-£y-am-Wv i-cn- F-¶v -½-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-
¡p-¶- co-Xn-I-fn-epw-.
A-cn-kv-täm«n-en-p- Nn-e- hn-i-Zmw-i-§-Ä- -sXänt¸m-sb¦n-epw-, At±l-¯n-v -sam¯-am-b-
B-i-bw- In-«n-bn-«psï¶p- -tXm¶p-¶p-. an-¡- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- -Ã-Xpw-, Xr-]vXn-I-c-hp-am-b-
Po-hn-Xw- -bn-¡-Wsa¶p-ïv - H-cp- -Ã- Po-hn-Xw- F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- k¼q-À-®-am-b- H-cp- Po-hn-Xs¯ -tXSn-
bp-Å- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw- BsW¶v -thWsa¦n-Â- -ap-¡v ]-d-bmw-. Atacn-¡-bpsS kvYm-]-I-À- A-h-cpsS
Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v C-³-Uns]³-U-³-kn-Â- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "k-t´mjs¯ -tXS-Â-". A-Xns -tXSn-
bp-Å- -½psS bm-{X-I-Ä- ]-e- ]m-X-I-fn-eqsSbm-bn-cn-¡pw-, A-Xv -½psS km-l-N-cy-§sfbpw- Xm-Â-
]-cy-§sfbpw-- aq-ey-§sfbpw- A-p-kcn-¨m-bn-cn-¡pw-. B- bm-{X-bm-Wv {]-[m-w-.
Atymyw- _-lp-am-n-¡p-I- - Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- kz-bw- kw-hn-[m-w- -sN¿m-p-Å-
A-h-Im-is¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-I- (A-Xns X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À- "kz-bw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap-Å
"Po-hn-I-Ä- F-¶v hn-fn-¡pw-) F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- B- -tXS-en-sâ hn-hn-[- cq-]-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-I-
F-¶m-Wv. A-Xn--À-°w-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS -tXS-ens kPo-h-am-bn- X-S-k-s¸Sp-¯-cpsX¶m-Wv
-am-{X-a-Ã-, -½psS kz-´w- ]m-X-Isf Xn-csªSp-¡m-p-Å- A-h-Im-is¯ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-I-
F-¶p-am-Wv.
-½-Ä- -temI-¯p- I-ïp-h-cp-¶- `-c-W-Iq-S-§sf I-W-¡nseSpt¼mÄ- kaq-e-am-bn-

59
]-cn-an-Xs¸«- H-cp- `-c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv A-Xn-v B-h-iyw- F-¶m-Wv F-sâ n-K-a-w-. A-Xn-sâ
Im-c-Ww-a--kn-em-¡m-³--ap-¡vkÀ-¡m-À-{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨p-Å-bm-Ym-À-°y-am-b-B-i-bw
e-`n-¡-Ww-.
A-h-cpsS kz-Im-cy- Po-hn-X-§-fn-Â-, a-p-jy-À- ]-et¸mgpw- -tami-am-bn- -s]cp-am-dpw-,
AsÃ¦n-Â- A-h-cpsS kzm-À-°-am-b- Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf ]n-´p-S-cpw-, A-Xv a-äp-Å-hsc I-ãs¸Sp-
¯n-bn-«msW¦n-Ât]mepw-. Nn-et¸mÄ- A-h-À- a-äp-Å-hsc -thZ-n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- c-k¯n-p
thïn-am-{X-am-Wv. ]n-Sn-¨p-]-dn-¡m-À- A-]-cn-Nn-X-cn-Â- n-¶pw- -tamãn-¡pw-, X-«n-¸p-Im-À-
{]m-b-am-b-hsc C-c-bm-¡pw-. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw-, kÀ-¡m-cns¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-´n-¡pt¼mÄ-,
DtZymK-kvY-À- -tPmen-bn-Â- I-b-dpt¼mÄ- A-h-cpsS Ip-ä-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-Ipsa¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-.
cm-{ão-b-¡m-À-A-h-cpsSkzm-À-°-X-a-d-¶v,-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw-kr-ãn-¡m-p-Å-B-{K-lwsImïp-am-{Xw-
{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Ipw-.
A-Xv hn-UvVn-¯-am-Wv, Xo-À-¨-bm-bn-«pw-. a-p-jy-À- A-h-cm-bn-¯s¶ Xp-S-cpw-, ap-´n-b- ]-Z-hn-I-Ä-
e-`n-¨m-epw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ- A-[n-Im-cw- In-«n-bm-epw-. cm-{ão-b-¡m-c-m-Ip-¶tXm DtZymK-kvY-m-Ip-
¶tXm H-cmsf, a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hnthI-ap-Å-htm AsÃ¦n-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- an-I-¨-htm
B-¡n-Ã-. kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ {]-h-À-¯n-bpsS H-cp- b-Ym-À-°-am-b- Im-gvN-¸m-Sv kzo-I-cn-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w- Nn-´-
I-cp-ïv. B-fp-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ `m-K-am-b-XpsImïp-am-{Xw- A-h-cpsS kz-`m-hw- am-äp-I-bnsÃ¶pw-;
A-¯-cw- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v -ap-¡m-À-¡p-an-Ãm-¯- A-[n-Im-c-§-fp-Å-Xn-m-Â- A-h-À- -tcn-Sp-¶- kvYm-]--
]-c-am-b- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- am-dpsa¶p-am-Wv B- Nn-´-I-À- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-h-cpsS Nn-´m-K-Xnsb
"-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy-" Nn-´m-K-Xn- F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-.
-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw- -ap-¡v ]-Tn-¸n-¨p-X-cp-¶-Xv cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpw- kÀ-¡m-À- DtZymK-kvY-cpw- A-h-
cpsS -ssIbn-ep-Å-- A-dn-hv D-]tbmKn-¨p- G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-, A-Xnse
"an-I-¨-Xv" F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv A-h-cpsS kz-´w- hn-[n-bpsS D-Â-¸-¶-am-Wv, F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, A-h-cpsS
kz-´w- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-fpsS D-Â-¸-¶w-. B- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-Ä- ]-Wtam, {]-kn-²ntbm B-Imw-, ]s£, Iq-Sp-
X-Â- A-h-kc-§-fn-Â-, A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- Xp-S-cp-I- F-¶m-Wv.
Iq-Sp-X-Â- hm-Nm-e-cm-b-hsc klm-bn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-bwsImïv Dt±in-¡p-¶
sX¶m-Ipw- A-Xn-sâ ^-ew- - cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpsS Im-gv¨-bn-Â- n-Â-¡p-¶- hy-àn-I-Ä- - A-Xpw- a-äp-Å-
hsc D-]-{Z-hn-¨psImïv klm-bn-¡p-I-. A-XpsImïm-Wv -sXfn-hn-pw- hnthI-¯n-pw F-Xn-cm-bn-
kÀ-¡m-À- h-fsc -tamis¸«- -b-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cp-¶-Xpw- A-h- Xp-S-cp-¶-Xpw- - D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v,
`-£-W- hn-esb Iq-«p-I-bpw- ap-X-ens ]m-gm-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Ir-jn- [-- klm-
b-§-Ä-. ]-I-cw-, A-h-cpsS ap-¶n-Â- h-cp-¶-h-cm-Wv A-h-cpsS {]tNmZ-w-: C-¯-cw- -S-]-Sn-I-fpsS
Kp-Wt`màm-¡-fm-b- I-À-j-I-À-. A-h-cpsS n-b-a-§-fpsSbpw- n-b-{´-W-§-fpsSbpw- ^-e-am-bn
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ- D-ïm-¡p-¶- -tZmj-§-Ä- (Iq-Sn-b- `-£-W- hn-e-, Ip-d-ª- -sshhn-[yw-) -t-tc
Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡m-¯-Xp-aq-ew-, C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-bm-Â- Kp-W-I-c-am-Ip-¶- -b-§sf A-h-À- ]n-´m-
§ns¡mïpt]mIp-¶p-.
am-{X-a-Ã-, D-]-{Z-hn-¡s¸«-h-Àt]mepw- ]-et¸mgpw- D-]-{Z-hs¯¸-än- A-dn-bmsX-t]mIp-¶p-.
-t_m[-h-Â-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ Xp-I- h-fsc Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv - A-¯-cw- -tami-am-b- -b-§sf d-±m-¡n-
bm-Â- Xn-cns¨Sp-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶-Xn-ep-a-[n-Iw-. At¸mÄ-, -s]mXp- s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy- km-¼-¯n-I-
hn-Z-Kv[-À- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se, -½-Ä- "bp-àn-]q-À-Æw- A-dn-hn-Ãm-¯-h-À-" B-bn- Xp-S-cp-¶p-,
A-§s C-¯-cw- -b-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶- I-ã-¸m-Sp-Isf¡p-dn-¨p- -½-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bmsX

60
Xp-S-cpt¼mÄ-, -ap-¡v -½-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶- cm-{ão-b-¡mtcmSv A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- ]-d-bm-³-
km-[n-¡msX h-cp-¶p-. a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-Ä- "Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-¨-¯n-Â- I-c-bp-¶-" B-fp-I-Ä-¡m-Wv {]tXyI-
]-cn-K-W-- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.
"-sXäm-b- B-fp-I-Ä-" A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- h-cp-¶-X-Ã- C-Xn-p- Im-c-Ww- F-¶v a--kn-em-¡p-
¶-Xv {]-[m--am-Wv. Iq-Sp-X-Â- an-I-¨- -tXm-¡sf Xn-csªSp-¯m-Â- i-cn-bm-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶-
{]-iv-§-f-Ã- C-h-. kÀ-¡m-À- A-Xn-sâ -tcn-b- A-Xn-cp-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- h-f-cpt¼mÄ- C-{]-Im-cw-
{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶p-.
F-fn-a-bp-Å-hs A-kz-kvY-amt¡ï- kÀ-¡m-cns¡p-dn-¨p-Å- asämcp- h-kvXp-X- A-Xn-sâ
{]m-]vXn- F-{X-am-{Xw- hym-]-I-amsW¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. Ip-«n-Isf ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶- Im-cy-¯n-Â- F-n-¡v
{]tXyIw- Nn-e- aq-ey-§-fpsï¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, Iq-SmsX, B- aq-ey-§-Ä- -tSnsbSp-¡p-¶-Xn-pthïn-
bp-Å- G-ä-hpw- -Ã- h-gntbXmsW¶pw- F-n-¡v A-dn-bmsa¶pw- I-cp-Xp-I-. F-n-¡v kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ-
taÂ- n-b-{´-W-ansÃ¦n-Â-, F-sâ {]m-]vXn- F-sâ Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡-¸p-dw- hym-]n-¡n-Ã- - AsÃ¦n-Â- F-sâ
]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-Â- kzta[-bm- ]s¦Sp-¡p-¶- c-£n-Xm-¡-fpsS Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡-¸p-dw- A-Xv D-ïm-hn-Ã-.
]s£, kÀ-¡m-dns F-sâ aq-ey-§sfbpw- hn-i-zm-k§sfbpw- ]n-´m-§m-³- -t{]cn-¸n-¨m-Â-,
F-sâ {]m-]vXnsb F-sâ ]-«-W-¯nse, AsÃ¦n-Â- F-sâ kw-kvYm-s¯, H-cp- ]s£ F-sâ
cm-Pys¯ Ip-«n-I-fn-Â- F-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. Rm-³- Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶- hn-Zym-`ym-k aq-ey-§-Ä-¡-p-
kcn-¨-ÃmsX B-À-¡pw- A-h-cpsS Ip-«n-Isf h-f-À-¯m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
-½-Ä- k-tµl-ap-Å-h-cmsW¦n-Â-, C-Xv -½sf B-g-¯n-Â- A-e-«-Ww-, Im-c-Ww-, Ip-«n-Isf
]-Tn-¸n-¡m-p-Å- G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- co-Xnsb¡p-dn-¨p-Å- hn-i-zm-kw- -sXäm-bnt¸mbm-Â-, H-cp- Iq-«w- Ip-«n-
I-Ä- am-{X-a-Ã-, F-Ãm- Ip-«n-I-fpw- -t{Zmln-¡s¸Spw-. At¸mÄ- c-£n-Xm-¡-Ä- "an-I-¨-Xv" F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-
°s¯¸-än- hntbmPn-¡p-I-bmsW¦ntem?
hn-Zym-`ym-k-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨p- A-h-À-¡v hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- aq-ey-§-fm-Wv D-ÅsX¦ntem? B-h-iy-I-
c-am-b- n-b-{´-W-§-fn-Ãm-¯- H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- H-¶m-Wv A-ptbmPyw- F-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn-
bnte¡v -½sf X-Ån-hn-Spw- - F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Kp-W-I-c-am-bsX´msW¶v Xo-À-¨-bp-Å- H-cp- hy-àntbm
AsÃ¦n-Â- H-cp- Iq-«tam Dsï¶- A-p-am-w-. A-¯-cw- A-h-Im-i-§sf -½-Ä- kw-i-bn-¡-Ww-.
msaÃm-h-cpw- hn--b-¯n-sâ -Ã- H-cp- hn-ln-Xw- kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww-.
At¸mÄ-F-´m-WvkÀ-¡m-cnsXnscbp-Å-n-b-{´-W-§-Ä-?B-h-iy-¯n-p-Å-k-tµl-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- F-§sbn-cn-¡pw-? A-Xn-sâ ]-u-c-·m-À-¡v A-h-À- Hmtcmcp-
¯-cptSbpw- Xm-Â-]-cy-{]-Im-c-ap-Å-- H-cp- -Ã- Po-hn-Xs¯ -tXSm-p-Å- H-cp- ]-cn-kvYn-Xn- -Â-Im-³-
am-{Xw- ]-cn-an-Xs¸«- H-¶m-Ipw- A-Xv. A-{I-a-¯n-sâ Xp-S-À-¨-bm-b- `o-j-Wn-¡p- Io-gn-Â- -ap-¡v
-Ã-Xns A-À-°-h-¯m-bn- -tXSm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-, A-XpsImïv kÀ-¡m-À- -½sf D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-³-
h-cp-¶-h-cn-Â-n-¶pw- kw-c-£n-¡-Ww-. -½psS -ssIh-i-ap-Å-Xv kp-c-£n-X-asÃ¦n-Â- -ap-¡v -Ã-
Po-hn-Xw- -bn-¡m-³- B-h-iy-am-b- k¼-¯p-I-Ä- -tSm-pw- A-Xns ap-gp-h-m-bn- D-]tbmKn-¡m-pw
km-[n-¡n-Ã-, A-XpsImïv kÀ-¡m-À- -tamj-Ww- n-b-{´n-¡-Ww- - A-Xpt]m-se, -tamãm-¡sf -tamj-Ww
-S-¯n-b-Xn-v -ã-]-cn-lm-cw- -Â-Im-³- n-À-_-Ôn-¡-Ww-.
kÀ-¡m-À- A-Xv -sN¿pt¼mÄ- - -½sf A-{I-aw-, X-«n-¸v, -tamj-Ww- F-¶n-h-bn-Â- n-¶pw- kw-c-£n-
¡pt¼mÄ- - At¸mgm-Wv A-Xv Hmtcm ]-u-csbpw- A-h-cpsS aq-ey-§tfmfw- hy-àn-]-c-hpw- A-Xp-ey-
hp-am-b- h-gn-I-fn-Â- -Ã- Po-hn-Xs¯ -tXSm-m-bn- kz-X-{´-am-¡p-¶- -tPmen- -sN¿p-¶-Xv.
]s£ kÀ-¡m-À- A-Xn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- - Cu- I-S-a-I-Ä- ho-«p-¶-Xn-p- B-h-iy-am-b

61
km-[--§-fn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-Xv -½-fn-Â- n-¶pw- F-Sp-¡pt¼mgpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS aq-ey-§-
Äs¡m¯p- Po-hn-¡m-³- A-Xn-sâ i-àn- D-]tbmKn-¨p- n-À-_-Ôn-¡pt¼mgpw- - A-Xv -½psS
bp-àn-¡pw- kz-bw-`-c-W-¯n-pw- A-p-kcn-¨p- Po-hn-¡m-p-Å- A-´-Êv -ãs¸Sp-¯p-¶p-. A-Xn-sâ
hn-[n-I-Äs¡mïp- -½ptSXv ]-I-cw- h-bv¡p-I-bpw- -Ã- Po-hn-X-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- -½psS ]-cn-{i-a-
¯n-v X-S-Ê§-Ä- -shbv¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
G-ä-hpw- A-h-km-w-, -ap-¡v H-cp- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ B-h-iy-apsï¦n-Â-, A-Xv -½psS k-t´mj-
¯n-pw- ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-pw- -thïn-bp-Å- {]tbmP--¯n-pthïn-bm-Wv. -ap-¡v A-Xn-pthïn-
am-{X-am-Wv A-Xn-sâ B-h-iyw-, asäm¶n-p-a-Ã-. Im-cy-§-Ä- a--kn-em-¡nsb¶v -ap-¡v F-{X-am-{Xw-
D-d-¸psï¦n-Â- -t]mepw-, kÀ-¡m-cns D-]tbmKn-¨v -½-Ä- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- A-¨nte¡v a-äp-Å-hsc
hm-À-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã- F-¶v Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-I- F-¶m-Wv B-h-iy-¯n-v hn--b-apsï¶p-Å-Xn-sâ A-À-°w-.
A-§s -sN¿p-¶-Xv A-l-¦m-c-¯n-v h-g-§p-¶-Xn-pw- N-cn-{X-¯nse ]m-T-§-Ä- I-ïnsÃ¶v -sh¡p-
¶-Xn-pw- Xp-ey-am-Wv. C-¶v {]-Xy-£-am-bn- -tXm¶p-¶-Xv msf H-cp- X-am-i-bm-bn- -tXm¶mw-.
-½-Ä- hn--b-ap-Å-h-cm-bm-Â-, ]-et¸mgpw-, -temIs¯ H-cp- k¦o-À-W-am-b- kvY-e-am-bn-
-tXm¶ntb¡mw-,A-Xn-Â-k-t´mjs¯-t¯Sn-A-h-c-h-cpsSkz-´w-{]-b-Xv-¯n-Â-Xp-S-cp-¶-AtIw
a-p-jy-À- n-d-ª- H-¶v. Po-hn-¡m-pw- kz-X-{´-am-Im-pw- k-t´mjs¯ -tXSm-p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-
is¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-v B-h-iy-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- I-hn-ª- i-àn- kÀ-¡m-cn-v -sImSp-¡m-
p-Å- B-h-iys¸S-ep-Isf -½-Ä- kw-i-bt¯m-sS Im-W-Ww-. -tPm¬- -tem¡v F-¶- asämcp- hn-o-X-
m-b-- Nn-´-I-³- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "F-Ãm-h-cpw- Xp-ey-cpw- kz-X-{´-cp-am-I-bm-Â-, B-cpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
Po-ht-tbm BtcmKys¯-tbm kzm-X-{ýs¯-tbm kz-¯p-¡sf-tbm D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-. "-½-Ä
B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xpt]m-se A-{I-aw- D-]tbmKn-¨v a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§sf A-h-À- B-{K-l-¯n-v
F-Xn-cm-bn- n-b-{ń-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv H-cn-¡-epw- i-cn-bm-b- H-cp- co-Xn-b-Ã-. A-{I-a-¯n-p-]-I-cw-
-t{]c-W- D-]tbmKn-¨v -t_m²ys¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv F-fn-a- - A-Xv kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- -Â-Ip-¶- asämcp-
h-gn-bm-Wv.
kz-´w- A-[n-Im-c-§sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-X-Ã- Úm-w-, A-h-bpsS A-Xn-cp-Isf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-
Xm-Wv.

62
A-[ym-bw- H-¼-Xv
B-{^n-¡- -Â-In-b-
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-p-Å- hm-KvZm-w-
B-{^n-¡-bnse kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- hn-]p-eo-I-cn-¨ps¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- A-hn-Sps¯ kzm-X-{ý-¯ns¡p-dn-
¨p-Å- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X- B-i-b-§-fp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. -s_À-fn-n-Â- -sh¨p-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯-
A-Xn-cp-I-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨p- B-{^n-¡-¡msc hn-`-Pn-¨- -sIm-tfmWn-b-Â- -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-¯o-À-¯- "B-[n-
Im-cn-I- B-{^n-¡-³-" F-¶- tkmjy-en-kväv Nn-´m-K-Xn- A-h-km-w- n-c-kn-¡s¸Sp-I-bm-Wv. B-{^n-¡-bnse
kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä-B-{^n-¡sbB-[p-n-I-hpw-kar-²n-n-d-ª-Xpw-kzm-X-{´-hp-am-¡m-p-Å-]-cn-{i-a-¯n-em-Wv.
H-ep-amtbmh- HtISn-c-³- kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- ent_À-«n-bpsS F-Ivkn-Iyq-«o-hv -t_mÀ-Unse Aw-K-hpw-, B-{^n-¡-³- en-
_-À-«n- kväp-U-â-kv Hm-À-Ksstkj-sâ kvYm-]-I-bpw- -ssPo-cn-b-bn-Â- As_-tbmIp-«-bn-Â- kvYn-Xn- -sN¿p-¶-
-sÛ-d-Â- bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v A-{Kn-¡-Ä-N-dnse hn-Zym-À-°n-bp-am-Wv.
]-e- cm-Py-¡m-cpw- -tImf-n-h-Â-¡-c-Ww- -S-¯n-b- H-cp- kvY-e-am-Wv B-{^n-¡-. bqtdm]y-³-
cm-Py-§-fpw-A-d-_vkw-kvYm--§-fpw-B-{^n-¡sbhn-`-Pn-¨vhn-hn-[--tImf-n-I-fm-¡n-`-cn-¨p-.A-Xv
A-h-km-n-¨p- F-¶v -thWsa¦n-Â- ]-d-bmw-. (Nn-e- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-epw- Nn-e- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- Ip-d-hpw-.)
]ns¶ Ct¸mÄ- Xp-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw- D-ïv. A-Xv -½psS a--Êp-Isf -tImf-n-I-fm-¡n-
`-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. kv-tään-kw- F-¶- B-i-bw- C-hnsS ]-e- _p-²n-Po-hn-I-fpsSbpw- a--Ên-Â- Ip-Sntbdn-
bn-cn-¡p-¶p-, A-Xv hn-]-Wn- kvY-e-§sf F-´psIm-tïm B-â nB-{^n-¡-³- B-bn- I-ïpsImïv,
B-{^n-¡-³- cm-Py-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- I-¨-h-Ss¯ X-S-ªp-n-À-¯n- "B-{^n-¡-³- hy-àn-X-zw-" n-e-n-À-¯m-
m-bn- -½psS -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-b- A-Xn-À-¯n-Isf D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- n-À-_-Ôw- ]n-Sn-¡p-¶p-,
A-Xpt]m-se, -½psS -tImf-n-Isf¡p-dn-¨v H-¶pw- A-dn-bm-¯-Xpw- A-Xns Im-cy-am-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-
I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- P-À-a-³- Nn-´-I-m-b- Im-Ä- am-À-Ivkn-sâ L-S-- D-]tbmKn-¨v -½psS -tImf-n-Isf
hym-Jym-n-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶p-.
"Iym-]n-ä-en-kw-" F-¶-XpsImïv A-h-À- Dt±in-¡p-¶-Xv B-fp-I-Ä- em-`-¯n-pthïn- AsÃ¦n-Â-
a-äp- km-[--§-fpw- tkh--§-fpw- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-pthïn- km-[--§tfbpw- tkh--§tfbpw- kr-ãn-
¡p-I- F-¶m-Wv, A-Xns ]-Ýn-a- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- D-ïm-b-Xm-bn-«pw- B-{^n-¡-bv¡v A-]-cn-Nn-X-hp-
am-bn-«pw-ap-{Z-Ip-¯s¸Sp-¶p-.Iym-]n-ä-en-kw-,]-Xps¡bmsW¦n-epw-,D-d-¸m-bn-«pw-km-aq-ln-I-L-S-sb
C-Ãm-Xm-¡psa¶pw- A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn- Iq-Sp-X-Â- [-n-I-cm-b-, ]s£ -sNdp-Xm-bns¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶-,
H-cp- "_q-À-j-z-"h-À-Kw- D-ïm-Ipsa¶pw- A-Xv hy-h-km-b- -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä-¡pw- I-À-j-I-À-¡psaXnsc
{]-h-À-¯n-¡psa¶p-ap-Å- H-cp- hm-Zw- -½-Ä- -s]mXp-hm-bn- -tIÄ-¡m-dp-ïv. am-À-Ivkn-kväv -sen-n-kväv
Nn-´-I-cpsS A-`n-{]m-b-¯n-Â-, Iym-]n-ä-en-kväv co-Xn-bn-ep-Å- D-Xv]m-Z-w-, A-Xm-b-Xv, em-`-¯n-p
thïn-bp-Å- D-Xv]m-Z-w-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- I-À-j-Isc ]m-À-i-z-h-Â-¡-cn-¡p-I-bpw- Nq-j-Ww- -sN¿p-I-bpw-
-sN¿psa¶m-bn-cp-¶p-.
A-h-À- H-cn-¡-epw- "C-Xv kXy-amtWm?" F-¶v -tNmZn-¡m-dn-Ã-. bqtdm¸n-Â- ]-cn-io-e-w- e-`n-¨- ]-e-
B-{^n-¡-¡m-cm-b- Nn-´-I-cpw- A-h-cpsS I-®p-I-Ä- aq-Sns¡«n-bn-Sm-Wv Xn-cns¨¯m-dv. A-h-À-¡v
A-h-cpsS kaq-ls¯ Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-. A-h-cpsS kaq-l-¯n-sâ N-cn-{Xs¯ -tm¡m-³-

63
-t]mepw- A-h-À- X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶n-Ã-. I-×p-³-]n-en-cn-¡p-¶-Xpt]mepw- A-h-À- Im-WmsX -t]mIp-¶p-.
-s{]m-s^kÀ- -tPmÀ-Pv B-bnt« -t]m-sebp-Å- ]-WvUn-X-À- B-{^n-¡-bpsS km-¼-¯n-I-, kmw-kvIm-
cn-I-, cm-{ão-b- ]-Ým-¯-es¯¡p-dn-¨p- Kthj-Ww- -S-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. B-{^n-¡-³- P--X- bp-ànt_m[-
an-Ãm-¯-h-cpw-, I-¨-h-Ss¯ a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡m-¯-h-cpw- X-§-Ä- ]p-cm-X-- co-Xn-bnse I-½yq-
Wn-kväv [-tiJ-c-Ww- -S-¯p-¶-h-cp-amsW¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- am-À-Ivkn-kväv Nn-´-I-À- At±l-hpw
At±ls¯-t]m-sebp-Å-h-cpw- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨-Xv I-ïm-Â- -sR«pw-. F-´m-Wv kXym-h-kvY-? hym-]m-cn-bpw-
D-]t`màm-hpw-Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶-hn-e-bv¡vI-¨-h-Sw--S-¶n-cp-¶-kz-X-{´-hn-]-Wn-I-fpw-;kw-cw-`-I-X-z-hpw
-ho-I-c-W-hpw-; Zo-À-L-Zq-c- hym-]m-c-§-fpw-; hm-bv]- hn-]-Wn-I-fpw-; kvYm-]--§-fpw- I-¼-n-I-fpw-;
hm-Wn-Py- n-b-a- kw-hn-[m--§-fp-ap-Å- H-cp- N-cn-{Xw- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
B-bnt« X-sâ Un-^n-änw-Kv Un-Iv-tä-tSÀ-kv: -ss^änw-Kv än-d-n- C-³- B-{^n-¡- B-³-Uv F-d-u-ïv Zn-
-thÄ-Uv F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv B-{^n-¡-bpsS ]p-cm-X--Im-es¯ km-¼-¯n-I- L-S--
bqtdm¸n-epw- a-äp- kvY-e-§-fn-epw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- "Iym-]n-ä-en-kw-" B-bn- km-ay-apsï¶pw- ]s£ A-Xn-sâ
L-S--bn-Â- Ip-d-¨p- hy-Xym-k§-fp-ïm-bn-cp-¶psh¶pw-. aq-e-[--¯n-sâ kz-Im-cy- AsÃ¦n-Â- -tImÀ-
¸tdäv D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-ep-Å- H-cp- km-¼-¯n-I- hy-h-kvYsbbm-Wv Iym-]n-ä-en-kw- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶sX¶m-Wv
Zn- -sadn-bw- -sh_vkvä-À- Un-£-W-dn-bn-Â- -sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. B-{^n-¡-³- kaq-l-§-fn-Â- A-Xv
F-Ãm- Im-e-¯pw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. B-bnt« hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨-Xpt]m-se,
I-À-j-I-À- A-h-cpsS k¼-¯ns H-¯ptNÀ-¡p-I-bpw-, kl-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw-, Atymyw- klm-
bn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. C-Xns I-½yq-W-en-kw- Ft¶m Iw-ap-ntädn-b-n-kw- Ft¶m hn-fn-¡mw-,
]s£ A-Xv tkmjy-en-k-tam I-½yq-Wn-k-tam B-hn-Ã-. H-cm-Ä-¡v tkmjy-en-kväv B-ImsX Xs¶ h-À-
¤o-b-hm-Zntbm kam-P-hm-Zntbm B-Im-³- km-[n-¡pw-...I-À-j-I-À- A-h-cpsS kz-´w- C-Ñ-¡-p-kcn-¨m-
Wv A-h-cpsS km-¼-¯n-I- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- -sN¿p-¶-Xv, A-ÃmsX B-Zn-hm-kn- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ -tXr-
X-z-¯n-e-Ã-. I-½yq-Wn-k-s¯ kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-em-Wv D-Xv]m-Z-w- -S-¡p-¶-Xv, A-Xm-b-Xv
D-Xv]m-Z-w- -sN¿s¸Sp-¶- F-Ãm- km-[--§-fpw- tkh--§-fpw-. ]s£, Im-À-jn-I- kaq-l-§-fn-Â-,
Ip-e-§-fpsSbpw-hw-i-§-fpsSbpw-D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-em-Wv D-Xv]m-Z-w--S-¡p-¶-Xv,A-h-H-cp-kw-L-S-tbm
L-S-Itam B-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡pw-. ]s£, H-cp- Ip-e-hpw- B-Zn-hm-kn- kÀ-¡m-cpw- H-cpt]m-seb-Ã-;
AsXmcp- kz-Im-cy- h-kvXp-hm-Wv, F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- D-Xv]m-Z-w- H-cp- kz-Im-cy- D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-emsW¶m-Wv.
Iq-«-am-b- D-S-a-kvY-X- H-cp- -sI«p-I-Y-bm-Wv.
Ip-Spw-_-am-bnt«m Ip-e-am-bnt«m -S-¯p-¶- Ir-jn-`q-an-I-fpw- kvYm-]--§-fpw- em-`-¯n-pthïn-
bm-Wv Im-À-jn-I- D-Xv]-¶-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶sX¦n-Â- A-h- ap-X-em-fn-¯- {]-h-À-¯--§-fm-Wv.
B-{^n-¡-³- kaq-l-§-fpsS Iq-«m-bva-bpsS kz-`m-hs¯ tkmjy-en-kväv {]m-Ir-X-am-bn- -sXäm-bn
n-cq-]n-¡s¸«n-cp-¶p- F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- B-bnt« hm-Zn-¨-Xv. "Iym-]n-ä-en-kw-" F-¶v -tIÄ-¡pt¼mÄ-
-½psS a--Ên-Â- h-cp-¶- ]-cn-an-X- _m-[y-X-bp-Å- Iq-«p-S-a- kvYm-]--§-Ä- bqtdm]y-³- skmsskän-I-
fn-Â- hs¶¯n-b-Xv h-fsc A-Sp-¯m-Wv.
Atacn-¡-bpsS hy-h-km-b-h-Â-¡-c-W-¯n-v D-]tbmKn-¨- `o-a-am-b- aq-e-[-s¯ ]s¯m³-
]-Xmw- q-äm-ïnse nt£]-I-À- I-¼-n-I-Ä-¡v -Â-Im-p-Å- Im-c-Ww- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- _m-[y-X-I-
fm-Wv F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv -sXämsW¶m-Wv -tImÀ-¸tdäv kw-L-S--bpsS N-cn-{X-Im-c-m-b- -tdm_-À-«v
-slÊs³- -sXfn-bn-¨-Xv. kXy-¯n-Â-, hy-h-km-b-h-Â-¡-c-Ws¯ -S-¯nt¸m¶-Xv I-¼-n-Isf¡m-Ä-

64
A-[n-Iw- Iq-«m-bva-I-fpw- kwtbmPn-X-a-Ãm-¯- Iq-«-bp-S-a- kvYm-]--§-fp-amsW¶m-Wv At±lw-
]-d-bp-¶-Xv. Ip-Spw-_-§-fpsS D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-ep-Å- I-¨-h-S-§-Ä- B-{^n-¡-bv¡v ]p-d-¯pw- AtIw-
cm-Py-§-fn-Â- km-[m-c-W-bm-Wv. hn-]-Wn- k¼-Z-vh-yhkvY-bn-Â- D-Â-]-¶-§-fpw--, -ssIam-ä-§-fpw-, I-ïp-
]n-Sp-¯-§-fpw- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶- {]-[m-s¸«- L-S-I-am-Wv A-h-.
B-{^n-¡-³- N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ G-Xv hn-Zym-À-°n-¡p-a-dn-bmw- hn-]-Wn-bpw- I-¨-h-S-hpw- -tImSm-ptImSn-
h-À-j-§-fm-bn- B-{^n-¡-³- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-sâ H-cp- {]-[m-s¸«- `m-K-amsW¶v. G-gmw- q-äm-ïv ap-X-Â-
]-Xnsm¶mw- q-äm-ïn-n-S-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p- klm-d-bv¡v ]p-dt¯¡p-Å- I-¨-h-Sw- hn-]p-eo-I-cn-¨-Xv,
B- ka-b-¯v Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p- ]p-cm-X-- B-{^n-¡-bnse I-¨-h-S-§-fpw- h-en-b- -tXmXn-Â- h-À-²n-
¨-Xv. -saUnsä-tdn-b-³- k¼-ZvL-S--I-Ä-¡v D-¸n-v ]-I-c-am-bn- kz-À-®w- B-h-iyw- h-¶t¸mÄ- em-`-h-
À-²--hn-p-Å- A-h-kc-§-Ä- hs¶¯n-. am-en- km-{am-Pyw-, Lm-- km-{am-Pyw-, tkmw-Km-bv km-{am-Pyw-
-t]mep-Å- I-¨-h-S- km-{am-Py-§-fpsS s«Ãm-bn-cp-¶p- em-`-hpw- kw-cw-`-I-X-z-hpw-. I-À-j-I-cpw-, C-cp-¼p-]-
Wn-¡m-cpw-, ap-¡p-h-·m-cpw-, hn-]-Wn- kv{Xo-I-fpw-, I-¨-h-S-¡m-cpw- kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xn-csªSp-¯-
{]-h-À-¯n-I-fm-Wv km-¼-¯n-I-D-b-À-¨-bv¡vIm-c-Ww-; em-`w-In-«psa¶-{]-Xo-£-bm-bn-cp-¶p-A-¯-cw
{]-h-À-¯n-Isf -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨-Xv.
A-¯-cw- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-À- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sNbvX-Xm-bn-cpt¶m? A-Ã-. hn-]-Wn-I-Ä-
kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bm-Wv h-f-À-¶-Xv, I-¨-h-S-¡m-À- ku-I-cy-{]-Z-am-b- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- I-ïp-ap-«n-bt¸mÄ-. I-À-
j-I-cpw- -sNdp-In-S- I-¨-h-S-¡m-cpw- A-h-c-h-cpsS hy-h-lm-c-§-fn-Â- G-Às¸«-Xv kzta[-bm-bn-cp-¶p-,
em-`w- e-`n-¡-Wsa¶- Dt±it¯m-sSbp-am-bn-cp-¶p-, A-ÃmsX GsX¦n-epw- B-Zn-hm-kn-, ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-
kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ B-Ú-I-Ä-¡v B-p-kcn-¨m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-.
-temIsa¼m-Spw- hn-hn-[- cq-]-§-fn-ep-Å- hy-h-lm-c-§-fp-ïv; P-À-a-³-, ku-¯v -sImdn-b-³-, Pm-¸-
o-kv, Atacn-¡-³- kw-L-S--I-Äs¡Ãm-¯n-pw- A-Xn-tâXm-b- kz-`m-h-§-fp-ïv. At¸mÄ-]ns¶,
F-´psImïv B-{^n-¡-³- hy-h-lm-c-§-Ä-¡pw- A-§s B-bn-¡q-Sm-? Ip-Spw-_-am-bn- -S-¯p-¶-
hy-h-lm-c-§-Ä-¡v bqtdm¸nse a-äp- cm-Py-§-fnte¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- {]m-[m-yw- C-ä-en-bn-em-Wv. A-§s
Xs¶bm-Wv ]-e- B-{^n-¡-³- cm-Py-§-fn-epw-. ]s£, A-Xn--À-°w- km-¼-¯n-I- X-¯-z-§-Ä- am-dp
sa-t¶m, bqtdm¸n-epw- -ssN-bn-epw- ^-en-¡s¸Sm-¯- I-½yq-Wn-kw- B-{^n-¡-bn-Â- ^-e-{]-Z-am-Ip
sa-t¶m A-Ã-.
hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- Nn-e- hy-Xym-k§-Ä- B-bnt« {i-²n-¨p-: Atacn-¡-bn-Â- H-cp- hy-àn- H-ä-
bv¡v hy-h-lm-c-¯n-v C-d-§n-¯n-cn-¡psa¦n-Â-, B-{^n-¡-bn-Â- A-§s -sN¿p-¶-Xv Iq-«p-Ip-Spw-
_-§-fm-Wv. A-¯-cw- kvYm-]-§--fnse em-`w- Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§-Ä- X-½n-Â- ]-¦n-Spt¼mÄ-, H-cp- Iq-«p-S-a
Iym-]n-ä-en-kväv hy-h-kvY-bn-Â- em-`-¯n-sâ `q-cn-]-£-hpw- {]-[m-- kw-Lm-S-I-m-Wv e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv,
Iq-«p-S-a- I-¼-n-I-fn-Â- A-Xv Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-I-Ä-¡pw- e-`n-¡p-¶p-. D-Xv]m-Z--¯nsâ A-f-hp-I-fn-epw-
hy-Xym-k§-Ä- Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. h-³- -tXmXn-ep-Å- km-[--§sfbpw- tkh--§sfbpw- D-Xv]m-Z-w-
-sN¿p-¶-Xv -shkv-tä¬- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯n-sâ khntij-X-bm-Wv, ]s£ I-À-j-I- ap-X-em-fn-¯- hy-h-
kvY-bn-Â- D-Xv]m-Z-w- h-fsc ]-cn-an-Xs¸«-Xm-Wv.
bqtdm]y-³- -tImf-n- k{¼-Zm-b-hpw- kv-tään-khpw- aq-e-ap-ïm-b- n-b-a-ew-L--§-fpw- ]-cn-an-X-a-
Ãm-¯- kÀ-¡m-cpw- Im-c-Ww- Iq-Sp-X-Â- km-¼-¯n-I- {]-h-À-¯n-I-fpw- A--u-]-Nm-cn-I- -taJ-e-I-fn-em-Wv
D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. n-b-a-hm-gvN-bn-ÃmsX D-]-Po-h-w- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv h-fsc _p-²n-ap-«m-Wv, F-¶m-epw- P--
§-Ä-A-Xv-sN¿p-¶p-.]-et¸mgpw-]-cm-P-b-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-`-c-W-Iq-Ss¯b-Ã-A-h-À-B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv,
B-{^n-¡-bpsS ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- B-Nm-c-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-¯o-À-¯- n-b-a-§sfbm-Wv. I-À-j-Isc

65
Nq-j-Ww- -sN¿p-I-bpw-, A-h-cpsS ]n-´p-W-¡msc n-b-{ń-¡p-I-bpw-, Xm-cn-^v, hym-]m-c- n-b-{´-W-
§-fpw- -S-¯m-³- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- -s¢]v-täm{Im-än-Iv (cm-Py-¯n-sâ kz-¯ns
-sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-) X-{´-§-fpw-, D-Â-]-¶-§-fpsS hn-]-Wnsb n-b-{ń-¡m-m-bn-
tkmjy-en-kväv `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-¶- "am-À-¡-änw-Kv -t_mÀ-Up-I-fpw-" (-tImf-n- k{¼-Zm-bw-
-sImïp-h-¶- Cu- hy-h-lm-cw- `m-Ky-h-im-Â- G-ItZiw- C-Ãm-Xm-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-) -t]mep-Å-h-bn-Â-
n-¶pw- H-gn-ªp-am-dm-³- A-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS hn-c-f-am-b- k¼-¯pt]mepw- nt£]nt¡ïn-h-cp-¶p-.
A--u-]-Nm-cn-I- -taJ-e-I-fnse km-¼-¯n-I- {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- B-{^n-¡-bpsS km-¼-¯n-I- h-f-À-
¨sb h-fscb-[n-Iw- klm-bn-¨n-«p-ïv. Zn- F-Ivkv-t]À-«v {Kq-¸v Hm-¬- C-³t^mÀ-a-Â- skÎ-À- kväm-än-
kvän-Ivkn-sâ dnt¸mÀ-«v A-p-kcn-¨v, k_v-klm-d-³- B-{^n-¡-bpsS B-`y-´-c- D-Xv]m-Z-- h-f-À-¨-¡v,
A--u-]-Nm-cn-I- -taJ-e-I-fpsS (Im-À-jn-I- A--u-]-Nm-cn-I- -taJ-e-bpw- D-Äs]Spw-) ]-¦v G-ItZiw- 55
i-X-am--am-Wv, -t_mSvkzm-tbbpw- ku-¯v B-{^n-¡sbbpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-bm-Â- B- kw-Jy- 60 i-X-
am--am-bn- h-À-²n-¡pw-. em-`w-, I-¨-h-Sw-, kw-cw-`-I-X-zw- C-hsbÃmw- B-{^n-¡-bpsS Xt±i- km-¼-¯n-I-
k{¼-Zm-b-§-fpsS kzm-`m-hn-I-am-b- e-£-W-§-fm-Wv.
H-cp- km-[-c-W- B-{^n-¡-³- -K-cs¯ -tm¡n-bm-Â- A-Xv -s]mXpth H-cp- h-en-b- N-´-
bm-bn-cn-¡pw-; -ssPo-cn-b-bnse emtKmkv F-¶- -K-c-¯n-Â- -sN¶m-Â- -ssPo-cn-b-¡m-cpsS
kw-cw-`-I- kz-`m-hw- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-; B- -K-cw- kw-cw-`-¯n-sâ Xn-ct¡dn-b- H-cp- -tI{µ-am-Wv.
-sXcp-hp-I-fn-Â- hn-b-À-¯p-n-¶psImïv X-Õa-b- `-£-W-§-Ä- hn-Â-¡p-¶- -sNdp-¸-¡m-c-³-, X-Wp-
¸p-Å- -shÅw- Ip-¸n-I-Ä- hn-Â-]--¡v -sh¨p-n-Â-Ip-¶- H-cp- B-¬-Ip-«n-, X-sâ hm-l--¯n-Â- I-b-dm-³-
bm-{X-¡msc £-Wn-¡p-¶- _-kv I-ï-Î-À-, A-b-Â-]-¡s¯ a-¯-§- ]m-Sw- X-sâ Ip-Spw-_sam¶n-¨v
-sIm¿m-n-cn-¡p-¶- I-À-j-I-³-, CsXÃm-am-Wv em-`s¯ ap-³-I-ïp- hy-àn-I-Ä- kzta[-bm- -sN¿p-¶-
{]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-. C-Xm-Wv F-n-¡-dn-bm-hp-¶- B-{^n-¡-.
kz-X-{´-cm-b- hy-àn-I-Ä- kz-X-{´-am-bn- I-¨-h-Sw- -sNbvXpsImïv kam-[m--am-bn- Po-hn-¡p-¶-
H-cp- kz-X-{´- B-{^n-¡-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm--am-W-Xv. h-en-b- A-´m-cm-{ã- hntZi- klm-b-§tfm,
ap-³- -ta[m-hn-Itfm (A-Xv {^m-³-tkm {_n-«tWm B-bnt¡m-s«) A-gn-a-Xn-I-Ä- -S-¯p-¶- Ip-¯-I-
Itfm D-Zym-K-kvYtcm A-Ã- R-§-fpsS `m-hn- n-À-½n-¡m-³- -t]mIp-¶-Xv. hn-]-Wn-bnse kv{Xo-I-fm-Wv.
B-{^n-¡-³- hy-h-km-b- kw-Lm-S-I-m-Wv. No-äm- P-tdj-³- F-¶v -s{]m^-kÀ- B-bnt« hntijn-¸n-¡p-¶-
h-cm-Wv, A-gn-a-Xnsb n-c-kn-¡p-¶-, D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- D-Å-, A-h-cpsS Im-cy-§-Ä- -S-¯m-³- kÀ-¡m-
cn-pthïn- Im-¯n-cn-¡m-¯-h-À-.
-ssPo-cn-b-³- kw-Lm-S-I-m-b- -tSmWn- G-eptaep- ]-d-bp-¶- I-Y-bnse B-{^n-¡-bv¡v kÀ-
¡m-À- kÀ-¡m-cn-v -Â-Ip-¶- klm-b-§-fn-ÃmsX, kz-Im-cy- hy-h-km-b-§-fpw- kw-cw-`-I-X-z-hpw- D-]
tbmKn-¨p- A-Xn-sâ Nn-c-Im-en-I- km-¼-¯n-Ikm-aq-ln-I- -shÃp-hn-fn-Isf -tcn-Sm-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
At±lw- A-{^n-¡ym-]n-ä-en-kw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯ {]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-: "H-cp- ']p-Xn-b-' B-{^n-¡-: kPo-h-
am-b- kz-Im-cytaJ-e- hy-h-km-b-§sf kr-ãn-¨psImïpw- km-aq-ln-I- k¼-¯v D-ïm-¡nsImïpw-
km-aq-ln-I- {]-iv-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶p-. hy-h-km-b-§sf n-b-{ń-¡p-¶- H-cp- -tI{µ- kÀ-¡m-À- F-¶-
]-g-b- B-i-b-¯n-Â- n-¶pw- CsXmcp- h-en-b- am-ä-am-Wv. Cu- ]-g-b- co-Xnsb hn-I-kn-¸ns¨Sp-¯-Xv
km-aq-ln-I- {]-iv-§sf D-¶w- -sh¨psImïv -Â-In-b- [-- klm-b-§-fpw- hntZi- klm-b-§tfmSpw-
H-¯ptNÀ-¶- BtKmf- hn-I-k- [--Im-cy- kvYm-]--§-fm-Wv. A-h- -Ã- DtZi-§tfmSp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
C-¯-cw- ip-]m-À-i-I-Ä- -Â-In-bsX¦n-epw-, A-Xv ]-et¸mgpw- h-gn-]n-g-¨pt]mbn-cp-¶p-."
A-{^n-¡ym-]n-ä-en-kw-:Zn-]m-¯vSp-F-¡tWman-¡v-t{]mkv-s]cn-än-B-³-Uvtkmjy-Â--shÂ-¯vF-¶-

66
At±l-¯n-sâ kam-lm-c-¯n-Â-, G-eptaep- kz-Im-cy- hy-h-km-bs¯bpw- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯nsbpw
A-p-Iq-en-¨p- kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-ïv, AtXm-sSm¸w- At±lw- "kaq-l-§sf -sa¨s¸Sp-¯p-¶-,
G-ä-hpw- Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-Â- n-¶pt]mepw- A-h-kc-§sf D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-¶- Zo-À-LIm-e-, k¼-¯v
kr-ãn-¡p-¶- nt£]-§sf" -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p-ap-ïv. B-{^n-¡-bnse km-aq-ln-I- {]-iv-§sf
]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- hn-]-Wn- A-Sn-kvYm--am-¡n-bp-Å- ]-cn-lm-c-§-fm-Wv G-eptaep- apt¶m«v -shbv¡p-
¶-Xv. At±lw- "B-{^n-¡sb ]p--:kr-ãn-¡m-pw- A-Xns nt£]-§-fpsSbpw-, -ho-I-c-W-¯n-
sâbpw-, kw-cw-`-§-fpsSbpw- m-Sm-bn- ap-{Z-Ip-¯n-¡m-pw-" -thïn- kz-X-{´hn-]-Wn- Iym-]n-ä-en-kväv
hy-h-kvYsbbm-Wv ip-]m-À-i- -sN¿p-¶-Xv.
Iq-Sp-X-Â- kar-²n-bp-Å- m-Sm-Im-³- B-{^n-¡- Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- B-[p-n-I-am-I-Wsa¶v Rm-³
hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p- ]s£ A-Xn--À-°w- A-Xv Iq-Sp-X-Â- "-shkv-tä¬-" B-I-Wsa¶-Ã-. -s{]m^-kÀ- H-en-
bqsân- äm-bnthm At±l-¯n-sâ l-u- -sIm-tfmWn-b-en-kw- {]ow-]vä-Uv -tam-tUÀ-Wn-än- C-³- B-{^n-¡-
F-¶-]p-kvX-I-¯n-epw-a-äp-c-N--I-fn-epw-"B-{^n-¡-¡msckm-[m-c-W-a-p-jy-X-z-¯n-sâA-Xn-cp-I-fpsS
]p-dt¯¡v n-À-¯p-¶- ]m-c-¼-cys¯" n-c-kn-¡p-¶p-. -shkv-tä¬- cm-Py-¡m-À-¡pw- bqtdm]n-
b-³- cm-Py-¡m-À-¡pw- am-{X-ap-Å- khntij-X-b-Ã- B-[p-n-I-X-. -tImf-n- k{¼-Zm-bw- B-{^n-¡-bn-Â-
n-¶pw-B-[p-n-I-XsbF-§sbm-WvXn-cn-¨p-hn-«sX¶va--kn-em-¡n-bm-Â--ap-¡v-tImf-n-k{¼-
Zm-b-¯nsXnsc i-à-am-bn- ]-gn-Np-a-¯m-pw- AsXka-bw-, B-{^n-¡-bpsS B-[p-n-I-X-bnte¡v
o-§ns¡mïn-cp-¶- ]m-c-¼-cy-¯nse {]tbmP--I-c-am-b- Xn-cn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡p-hm-pw- km-[n-¡psa¶m-Wv
-s{]m^-kÀ- äm-bnthmbpsS hm-Zw-.
B-[p-n-I-h-Â-¡-c-W-hpw- ]m-Ým-Xy-h-Â-¡-c-W-hpw- X-½n-Â- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xv {]-[m--
am-Wv. Cu- c-ïv {]-Xn-`m-k§-fpw- -thÀ-]n-cn-bp-¶-Xpw- -thÀs]Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xpw-. B-{^n-¡-³-,
Atacn-¡-³- (h-S-¡v, -tI{µ-, Z-£n-W-), G-jy-³-, bqtdm]y-³- kaq-l-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- k¼-À-¡-¯n-sâ
h-f-Às¨-sbbm-Wv Cu- Im-et¯ B-[p-n-I-h-Â-¡-c-W-am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-Xv. kw-c-£-W-hm-
Z-hpw- I-¨-h-S- n-b-{´-W-§-fpw- B-{^n-¡-¡msc a-äp- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- am-{X-a-Ã-, a-äp- B-{^n-
¡-¡m-cn-Â-n-¶pw- ap-dn-¨p-am-äpw-. 1884-1885 -S-¶- -s_À-fn-³- -tIm¬s^-sd³-kn-Â- h-¨v -½psS
bqtdm]n-b-³- -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- h-c-¨p-ïm-¡n-b- A-Xn-cp-I-Ä-¡p-Ån-Â- H-Xp-§n-¡q-Sp-¶-Xns H-cn-¡-epw-
"B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b- B-{^n-¡-³- k{¼-Zm-bw-" F-¶v hn-fn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. B-{^n-¡-³- Nn-´-I-À-
am-À-Ivkn-kw- -t]m-sebp-Å- A-kw-_-Ô-am-b- X-¯-z-§sf n-c-kn-¡p-I-bpw- Im-]-Sy-ap-Å- ]m-Ým-Xy-
hn-cp-²- {]-h-W-X-Isfbpw- hym-P- "B-[n-Im-cn-I-Xsbbpw-" F-Sp-¯p- am-äp-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ï-Xm-Wv.
B-{^n-¡- B-[p-n-I-h-Â-I-c-W-¯n-Â- kPo-h-am-bn- ]s¦Spt¡ï-Xpw- "km-[m-c-W- a-p-jy-X-z-¯n-sâ
A-Xn-cp-I-fpsS ]p-dt¯¡v" X-Ås¸Sm-³- hn-k½n-Xn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ï-Xm-Wv.
B-[p-n-I-h-Â-I-c-Ww- F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- Hmtcm a-p-jy-Po-hn-bpsSbpw- aq-eys¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-
F-¶-Xm-Wv. k¶-²- kl-I-c-Ww- -sImïpw- kz-X-{´- C-S-]m-Sp-I-Ä- -sImïp-ap-Å- D-Xv]m-Z-s¯
kzo-I-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv. A-Ô-hn-i-zm-k§-Ä-¡p- ]-I-cw- bp-ànsbbpw-, A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-en-p- ]-I-cw-
n-b-as¯bpw-, -sImÅ-bv¡p- ]-I-cw- D-Xv]m-Z-s¯bpw-- kzo-I-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv. kz-´w- kzm-X-
{ýs¯bpw- Hmtcm a-p-jy- Po-hn-bpsS kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- kzo-I-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv. B-{^n-¡-
a-kväv _n- -tam-tU¬- F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- äm-bnthm hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨-Xn-§sbm-Wv, "-½-Ä- hy-àn-Isf
_-lp-am-n-¡p-¶-Xv A-h-cpsS Xo-cp-am--§sf C-ãs]Sp-¶-XpsIm-tïm A-htcmSp- -tbmPn-¡p-¶-
XpsIm-tïm AsÃ¦n-Â- A-hsc {]-k¶-cm-bn- I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-XpsIm-tïm A-Ã-. b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-,
A-h-cpsSXo-cp-am--§tfmSvhntbmPn-¡pt¼mgpw-A-hscbpw-A-h-À--sN¿p-¶-Im-cy-§sfbpw--shdp-

67
¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pt¼mgm-Wv -½-Ä- A-hsc _-lp-am-n-¡m-³- Iq-Sp-X-Â- n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-¶-Xv.
A-h-À- a-p-jy-h-À-K-¯n-sâ H-cp- Aw-K-amsW¶- Htc-sbmcp- Im-c-W-¯m-Â- A-hsc _-lp-am-n-
¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv B-[p-n-I-X-bpsS khntij-X-."
B-{^n-¡-bnse kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- i-à-am-bn-s¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. No-äm- P-tdj-³- am-{X-a-Ã-,
Ct¸mÄ- -tIm-tfPn-Â- ]-Tn-¡p-¶-h-cm-b- F-sâ X-e-ap-d-bp-am-Wv B-{^n-¡-bn-Â- am-äw- h-cp-¯m-³- -
t]mIp-¶-Xv. A-gn-a-Xn-bpw- -sImÅ-bpw- -S-¯p-¶- {Iq-c-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cntmSv R-§-fn-n- £-a-
Im-Wn-¡n-Ã-. G-Im-[n-]-Xy- kz-`m-h-ap-Å- -tXm-¡sf R-§-Ä- A-h-cpsS {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-¡v D-¯-c-hm-
Zn-I-fm-¡pw-. Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-hpw-, `-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b-Xp-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-,
kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bpw-, kw-km-c-kzm-X-{ý-hpw- ]-{X-kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- -tXSn-bp-Å- {]-h-W-Xsb
R-§-Ä- A-`n--µn-¡p-I-bpw-, B-h-iys¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. kz-´w- Po-hn-Xs¯ -bn-¡m-pw-,
kz-´w- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-pw-, kz-´w- k-t´mjs¯ Isï¯m-p-ap-Å- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-
¯s¯bpw-- kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- R-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶p-. kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zw- B-{^n-¡sb Iq-Sp-X-Â-
an-I-¨-Xm-¡pw-, A-§s B-{^n-¡- -temIs¯ Iq-Sp-X-Â- -sa¨s¸«-Xm-¡pw-.

68
A-[ym-bw- ]-¯v
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b-
{]-Ir-Xw- : BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-
kv-tem³- -t{^mkväv
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpw- B-kq-{X-W-§-fpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hnthI-ap-ÅtXm AtXm A-¯-cw- {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- "B-kq-{Xn-X-am-b- Ip-g-¸w-" D-ïm-¡p-¶tXm? Atacn-¡-³- BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse -b-§sfbpw- hn-
]-Wnsbbpw- _m-[n-¡p-¶- kÀ-¡m-À- -S-¯n-b- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS N-cn-{Xw- -tm¡n-bm-Â- a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-
¡pw- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- D-Nn-X-a-Ãm-¯-Xpw- bp-àn-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- ^-e-§-fm-Wv -ÂIn-bn-«p-ÅsX¶v.
km-[--§-fpw- tkh--§-fpw- -Â-Ip-¶- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fpsS C-S-bn-Â- n-¶pw- Xn-csªSp-¡m-p-Å- kzm-X-{ý-am-Wv
C-Ss]S-ep-Isf¡m-fpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- bp-àn-]-c-hpw- ka--zn-X-hp-am-b- ^-e-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-¶-Xv. kv-tem³-
-t{^mkväv kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- ent_À-«n-bpsS A-²y-£-bpw- kl-kvYm-]-I-bp-am-Wv. {]n-³-kvS-¬-, yq- -tPgvkn-bn-Â-
kvYn-XnsN¿p-¶- -s]mXp- -bs¯¡p-dn-¨p- Kthj-Ww- -S-¯p-¶- H-cp- kvYm-]--¯nse Kthj-I-bm-Wv kv-tem³-.
bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v Nn-¡mtKmbn-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv kv-tem³- -s]mXp- -b-¯n-Â- _n-cp-Zm--´-c- _n-cp-Z-hpw-
BtcmKy- `-c-W- -b-¯n-Â- kÀ-«n-^n-¡-äpw- -tSn-b-Xv.
cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpw- DtZymK-kvY-cpw- F-Sp-¡p-¶- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä-, -½-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xnt¡m-Ä-
A-[n-Iw-, -½psS Po-hn-X-§sf n-b-{ń-¡p-¶p-ïv. A-h- -½psS Po-hn-X-§-fp-am-bn- A-{X-
am-{Xw- A-en-ªptNÀ-¶n-«p-Å-Xn-m-Â-, -½-Ä- A-hsb F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- {i-²n-¡msX-t]mIp-¶p-.
n-À-_-Ôn-X- sskn-I-tkh-w-, n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-¯-Â-, C-c-bn-Ãm-¯- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy- n-b-a-§-Ä-
F-¶n-§s F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- A-dn-bm-hp-¶- Nn-e-Xp-ïv. C-h-bv¡v ]-et¸mgpw- {]-kvXm-hn-¡s¸«-
Nn-e- Dt±iyw- D-ïm-Ipw-: bp-²-§-fn-Â- cm-Pys¯ tkhn-¡mtm AsÃ¦n-Â- "km-aq-ln-I- tkh-w-"
-S-¯mtm, cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä-¡pthïn- ]-Ww- Nn-e-h-gn-¡mtm, cm-{ão-b-
¡m-À- -tamiw- F-¶v I-cp-Xp-¶tXm a-X-§-Ä- hn-e-¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡m-pw
A-h-À- _-e-am-bn- -½psS Po-hn-X-§-fn-Â- C-Ss]Sp-¶p-. ]s£, C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- C-Xpt]m-se
-t_m[-]q-À-Æ-a-Ã- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. A-Xv h-f-À-¶v h-ep-Xm-bn- A-h-km-w- H-cp- ap-gp-h-³- kw-hn-[m-w-
Xs¶bm-bn- am-dp-¶p-.
C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-¡v ]-et¸mgpw- hn-Nm-cn-¡m-¯- ^-e-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipw-. ]m-en-sâ hn-e- n-b-{ń-¡p-¶-Xv
A-Xn-sâ hn-e- Ip-d-bv¡m-³- -thïn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-. ]s£ A-Xp-aq-ew- ]m-en-sâ £m-aw- D-ïm-Ipw-,
At¸mÄ-, ]m-Â- In-«m-³- _p-²n-ap-«m-Ipw-, o-ï- Iyq-hp-I-Ä-, I-cn-©-´-, A-gn-a-Xn-, D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-
-sImSpt¡ïn-h-cp-¶-A-h-km--hn-e-bpsSh-À-²--hv(hn-e-+Iyq-hn-Â-n-Â-¡p-¶-ka-bw-+-ssI¡q-en-);
B-Zys¯ C-Ss]S-Â- D-ïm-¡n-b- {]-iv-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- ho-ïpw- C-Ss]Sm-m-bp-Å- B-iys¸S-ep-
I-fp-ïm-Ipw-, A-Xp-aq-ew-, ho-ïpw- {]-iv-§-Ä-, ho-ïpw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-, A-§s Xp-S-cpw-.
C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-¡p-ap-I-fn-Â- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- h-cpt¼mÄ-, -½-Ä- F-hnsSn-¶m-Wv Xp-S-§n-bsX¶v
a-d-¶pt]mIpw-. n-Xy-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn- C-¯-cw- kw-hn-[m--§-Ä- Iq-Snt¨cp-¶tXm-sS, AsX§s kw-
`-hn-¨p- F-¶v -tNmZn-¡m-³- P--§-Ä- hn-«pt]mIpw-. Iq-Sp-X-Â- Ip-g-¸-I-csa-s´¶m-Â-, C-¯-cw- C-Ss]
S-ep-I-Ä- i-cn-bm-bn- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿s¸Sm-¯-Xm-b-XpsImïv, A-hsb ]-et¸mgpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ

69
C-Ss]S-ep-I-fm-bn-«-Ã- I-W-¡m-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, "kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-", "kz-X-{´- hym-]m-c--bw-" B-bn-«m-
Wv C-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-ń-¡m-¯-h-cpw- C-Xn-sâ Zq-jy- ^-e-§sf a--kn-em-¡m-¯-h-cpw- I-cp-Xp-¶-Xv.
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- aq-ew- D-ïm-b- dn-b-Â- F-kv-tääv hn-e-bpsS h-À-²--hv kr-ãn-¨- Atacn-¡-
bnse"l-u-kn-Mv_-_n-Ä-"F-´msW¶va--kn-em-¡n-bmseA-´m-cm-{ã-km-¼-¯n-I-{]-Xn-kÔnsb¡p-
dn-¨p- a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-. km-¼-¯n-I- kw-hn-[m--§-fn-Â- kÀ-¡m-À- Iq-Sp-X-Â- C-Ss]«tXm-sS
_m-¦p-I-Ä-¡v hm-bv]m- n-c-¡v Ip-dt¡ïn-h-cn-I-bpw-, A-Xp-aq-ew- h-en-b- I-S-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-I-bpw-,
A-]-I-S- km-[y-X-bp-Å- hm-bv]-Isf "A-]-I-S-ap-àw-" AsÃ¦n-Â- "Ip-d-ª- A-]-I-S-ap-Å-Xv" B-bn-
ap-{Z-Ip-¯s¸Sp-I-bpw- -temIsa¼m-Sp-ap-Å- km-¼-¯n-I- kvYm-]--§-Ä- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- hm-bv]-I-Ä-
hm-§p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. k¼-ZvL-S--bpsS ho-gvN- B-cpw- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sNbvX-X-Ã-, ]s£ A-Xv n-c-
´-c-am-b- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS ^-e-am-bn-cp-¶p-. (Cu- {]-{In-bsb B-^vä-À- Zn- -shÂs^b-À- kv-tääv F-¶-
]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- hn-h-cn-¨n-«p-ïv.)
C-Ss]S-epw- "n-b-{´-W-" hpw- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kw-
H-cp- -tI{µ- A-[n-Im-cn-bpsS B-kq-{X-W-an-ÃmsX D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn-m-Â-, kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-
kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-Isf¡m-fpw- bp-àn-kn-²-amsW¶v Nn-e-À- A-`n-{]m-bs¸Sm-dp-ïv. Im-c-Ww-, kz-X-{´
hn-]-Wn-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cns-t]m-se B-kq-{X-Ww- aq-ew- D-ïm-Ip-¶-X-ÃtÃm. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, kÀ-
¡m-cn-sâ {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- F-Ãmw- kq-£va-am-bn- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-XmsW¶v -tXm¶ntb¡mw-.
A-§sb-Ãm- F-¶v A-p-`-hw- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p-. kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-Isf "{I-ao-I-c-Ww-" F-¶v hn-fn-
¡s¸Sp-¶psh¦n-epw- A-Xv ]-et¸mgpw- AsXmgnsI asäÃm-am-Wv. "{I-ao-I-c-Ww-" F-¶p- h-¨m-Â-,
"{I-as¸Sp-¯p-I-" F-¶m-Wv, "H-cp- N-«-¯n-sâ A-[o--X-bn-Â- -sImïp-h-cp-I-" F-¶v. A-Xm-Wv B-
hm-¡n-sâi-cn-bm-b-A-À-°w-. ]s£,B-hm-¡vkÀ-¡m-À-C-Ss]S-ep-ItfmSv_-Ôs¸Sp-¯n-btXm-sS,
A-Xn-sâ hn-]-co-X-am-bn- am-dn-: "-tXm¶p-¶-hn-[-hpw- N-]-e-hp-am-bp-ap-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-" - -tXm¶p-¶-hn-
[-hpw- N-]-e-am-b-Xpw- am-{X-a-Ã-, D-Nn-X-a-Ãm-¯-Xpw-, bp-àn-hn-cp-²-hpw-, -t_m[-]q-À-Æ-a-ÃmsXbp-ap-Å-
B-kq-{X-Ww-.
Atacn-¡-³- `-c-W-L-S--bpsS ap-Jy- c-N-bn-Xm-hm-b- -sPbnw-kv am-Un-k¬- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS
Zq-jy-h-i-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- -sÛ-d-en-kväv w-. 62-Â- F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-ïv,
N-©-e-am-b- H-cp- -b-¯n-sâ B-´-cn-I- ^-e-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-Wv. kzm-X-{ýw-
F-¶- A-p-{K-ls¯ A-Xv -in-¸n-¡pw-. P--§-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶- {]-Xn-n-[n-I-Ä- D-ïm-
¡p-¶- n-b-a-§-Ä- hm-bn-¡m-m-hm-¯-hn-[w- o-ïtXm a--kn-em-hm-¯-hn-[w- A-hy-àtam
B-bm-Â- A-h- P--§-Ä-¡v Kp-Ww- -sN¿n-Ã-: C-¯-cw- n-b-a-§-Ä- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-p
ap-³-]p-Xs¶ ]n-³-h-en-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- n-c-´-c-am-b- am-ä-§-Ä- h-cp-¯s¸Sp-I-bpw-
-sNbvXm-Â-, B-À-¡pw- C-¶v AsÃ¦n-Â- msf n-e-hn-ep-Å- n-b-aw- G-XmsW¶v A-dn-
bm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. n-b-as¯ {]-h-À-¯--¯n-sâ N-«-am-bn-«m-Wv n-À-h-Nn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv;
]s£ B-À-¡pw- A-dn-bm-¯- kvYn-c-X-bn-Ãm-¯- H-¶ns F-§sbm-Wv n-b-aw- F-¶v
hn-fn-¡p-I-?
-s]mXp- A-kvYn-c-X-bpsS asämcp- Zq-jy-h-isa-s´¶m-Â-, A-Xv I-Tn--{]-b-Xvw- -sN¿p-¶
A-Ú-cm-b- P--§-Ä-¡p-ap-I-fn-Â- ]-W-¡m-cm-b- yq--]-£-¯n-v o-Xn-c-ln-X-am-b-
-t«w- -ÂIp-¶psb¶-Xm-Wv. hm-Wn-Pys¯bpw- h-cp-am-s¯bpw- hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw- : BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-

70
ep-Å- kz-¯p-¡sfbpw- _m-[n-¡p-¶- Hmtcm ]p-Xn-b- n-b-a-hpw- am-äs¯bpw- A-Xn-sâ
A--´-c-^-e-§sfbpw- -tm¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-h-À-¡v H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- em-`w- -sImïp-h-cp-¶p-;
B-em-`w-kz-´w-{]-b-Xv-§-Ä--sImïp-ïm-Ip-¶-X-Ã-,A-h-cpsSkl-Po-hn-I-fpsSA-[-zm-w
sImïp-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv. C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv, n-b-a-§-Ä- G-Xm-pw- Nn-e- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v
am-{X-am-bm-Wv D-ïm-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv, A-ÃmsX F-Ãm-h-À-¡pwthïn-b-Ã- F-¶v ]-d-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv.
cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpsSbpw- DtZymK-kvY-cpsSbpw- -tXm¶-ep-I-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨p- am-dp-¶- C-Ss]S-ep-I-
fpsS kw-hn-[m--¯n-Â- "H-cm-Ä-¡pw- C-¶s¯ n-b-asa´msW¶v A-dn-bmtm m-fs¯ n-b-aw-
F-´m-bn-cn-¡psa¶v Du-ln-¡mtm km-[n-¡n-Ã-", A-XpsImïv Cu- kw-hn-[m-s¯ {I-ao-I-cn-¡p-¶-
kw-hn-[m--am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡m-m-hn-Ã-. (am-Un-k¬- Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯n-b-Xpt]m-se, `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ D-]
tbmKn-¨p- kz-Im-cy- -t«-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-p-Å- sÃmcp- A-h-kc-am-Wv C-Xv. ]s£ A-X-Ã- C-hn-Ss¯
ap-Jy- {]-ivw-.) n-b-a-hm-gv¨-bm-Wv hn-]-Wnsb "{I-as¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xv", C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- A-Ã-. C-Ss]S-ep-I-
fpsS-taÂ- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- H-cn-¡-epw- H-cp- im-i-z-X- ]-cn-lm-cw- -Â-Ip-I-bn-Ã-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Xm-Â-
Im-en-I- ]-cn-lm-cw- H-cp- q-ep-]tbmKn-¨p- -thK-¯n-Â- -sI«n-n-À-¯p-¶-Xn-p- Xp-ey-am-Wv.
C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS kz-`m-hs¯ a--kn-em-¡m-³- -Ã- H-cp- D-Zm-l-c-Ww- -tm¡mw-. A-Xn-sâ
H-cp- -Ã- D-Zm-l-c-Ww- BtcmKyw- F-¶- -taJ-e-bm-Wv: -½psS BtcmKys¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bpw-
-ap-¡v o-ï- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw- -Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sNbvXpsImïv. -temIsa¼m-Spw- BtcmKys¯¡p-dn-
¨p-Å- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv Hmtcm cm-Py-§-fnsebpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv. Nn-e- cm-Py-§-fn-Â-,
B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw- BtcmKy- {]-h-À-¯-I-cpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ Ip-¯-I-I-fm-Wv. a-äp- cm-Py-§-fn-Â-,
P--§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- hm-§n-b- n-Ip-Xn-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨m-Wv -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw- BtcmKy- {]-h-À-¯-I-
À-¡pw- i-¼-fw- -Â-Ip-¶-Xv. an-¡- cm-Py-§-fn-epw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ A-p-a-Xn-bn-ÃmsX -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw-
-tgvkvam-À-¡pw- A-h-cpsS -sXmgn-Â- -sN¿m-m-hn-Ã-. hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS D-Zm-l-
c-W-§-Ä- Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Atacn-¡-bpsS BtcmKy- -bs¯ n-co-£n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv F-sâ
-tPmen-bpsSbpw- ]-T--¯n-sâbpw- ap-Jy- Np-a-X-e-.
Atacn-¡-bnse BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-- kw-hn-[m-w-
n-§-Ä- Atacn-¡-bnse H-cp- -tIm-tfPv hn-Zym-À-°n-bmsW¶v I-cp-Xp-I-. n-§-fpsS BtcmKyw-
h-fsc -tami-am-bn- F-¶v I-cp-Xp-I-. n-§-Ä-¡v -sNbvXp- Xo-À-¡m-p-Å- ]-T-s¯¡p-dnt¨m
AsÃ¦n-Â- BtLmjn-¡m-³- -ãs¸Sp-¶- H-cp- A-h-kcs¯¡p-dnt¨m B-bn-cn-¡pw- n-§-fpsS
B-Zys¯ Nn-´-. ]s£, n-§-Ä-¡v Xosc h-¿m-Xm-bm-Â-, Nn-et¸mÄ- H-cp- -tUmÎsd Im-Wmsa¶v
BtemNn-¡pw-. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, n-§-fpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kn-Â- h-cp-¶- tkh--§-Ä- GsXm-
s¡bmsW¶v n-§-Ä- -tm¡pw- (A-Xm-b-Xv, n-§-Ä-¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv Dsï¦n-Â-). n-§-fpsS -tcmK-
e-£-W-§-Ä- h-fsc -tami-am-bm-Â- n-§-Ä- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-Â- -t]mIm-pw- AtIw- -tUmÎ-À-amsc
Im-Wm-pw- Xo-cp-am-nt¨¡mw-. n-§-fpsS Xo-cp-am--§sf kzm-[o-n-¡p-¶-Xv n-e-hn-ep-Å- hn-hn-[-
BtcmKy--b-§-fpw-N-«-§-fp-amsW¶vH-cp-]s£n-§-Ä-a--kn-em-¡n-bn-«p-ïm-hn-Ã-.BtcmKy-]-cn-]m
-e-- kw-hn-[m-w- ]-Xps¡ h-ep-Xm-bn-. A-Xns B-cpw- cq-]-I-Â-]-- -sNbvX-X-Ã-. kÀ-¡m-À- F-§s
bm-Wv n-§-fpsS BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-- Xo-cp-am--§sf kzm-[o-n-¡p-¶sX¶v -tm¡mw-.
G-Xv X-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-³-jp-d-³-kv B-Wv n-§-fpsS ]-¡-Â- D-ÅsX¶v n-§-Ä-¡v h-¿m-Xm-
Ipt¼mÄ- n-§-Ä- n-§tfmSp- Xs¶ -tNmZn-¡pw-. -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-Ä- B-ip-]-{Xn-

71
I-fp-am-bn- I-cm-dp-I-fn-Â- G-Às¸Sp-I-bpw-, A-h-cpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- B- B-ip-]-{Xn-Isf
D-Äs¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-m-bn- H-cp- Xp-I- hm-§p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, -tUm. -tmkn-¡ns
l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¯m-³-, C-cp-h-cpw- N-À-¨- -sNbvXv, l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv
-tUm. -tmkn-¡n-v Hmtcm am-khpw- AsÃ¦n-Â- Hmtcm -tcmKn-¡pw- AsÃ¦n-Â- Hmtcm tkh--¯n-pw
F-{X- Xp-I- -Â-I-Wsa¶v Xo-cp-am-n-¡pw-. C-cp-h-À-¡pw- kzo-Im-cy-am-b- n-_-Ô--I-Ä- Xo-cp-am--
am-bm-Â- l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv -tUm. -tmkn-¡ns A-h-cpsS ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¯pw-. l-bv¡v
C-³-jp-d-³-kn-sâ ]-²-Xn-bnse -tUmÎ-À-amsc Xn-c-ªm-Â- -tUm. -tmkn-¡n-sâ -t]cv Im-Wm-³-
km-[n-¡pw-.
B- {]-{In-b- -s]-s«¶v Xs¶ Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-Ipw-. F-§sbm-Wv C-¯-cw- B-i-b-¡p-g-¸-§-Ä-
D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv? Atacn-¡-bnse -sXmgn-em-fn-Isf A-h-cpsS -ta[m-hn-I-fpsS ]-²-Xn-I-fn-epw-, hn-Zym-
À-°n-Isf A-h-cpsS Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ ]-²-Xn-I-fn-epw- D-Äs¸Sp-¯m-dp-ïv. n-§-Ä-¡p- ImtWï-
-tUmÎ-À-amscbpw- B-h-iy-am-b- tkh--§sfbpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-b- H-cp- C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xnsb
F-´psImïv hm-§m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-? C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS H-cp- h-en-b- Ip-cp-¡v aq-ew- -ap-¡v
Xn-csªSp-¡m-p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- ]-cn-an-Xs¸Sp-¶p-. Cu- kw-hn-[m-s¯ B-cpw- B-kq-{X-Ww-
-sNbvX-X-Ã-; ]s£ A-Xn-v A-Xn-sâXm-b- H-cp- bp-àn-bp-ïv, ]s£ B- bp-àn-bp-ïm-b-Xv C-Ss]
S-ep-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-b- {]-iv-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-m-bm-Wv.
c-ïmw- -temI- a-lm-bp-²-¯n-sâ ka-b-¯v, Atacn-¡-bnse kÀ-¡m-À- -sXmgn-ep-S-a-Isf
i-¼-f- h-À-²--hv -Â-Ip-¶-XnsXnsc hn-e-¡n-. -sXmgn-em-fn-Isf B-I-À-jn-¡m-³- -sXmgn-ep-S-a-I-Ä-
BtcmKy- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- hm-KvZm-w- -sNbvXp-. 1943-Â- bp-²-¯n-m-h-iy-am-b- km-a-{Kn-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-³-
-sXmgn-em-fn-Isf In-«msX h-¶t¸mÄ- A-Xv i-¼-f-¯n-sâ n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- Im-c-W-amsW¶v a--
kn-em-¡n-b- "hm-À- -te_-À- -t_mÀ-Un-sâ' Aw-K-§-Ä- 1942se kv-sä_nssetkj-³- B-Ivän-sâ Xmsg
C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- h-cn-Ã- F-¶v {]-Jym-]n-¨p-. AtXm-sS, -sXmgn-ep-S-a-I-Ä-¡v -thX-- n-b-{´-W-
§-Ä- a-dn-I-S-¡msX Xs¶ h-À-²n-¨- Iq-en-I-Ä- -Â-Im-³- km-[n-¨p-. 1954-Â- C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-Ä-,
n-Ip-Xn-¡v hnt[b-asÃ¶v CtâW-Â- -sdh-yp- kÀ-ho-kv {]-Jym-]n-¨p-. (-thX-- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä-¡v
hnt[b-asÃ¦n-Â-, A-Xv -thX-w- B-hn-ÃtÃm, At¸mÄ- A-Xn-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-¯m-³-
B-hn-Ã-.) P--§-Ä- C-¯-cw- A-p-Iq-ey-§tfmSv F-§s {]-Xn-I-cn-¨p- F-¶v n-§-Ä-¡v Du-ln-¡m-atÃm.
H-cp- I-¼-n- n-§-Ä-¡v i-¼-f-am-bn- $1000 hm-KvZm-w- -sN¿p-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, B- h-cp-am--¯n-sâ
]p-d-¯v n-§-Ä-¡v n-Ip-Xn- A-S-bv-t¡ïn- h-cpw-, At¸mÄ- n-§-Ä-¡v A-Xn-sâ ap-gp-h-³- Kp-Ww-
In-«msX -t]mIpw-. ]-I-cw-, A-h-À- n-§-Ä-¡v $1000 hn-e-bpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn- -Â-Ip-I-
bmsW¦n-Â-,A-Xvn-Ip-Xn-ap-à-am-bn-cn-¡pw-.-thX--n-b-{´-W-§-Ä-C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-b-Xn-p--tij-hpw
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-³-jp-d-³-kv B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- P--§sf B-I-À-jn-¨p-. Cu- B-p-Iq-eyw
H-cp- ]-Xn-hm-btXm-sS -½-Ä- A-Xn-sâ B-h-iys¯ -tNmZyw- -sN¿msXbm-bn-, am-{X-a-Ã-, -½psS
-sXmgn-ep-S-a-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- A-¯-cw- B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- {]-Xo-£n-¡m-pw- Xp-S-§n-.
Cu- kw-hn-[m-s¯ -t{ImUo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ïv. Nn-e- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- n-§sf Nn-e-hm-ImsX h-¶-
Xp-Isb {]tXyIw- H-cp- A-¡-u-ïn-em-¡n- -sh¡m-pw- A-p-h-Zn-¡pw-, Cu- Xp-I-bpsS -taÂ- n-Ip-Xn-
D-ïm-hn-Ã-, ]s£ A-Xv BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-- -sNe-hp-I-Ä-¡m-bn- am-{Xta D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- ]m-Sp-Åp-.
kÀ-¡m-À- A-p-h-Zn-¨- H-cp- Im-cy-¯n-pthïn- n-§-fpsS h-cp-am-w- D-]tbmKn-¡pt¼mÄ- A-Xn-sâ
ap-I-fn-Â- n-Ip-Xn- h-cp-¶nsÃ¦n-Â-, -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv, F-¶v kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ `m-j-bn-Â- hntijn-
¸n-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv, A-h-km-w- H-cp- hn-e-Ip-d-ª- D-Â-¸-¶-am-Ip-¶p-. -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä- A-h-cpsS Iq-en- D-]

72
tbmKn-¨v a-äp- ]-e- D-Â-¸-¶-§-Ä- hm-§m-m-Wv B-{K-ln-¡p-¶sX¦n-epw-, A-h-À- H-cp- I-¼-n-bpsS
-slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv hm-§m-m-bn- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. am-{X-a-Ã-, h-gn-¡p-h-gn-bp-ïm-b-
C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- aq-ew- C-¯-cw- -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-fpsS D-Å-S-¡-¯n-sâ Hmtcm hn-i-Zmw-
i-§-Ä- -t]mepw- kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ kvYm-]--§-fm-Wv Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶-Xv.
-slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kn-p- kÀ-¡m-À- -Â-Ip-¶- {]tXyI- n-Ip-Xn- ]-cn-K-W-- -sXmgn-ep-S-a-Isf
I-¼-n-I-fp-am-bn- ]-²-Xnsb¡p-dn-¨p- N-À-¨- -sN¿m-³- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- A-Xv aq-ew- -sXmgn-em-fn-
I-Ä-¡v -thïn- -sXmgn-ep-S-a-I-Ä- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. C-§s kw-`-hn-¡pt¼mÄ-
-sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä-¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-fp-am-bn- -tcn-«v C-Ss]Sm-³- km-[n-¡msX h-cn-I-bpw-,
H-cp-]s£, A-h-À- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bn-Ãm-¯- H-cp- ]-²-Xn- A-h-À-¡v e-`n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-
¶p-. A-h-À- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- Iq-«-hp-am-bn- ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- -tNcp-¶-Xn-p-]-I-cw
A-h-À- A-h-cpsS kl-{]-h-À-¯-I-cp-am-bn- -tNÀ-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. hy-àn-I-fp-am-bn- N-À-¨sN¿m-pw
A-h-À-¡v Xm-Â-]-cy-ap-Å- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- -Â-Im-pw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-Ä-¡v bmsXmcp- -
t{]mÕm-l--hp-an-Ãm-Xm-bn-. CsXÃmw- -sXmgn-em-fn-Isf Ip-Sp-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§-fm-Wv, A-Xns "-tPm_v
-tem¡v" F-¶v ]-d-bs¸Spw-. kz-´-am-bn- C-³-jp-d-³-kv hm-§p-¶-Xv h-fsc _p-²n-ap-«m-b-Xn-m-Â-,
A-h-À-¡v -tPmen-bn-Â- n-¶pw- ]n-cn-ªpt]mI-Wsa¦n-Â- asämcp- C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn- -Â-Ip-¶-
H-cp- -sXmgn-ep-S-asb I-ïp-]n-Snt¡ïn- h-cp-¶p-. -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä- A-h-cpsS -tPmen-bn-Â- n-¶v ]n-cn-
ªpt]mIm-¯-Xv -tPmen-bn-Â- k-t´mjw- In-«p-¶-XpsIm-tïm km-¼-¯n-I- -t{]mÕm-l--§-ÄsIm-
tïm A-Ã-. H-cp- -tPmen- hn-«pt]mIpt¼mÄ- A-h-cpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kv -ãs¸Sptam F-¶v A-h-À-¡v
BtemNnt¡ïn-h-cp-¶p- F-¶-XpsImïm-Wv.
A-Xv ho-ïpw- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-Ip-¶p-. Hmtcm kw-kvYm--¯nsebpw- kÀ-¡m-cpw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv
hn-]-Wn-bn-Â- Im-cy-am-bn- C-Ss]Sm-dp-ïv. Hmtcm kw-kvYm--¯n-epw- Hmtcm X-c-¯n-ep-Å- ]-²-Xn-bm-Wv
n-À-_-Ôn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv. K-À-`-Im-e- ip-{iq-j-bpw- (C-Xv F-Ãm- kv{Xo-I-fpw- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- B-{K-ln-
¡p-¶p-ïm-hn-Ã-), a-Zy-]m-- Nn-In-Õ, am--kn-ImtcmKy- Nn-In-Õ ap-X-em-b- hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- tkh-
-§-Ä- C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸-t«¡mw-. CsXÃmw- Ip-g-¸-an-Ãm-¯- Im-cy-§-fm-Wv, ]s£, F-Ãm-h-cpw- CsXÃmw-
Xn-csªSp-¡m-³-Xm-Â-]-cys¸Sp-¶p-ïm-hn-Ã-.]s£, Xm-Â-]-cy-§-Ä-¡vC-hnsS{]-kàn-bn-Ã-,Rm-pw
n-§-fpw- C-Xv Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Wv. am-{X-a-Ã-, Hmtcm kw-kvYm--¯pw- Hmtcm
X-c-¯n-ep-Å- n-b-a- n-_-Ô--I-fm-b-Xn-m-Â-, Hmtcm kw-kvYm-t¯bpw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-
n-I-Ä-¡v hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- -ssek³-kv B-bn-cn-¡p-ap-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. A-XpsImïv, yq- -tPgvkn-bn-Â-
Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶- H-cm-Ä-¡v C-Ãntmbvknse H-cp- ]-²-Xn- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶-Xv A-p-h-Zn-¨n-«n-Ã-. -sXmgn-
ep-S-a-I-Ä- A-h-cpsS Hm-^o-kv kvYm-]n-¨n-«p-Å- kw-kvYm--¯nse ]-²-Xn-I-fm-Wv -ÂtIï-Xv, A-h-cpsS
-sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä- Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶-Xv F-hnsSbm-bm-epw-. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, yq- -tPgvkn-bn-Â- kvYm-]n-¡s¸«-
H-cp- -sXmgn-ep-S-a- yq- -tPgvkn-bnse C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-fm-Wv A-hn-Ss¯ -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä-¡v
-ÂtIï-Xv, `q-cn-]-£w- -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä- ]p-g-bpw- I-S-¶v A-§v -s]³-kn-Âthn-b-bn-em-Wv Xm-a-kn-
¡p-¶sX¦n-Ât]mepw-. A-§sh-cpt¼mÄ-, hn-]-Wn-I-Ä- `q-an-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-Xs¸Sp-I-bpw-,
C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- a-Õcw- Ip-d-bp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p- - n-§-Ä-¡pw- F-n-¡pw-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-e- -sImSpt¡ïn-h-cn-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
C-n- n-§-Ä-¡v A-kp-Jw- h-¶m-ep-ïm-Ip-¶- km-l-N-cy-¯nte¡v Xn-cn-¨pt]mImw-. n-§-Ä-¡v
-slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv Dsï¶n-cn-¡s«. C-n- n-§-Ä-¡v H-cp- -tUmÎsd I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡-Ww-. C-¯-cw-
H-cp--tNmZyw-ap-¶n-Â-h-cpt¼mÄ--½psSX-e-ap-d-bnsehy-àn-I-Ä-Cu-c-ïvIm-cy-§-fn-Â-n-¶vH-¶m-Wv

73
Xn-csªSp-¡p-I-: H-¶p-In-Â- -½-Ä- C-â-Àsäv D-]tbmKn-¨p- Xn-c-¨n-Â- -S-¯pw- AsÃ¦n-Â-
tkmjy-Â- ao-Un-b-bn-Â- -tNmZn-¡pw-. {]-i-kvXn-bpw- {]-Xn-I-c-W-hp-a-p-kcn-¨v H-cp- Xo-cp-am-saSp-
¡m-³- C-Xv klm-bn-¡pw-. H-cp- BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-- tkh-s¯ Xn-csªSp-¡pt¼mÄ- Cu- c-ïv
Im-cy-§-Ä- {]-[m--am-Wv.
]s£ Ct¸mÄ- n-§-Ä-¡v a--kn-em-Ipw- n-§-Ä-¡v B-h-iy-am-b- tkh-s¯ Xn-csªSp-¡m-
p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- n-§-Ä-¡n-Ãmsb¶v. G-Xm-pw- Nn-esc am-{Xta n-§-Ä-¡v Xn-csªSp-¡m-³-
km-[n-¡q-. n-§-Ä-¡v -sNhn-bn-Â- H-cp- -sNdn-b- A-Wp-_m-[-bmsW¦n-Â- -t]mepw-, H-cp- -ssek³-kv
D-Å- -tUmÎ-À- a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-Xn-¯-¶mse n-§-Ä-¡v B- a-cp-¶v e-`n-¡p-I-bp-Åp-. C-cp-]-Xv h-À-
js¯ tkh--ap-Å- aq-¶v h-À-jw- -gvknw-Kv kvIq-fn-Â- ]-Tn-¨- H-cp- -gvkn-p- -t]mepw- a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-
Xm-³- A-p-hm-Z-an-Ã-. X-et¨mdn-sâ kÀ-P-dn- -t]m-sebp-Å- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- Nn-In-ÕI-Ä-¡v n-§-Ä-¡v
Iq-Sp-X-Â- -tbmKy-X- -tSn-b-hsc B-h-iy-am-Ipw-, ]s£ F-´psImïv H-cp- -scPn-kv-t{SUv -gvkn-v
(B-À-.F-³-.) A-Wp-_m-[n-X-bpsS e-£-W-§-Ä- Im-Wpt¼mÄ- a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-Xn-¡q-Sm-? Im-c-Ww-,
kÀ-¡m-À- A-hsc A-Xn-v A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. Iq-Sp-X-Â- ]-W-hpw- ka-b-hpw- Nn-e-h-gn-¨v H-cp- -tUmÎsd
I-ïm-Â- am-{Xta a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-Xp-I-bp-Åp-, B- -tUmÎ-À- B-À-.F-³-.-sâ n-Àt±it¯m-sSbm-bn-
cn-¡pw-, H-cp-]s£, A-Xv -sN¿p-¶-Xv.
-tgvkv tkm-shÃn-p- ]-I-cw- -tUmÎ-À- -sIbv³-kns Im-Wm-³- kÀ-¡m-À- n-§sf n-À-_-Ôn-¨-
Xp-aq-ew-, Htc tkh--¯n-v n-§-Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-X-Â- Nn-e-h-gnt¡ïn- h-cp-¶p-. a-Õcw- Ip-d-bv¡m-m-bn-
-tUmÎ-À-am-À- -S-¯n-b- ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bm-Wv C-Xv D-ïm-b-Xv; A-h-À- -sImïp-h-¶- n-b-{´-
W-§-Ä- B-{^n-¡-³- Atacn-¡-³- -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw- kv{Xo-I-fm-b- -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw- ]-cn-io-e-w- -Â-
Ip-¶- hn-Zym-e-b-§sf ]q-«p-I-bpw- -tUmÎ-À-am-cpsS F-®w- h-fscb-[n-Iw- Ip-d-bp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-;
C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Ipw-, H-cp- ]s£, Atacn-¡-³- -saUn-¡-Â- A-tkmkntbj-v C-Ss]S-ep-I-fn-Â- C-{X-
Xm-Â-]-cy-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Cu- io-ew- -ssesk³-kn-Mv -t_mÀ-Up-I-fpw- Xp-S-cp-¶-Xm-bn- Im-Wm-³-
km-[n-¡pw-; Bsc A-h-cpsS kw-L-S--bn-Â- -tNÀ-¡-Wsa¶pw- ]-cn-io-e-w- -tSn-b- GsXÃmw- hy-àn-
I-Ä- A-h-cpsS {]-h-À-¯-w- Xp-S-c-Wsa¶p-ap-Å- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- A-h-cm-Wv F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.
n-§-Ä- H-cp- -tUmÎsd I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨m-Â- -t]mepw- A-hsc Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-.
an-¡- -tUmÎ-À-am-cpw- H-cp- -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-bp-am-bn- I-cm-dn-Â- G-Às¸«n-«p-Å-Xn-m-Â-,
B- ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- D-Äs¸«n-«p-Å- -tcmKn-Isf am-{Xta A-h-À-¡v Nn-In-Õn-¡m-m-hp-. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-
v, n-§-Ä- l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv B-Wv Xn-csªSp-¯sX¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, n-§-Ä-¡v -tUm.Hm-kv-
tämÀ-ans Im-W-Wsa¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, ]s£ -tUmÎ-À- ]mtägvk¬- C-³-jp-d-³-kp-am-bm-Wv D-S-¼-Sn-
bp-ïm-¡n-bn-«p-ÅsX¦n-Â-, A-h-À- n-§sf -tcmKn-bm-bn- kzo-I-cn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-. Im-c-Ww-, l-bv¡v
C-³-jp-d-³-kv A-h-cpsS tkh--§-Ä-¡v H-cp- Xp-I- X-cpsa¶v A-h-À-¡-dn-bmsa¦n-epw-, -tUmÎ-dpsS
km-[m-c-W- n-c-¡v e-`n-¡psam Nn-ethdn-b- -S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-fn-eqsS -t]m-tIïn-h-cpsam ]-Xps¡-tb
]-Ww- X-cq-, AsÃ¦n-Â- i-cn-¡v X-cptam AsÃ¦n-Â- H-¶pw- X-cmsX -t]mIptam F-¶n-§sbp-Å
Nn-e- {]-iv-§-Ä- A-h-cpsS ap-¶n-ep-ïv. A-XpsImïv, l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn- kzo-I-cn-¨- -tcmKn-
Isf F-Sp-¡m-³- -tUmÎ-À- Hm-kv-t{SmÀ-an-v a-Sn-bp-ïm-Ipw-. -sN¿p-¶- -tPmen-¡v ]-Ww- e-`n-¡msX
-tPmensbSp-¡p-¶-Xv h-fsc _p-²n-ap-«p-Å- Im-cy-am-Wv.
am-{X-a-Ã-, C-³-jp-d-³-kv CsÃ¦n-Â- H-cp- -tUmÎsd Im-Wp-¶-Xv F-fp-¸-a-Ã-. C-³-jp-d-³-kv C-Ãm-¯-
H-cm-Ä-¡v -tPmen-bnsÃ¶pw- A-XpsImïv A-bm-Ä-¡v ]-Ww- X-cm-³- km-[n-¡nsÃ¶pw- -tXm¶pw-. (ap-
gp-h-³- Xp-I-bpw- -ssI-tbm-sS X-cmsa¶v ]-d-ªm-epw- Nn-In-Õ e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv F-fp-¸-a-Ã-.) kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ

74
C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- H-«pw- -sa¨-a-Ã-. -tUmÎ-À-¡v ]-Ww- -Â-Im-³- kz-Im-cy- C-³-jp-d-³-kp-I-Ä-
F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xns¡m-fpw- G-ItZiw- B-dp- am-kw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- ka-bsaSp-¡pw- kÀ-¡m-À- C-³-jp-d-³-kv,
A-Xpw- h-fsc Ip-d-ª- H-cp- Xp-I-bpw-. h-fsc ka-bsaSp-¯v -sNdn-b- H-cp- Xp-I- e-`n-¡m-³- X-¿m-
dm-b- -tUmÎ-À-am-À- h-fsc hn-c-f-am-Wv.
n-§-Ä- -tUmÎ-dp-am-bn- N-À-¨sNbvXv H-cp- Xp-I- Xo-cp-am-n-¡msa¶v I-cp-Xp-I-bmsW¶v
-sh¡p-. I-¼yq-«-À- hm-§m-pw- hm-S-I- A-S-bv¡m-pw- ô-kv A-S-bv¡m-pw- n-c-´-cw- -sN¡p-I-Ä- F-gp-
Xp-¶- n-§-Ä-¡v C-Xv A-{X- h-en-b- H-cp- Im-cy-a-Ã-. A-Sp-¯- X-h-W- -tUmÎsd Im-Wpt¼mÄ- n-§-Ä-
C-¯-cw- H-cp- ]-cn-{i-aw- -S-¯ntm¡q-: -tUmÎ-dpsS Nn-In-Õbv¡v F-{X- ]-Ww- -Â-I-Wsa¶v
-tNmZn-¨ptm¡p-. an-¡- -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw- AsX{X-bmsW¶v A-dn-bn-Ã-. F-´psImïv? A-h-À-¡v
A-dntbï- B-h-iy-an-Ã-. H-cp- -tcmKn-bpw- -tUmÎ-dpsS Hm-ô-kn-Â- n-¶psImïv Nn-In-ÕbpsS Nn-
esh{X-bmsW¶v -tNmZn-¡n-Ã-. hn-e-I-Ä- F-gp-Xn-b- H-cp- I-S-em-kv A-hnsS D-ïm-In-Ã-, Zn--N-cy-bm-bn-
-sN¿p-¶- Nn-In-ÕI-Ä-¡v -t]mepw-. -tUmÎ-À-am-cpsS -sshZ-KvZyw- A-p-kcn-¨v ]-Ww- Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶-
H-cp- {]-{In-b-bp-an-Ã-.
C-³-jp-d-³-kn-Â- F-Ãmw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶psï¦n-Â-, F-´psImïv A-§s-sbmcp- I-S-em-kv
D-ïm-I-Ww-? H-cp- -tcmKn- F-¶- n-e-bv¡v n-§-Ä-¡v H-cp- '-tImt]' am-{Xta -sImSpt¡ï-Xp-Åq-,
A-Xv C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-{]-Im-cw- B-bn-cn-¡pw-, G-ItZiw- $20. n-§-fpsS
Nn-In-Õ 5 an-ntäm 45 an-ntäm B-bm-epw- '-tImt]' B-bn- Htc Xp-I-bm-Wv n-§-Ä- -sImSpt¡ï-Xv.
Hm-ô-kn-Â- n-¶p-Xs¶ -sN¿p-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, c-àw- ]-cntim[n-¡m-pw- F-Ivkvtd F-Sp-¡m-pw-
n-§-Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-X-Â- ]-Ww- Nn-e-h-gnt¡ïn-h-cn-Ã-. B-bn-c-§tfmfw- -tUmf-À- hn-e-h-cp-¶- MRI
-t]m-sebp-Å- GsX¦n-epw- {]-{In-b- -sN¿pt¼mgpw- n-§-Ä- $20 -Â-In-bm-Â- a-Xn-. -tUmÎ-À-am-cpw-
B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw- n-§-fpsS -sXmgn-ep-S-a- Xo-cp-am-n-¨- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-¡v _n-Ãv -Â-Ip-I-bpw-
Nn-In-ÕbpsS Xp-I- A-h-À- -Â-Ip-I-bp-am-Wv -sN¿m-dv.
C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-IsfÃmw- Ip-g-¸w-]n-Sn-¨- ^-e-§-fm-Wv -Â-Ip-¶-Xv. -tUmÎ-À-am-À- B-h-iy-
an-Ãm-¯-Xpw- lm-n-I-c-hp-am-b- ]-cntim[--I-Ä- -sN¿n-¸nt¨¡mw-, Im-c-Ww-, -tcmKn-I-Ä-¡v A-Xv
-tNmZyw- -sN-t¿ï- B-h-iyw- h-cp-¶n-Ã-. -tUmÎ-À-am-À- -sN¿n-¸n-¡p-¶- ]-cntim[--IsfÃmw- B-h-iy-ap-
Å-XmsW¶m-Wv -½-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv, ]s£ ]-et¸mgpw-, -tIkn-Â- G-Às¸Sm-Xn-cn-¡m-m-bm-Wv
-tUmÎ-À-am-À- B-h-iy-an-Ãm-¯- ]-cntim[--I-Ä- -sN¿n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. (kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ asämcp- A-_-²w-
aq-ew- A-]-I-S-km-[y-X- I-cm-dn-sâ H-cp- n-_-Ô--bm-bn- D-Äs¸Sp-¯m-³- ]-äm-Xm-Ip-I-bpw- A-Xp-
aq-ew-, -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡v hn-e-Iq-Sn-b- "am-Â-{]m-În-kv" C-³-jp-d-³-kp-I-Ä- hmt§ïn-h-cp-¶p-.) H-cp-
C-â-À-Wn-kväns (ap-gp-h-³- i-co-cs¯bpw- Nn-In-Â-kn-¡p-¶- -tUmÎ-À-) Im-Wp-¶-Xn-p- ]-I-cw-,
-½-Ä- H-cp- kv-s]jy-en-kväns ImtWïn- h-cm-dp-ïv. C-cp-h-cpw- Htc-t]m-se Kp-Wta·-bp-Å- Nn-In-Õ
-Â-Ip-I-bmsW¦n-Â- -t]mepw-. kv-s]jy-en-kväns Im-Wm-³- $20 Xs¶ -sImSpt¡ïn- h-cp-¶p-Åp-
]s£ -½sf -shdpw- 5 an-n-äv -tct¯¡v Im-Wp-¶-Xn-v -tUmÎ-À-¡v B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-v -tUmf-dp-
I-fm-Wv {]-Xn-^-e-am-bn- e-`n-¡p-I-. A-XpsImïv, -tUmÎ-À-am-À- Iq-Sp-X-Â- a-cp-¶p-I-Ä- F-gp-Xntb¡mw-,
]s£ -½-Ä- H-cn-¡-epw- A-hsc -tNmZyw- -sN¿m-dn-Ã-.
A-h-km-w-, C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- aq-ew- C-³-jp-d-³-kv asä-t´m B-bn- am-dn-. -sXmgn-ep-S-a-
-Â-Ip-¶- C-³-jp-d-³-kn-p- e-`n-¡p-¶- n-Ip-Xn- A-p-Iq-eyw- aq-ew- "aq-¶mw- ]m-À-«n- ]-Ww- -Â-Ip-¶-'
H-cp- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- kw-hn-[m-w- D-ïm-bn-¯o-cp-I-bpw-, ap-³-Iq-dm-bn- ]-Ww- A-S-¡p-¶- H-cp-
BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-- ]-²-Xn- D-ïm-bn-¯o-cp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. C-Xv aq-ew- Nn-In-Õm- -sNe-hp-I-fpsS

75
hn-e- -Ã-h-®w- h-À-²n-¨p-. n-§-Ä-¡v "`-£-W- C-³-jp-d-³-kv" Dsï¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, At¸mÄ- n-§-Ä-¡v
hn-i-¡pt¼mÄ- H-cp- -tlm«-en-Â- -sNÃm-pw- A-hnsS n-¶v I-gn-¡m-pw- km-[n-¡pw-, F-¶n-«v A-Xn-sâ
]-Ww- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n- ("aq-¶mw- ]m-À-«n-") -sImSp-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, n-§-Ä-
B-h-iy-¯nte-sd I-gnt¨¡mw-, am-{X-a-Ã-, n-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶- `-£-W-¯n-sâ hn-e- ]-d-ªp- X-cm-³
-shbn-ä-dn-p- bmsXmcp- Xm-Â-]-cy-hp-ap-ïm-In-Ã--. At¸mÄ-, A-h-À- Nn-e-h-gnt¡ïn- h-cp-¶- ]-Ws¯
n-b-{ń-¡m-³- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-Ä- -tlm«-ep-I-fp-am-bn- ap-³-Iq-dm-bn- I-cm-dn-Â- G-Às¸Sp-I-bpw-,
`-£-W-¯n-sâ _n-Ãv n-co-£n-¡p-I-bpw- a-äpw- -sN¿pw-. At¸mÄ-, `-£y- hy-h-km-b-¯n-Â- F-´v kw-`-
hn-¡mw- Fs¶m¶v Nn-ń-¨ptm¡p-. BtcmKy- hy-h-km-b-¯n-Â- -S-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv -tm¡n-
bm-Â- n-§-Ä-¡v Du-ln-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
-½-Ä- -sNethdn-b- C-³-jp-d-³-kv {]o-an-bs¯¡p-dn-¨p- ]-cm-Xns¸Sp-¶-Xn-v -Ã- Im-c-W-§-fp-ïv.
{]o-an-bw- Xp-I- I-W-¡v Iq-«p-¶-Xv H-cp- _p-²n-ap-«p-Å- Im-cy-am-Wv, ]s£, C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-
Ä-¡v hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- tkh--§sf D-Äs¸Spt¯ïn-h-cp-¶p-. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, Nn-e- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- Im-³-kÀ- ]-cntim[--I-fpsS Nn-e-hv C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-Ä- h-lnt¡ï-Xm-Wv. C-Xnse ]-e-
tkh--§-fpw- -tcmKn-bpsS h-b-Êp-kcnt¨m AsÃ¦n-Â- enw-Kt`Z-a-p-kcnt¨m -sN-t¿ï-Xp-Åq-.
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- tkh--§sf n-§-fpsS ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¯pt¼mÄ- n-§-fpsS {]o-an-bw-
Iq-Sns¡m-tïbn-cn-¡pw-. F-´psImïv? Im-c-Ww-, kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ -th-sd Nn-e- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- aq-ew-,
{]m-bw-, enw-Kw- F-¶n-§sbp-Å- L-S-I-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- Xp-I-I-Ä- ]-d-bp-
¶-Xv Ip-ä-I-c-am-Wv. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, n-§-Ä- Cu- tkh--§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨m-epw- CsÃ¦n-epw-, Cu- Xp-I-
A-St¡ï-Xm-Wv.C-Xv]-e-À-¡pw-ym-b-am-bn--tXm¶ntb¡mw-,Im-c-Ww-C-¯-cw-tkh--§-fpsSNn-e-hv
Xm-§m-m-hm-¯-hsc C-Xv klm-bn-¡p-¶p-ïtÃm. ]s£, -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kn-sâ Im-cy-¯n-Â-
F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Xp-Ãy-am-b- B-p-Iq-ey-am-Wv e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, C-cp-]-Xv h-b-kp-Å- n-§-Ä-¡v
e-`n-¡p-¶- AsX B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- Xs¶ ]-W-¡m-cn-bm-b- A-dp-]-Xv h-b-kp-Im-cn-bm-b- H-cp- kv{Xo-
bpsSamt½m{Kmw-Nn-e-hp-Isfh-ln-¡p-I-bpw-,Po-hn-X-Im-ew-ap-gp-h-³-]p-I-¡p-I-bpw-a-Zy-]n-¡p-I-bpw
sNbvXn-cp-¶- H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS Nn-In-Õ-sb h-ln-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. Cu- tkh--§sfm¶pw-
D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«n-Ãm-¯-, hn-e- Ip-d-ª-, H-cp- C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xnsb Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- n-§-Ä-¡v
km-[n-¡n-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, n-b-a-]-c-am-bn-, C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-Ä- -tUmÎ-À-am-cpw- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw- -Â-
Ip-¶- tkh--¯n-m-bp-Å- Xp-I- h-lnt¡ï-Xm-Wv. A-§s -tm¡pt¼mÄ-, kÀ-¡m-À- i-cn-¡pw
n-§-fpsS -taÂ- n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-¯p-I-bpw-, B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- A-ka-X-zt¯m-sS -Â-Ip-I-bpw-
-sNbvXp-. (hm-l-- C-³-jp-d-³-kn-sâ Im-cy-¯n-Â- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-ka-X-zw- C-Ãmsb¶p-Å-Xv
{it²b-am-Wv; A-]-I-S- km-[y-X- Ip-d-hp-Å- X-g-¡-ap-Å- -ss{Uh-À-am-À- A-]-I-S- km-[y-X- Iq-Sp-X-
ep-Å- -sNdp-¸-¡m-cm-b- -ss{Uh-À-am-cpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kv {]o-an-bw- Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-v n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-
Ip-¶n-Ã-.)
C-¶s¯ -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kn-epw- BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-- kw-hn-[m--§-fn-epw- B-p-Iq-
ey-§-fpsS H-cp- k¦o-À-®-]-²-Xn-bpsï¶v Ct¸mÄ- a--kn-em-bn-¡m-Wp-atÃm. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw-
A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-ń-¡m-dn-Ã-, ]s£, A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§sf n-b-{ń-¡p-¶-Xv C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS
H-cp-Ip-g-¸w-]n-Sn-¨-kw-hn-[m--am-Wv.A-h-À-kw-hn-[m-s¯Iq-Sp-X-Â-bp-àn-bp-Å-Xm-¡p-¶n-Ã-,]-I-cw
-½psS Po-hn-Xs¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨- bp-àn-]-c-am-b- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv Iq-Sp-X-Â- _p-²n-ap-
«p-Å-Xm-¡p-¶p-. -½psS B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw- Kp-Wta·-bpw-, ku-I-cy-hpw-, hn-e-bpw-, F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- D-]
tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xpw-, a-Xn-¸pw- D-Å- H-cp- kw-hn-[m-s¯ Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-

76
A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. A-´-À- kw-kvYm-- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ntcm[--hpw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-n-I-Ä-
n-À-_-Ô-am-bn- -sImSpt¡ï- tkh--§-fpsS h-À-²--hpw- Ip-Sn- B-bt¸mÄ- hn-e- Ip-Xn-¨p- I-b-dn-.
-½psS BtcmKyt¯bpw- h-cp-am-t¯bpw- _m-[n-¡msX Xs¶ C-¯-cw- ntcm[--§-Ä- F-Sp-
¯p-am-äm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kz-´w- kw-kvYm--¯n-sâ ]p-d-¯p- n-¶pw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv hm-§m-p-Å- A-p-
hm-Zw- -Â-Ip-I-bmsW¦n-Â- I-¼-n-I-Ä- X-½nse a-Õc-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-I-bpw- A-h- P--§-Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-
X-Â- -sa¨s¸«- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- -Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ïn-h-cpw-.
Ir-Xy-am-b- hn-e- Im-Wn-¡p-¶- H-cp- kw-hn-[m--apsï¦n-Â-, C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b-
B-p-Iq-ey-§-fpsS kw-hn-[m-w- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bpw- -ap-¡v B-h-iy-am-b- tkh--§-Ä- e-`n-¡p-I-bpw-
-sN¿pw-. -ssek³-kn-Mv n-b-a-§-Ä- BtcmKy- kw-c-£-W- Zm-Xm-¡-fpsS F-®w- Ip-d-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv
-sN¿p-¶-Xv, F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, Zm-Xm-¡-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cns D-]tbmKn-¨v A-h-cpsS tkh--§sf -½sf
-sImïvhm-§n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv-sN¿p-¶-Xv.H-cpt]m-se-¶m-bn-{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Zm-Xm-¡-fn-Â-n-¶pw-
-ap-¡v Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¦n-Â- Ip-d-ª- hn-e-¡v CtX tkh-w- e-`y-amtb-s. Zm-Xm-
¡-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- a-Õcw- A-p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bpw- I-gn-hp-I-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨p- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- -Â-Ip-I-bpw
-sNbvXm-Â-, D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-¡v ("-tcmKn-I-Ä-" F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶-h-À-) e-`y-am-Ip-¶- A-dn-hv h-À-²n-¡pw-.
am-{X-a-Ã-, H-cp- -sNdn-b- A-Wp-_m-[-bv¡v a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-Xm-³- H-cp- -sNdn-b- Iq-«w- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v
am-{Xta km-[n-¡p- F-¶- A-kw-_-Ôw- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-.
Atacn-¡-bnse BtcmKy- k{¼-Zm-bw- -temI-¯nse G-ä-hpw- -tamis¸«sXm¶p-a-Ã-. ]-e-
cm-Py-§sf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-St¯mfpw- A-Xv Iq-Sp-X-Â- kzm-X-{ýw- -Â-Ip-¶-Xp-am-Wv. C-³-jp-d-³-kv
Dsï¦n-Â- H-cp- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- -tcmKw- ]n-Sns¸«m-Â- Nn-In-Õ -tSm-³- Atacn-¡- H-cp- -Ã- kvY-e-am-Wv.
]s£ C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS H-cp- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw- aq-ew-, k¦o-À-W-hpw- Ip-g-¸w- n-d-ª-Xp-am-b-
H-cp- kw-hn-[m--am-Wv Ct¸mÄ- D-Å-Xv. C-¯-cw- kw-hn-[m-w- aq-ew- -½-Ä- B-h-iy-¯nte-sd ]-Ww-
Nn-e-h-gn-¡m-³- n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-I-bpw- kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-³- ]-äm-¯-
n-jv{In-b- kzo-I-À-¯m-¡-Ä- B-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
-½psS ap-³- X-e-ap-d-I-Ä-¡v Nn-ń-¡m-³- -t]mepw- ]-äm-¯n-St¯mfw- -½psS BtcmKy- -taJ-e-
h-f-À-¶p- I-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-, ]s£ -ap-¡v A-Xn-sâ ap-gp-h-³- ^-ew- e-`n-¡-Wsa¦n-Â- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-I-Ww-, -½psS kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- A-´-Ênsbpw- C-Ãm-
Xm-¡p-¶- hn-Ir-X-am-b- B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-I-Ww-. -½psS `m-hnsb -bnt¡ï-Xv -½-fm-Wv.
A-XpsImïv, kz-´w- BtcmKy-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯n-ep-Å- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-p-Å- A-h-Im-is¯
-½-Ä- Xn-cn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡-Ww-. BtcmKy-I-c-am-b- i-co-cw- Hm-P-Êp-Å- H-cp- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ n-À-®m-b-I-am-b-
`m-K-am-Wv. kzm-X-{ýs¯ A-Sn-kvYm--am-¡n-bn-«pthWw- B- Po-hn-Xw- ]-WnsXSpt¡ï-Xv.

77
A-[ym-bw- ]-Xnsm¶v
mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-?
A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ A-p-am--hpw-
-temUv -sImÊmsbÀ- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK
F-§sbm-Wv Hmtcm hy-àn-bpsSbpw- kz-Im-cy- A-dn-hn-ep-Å- Im-cy-§-Ä- Atymyw- Kp-W-{]-Z-am-bn-
]-¦psh¡p-I-?C-¡m-cy-¯n-Â-,n-b-{ń-X-kaq-l-§sfkw-_-Ôn-¨vF-´v-t«-am-Wvkz-X-{´-kaq-l-§-Ä-¡p-Å-Xv?
n-À-_-Ôn-X- -tI{µ- B-kq-{X-W-¯n-v ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-m-hm-¯- {]-iv-§-Ä- F-§sbm-Wv n-b-a-hm-gvN-bpw-,
k¼-¯pw-, k¶-²- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpw-, It¼mf- hn-e-bpw- ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-I-? am-À-«-³- -sh-tK C-«n-F-Nv kq-dn-¨n-Â- n-¶pw-
-s]mfn-än-¡-Â- kb-³-kn-Â- _n-cp-Z-hpw- bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v BsâzÀ-¸n-Â-n-¶pw- _n-cp-Zm--´-c- _n-cp-Zw-
-tSn-. -sh-tK en-_-dm-Â- hvem-avkv kväp-U-sâ³shÀt_mïv (F-Â-hn-F-kv hn-, ¢m-Ên-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- ^v-sean-jv kväp-
U-â-kv A-tÊmkntbj-³-)se -s]mfn-än-¡-Â- Hm-ô-kÀ- B-bn-cp-¶p-. At±lw- Ct¸mÄ- -s_Â-Pn-b-¯nse apsd
-tdm¯v_m-À-Uv C-³-kvän-Syq-«nse A-¡m-U-an-Iv Un-d-Î-dm-Wv. -temUv -sImÊmsbÀ- bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v BsâzÀ-¸n-
Â-n-¶pw- Imt¯men-Iv bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v epshn-Â- n-¶pw- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-Â-- _n-cp-Zm--´-c- _n-cp-Z-hpw-
-tSn-. Ct¸mÄ- At±lw- X-sâ ]n-F-¨vUn- -tSp-¶-Xn-sâ ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-em-Wv. At±lw- {_-ÊÂ-kn-Â- km-¼-¯n-I-im-
kv{Xw- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p-. -sImÊmsbdpw- F-Â-.hn-.F-kv.hn- -s]mfn-än-¡-Â- Hm-ô-kÀ- B-bn-cp-¶p-. At±lw- bqtdm]y-³
kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- ent_À-«n-bn-Â- F-Ivkn-Iyq-«o-hv -t_mÀ-Uv -sa¼-dpw- -s_Â-Pn-b-¯nse apsd -tdm¯v_m-À-Uv C-³-
kvän-Syq-«n-sâ {]-kn-U-âp-am-Wv.
n-§-fpsS am-Xm-]n-Xm-¡-Ä-¡pw- k-tlmZ-c-§-Ä-¡pw- -thïn- F-Ãm- Xo-cp-am--§-fpw- F-Sp-
¡m-p-Å- Np-a-X-e- n-§-Ä-¡msW¶v I-cp-Xp-I-. n-§-Ä-¡v A-Xv -sN¿m-m-Iptam?
CtX Im-cyw- n-§-fpsS kp-lr-¯p-I-Ä-¡pw- A-Sp-¯- Ip-Spw-_-¡m-À-¡pw- -thïn- -sN¿m-³- ]-d-bp-
I-bmsW¦ntem? n-§-Ä-¡v A-Xv -sN¿m-m-Iptam? n-§-Ä-¡v ]-cn-N-b-an-Ãm-¯- -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-
p- P--§-Ä-¡pthïn- n-Xy-hpw- Xo-cp-am--§sfSp-¡-Ww- F-¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, A-h-cn-Â- ]-e-cpw- C-¶v
Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cpw- `m-hn-bn-Â- Po-hn-Xw- Xp-S-cm-p-Å-h-cp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-. AsXmcp- h-en-b- -shÃp-hn-fn-
Xs¶bm-bn-cn-¡p-atÃ?
h-kvXp-X-Isf¡p-dn-¨p-am-{X-a-Ã-, e-£y-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- n-§-Ä- A-dntbï-Xp-ïv. Fs´Ãmw-
e-£y-§-fm-Wv n-§-Ä- -tSm-³- Dt±in-¡p-¶-Xv? e-£y-§sf Xn-csªSp-¯m-Â- n-§-Ä- AsX§s
-tSnsbSp-¡pw-? F-^v.F-. lsb¡v H-cp- Iq-«w- {]-iv-§sf "A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-iv-§-Ä-" F-¶v
hntijn-¸n-¨p-, A-Xm-b-Xv, "kaq-l-¯nse Nn-e- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v am-{Xw- A-dn-bm-hp-¶- hn-`-h-§sf, Cu-
hy-àn-I-fpsS A-`n-{]m-b-¯n-Â-, G-ä-hpw- {]tbmP--I-c-am-bn- F-§s D-]tbmKn-¡msa¶- {]-ivw-."
A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-ivw- GsXm-s¡bmsW¶v hy-à-am-¡m-³-, -ap-¡v aq-¶v -tNmZy-§-Ä-
-tNmZn-¡mw-:
1. B-Zy-am-bn-, F-§sbm-Wv H-cp- kaq-lw- A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ ]-c-am-h-[n- {]tbmP-s¸Sp-
¯p-I-?
2. c-ïm-a-Xm-bn-, F-§sbm-Wv A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦p-h-bv¡m-³- P--
§sf -t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv?

78
3. aq-¶m-a-Xm-bn-, P--§-fpsS {]-h-À-¯-s¯ GtIm]n-¸n-¡m-pw- km-¼-¯n-I-, km-aq-ln-I-
]ptcmK-Xn- D-ïm-¡m-p-ap-Å- A-dn-hv F-§sbm-Wv D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-I-?
Cu- aq-¶v -tNmZy-§-Ä- asämcp- -tNmZy-¯nte¡v -bn-¡p-¶p-, GsXÃmw- km-aq-ln-I- {]-h-À-
¯--§-fm-Wv A-dn-hv D-ïm-¡m-pw- A-Xn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ ]-c-am-h-[n- {]tbmP-s¸Sp-¯m-pw-
-t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m-pw- G-ä-hpw- D-Nn-Xw-? B-Zw- kvan-¯v hntijn-¸n-¨- "kzm-`m-hn-I- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ
hy-à-hpw- e-fn-X-hp-am-b- kw-hn-[m-w-" F-¶- a-dp-]-Sn-bm-Wv en-_-d-Â- Nn-´m-K-Xn-¡m-À- (¢m-kn-¡-Â-
en-_-d-Â-kv AsÃ¦n-Â- kzm-X-{ý-hm-Zn-I-Ä- F-¶v Nn-e- cm-Py-¡m-À- ]-d-bpw-) -Â-In-b-Xv. hy-à-am-bn-
-thÀ-Xn-cn-¡s¸«-, n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-, -ssIam-äw- -sN¿m-hp-¶- "kz-Im-cy- kz-¯pw-"; hn-n-
a-b- kzm-X-{ý-hpw-; ]ns¶ C-¯-cw- kz-X-{´-am-b- hn-n-a-b-§sf n-À-h-Nn-¡m-pw-, kw-c-£n-¡m-pw-,
kp-K-a-am-¡m-p-ap-Å- n-b-a-hm-gvN-bp-am-Wv Cu- kw-hn-[m--¯n-sâ -tI{µ- L-S-I-§-Ä-.
kaq-ls¯ G-ä-hpw- Im-cy-£-a-am-bn- kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xns kw-_-Ôn-¨p- am-{X-a-Ã- {]-iv-
§-Ä- D-Å-Xv. A-h- [m-À-½n-I-Xsb kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å-Xm-Wv. -½-Ä-¡v Hmtcmcp-¯-À-¡pw- B-h-iy-
am-b- AsÃ¦n-Â- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- A-dn-hn-ep-Å- h-kvXp-X-
Isf¡p-dn-¨pw- hy-à-am-b- A-dn-hpsï¦n-Â- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-v C-{X-bpw- {]m-[m-yw- D-ïm-Iptam?
A-¯-cw- A-dn-hv D-ïm-bn-cps¶¦n-Â- kaq-l-¯n-sâ -tI{µ- B-kq-{X-Ww- Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- hn-i-z-ko-
b-am-bn- -tXm¶ntb¡mw-, ]s£, B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-h-À- D-Zm-c-a--kvI-X-bpw- -s]mXpt_m[-hpw-
D-Å-h-cmsW¦n-Â- am-{Xw-. bm-Ym-À-°yw- Fs´¶m-Â-, D-Zm-c-a--kvI-X-bpw- -s]mXpt_m[-hpw- D-ïm-
bm-Â- -t]mepw- -½-fm-cpw- kÀ-Æ-Úm-n-b-Ã-.
n-§-Ä-¡pthïn- F-Ãm- Xo-cp-am--§-fpw- F-Sp-¡p-¶- H-cmsf n-§-Ä-¡v -th-tWm? -thïm-bn-cn-
¡pw-. -½psS Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- e-£y-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- A-Xv -tSm-p-Å- I-gn-hp-Isf¡p-dn-¨p-
ap-Å- hn-h-c-§-Ä- -ap-¡v am-{Xta A-dn-bq-. a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v A-Xv a--kn-em-¡m-³- F-fp-¸-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-.
n-§-fpsS A-h-kvYsb¡p-dn-¨p- n-§tfmfw- A-dn-bm-hp-¶-h-À- -th-sd D-ïm-In-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, a-äp-Å-h-
cpsS Po-hn-X-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- A-htcmfw- n-§-Ä-¡pw- A-dn-bn-Ã-. A-dn-hns kw-_-Ôn-¨v H-cp- "A-ka-X-zw
-" D-ïv. kzm-X-{ý-ap-ïv F-¶- A-p-am-s¯ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡m-³- B- A-ka-X-zw- H-cp- -Ã- Im-c-W-am-Wv.
A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-ivs¯ a--kn-em-¡ns¡mïm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-¯ns¡p-dn-¨p-Å- G-ä-hpw-
i-à-am-b- hm-Zw- A-Sn-kvYm-s¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn-pw- n-e-n-À-¯p-¶-Xn-pw- C-¯-cw- A-dn-hv F-§s klm-
bn-¡psa¶v -tm¡mw-. D-Ãm-k¯ntm, k¼-¯v kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xntm AsÃ¦n-Â- asä-s´¦n-epw
X-c-¯n-ep-Å- ]-c-kv]-c- Kp-W-§-Ä-¡pthïntbm -½psS {]-h-À-¯--§sf GtIm]n-¸n-¡m-³-
km-[n-¡p-¶- H-cp- kaq-ls¯bm-Wv km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- F-¶pt±in-¡p-¶-Xv. lsb¡nsâ hm-¡p-I-
fn-Â- "{]-h-À-¯--§-fpsS {I-aw-" B-Wv km-aq-ln-I- {I-a-¯n-v B-h-iyw-. "hy-àn-I-fpsS -thdn-«- {]-h-À-
¯--§-Ä- H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡-Wsa¦n-Â-, Atymyw- B-h-iy-an-ÃmsX C-Ss]
Sm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -thWw-, H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS {]-h-À-¯--¯n-sâ hn-P-b-¯n-v a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kl-I-
c-Ww- B-h-iy-ap-Å- A-h-kc-§-fn-Â- C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- D-ïm-Im-p-Å- km-[y-X- D-ïm-Ip-I-bpw-
-thWw-" F-¶m-Wv lsb¡v A-`n-{]m-bs¸«-Xv.
h-fscb-[n-Iw- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-fpw-, X-«n-¸pw-, -tamj-W-§-fpw-, A-{I-a-§-fpw-, -sIme-]m-X-I-§-fpw-,
bp-²-§-fpw- D-Å- a-p-jy- C-Ss]S-ep-Isfbm-Wv km-aq-ln-I- {I-at¡Sv F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. km-aq-
ln-I- {I-aw- Dsï¦n-Â- -ap-¡v kam-[m-t¯m-sS a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- kl-I-cn-¨psImïv -½psS
mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-? A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ A-p-am--hpw-

79
e-£y-§sf -tSnsbSp-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. A-§sh-cpt¼mÄ-, -shdpw- A-Xn-Po-h--¯n-pthïn-
({]tXyIn-¨pw-, -½psS Po-hsbpw- kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw- k¼-¯nsbpw- X-«nsbSp-¡m-m-bn-
B-fp-I-Ä- -tm¡n-bn-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-) am-{X-a-Ã-, ]s£, ku-lr-Zw-, kv-tlw-, c-N--, h-À-¯-am-w-, I-e-,
Im-bn-Iw-, I-ïp-]n-Sp-¯w-, kr-ãn-, F-¶n-§sbp-Å- kz-X-{´- hy-àn-I-Ä- -sN¿p-¶- Po-hn-X-¯nse -Ã-
Im-cy-§-Ä-¡pthïn-bpw- -½psS hn-`-h-§sf D-]tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
kvYm-]--§-fm-Wv kl-I-c-W-§-Ä- km-[y-am-¡p-¶-Xv. km-¼-¯n-I-, cm-{ão-b-, n-b-a- kvYm-]--
§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-k§sf¡p-dn-¨p- -tm¡mw-.
hn-]-Wn- kvYm-]--§-Ä-: hn-n-a-b-hpw- hn-e-bpw-
G-Xv X-c-¯n-ep-Å- n-b-a- {I-a-hpw- km-¼-¯n-I- {I-a-hp-am-Wv A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-ivs¯
G-ä-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv? A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ G-ä-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- D-]
tbmKn-¡p-¶- N-«-§-fpsS kw-hn-[m-w- G-Xm-Wv? P--§sf A-h-cpsS ]-¡-ep-Å- A-dn-hns a-äp-Å-
h-À-¡v Kp-WwsN¿p-¶- hn-[w- ]-¦p-h-bv¡m-³- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶- kw-hn-[m-w- G-Xm-Wv? G-Xv X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- -t{]mÕm-l--§-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-dn-hnte¡v -bn-¡p-¶-Xv?
kz-¯n-sâbpw- I-cm-À- kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâbpw- A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-ep-ïm-b- kzm-`m-hn-I-
kzm-X-{ýw- c-ïv -s]mcp-¯-ansÃ¶v -tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶- i-àn-Isf h-f-À-¯p-¶p-: a-Õcs¯bpw-
km-aq-ln-I- kl-I-c-Ws¯bpw-. H-¶nt-tbm asäm¶nt-tbm Xn-csªSp-¡-Wsa¶v C-Ãm-
¯psImïm-Wv "-tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-" F-¶v F-gp-Xn-b-Xv. H-cp- hn-]-Wn-bn-Â-, kw-cw-`-I-cpw-, I-¨-h-S-¡m-cpw-
I-¼-n-I-fpw- X-½n-Â- A-h-cpsS D-]t`màm-¡-fpsS "C-S-]m-Sn-"pthïn- a-Õcn-¡pw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, D-]
t`màm-¡-fp-am-bn- kl-I-cn-¡m-p-Å- H-cp- A-h-kcw- -tSp-¶-Xn-pthïn- a-Õcn-¡pw-. B-cp-am-bn-
I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿-Wsa¶pw- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡-Wsa¶p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-iw- I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-
¯n-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wv.
A-Sn-kvYm-tcJ-Isf kvYm-]n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv kz-¯-h-Im-i-§-Ä-; n-§-Ä- I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿pt¼mÄ-
n-§-Ä- A-h-Im-i-§sf hn-n-a-bw- -sN¿p-¶p-, A-Xpt]m-se, n-§-Ä- I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-,
n-§-Ä- n-§-fpsS kz-¯ns kz-´-am-bn- -sh¡p-¶p-. At¸mÄ-, kzta[-bm- G-Às¸Sp-¶- C-S-]m-Sp-I-Ä-
A-Sn-kvYm-tcJ-bn-Â- n-¶pw- H-cp- -sa¨s¸S-em-Wv. kz-¯-h-Im-iw- Hmtcmcp-¯-À-¡pw- kz-¯ns
F-§s -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿-Wsa¶p-Å- kzm-X-{ýw- -Â-Ip-¶p-, ]s£ Cu- kzm-X-{ýw- D-]tbmKn-
¡pt¼mÄ- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{ýs¯ ssI-tbäw- -sN¿p-Itbm a-äp-Å-hsc D-]-{Z-hn-¡p-Itbm
-sN¿m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-.
H-cp- kz-¯ns -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-³- A-h-Im-i-ap-Å- hy-àn-bpsS -ssIbn-Â- Xs¶bm-Wv
A-Xnse ^-e-§sf ]-dn-bv¡m-pw- hn-Â-¡m-p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-iw- AsÃ¦n-Â- B- kz-¯n-Â-n-¶p-ap-Å-
tkh-s¯ D-]tbmKn-¡m-pw- B- kz-¯ns hn-Â-¡m-p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-isa¦n-Â-, A-bm-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-
À-¡v-thïsX´msW¶pw-A-h-À-B-kz-¯nsF-§s-ssIIm-cyw--sN¿psa¶pw-Nn-ń-¡m-p-Å-
Xm-Â-]-cyw- D-ïm-Ipw-, Im-c-Ww-, A-bm-Ä-¡v a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- I-¨-h-Sw- -sN-t¿ï-Xp-ïm-Ipw-. A-§s
h-cpt¼mÄ-hy-àn-I-Ä-A-_-²-§-Ä--sN¿n-Ãmsb-s¶m¶p-an-Ã-.]s£,H-cp-hn-c-f-am-b-kz-¯n-Â-n-¶pw
-Ã- hn-e-bp-Å- {]-Xn-^-ew- e-`n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bpsï¦n-Â- D-S-a-I-Ä-¡v D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-¡v B-h-iy-
ap-Å- km-[--§-fpw- tkh--§-fpw- kr-ãn-¡p-¶- {]-hr-¯n-I-fn-Â- ]-¦ptNcm-³- Xm-Â-]-cyw- D-ïm-Ipw-.
hn-`-h-§-fpsS hn-Â-]--- hn-e- D-S-a-kvY-À-¡pw- hm-§p-¶-h-À-¡pw- `m-hnsb¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-ń-¡m-³-
-t{]mÕm-l--am-Ip-¶p-, Im-c-Ww- `m-hn-bn-Â- e-`n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- B-p-Iq-ey-§sf I-W-¡nseSp-

80
¯psImïm-Wv C-¶s¯ hn-e-bn-Sp-¶-Xv. (A-Xm-b-Xv, ]-en-i- n-c-¡v H-gn-hm-¡n-b-Xn-ptijw- `m-hn-
bn-Â- e-`n-¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶- hm-S-I-I-fpsS ap-gp-h-³- Xp-I-I-Ä- -tNÀ-¯n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv H-cp- ho-Sn-sâ `m-hn-
hn-e-. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, `m-hn-bnse km-[--§-Ä-¡v Ct¸mÄ- Xs¶ hn-e-bn-Sm-³- km-[n-¡psa¶-À-°w-.
kz-¯p-S-a-kvY-X-bpw- hn-n-a-b-hpw- A-p-h-Zn-¡m-¯-Xp-aq-ew-, k¶-²- C-S-]m-Sp-I-Äs¡mïv hn-Â]--
hn-e- D-ïm-ImsXh-cpt¼mÄ-, `m-hn-bnse km-[--§-Ä-¡v Ct¸mÄ- Xs¶ hn-e-bn-Sm-³- km-[n-¡msXh-
cn-I-bpw- hn-`-h-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-³- bmsXmcp- Xm-Â-]-cy-hpw- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-; A-Xns
bm-Wv "km-[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS Zp-c-´w-"F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv.)
H-cp- hn-]-Wn-bnse hn-Â-]--bpw- hm-§-ep-am-Wv hn-Â-]-- hn-esb D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv. F-hnsS-tbm
BtcmCu-hn-e--Â-In-km-[-w-hm-§m-³-X-¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶p-F-¶m-Wvhn-Â-]--hn-e-kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
hn-c-f-am-b- hn-`-h-§-fpsS C-X-c- D-]tbmK-§-Ä-¡pw- aq-ey-n-À-®-b-§-Ä-¡p-am-bn- AsXmcp- "]-I-c-
¡m-c-³" B-bn- n-Â-¡pw-. Rm-³- H-cp- D-Â-]-¶w- D-Â-¸m-Zn-¸n-¡m-³- Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-I-bpw- A-Xn-p
thïn- a-äp-Å-h-À- -S-¯p-¶- kw-`m-h--I-fpsS hn-e-I-Ä- X-½n-Â- Xm-c-X-ayw- -sN¿p-I-bpw- -sNbvXm-Â-,
B- hn-e-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-À- A-h-cpsS {]-b-Xv-¯n-v -Â-Ip-¶- aq-eysa´msW¶v a--kn-em-
¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. B- aq-ey-¯nt¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-em-b- aq-eyw- kr-ãn-¨mse F-n-¡v B- D-Â-]-¶s¯
em-`t¯m-sS hn-Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-; B- aq-ey-§sfÃmw- -tNÀ-¶n-«p-Å- Xp-Isb¡m-Ä- Ip-d-ª- hn-e-
bv¡m-Wv F-n-¡v hn-Â-]-- -S-¯m-³- ]-än-bn-«p-ÅsX¦n-Â-, F-n-¡v -ãw- kw-`-hn-¡pw-. A-§s
h-cpt¼mÄ- Rm-³- B- D-Â-]-¶w- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv Xp-S-c-cpsX¶v F-n-¡v a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
hn-]-Wn-bpsS khntij-X-I-fm-b- hntI{µo-Ir-X-am-b- hn-Â-]--I-fpsSbpw- hm-§-ep-I-fpsSbpw-
{]-{In-b-I-fn-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv n-c-¡v D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv - "hn-et]i-epw- X-À-¡-hpw-". hn-n-a-b-¯n-sâ Dt]m
Â-]-¶-am-bn-«m-Wv n-c-¡p-I-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. am-{X-a-Ã-, km-[--§-Ä- hn-Â-¡m-m-bpw- hm-§m-m-bpw-
C-cn-¡p-¶- hy-àn-I-Äs¡Ãm-h-À-¡pw- a--kn-em-Ip-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- A-¡-¯n-sâ cq-]-¯n-Â-
C-h- hn-h-c-§-Ä- kwt{]£-Ww- -sN¿p-¶p-. A-XpsImïm-Wv, H-cp- hn-]-Wn- A-Sn-kvYm--am-b- k¼-ZvL-
S--bn-Â- A-dn-hv ]-I-À-¯m-³- H-cp- -tI{µo-Ir-X- B-kq-{X-W- kw-hn-[m--¯n-sâ B-h-iy-an-Ãmsb¶v
]-d-bp-¶-Xv. Cu- {]-{In-b-bpsS -S-¯n-¸n-m-bn- kaq-l-¯nse Hmtcmcp-¯-cpw- A-h-cptSXm-b-
A-dn-hv kw-`m-h-- -sN¿p-¶p-, A-¯-cw- {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS {]-hr-¯n-Isf -bn-¡m-m-bn
klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. hy-àn-I-fpsS -sshhn-[y-am-À-¶- B-kq-{X-W-§sfbpw- {]-hr-¯n-
Isfbpw- G-Io-I-cn-¡m-³- n-c-¡v klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. hy-àn-I-Ä- kz-´w- em-`s¯ -tXSpt¼mÄ-,
]-c-kv]-c- B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶p-. -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-p- P--§-Ä- A-h-cpsS Hmtcmcp-¯-
cpsSbpw- ]-¡-ep-Å- h-kvXp-X-¡sf¡p-dn-¨pw-, kmt¦Xn-I-hn-Zysb¡p-dn-¨pw-, e-`y-am-b- hn-`-h-§sf¡p-
dn-¨p-ap-Å- -sNdn-b- -sNdn-b- A-dn-hp-I-Ä- Atymyw- ]-¦p-h-bv¡p-I-bpw- AtXm-sSm¸w- Xs¶
A-h-cpsS Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- e-£y-§-Ä- -tSm-³- {i-an-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. A-§s kw-`-hn-¡-
Wsa¦n-Â-, n-b-a-hm-gvNsImïv kw-c-£n-¡s¸«- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kz-¯-h-Im-i-§-Ä- A-h-À- Hmtcmcp-
¯-cpsSbpw- kz-´w- Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf -tXSn-bp-Å- {]-b-Xvs¯ n-b-{´nt¡ï-Xm-Wv. kz-´w- Xm-Â-
]-cy-§-fpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taep-Å- A-[n-Im-c-hpw- H-¯ptNcp-I-bmsW¦n-Â- A-Xv, -tamj-W-¯n-epw-,
A-{I-am-kà-am-b- kw-L-À-j-§-fn-epw- -s]mXp-hm-b- {I-at¡Sn-epw- -sN-s¶¯pw-.
A-XpsImïm-Wv, a-Õcs¯bpw- km-aq-ln-I- kl-I-c-Ws¯bpw- hn-]-Wn-bpsSbpw- kaq-
l-¯n-sâbpw- Xn-I-ª- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xn-p-]-I-cw- A-h-bpsS {]-{In-b-bmsW¶v
]-d-bp-¶-Xv. _-e-{]tbmK-§-fpw- B-Ú-I-fpw- Iq-SmsX -½psS kz-`m-hs¯ GtIm]n-¸n-¡m-pw
-½sf¡p-dn-¨p-Å- hn-h-c-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-htcmSv -shfns¸Sp-¯m-pw- kz-¯p- hn-n-a-b-hpw-, n-c-¡pw-

81
-t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p-. _n-kn--kv D-S-a-I-Ä-¡v a-äp- _n-kn--Êp-Im-À- A-h-cp-am-bn- a-Õcn-¡p-¶-Xv
C-ã-ansÃ¦n-epw- D-]t`màm-¡-Ä- AtX A-h-cpsS D-Â-]-¶-§-Ä-¡pthïn- a-Õcn-¡p-¶-Xv C-ã-
am-bn-cn-¡pw-. -½-Ä- hm-§p-¶- km-[--§-Ä-¡v Ip-d-ª- hn-e-bpw- hn-Â-¡p-¶- km-[--§-Ä-¡v
Iq-Sn-b- hn-e-bpw- B-I-Wsa¶m-bn-cn-¡pw- -½-Ä- B-{K-ln-¡p-I-. A-XpsImïm-Wv, -ap-¡v
-thï- km-[--§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-h-cpw- hn-Â-¡p-¶-h-cpw- X-½n-Â- a-Õcn-¡-Wsa¶pw- -½-Ä- D-ïm-
¡p-¶- AtX km-[--§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-h-À- -½-fp-am-bn- a-Õcn-¡-cpsX¶pw- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv.
-sam¯-¯n-Â- -tm¡n-bm-Â-, kz-X-{´- a-Õc-hpw- kz-X-{´- hn-n-a-b-hpw- D-Åt¸mgm-Wv -ap-¡v G-ä-
hpw- Kp-Ww-. (`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ klm-b-ap-]tbmKn-¨p- Ip-¯-I-I-fpw-, [-- klm-b-§-fpw-, {]tXyI-
]-cn-K-W--I-fpw- e-`n-¡m-p-Å- {i-as¯ km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv[-À- "hm-S-I- -tXSp-¶p-" F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶p-.
am-{X-a-Ã-, "-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy--" km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv[-cpw- cm-{ão-b- im-kv{X-Ú-cpw- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-
{]tXyI- Xm-Â-]-cy- -b-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- ]-T-w- -S-¯n-bn-«p-ap-ïv.)
kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bnse C-S-]m-Sp-I-Ä- em-`-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-m-bn- am-{X-ap-Å-X-Ã-, P--§-Ä-¡v
-thïn- aq-eyw- kr-ãn-¡m-pw- -thïn-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. H-cp- I-¼-n-bpsS aq-eyw- Iq-Sp-¶ptïm C-Ãtbm
F-¶v Im-Wn-¡m-³- D-Å- H-¶m-Wv km-¼-¯n-I-am-b- em-`w-. H-cp- D-Â-]-¶w- D-ïm-¡m-m-bn- Nn-e-hm-b-
Xp-I-bpw- A-Xn-sâ hn-Â-]-- hn-e-bpw- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kam-Wv em-`w-. Nn-e-hm-b- Xp-Isb Im-in-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- hn-h-cn-¡pt¼mÄ- D-Â-]-¶w- D-ïm-¡m-m-bn- D-]tbmKn-¨- hn-`-h-§-fpsS a-äp- D-]
tbmK-§-Ä- hy-à-am-Ip-¶p-. H-cp- D-Â-]-¶w- A-Xp-ïm-¡m-³- Nn-e-hm-b- Xp-I-bn-epw- Ip-d-ª- Xp-I-
bv¡m-Wv hn-äpt]mIp-¶sX¦n-Â-, kw-cw-`-I-³- hn-`-h-¯n-sâ aq-eyw- Iq-«p-¶-Xn-p- ]-I-cw- Ip-d-bv¡p-
I-bmsW¶m-Wv H-cp- -ãw- kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. hn-`-h-§sf A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- D-b-À-¶- aq-ey-¯nte¡v
F-¯n-¡m-³- hn-]-Wn-bnse ]-¦m-fn-I-Ä- klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-h-Xm-Wv
em-`-hpw- -ã-hpw-.
cm-{ão-b- kvYm-]--§-Ä-
cm-{ão-b- k¼-À-¡-§-Ä- kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bnse k¼-À-¡-§-fp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- -sNbvXm-Â-
F-§sbp-ïm-Ipw-? Cu- D-]-ym-k¯n-sâ Xp-S-¡-¯n-Â- D-¶-bn-¨- -tNmZy-§sf `-c-W-L-S--bpsS
{]-h-À-¯--§-ÄsImïv ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- {i-an-¨m-ep-ïm-Ip-¶- Kp-W-§-fpw- -tZmj-§-fpw- Fs´m-
s¡bm-Wv? A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-ivs¯ ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-pw- A-dn-hns D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-pw-
A-Xns a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦pshbv¡p-¶-Xv -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m-pw- -thïn- cm-{ão-b- kvYm-]--
§-Ä- - A-Xv G-Im-[n-]-Xytam, P-m-[n-]-Xytam B-Imw-, ]-cn-an-X-a-Ãm-¯tXm `-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-bn-
]-cn-an-X-am-btXm B-Imw-, ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fn-Ãm-¯tXm B-Imw- - D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- GsX¦n-epw-
{]tXyI- X-cw- {]-h-À-¯--§-fptïm? km-¼-¯n-I- -taJ-e-bpsS hn-P-b-hpw- ]-cm-P-b-hpw- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-
m-bn- -½-Ä- em-`s¯bpw- -ãs¯bpw- I-W-¡p-Iq-«p-¶-Xpt]m-se cm-{ão-b- k¼-À-¡-¯n-sâ
P-bs¯bpw- ]-cm-P-bs¯bpw- I-W-¡p-Iq-«m-³- Fs´¦n-epw- A-f-hp-I-Ä- Dtïm? cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpw-
DtZymkvY-³-am-cpw- -thm«v -sN¿p-¶- P--§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- cm-{ão-b- k¼-À-¡-§-Ä-n-¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
B-h-iy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- A-Xv -tSm-p-Å- h-gn-Isf¡p-dn-¨pw- -ap-¡v B-h-iy-am-b- hn-h-c-§-Ä- e-`n-¡p-
¶ptïm?
cm-{ão-b- k¼-À-¡-§-Ä- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯ns¡mïp-Å-Xm-Wv, k¶-²- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-ep-Å-X-Ã-. A-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-bs¯ a-äp-Å- a-p-jy- k¼-À-¡-§-fn-Â-n-¶pw- hy-Xy-
kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xv. n-b-a-k`-bnse `q-cn-]-£- Aw-K-§-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶- n-b-a-§-Ä- -½-Äs¡Ãm-

82
h-À-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-Wv, A-¯-cw- n-b-a-§tfmSv -½-Ä- -tbmPn-¨m-epw- CsÃ¦n-epw-. n-§-Ä-¡v
C-ã-amsW¦n-epw- AsÃ¦n-epw- n-Ip-Xn- A-S-bv¡m-³- n-§-Ä- Np-a-X-es¸«n-«p-ïv; A-Xv A-S-¨nsÃ¦n-Â-
n-§-fpsS kz-¯ns ]n-Sn-¨psI«p-Itbm AsÃ¦n-Â- n-§sf ]n-Sn-¨p- X-S-hn-en-Sp-Itbm -sN¿pw-.
n-§-Ä-Xn-csªSp-¯m-epw-CsÃ¦n-epw-n-§-Ä-¡vX-cp-¶-Xnsn-§-Ä-"hm-§m-³-"_m-[y-kvY-cm-Wv.
am-{X-a-Ã-, n-§-Ä-¡v C-hsb F-Ãmw- H-cp-an-¨m-Wv In-«p-I- - hntZi- -bw-, n-Ip-Xn- -bw-, a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶v
n-b-a-§-Ä-, hn-hm-l- n-b-a-§-Ä-, hn-Zym-e-b-§-Ä-, BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-- kw-hn-[m-w-, A-§sb-§s.
kz-X-{´-hn-]-Wn-I-fn-Â-Xn-csªSp-¡m-³-I-gn-bp-¶-Xpt]m-seC-h-bnseH-¶nt-tbmasäm¶nt-tbm
am-{X-am-bn- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
H-¶p-In-Â- F-Ãm-¯nsbpw- kzo-I-cn-¡p-I- AsÃ¦n-Â- F-Ãm-¯nsbpw- -thï-¶psh¡p-I-
F-¶p-Å- H-cp- atm`m-h-am-Wv C-hnsS B-h-iyw-. C-Xn-Â- n-§-fpsS ho-Sv, tkm¸v, ho-«p-km-[--
§-Ä-, -t^m¬-, I-®-S-I-Ä-, -se³-kv (n-§-Ä-¡v A-h- B-h-iy-ansÃ¦n-epw- -th-sï¦n-Â- -t]mepw-),
h-f-À-¯p-ar-K-§-Ä- (n-§-Ä-¡v A-htbmSv A-e-À-Pn-bpsï¦n-Ât]mepw-), Im-ep-d-I-Ä-, kw-Ko-X- -tiJ-
c-§-Ä- F-¶n-hsbÃmw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]s£, CsXm¶pw- n-§-Ä-¡v hm-§n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡mtm
a-äp- I-¨-h-S-¡m-cn-Â-n-¶pw- hm-§mtm D-Å- A-h-Im-i-an-Ã-. C-¯-cw- {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- kz-´w- C-ã-{]-
Im-cw- -sN¿p-¶-h-b-Ãm-¯-XpsImïv, an-¡-h-À-¡pw- C-Xn-sâ Kp-W-§-Ä- e-`n-¡msX-t]mIpw-, ]s£
H-cp- I-¨-h-S- C-S-]m-SmsW¦n-Â-, A-Xn-Â- G-Às¸Sm-¯-h-À- n-b-a-h-im-Â- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-h-cpw- a-äp-Å-
h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf -ssI-tbdm-¯-h-cp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-.
-temI-¯nse h-fscb-[n-Iw- cm-Py-§-fpw- P-m-[n-]-Xy-am-btXm-sSbpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ {]-h-À-
¯-s¯¡p-dn-¨p- P--§-Ä-¡v A-`n-{]m-bw- -Â-Im-p-Å- A-h-kc-§-Ä- Iq-Snsb¦n-Ât]mepw-, A-h-
À-¡v F-{X-am-{Xw- A-h-cpsS B-h-iy-§sf cm-{ão-b-¡msc A-dn-bn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-? A-Xm-b-Xv,
-thm«v -Â-Ip-¶-Xn-eqsS -½psS B-h-iy-§sf¸-än-bp-Å- hn-h-cw- F-{X-am-{Xw- -ap-¡-hsc A-dn-
bn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-? -thm«v -sN¿pt¼mÄ-, -½-Ä- Htcka-bw- h-fscb-[n-Iw- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨p
H-¶ns¨mcp- Xo-cp-am-saSp-¡m-³- n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-I-bm-Wv, At¸mÄ- -½-Ä- B-À-¡pthïn-
F-´n-pthïn- -thm«v -sNbvXp- F-¶v Xo-À-¨tbm-sS ]-d-bm-³- km-[n-¡msXh-cp-¶p-. n-Ip-Xn-, -b-
X-{´-, hntZi- _-Ô-§-Ä-, ]-cn-kvYn-Xn-, hn-Zym-`ym-kw-, -t£a-n-[n-, -tZim-´-cm-[n-hm-kw-, BtcmKyw-,
hn-e-¡s¸-tSï- D-Xv]-¶-§-Ä-, ]m-À-¸n-Sw-, hn-hm-lw- F-¶n-§sbp-Å- F-Ãm-¯ns¡p-dn-¨pw- cm-{ão-b-
¡m-À- Xo-cp-am--§sfSp-¡p-¶p-ïv.
-thm«-h-Im-i-ap-Å- H-cm-Ä-¡v H-cp- kvYm-m-À-°nsb ]n-´m-§m-³- c-ïv Im-c-W-§-Ä- D-ïm-Imw-:
H-¶p-In-Â- A-bm-Ä- B- kvYm-m-À-°n- {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶- F-Ãm- Im-cy-§tfmSpw- -tbmPn-¡p-¶p-ïm-Ipw-
AsÃ¦n-Â- A-Xn-Â- GsX¦n-epw- H-cp- Im-cyt¯mSv am-{Xw- Zr-V-am-bn- -tbmPn-¡p-¶p-ïm-Ipw-. kvYm-
m-À-°n-bpsS hn-i-z-kvY-Xsbbpw- hnthIs¯bpw- N-§m-¯s¯bpw- ku-µ-cys¯bpw- I-W-
¡nseSp-¯psImïm-Ipw- P--§-Ä- A-hsc Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶-Xv. P--§-Ä- -thm«psN¿pt¼mÄ-
I-W-¡nseSp-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- bmsXmcp- h-gn-bp-an-Ã-. "Rm-³- Xv -thïn- -thm«v
-sNbvX-Xv A-bm-Ä- ka-À-°-msW¶v I-cp-Xn-b-XpsImïm-Wv" AsÃ¦n-Â- "Rm-³- A-bm-fpsS
n-Ip-Xn- -bt¯mSv -tbmPn-¨-XpsImïm-Wv" AsÃ¦n-Â- "Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§tfmSp-Å- A-bm-fpsS I-À-i--
am-b- kao-]-s¯ C-ãs¸«-XpsImïm-Wv" Fs¶m-s¡ A-h-À- ]-d-ªm-Ât]mepw- H-cp- kvYm-m-À-°n-
bpsS GsXÃmw- kao-]--§tfmSm-Wv A-h-À- -tbmPn-¡p-¶sX¶pw- hntbmPn-¡p-¶sX¶pw- Xn-cn-¨-dn-
bm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. P--§-Ä- -thm«v -sNbvX- co-Xn-b-p-kcn-¨p- A-h-cpsS a--Êv hm-bn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
(a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Po-hn-¡m-³- ]-äptam-sb¶-Xv Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶-Xv -thm«psN¿p-

83
¶-h-cmsW¶- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hp-ïm-Ip-¶tXm-sS Im-cy-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Ip-g-¸-I-c-amsW¶v a--kn-em-Ipw-.
c-ïv -sN¶m-bv¡-fpw- H-cp- -sN½-cn-bm-Spw- X-½n-Â- cm-{Xn-`-£-W-¯n-v -thïsX´msW¶v Xo-cp-
am-saSp-¡p-¶-XntmSm-Wv n-b-{´-W-§-fn-Ãm-¯- P-m-[n-]-Xys¯ Xm-c-X-ayw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv.)
_n-kn--kp-I-Ä- Kp-Wta·-bn-Ãm-¯-Xpw- A-an-X-hn-e-bp-Å-Xp-am-b- km-[--§sfbpw- tkh--
§sfbpw- D-ïm-¡pt¼mÄ- A-¯-cw- _n-kn--kp-I-Ä- -ã-¯n-em-Ip-I-bpw- ]n-¶o-Sv ]q-«nt]mIp-I-bpw
-sN¿pw-. -t-sc a-dn-¨v kÀ-¡m-cn-v _-ew- D-]tbmKn-¨v, -½sf-sImïv -tamiw- km-[--§-Ä-¡pw-
tkh--§-Ä-¡p-am-bn- ]-Ww- Nn-e-h-gn-¡m-³- n-À-_-Ôn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. kÀ-¡m-À- D-Â-]m
-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶- km-[--§sf -ap-¡v C-ãs¸-s«¶p-h-cn-Ã- ]s£ F-¶m-epw- A-Xv e-`n-¡pw-. H-cp- kz-X-{´-
hn-]-Wn-bnse D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-¡v a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v -thïm-¯-Xpw- C-ãs¸Sm-¯-Xp-am-b- km-[--
§sfbpw- tkh--§sfbpw- hm-§m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. H-cp- kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bnse D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-¡v,
a-äp-Å-hsc D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-¯- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-km-[m-c-W- C-ã-§sf {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡mw-. kÀ-¡m-À- X-cp-¶
km-[--§sfbpw- tkh--§sfbpw- Hmtcm¯-cpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- -t`Z-K-Xn- h-cp-¯m-³- ]-äm-¯-
Xm-bn-cn-¡pw-, F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- H-cp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-h-bm-bn-cn-¡pw-. kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ H-cp- {]-h-À-¯-w-
Ip-d-ª- A-f-hn-Â- a-Xnsb-t¶m asäm¶v Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- -thWsa-t¶m B-h-iys¸Sm-³- km-[n-
¡n-Ã-. F-Ãmw- A-h-À- Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶- A-f-hn-Â- am-{Xta In-«p-. cm-{ão-b- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpsS -t]mcm-bva-
A-p-`-hs¸«m-Â- asämcp- D-Â-]-¶-¯nte¡v am-dmtm tkh-w- e-`n-¡m-m-bn- asämcm-fpsS A-Sp-
¯v -sNÃmtm ]-än-Ã-. `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ ]p-d-¯p-n-¶psImïv -ap-¡v -½psS ap-³-K-W--I-fpw-
Xm-Â-]-cy-§-fpw- -shfns¸Sp-¯m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
n-b-a-hm-gvN-
kam-[m--]-c-am-b- kl-I-c-W-¯n-v n-b-a-§-Ä- B-h-iy-am-Wv. kÀ-¡m-cns -t]m-se¯s¶
hn-]-Wn-bpw- n-b-a-§-fpsS `-c-W-¯n-Â- h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv (Nn-e- Im-cy-§-fn-Â- kÀ-¡m-cnt¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-
X-Â-).-tPm¬--tem¡vhm-Zn-¨-Xpt]m-se,"n-b-aw-CsÃ¦n-Â-kzm-X-{ý-hp-an-Ã-."I-cm-dp-Isfew-Ln-¡m-pw-,
-tamj-Ww- -S-¯m-pw-, a-äp-Å-hsc D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-pw-, A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf -ssI-tbdm-pw-
hy-àn-Isf A-p-h-Zn-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-. ]s£, n-b-a-§-Ä- h-fsc k¦o-À-Wtam kz-X-{´- kaq-l-¯n-sâ
N-«s¯ C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶- X-c-¯ntem BtIï-Xn-Ã-. a-dn-¨v, kz-¯ns¡p-dn-¨pw- I-cm-dns¡p-dn-¨p-
ap-Å- e-fn-X-am-b- n-b-a-§-Ä- k¦o-À-W-am-b- km-aq-ln-I- {I-as¯ D-ïm-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- n-c-¡ns D-Â-]m-Zn-¸n-¡pw-. ]-cn-kvYn-Xnsbbpw-, ]-£n-Isfbpw-, a-Õy-§sfbpw- ]-Tn-¨- im-kv{X-
Ú-·m-À-a--kn-em-¡n-b-Xve-fn-X-am-b-n-b-a-§-fm-Wvk¦o-À-W-am-b-{I-as¯D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-¶-Xv
F-¶m-Wv. A-Xv a-p-jy- {I-a-§-fn-epw- _m-[-I-am-Wv: kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-fnse e-fn-X-am-b- n-b-a-§-fm-Wv
km-aq-ln-I- B-kq-{X-I-cpsS n-c-´-c-am-b- C-Ss]S-ep-Isf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-St¯mfw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- k¦o-À-
W-am-b- {I-as¯ D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- kar-²n- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xpw-.
H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- {I-a-¯n-v kzm-X-{ý-hm-Z- L-S-- -tbmKy-am-I-Ww- F-¶psï¦n-Â- {]tXyIw-
Nn-e- khntij-X-I-Ä- (-s]mXp-hm-bn-, "n-b-a-hm-gvN-" F-¶v A-dn-bs¸Spw-) B-h-iy-am-Wv: G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-
ª-Xm-bn-, hy-à-am-b- n-b-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-I-Ww-; A-h- n-jv]-£-am-bn- -thWw- {]tbmKnt¡ï-Xv; n-b-
{ń-X-a-Ãm-¯- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â-n-¶pw- B-Ú-bn-Â-n-¶pw- kz-X-{´-am-bn- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS
C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- A-h-Im-i-ap-Å- -taJ-e-Isf A-h- hy-à-am-bn- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡-Ww-. C-h-
aq-¶pw- h-fsc {]-[m--am-Wv. kaq-l-¯nse n-b-a--§-Ä- A-hy-à-amsW¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, At¸mÄ-,
A-hsb a--kn-em-¡m-³- A-km-²ytam, _p-²n-apt«m B-bn-cn-¡pw-, AsÃ¦n-Â- A-h- ]nt¶m«p

84
-{]-h-À¯n-¡p-¶tXm ]-c-kv]-c-hn-cp-²tam B-Imw-. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, P--§-Ä-¡v G-Xv Im-cy-
§-fm-Wv n-b-a-hn-cp-²-hpw- A-Ãm-¯-Xpw- F-¶v ap-³-Iq-dm-bn- A-dn-bm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. A-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- H-cp- `-c-W-¯n-v h-fsc-tb-sd Ip-d-hp-I-fp-ïv. A-Xn-Â- H-¶v Fs´¶m-Â-, B-kq-{X-W-¯n-v
{]m-[m-yw- -Â-Im-¯-Xn-m-Â- ]-²-Xn-I-fpsS k¶-²- {]-h-À-¯-w- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-. n-b-a- hy-h-kvY-
n-b-a-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- -t_m[-h-Â-¡-c-Ww- -S-¯p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-I-Ww-, CsÃ¦n-Â-, AsXmcp-
n-b-a- hy-h-kvY- A-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-.
hy-à-am-b- n-b-a-§-Ä- Dsï¦n-Ât]mepw- n-jv]-£-cm-b- ym-bm-[n-]-À- D-ïm-bn-cn-¡-Ww-.
H-cp- ym-bm-[n-]-³- Htc n-b-as¯ X-sâ Ip-Spw-_-¯n-pw- asämcp- Ip-Spw-_-¯n-pw- c-ïv
co-Xn-I-fn-Â- hym-Jym-n-¡pt¼mÄ- B- n-b-aw- n-b-a-a-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-. H-cp- ym-bm-[n-]-³- ]p-ds¸Sp-
hn-¡p-¶- hn-[n- -ssI¡q-en-bpsS-tbm, cm-{ão-b- k½-À-±-¯nsâ-tbm (Nn-e- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- C-Xns
"-sSent^m¬- P-kvän-kv" F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶p-, Im-c-Ww-, o-Xn-ym-b- a-{´m-e-b-¯n-Â- n-¶pw- H-cp-
-t^m¬-Im-Ä- h-cn-I-bpw- hn-[n- G-Xv co-Xn-bn-em-I-Wsa¶v ]-d-bp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-XpsImïv), h-À-K-
¯n-âtbm, a-X-¯n-sâ-tbm, `m-j-bpsS-tbm, a-äpw- A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- BsW¦n-Â-, A-hnsS n-b-
a-hm-gvN- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-. (-tImS-Xn-I-fpsS {]-h-À-¯-w- bm-{ń-I-amsW¶v ]-d-bm-m-hn-Ã-; A-Xn-Â
{]mtbmKn-I- Úm-w- D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-, {Ko-¡v `m-j-bn-Â- phronesis F-¶pw- em-än-n-Â-
prudentia F-¶pw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se, ]s£ A-¯-cw- {]mtbmKn-I- Úm-w- A-gn-a-Xn-, A-bn-¯w-,
kz-P--]-£-]m-Xw- F-¶n-ht]m-se G-I-]-£o-b-am-btXm n-b-a-hn-cp-²-am-btXm A-Ã-.) hy-à-am-b-
n-b-a-§-fpw- Cu- n-b-a-§-Ä- n-jv]-£-am-bn- {]tbmKn-¡pw- F-¶p-Å- D-d-¸v H-cp- o-Xn-]-c-am-b- kaq-
ls¯ D-ïm-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡pw-.
Xp-ey-am-bn- {]tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶- hy-à-am-b- n-b-a-§-Ä- am-{X-a-Ã- H-cp- kz-X-{´- kaq-l-
¯nse n-b-a-hy-h-kvY-bv¡v B-h-iyw-. hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xo-cp-am-saSp-¡m-³-
]-äp-¶- -taJ-e-Isf n-b-a-§-Ä- hy-à-am-¡p-I-bpw- n-À-h-Nn-¡p-I-bpw- -thWw-. -tem¡v hm-Zn-¨-Xp
t]m-se H-cp- kz-X-{´-m-b- hy-àn-¡v a-äp-Å-h-cpsS G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä-¡v h-g-§msX,
kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xo-cp-am--§sfSp-¯psImïv X-sâ Po-hn-Xs¯bpw-, kzm-X-{ýs¯bpw-,
kz-¯nsbpw- B-kz-Zn-¡m-³- I-gn-b-Ww-. kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶-,
lsb¡v hn-fn-¨-Xpt]m-se, "kp-c-£n-X-am-b- H-cp- C-Sw-" F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- B-h-iy-am-Wv. A-XnsÃ¦n-Â-,
A-dn-hn-sâ D-Xv]m-Z-w- D-ïm-In-Ã-. n-§-Ä-¡v n-§-fpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-
¶-XpsImïp-am-{X-a-Ã- kzm-X-{ýw- {]-[m--am-Ip-¶-Xv, a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- {]-h-À-
¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶-XpsImïpw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv, b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, A-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- {]-[m-w-.
lsb¡v, hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨p-, "Rm-³- Fsâ kzm-X-{ýw- D-]tbmKn-¨v F-´m-Wv -sN¿p-I- F-¶-X-Ã- {]-[m-w-,
kaq-l-¯n-v Kp-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-m-bn- asämcm-Ä-¡v F-´p-am-{Xw- kzm-X-{ýw- -thïn-h-cpw- F-¶-
Xm-Wv {]-[m-w-'-. Cu- kzm-X-{ýw- F-Ãm-À-¡pw- -Â-In-bmte Bsc¦n-epw- C-¯-cw- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-
-sN¿psa¶v D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-³- km-[n-¡p-."
-taÂ- hn-h-cn-¨- n-b-a-hy-h-kvY-bpsS {]-iv-§-fn-epw- A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-ivw- D-ïv. G-ä-hpw
an-I-¨- n-b-a-hpw- A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- -Ã- hym-Jym--hpw- {]tbmK-hpw- G-XmsW¶v B-À-¡pw- A-dn-
bm-³- km-[y-X-bn-Ã-. A-Xv k¦o-À-W-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«-Xp-am-b- {]-iv-§-fm-Wv. A-XpsImïm-Wv
¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯nse Nn-´-I-À- hntI{µo-Ir-X-am-b- {]-h-À-¯--§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨v -Ã- n-b-
a-§sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-pw- -s]mXp-hm-b-Xpw- kp-Xm-cy-am-b-Xp-am-b- -S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-Ä- -sImïv hn-[n-
]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡m-pw- -thïn- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-Xv. B-Zyw- ]-d-ª- {]-h-À-¯--§-fn-Â- {]mtZin-I-

85
kz-bw-`-c-Ww-, -sÛ-d-en-kw- am-{X-a-Ã-, a-Õcn-¡p-¶-Xpw- ]-c-kv]-cw- A-Xn-{I-an-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b- n-b-a-
A-[n-Im-c- ]-cn-[n-I-fpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-, At¸mÄ- -sXäp-I-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- km-[n-¡p-I-bpw- A-m-h-iy-
{]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- Isï¯m-³- km-[n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. c-ïm-as¯ -S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-fn-Â- -s]mXp- hn-Nm-
c-W-,n-b-a--S-]-Sn-I-fpsS{]-kn-²o-I-c-Ww-,Xp-d-¶-]m-À-esaâ-dn-N-À-¨-,am-[y-a-kzm-X-{ýw-F-¶n-§s
A-gn-a-Xnsbbpw-, A-ym-b-am-b- -S-]-Sn-Isfbpw-, {]tXyI- Xm-Â]-cy-§sfbpw- Xp-d-¶p-Im-«p-¶-
io-e-§sf D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. -Ã- DtZi-§sfbpw- `m-ctadn-b- ym-bo-I-c-W-§sfbpw- hn-i-z-
kn-¨n-cn-¡m-m-hn-Ã-. kz-X-{´-hpw- o-Xn-]-c-hp-am-b- H-cp- kaq-l-¯n-v B-h-iy-am-b- kvYm-]--§-Ä-
Zp-cpt±i-§-Ä- D-Å- No-¯-a-p-jy-cpsS C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- Dsï¦n-Ât]mepw- -¶m-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡-Ww-;
Dt±i-ip-²n-bpsSbpw- {]-h-À-¯-I-cpsS Xm-Â-]-cy-an-Ãm-bva-bn-epw-- A-Xn-v B-{i-bn-¡m-m-hn-Ã-.
G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨-Xpw- (D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, n-jv]-£-hpw-, {]tNmZ--ap-Å-Xpw-, hn-h-c-hp-ap-Å- K-h-À-W-À-
am-À-) G-ä-hpw- -tami-am-b-Xp-am-b- (`m-Kn-I-am-b-, A-[n-Im-ctaml-ap-Å-, hn-h-c-an-Ãm-¯- K-h-À-W-À-am-À-)
-tIkp-I-Ä-¡v C-Xn-Â- n-e-n-Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡-Ww-. A-Xnsbm-Wv I-cp-¯p-Å-Xv F-¶v hntijn-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xv. A-h-À-¡v km-l-N-cy-§-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨p- -s]mcp-¯s¸Sm-³- km-[n-¡-Ww-; A-h-À- -sXäp-I-fn-
Â-n-¶pw- ]-Tn-¡-Ww- (hn-]-Wn-I-Ä- A-hnsS kw-`-hn-¡p-¶- -sXäp-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- ]-Tn-¡p-¶-Xpt]m-se,
hn-]-Wn-bpsS i-cn-bm-b- {]-h-À-¯--¯n-sâ H-cp- {]-[m-s¸«- `m-K-am-Wn-Xv). A-Xnsbm-Wv Cu-
A-Sp-¯v Zp-À-_-e-a-Ãm-¯-Xv F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸«-Xv.
D-]-kw-lm-cw-
Xp-S-¡-¯n-Â- D-¶-bn-¨- -tNmZy-§-fnte¡v Xn-cn-¨p-h-cmw-:
1. B-Zy-am-bn-, F-§sbm-Wv H-cp- kaq-lw- A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ ]-c-am-h-[n- {]tbmP-s¸Sp-
¯p-I-?
2. c-ïm-a-Xm-bn-, F-§sbm-Wv A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦p-h-bv¡m-³- P--
§sf -t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv?
3. aq-¶m-a-Xm-bn-, P--§-fpsS {]-h-À-¯-s¯ GtIm]n-¸n-¡m-pw- km-¼-¯n-I-, km-aq-ln-I-
]ptcmK-Xnsb D-ïm-¡m-p-ap-Å- A-dn-hv F-§sbm-Wv D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-I-?
tkmjy-en-kväp-I-fpw-, ^m-kn-kväp-I-fpw-, m-kn-I-fpw-, A-´m-cm-{ã- tkmjy-en-kväp-I-fpw- a-äpw-
B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- -t]m-se Iq-Sp-X-Â- n-b-{´-W-§-fp-Å- kw-hn-[m--§-Ä- -¶m-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-
bn-Ã- F-¶m-Wv {]-iv-¯n-sâ kz-`m-h-hpw- N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- n-¶p-ap-Å- A-p-`-h-hpw- -ap-¡v Im-Wn-¨p-
X-cp-¶-Xv. hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- e-£y-§-fpw- in-Yn-e-am-b- A-dn-hp-ap-Å- -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-p- P--§sf GtIm]n
-¸n-¡m-³- B-h-iy-am-b- A-dn-hv H-cp- hy-ànt¡m I-½n-änt¡m C-Ã-. A-XpsImïm-Wv kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pw
n-b-a- hm-gvN-¡pw- C-{X- {]-[m-yw-. -tI{µo-Ir-X- B-kq-{X-W-¯n-v km-[n-¡m-¯-Xv A-h-bv¡v
km-[n-¡pw-.

86
A-[ym-bw- ]-{´-ïv
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâbpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâbpw- B-cw-`w-
k¼-¯v kr-ãn-¡m-pw- km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-p-ap-Å- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- kÀ-¡m-dn-mtWm? F-´m-Wv
`-c-W-Iq-S-hpw- kÀ-¡m-cpw-? `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ kz-`m-hs¯ H-¶v -tm¡n-bm-Â- -ap-¡v a--kn-em-Ipw- "mtSmSn-I-
fm-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À-" "Ip-Sntbdn-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À-" B-bn- -sImÅsb Nn-«s¸Sp-¯n-bt¸mgm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-
bn-¯o-À-¶sX¶v. `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ n-b-am-p-kr-X-am-¡n-btXm-sSbm-Wv kzm-X-{´yw- -tSm-³- km-[n-¨-Xv, B- -
t]mcm-«w- Ct¸mgpw- Xp-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-¶- H-¶m-Wv. (2012 Imtäm bq-Wnthgvkn-än- k½-À- skan-m-dn-Â- h-¨v
-Â-In-b- H-cp- {]-kw-Ks¯bm-Wv D-]-ym-kam-¡n- ka-À-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.)
`-c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv F-Ãm-¯n-sâbpw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn- F-¶m-Wv ]-e-cpw- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. lm-À-hm-À-Uv
bq-Wnthgvkn-än-bnse n-b-a- A-[ym-]-I-pw- -sshäv l-u-kv Hm-^o-kv Hm-^v C-³t^mÀtaj-³- B-³-
Uv -sdKpteä-dn- At^gvknse ap-³- `m-c-hm-ln-bp-am-b- Im-kv k¬-kv-ssä³- ]-d-ª-Xn-§sbm-Wv,
"P--§-fpsS D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-Â- h-cp-¶- F-Ãm-¯n-epw- kÀ-¡m-dns A-Is¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. [-n-I-À-¡v
h-fscb-[n-Iw- ]-W-apsï¦n-Â-, A-Xn-p- Im-c-Ww- kÀ-¡m-À- A-Xv D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-³thïn- H-cp
kw-hn-[m-w- D-ïm-¡n-¯o-À-¯-XpsImïm-Wv."
Cu- {]-kvXm-h--bn-Â- D-Äs¸«- B-i-bs¯ Cu- A-Sp-¯- Im-e-¯v Ip-d-¨p-Ip-Sn- kzo-Im-
cy-am-b- co-Xn-bn-Â- am-än- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p-. "n-§-Ä- hn-P-bn-I-fmsW¦n-Â-, n-§-fpsS am-{Xw-
{]-b-Xvw- -sImï-Ã- A-hnsS-sb¯n-¯o-À-¶-Xv...n-§-Ä-¡v hn-P-bw- -tSm-³- km-[ns¨¦n-Â- A-Xv
asämcm-Ä- n-§sf klm-bn-¨-XpsImïm-Wv...n-§sf h-f-À-¯m-³- A-p-h-Zn-¨- -½psS A-hn-i-z-
ko-b-am-b- Cu- Atacn-¡-³- kw-hn-[m-w- H-cm-fpsS klm-bt¯m-sSbm-Wv D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯-Xv.
tdmUp-I-fpw- ]m-e-§-fpw- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xn-m-bn- Bscm-s¡-tbm ]-Ww- -Â-In-. n-§-Äs¡mcp-
hym-]m-cw- Dsï¦n-Â- - A-Xv n-§-Ä- ]-WnsXSp-¯-X-Ã-. a-ämtcm B-Wv A-Xv km-[y-am-¡n-b-Xv." k¬-
kv-ssän-sâ -tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-b- {]-kn-U-âv H-_m-a-bm-Wv C-Xv ]-d-ª-Xv.
H-cp- a-Wn-¡q-dn-e-[n-Iw- -tcs¯ {]-b-Xvw- -t]m-sebp-Å- -sNdn-b- -tXmXn-ep-Å- kw-`m-h--I-Ä-
F-§sbm-WvA-h-km--^-es¯_m-[n-¡p-¶sX¶-B-i-bs¯At±l-¯n-vA-dn-bn-Ã-F-¶m-Wv
s{]kn-U-â n-sâCu-hm-¡p-I-fn-Â-n-¶pw-a--kn-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xv.At±l-¯n-vk¼s¯§sbm-Wv
D-ïm-Ip-¶sX¶v A-dn-bn-Ã-.
F-Ãm- kz-¯pw- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ -taÂ- Np-a-¯s¸Sp-¶-XpsImïv, `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-v A-h-bpsS
-taÂ- A-h-Im-i-apsï¶m-Wv k¬-kv-ssäpw- At±l-¯n-sâ kl-{]-h-À-¯-I-cpw- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
B-b-Xn-m-Â-, kz-bw- D-Xv]m-Z-I-cmsW¶v A-Ô-am-bn- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-À-¡v A-h-bpsS -taÂ-
bmsXmcp- A-h-Im-i-hpw- D-ïm-In-Ã-.
At¸mÄ- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- i-cn-¡pw- F-´m-Wv? am-Ivkv -sh_-À- -Â-In-b- Aw-Ko-Ir-X-am-b- n-À-h-N--
a-p-kcn-¨p-, "H-cp- {]tZi-¯v n-b-am-p-kr-X-am-bn- B-{I-an-¡m-p-Å- G-Im-h-Im-iw- hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn-
-tSnsbSp-¡p-¶- H-cp- a-p-jy- Iq-«s¯bm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xv".

87
b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, F-Ãm- kz-¯-h-Im-i-hpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯ns G-Â-¸n-¡m-m-hn-Ã-. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn-
-tm¡n-bm-Â-, H-cp- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡-Wsa¦n-Â-, A-Xns n-e-n-À-¯m-³- B-h-iy-am-b-
]-Ww- an-¨-am-bn- D-ïmtIï-Xm-Wv. a-äp- hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, `-c-W-Iq-Sw- n-e-hn-Â- h-cp-¶-Xn-p-
ap-¼p-Xs¶ kz-¯v D-ïm-Ipw-. -ap-¡v A-Xnte¡v hn-i-Z-am-bn- I-S-¡mw-.
F-´psImïm-Wv a-p-jy-À-¡v kz-¯p-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv? B-Zy-Im-e- kaq-l-im-kv{X-Ú-pw-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bp-am-b- Nm-Ä-kv UptWmb-À- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨p-, "Cu- -temI-¯v c-ïp-X-cw- a-p-jy-cm-Wp-
Å-Xv; kz-´w- A-[-zm--¯n-sâbpw- kz-¯n-sâbpw- ap-I-fn-Â- B-{i-bn-¨p- Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cpw- ]ns¶
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-[-zm--¯n-sâbpw- kz-¯n-sâbpw- ap-I-fn-Â- B-{i-bn-¨p- Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cpw-." Np-cp-¡n-
]-d-ªm-Â-, n-À-½m-Xm-¡-Ä- kz-¯v D-ïm-¡p-¶p-, F-Sp-¡p-¶-h-À- A-Xns X-«nsbSp-¡p-¶p-.
km-¼-¯n-I- am-À-K-§-Ä- -sImïpw- cm-{ão-b- am-À-K-§-Ä- -sImïpw- kz-¯v D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡mw-,
A-h- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kw- "A-[-zm--hpw- -tamj-W-hpw-" X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kw- Xs¶bmsW¶m-Wv
km-aq-ln-I- im-kv{X-Ú-m-b- {^m-³-kv H-¸-³ssla-À- At±l-¯n-sâ {]-[m-s¸«- ]p-kvX-I-
am-b- Zn- kv-tään-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. cm-{ão-b- am-À-¤-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- H-cp- kw-hn-[m--am-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw
F-¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv At±lw- A-h-km-n-¸n-¡p-¶p-.
km-¼-¯n-I- am-À-K-§-Ä- cm-{ão-b- am-À-K-§-Ä-¡v ap-³-]v D-ïm-I-Ww-. ]s£, F-Ãm- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- -tPmen-I-fpw- `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ n-e-n-À-¯m-³- B-h-iy-am-b- Xp-Isb an-¨-am-bn- D-ïm-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, -th«-bm-Sp-¶-h-cpsSbpw- -tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-h-cpsSbpw- Iq-«-¯n-Â- H-cp- `-c-W-Iq-Sw-
C-Ãm-¯-Xv -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶- H-cp- h-À-Ks¯ n-e-n-À-¯m-³- -thïpthmfw- an-¨w- A-h-À- D-ïm-¡m-¯-
XpsImïm-Wv. B-Zn-a- I-À-j-I- kaq-l-§-fn-epw- A-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv. em-`w- -Â-Ip-¶- H-cp- n-Ýn-X-
{]tZi-¯v H-Xp-§n- n-Â-¡p-¶- I-À-j-I- kaq-l-am-Wv -sImÅ-¡msc B-I-À-jn-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-hsc
-t]mjn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw-. A-¯-cw- kaq-l-§sf Io-g-S-¡p-¶-Xv mtSmSn-I-fm-Wv - Ip-Xn-c-Isf D-]tbmKn-¨v
A-h-À- D-Zm-ko--cm-b- I-À-j-Isc Io-g-S-¡p-¶p-. a-[y- G-jy-bn-Â- n-¶pw- mtSmSn-I-Ä- ]p-d-¯p-h-
¶tXm-sS C-¯-cw- kw-`-h-§-Ä- IqsSIqsS D-ïm-Ip-¶psï¶v Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
-ss__n-fnse D-Â-]-¯n-bn-Â- -sIbvn-sâbpw- G-_-en-sâbpw- H-cp- I-Y- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv. "G-_-Â-
H-cp- B-«n-S-b-pw- -sIbv³- H-cp- I-À-j-I-p-am-bn-cp-¶p-" F-¶p-Å-Xv {it²b-am-Wv, A-h-À- X-½n-ep-
ïm-b- kw-L-À-jw- mtSmSn-I-fm-b- C-S-b-·m-cpw- I-À-j-I-cpw- X-½n-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- kw-L-À-j-¯n-sâ
H-cp- {]-Xn-_nw-_-am-bn-cp-¶p-.
"mtSmSn-I-fm-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À-" "Ip-Sntbdn-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À-" B-bt¸mgm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-bn-
¯o-À-¶-Xv. km-¼-¯n-I- im-kv{X-Ú-m-b- am-³-Im-À- Hm-Ä-k¬- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p-,
"A-e-ªpsImïn-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- -sImÅ-kw-L-¯n-sâ -tXm-hv H-cp- {]tZis¯ -ssIbnseSp-
¡m-pw- a-äp- -sImÅ-¡msc ]p-d-¯p-n-À-¯m-pw- -thï-{X- i-à-msW¦n-Â-, A-bm-Ä-¡v B
{]tZis¯ F-Ãm- A-{I-a-¯n-sâbpw- G-Im-h-Im-iw- -tSmw- - A-bm-Ä-¡v A-hn-Ss¯ Ip-Sntbdn-b-
-sImÅ-¡m-c-m-Imw-." a-p-jy-cp-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯- cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S--I-fpsS hn-I-ks¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å-
H-cp- {]-[m-s¸«- kq-N--bm-Wn-Xv.
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶- H-cp- kvYm-]--am-Wv. AsXka-bw-, AsXmcp- ]ptcmK-Xn-bp-am-Wv,
sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶-h-À-¡v -t]mepw-. (-sImÅ-bpw-, X-Ãpw-, Xo-bn-S-epw- -S-¯n- Xn-cn-¨pt]mb-Xn-p tijw-
A-Sp-¯- -sImÃw- ho-ïpw- h-cp-¶-) mtSmSn-I-fm-b- -sImÅ-¡m-cpw- (Xm-a-kw- Xp-S-§n- -sNdn-b- -tXmXn-Â-
-sImÅ- -S-¯p-¶-) Ip-Sntbdn-b- -sImÅ-¡m-cpw- X-½n-Â- G-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- kzo-Im-cysa¶-Xv
hy-à-am-Wv. Ip-Sntbdn-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À- n-§sf -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡pt¼mgpw- a-äp- -sImÅ-¡msc

88
]p-d-¯p-n-À-¯pt¼mgpw- -½sf -sImÃm-pw- -in-¸n-¡m-p-ap-Å- km-[y-X- Ip-d-hm-Wv. C-Xv H-cp- X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- ]ptcmK-a--am-Wv - -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡s¸Sp-¶-h-À-¡pt]mepw-.
k¼-¯v D-ïm-¡p-¶-h-cpsS -ssIbn-Â- n-¶pw- an-¨w- hm-§nsbSp-¡p-¶- kvYm-]--§-fm-
bn-«m-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-bn-¯o-À-¶-Xv. -tbÂ- bq-Wnthgvkn-än-bnse -c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Ú-pw-
cm-{ão-b- im-kv{X-Ú-p-am-b- -sPbnw-kv kn-. kv-tIm«v Zn- B-À-«v Hm-^v -tm«v _n-bn-Mv Kth¬-Uv F-¶-
]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä- hn-P-b-I-c-am-hm-¯- -temI-¯nse {]tZi-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv.
"A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ kw-L-À-jw-": A-[n-Im-cw- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- ap-I-fnse¯n-Ã- F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- B- ]p-kvX-
I-¯n-sâ -tI{µ- B-i-bw-. -sImÅ-¡m-À- Hmtcm {]tZis¯bpw- Io-gv-s]Sp-¯ns¡mïn-cp-¶t¸mÄ-,
c-£s¸«-h-À- A-`n-Im-ayw- Ip-d-ª- D-b-À-¶- {]tZi-§-fnte¡v am-dn-. B- A-`-bm-À-°n-I-Ä- A-hsc
Io-gv-s]Sp-¯m-³- F-fp-¸-a-Ãm-¯- co-Xn-bn-ep-Å- km-aq-ln-I-, n-b-a-, a-X-]-c-am-b- kvYm-]--§-Ä- D-ïm-
¡nsbSp-¯p-. a-etbmc-{]tZi-§-fnsebpw- N-Xp-¸p-I-fnsebpw- P--§-fpsS Im-cy-¯n-Â- C-Xv i-cn-bm-
Wv. (A-^vLm-n-kvYms Io-gv-s]Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-pw- A-hnsS "`-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-¶-Xn-pw-"
ap-¼m-bn- hn-hn-[- -tXm-¡-·m-À- kv-tIm«n-sâ ]p-kvX-Iw- hm-bn-¡msX -t]mb-Xv -timN-o-bw- Xs¶.)
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡p-Å- -t{]mÕm-l--§-Ä- F-´m-Wv? h-fsc e-fn-X-am-b- H-cp- hym-Jym-w-
A-p-kcn-¨v `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- k¼-¯nsbpw- B-`y-´-c- D-Xv]m-Z-- h-f-À-¨tbbpw- (Pn-Un-]n-)
]-c-am-h-[n-bm-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶p-. kv-tIm«n-sâ hym-Jym--a-p-kcn-¨v, `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- Pn-Un-]n- h-À-
²n-¸n-¡m--Ã- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv, ]-I-cw-, `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-v {]m-]y-am-b- h-f-À-¨sb "F-kvF-]n-"sb ]-c-am-h-[n-
bm-¡m-m-Wv {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv. "F-kvF-]n-" F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, n-Ip-Xn- h-gn- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-pw-,
n-co-£n-¡m-pw-, I-W-¡nseSp-¡m-pw-, I-ïpsI«m-pw- I-gn-bp-¶-h-: "`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-v {]m-]y
-am-b- h-f-À-¨sb ]-c-am-h-[n-bm-¡m-³- -thïn-h-¶m-Â- A-Xv P--§-fpsSbpw- kw-kvYm--¯n-sâbpw-
-t£as¯ A-h-K-Wn-¡m-³- a-Sn-¡n-Ã-."
Ir-jnsb D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡p- (H-cp- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- "F-Sp-¡p-" F-¶v ]-dtª¡mw-).
G-jy-bnse `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- -sÂ-Ir-jnsb A-p-Iq-en-¨v, In-g-§p-I-fpsS Ir-jnsb (A-Xns
]-c-¼-cm-K-X- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw- B-[p-n-I- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw- H-cpt]m-se -shdp-¯n-cp-¶p-)
A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯n-. B- B-i-bw- Ip-g-¸n-¡p-¶- H-¶m-Wv. F-´psImïm-Wv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- Ir-jn-
-sN¿s¸Sp-¶-hn-fsbC-{X-bpw-Im-cy-am-¡p-¶-Xv?a-®n--Sn-bn-Â-h-f-cp-¶-hn-f-bpsSap-I-fn-Â-n-Ip-Xn
Np-a-¯m-³- F-fp-¸-a-Ãm-¯-XpsImïmsW¶m-Wv kv-tIm«v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. I-À-j-I-À-¡v B-h-iy-ap-
Åt¸mÄ- A-Xn-sâ hn-fsbSp-¡p-¶p-, A-Ãm-¯t¸mÄ- A-Xv a-®n--Sn-bn-Â-¯s¶ n-Â-¡p-¶p-. -sÂ-
Ir-jn-bpsS hn-fshSp-¸v {]tXyIw- ka-b-§-fn-Â- -thWw- -sN-t¿ï-Xv, A-Xn-v h-fscb-[n-Iw- B-fp-
I-fptSbpw- B-h-iy-ap-ïv. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v hn-fsb n-co-£n-¡m-pw
n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-¯m-pw- ]-Wn-¡msc kw-L-¯nte¡v F-Sp-¡m-pw- F-fp-¸-am-Ipw-. kaq-l-¯nse ]-e-
B-Nm-c-§-fpw- D-ïm-bn-¯o-À-¶-Xv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶- Kp-W-§-Ä-¡v A-p-kcn-¨m-Wv.
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯- km-aq-ln-I- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- - n-À-_-Ô-bp-²-tkh-w-
ap-X-Â- n-À-_-Ôn-X- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- hsc - -½psS a--km-£nsb kzm-[o-n-¨n-«p-ïv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v,
]m-kv-t]mÀ-«v.
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- -Â-In-b- H-cp- I-S-em-kp-Xp-ïw- C-ÃmsX C-¶v H-cp- hy-àn-¡v a-äp- cm-Py-§-
fnte¡v -t]mIm-³- A-p-hm-Z-an-Ã-. Atacn-¡-bnse a-äp- kw-kvYm--§-fnte¡v bm-{X- -sN¿-Wsa¦n-Â-
Hmtcm kw-kvYm-w- -Â-Ip-¶- ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«v B-h-iy-am-Wv. ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«p-I-Ä- h-fscb-Sp-¯v
D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯- H-cp- I-ïp-]n-Sp-¯-am-Wv. B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-v h-À-j-§tfmfw- a-p-jy-À- A-h-À-¡n-ã-

89
ap-Å- C-S-§-fn-Â- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-p-hm-Zw- hm-§msXbm-Wv -t]mbn-«p-Å-Xv. F-sâ Hm-ô-kn-sâ
Np-a-cn-Â- H-cp- ]-g-b- P-À-a-³- ]-c-kyw- ]-Xn-¨n-«p-ïv, -s{Sbn-n-Â- C-cn-¡p-¶- Z-¼-Xn-Isf -tm¡n- H-cp-
A-Xn-À-¯n- DtZymK-kvY-³- ]-d-bp-¶p-, "n-§-fpsS ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«v Im-Wn-¡p-!" B- ]-c-kyw- ]m-kv-t]mÀ-
«n-sâ -ta·sb Im-Wn-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶p-, ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«v Dsï¦n-Â- -temIw- Np-äm-p-Å- kzm-X-{ýw-
D-ïm-Ipw-.
A-Xv, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, hn-UvVn-¯-am-Wv. ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«p-I-Ä- -½psS kzm-X-{ýs¯ ]-cn-an-X-am-
¡p¶p-. A-p-hm-Z-an-ÃmsX n-§-Ä-¡v bm-{X- -sN¿m-³- ]-än-Ã-, ]s£ `-c-W-Iq-Sw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯
n-§-Ä- A-{X-am-{Xw- B-´-co-I-h-Â-¡-cn-¨p- - Im-c-Ww-, ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«p-Isf kzm-X-{ýs¯ ]-cn-an-X-
am-¡p-¶- h-kvXp-¡-fm-bn-«-Ã-, kzm-X-{ýw- -Â-Ip-¶-h- B-bn-«m-Wv n-§-Ä- I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. Rm-³-
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶- P--- kÀ-«n-^n-¡-äp-Isf A-p-Iq-en-¡pt¶m F-¶v H-cn-¡-Â- Btcm
Ft¶mSv -tNmZn-¨p-. H-cp- n-an-jw- A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-ń-¨t¸mÄ- F-n-¡v A-Xn-p
thï- a-Xn-bm-b- Im-c-W-§sfm¶pw- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-. A-¯-cw- kÀ-«n-^n-¡-äp-I-Ä- B-À-¡pw-
-Â-Im-hp-¶- H-¶msW¶v -t_m[y-am-btXm-sS Rm-³- "C-Ã-" F-¶v D-¯-cw- -Â-In-. AtXm-sS, -tNmZyw-
-tNmZn-¨-bm-Ä- X-«n-¡-b-dn- -tNmZn-¨p-, "At¸mÄ- n-§-Ä- B-cmsW¶v F-§s A-dn-bm-³- km-[n-¡pw-?"
hy-àn-X-zw- -t]mepw- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- -Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv -t]mepw-.
B-[p-n-I- `-c-W-Iq-S-§-fpw- A-hsc¯s¶ n-b-a-¯n-sâ Htc-sbmcp- D-d-hn-S-am-bn- I-W-
¡m-¡p-¶p-. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- -tm¡n-bm-Â-, hy-àn-K-X- n-b-a-§-Ä-¡p-]-I-c-am-bm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä-
Np-a-¯s¸«- n-b-a-§sf -sImïp-h-¶-Xv. `-c-W-Iq-Sw- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡m-¯- hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-
n-b-a-§-Ä- -ap-¡v Np-äp-ap-ïv, Im-c-Ww-, n-b-aw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv k¶-²- k¼-À-¡-¯n-eqsSbm-Wv.
a-lm-m-b- n-b-a-Ú-³- {_qtWm entbmWn- hm-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv, "hn-P-b-I-c-am-b- A-h-
Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡m-m-Wv hy-àn-I-Ä- n-b-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv." kz-Im-cy- hy-àn-I-Ä- D-ïm-
¡p-¶- I-cm-dp-I-Ä- n-b-a-§-fm-Wv.
]-Xn-m-dmw- q-äm-ïnse Nn-´-I-m-b- Po-³- -t_mUn-³- B-[n-]-Xyw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯ n-À-h-Nn-
¨-Xn-§sbm-Wv, "H-cp- kz-X-{´- cm-{ã-¯nse ]-u-c-·m-cpsSbpw- P--§-fpsSbpw- -taep-Å- G-ä-hpw-
D-b-À-¶-,]-cn-an-X-a-Ãm-¯-,im-i-z-X-am-b-A-[n-Im-cw-."At±lw-B-"hn-`-Pn-¡m-m-hm-¯-A-[n-Im-cs¯"
]-c-¼-cm-K-X- n-b-aw- F-¶- asämcp- km-aq-ln-I- {I-a-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- -sNbvXp- ]-d-ª-Xn-§s
bm-Wv, "B-Nm-c-§-Ä-¡v A-[n-Im-cw- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw-, AsÃ¦n-Â- an-¡-h-cpsSbpw- k½-
Xt¯mSp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv, A-Xpw-, h-À-j-§-Ä- F-Sp-¯psImïv. ]s£ n-b-aw- h-fsc -s]«-¶m-Wp-ïm-Ip-
¶-Xv, F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- -taÂ- A-[n-Im-c-ap-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-bm-Wv A-Xn-p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- -Â-Ip-¶-Xv."
a-äp-hm-¡p-I-fn-Â-]-d-ªm-Â-,B-Nm-c-§-Ä-km-aq-ln-I-{I-aw-kr-ãn-¡p-¶psh¶m-bn-cp-¶p--t_mUn-³
]-d-ª-Xv. ]s£, At±l-¯n-sâ hym-Jym--¯n-Â- n-b-aw- D-ïm-I-Wsa¦n-Â-, B-[n-]-Xyt¯m-sS
A-[n-Im-cw- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡s¸S-Ww-, A-Xn-m-bn- H-cp- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cn- D-ïm-I-Ww- - ]-cn-an-X-a-Ãm-¯-Xpw-
n-cp-]m-[n-I-hpw- n-b-a-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- n-Â-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b- H-cm-Ä-.
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- n-b-a-hm-gv¨-¡pw-, hn-hn-[- im-J-I-fn-em-bn- A-[n-Im-cs¯ hn-`-Pn-
¡s¸«- Atacn-¡- -t]m-sebp-Å- kw-L-cm-Py-`-c-W-]-c-am-b- X-¯-z-§-Ä-¡pw- F-Xn-cm-Wv. `-c-W-L-S-m-]-
c-am-b- cm-Py-§-fn-Â-, A-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡-Ã-, n-b-a-¯n-m-Wv -taÂt¡mbva-.
A-[n-Im-cs¯ n-b-a-¯n-p-Io-gn-Â- -sImïp-h-cp-¶- H-cp- o-ï- {]-b-Xv-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-Wv
kzm-X-{ýw-. F-¶m-epw-, A-[n-Im-cw- Np-a-¯-Â- -½psS a--kp-Isf i-à-am-bn- kzm-[o-n-¨n-«p-ïv.
bp-²m--´-c- P-À-a-n-bnse kzm-X-{ý-¯n-pthïn- -t]mcm-Sn-b- {]-ap-J- km-aq-ly-im-kv{X-Ú-m-b-

90
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- d-kv-tämhv hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-b-Xv A-{I-a-§-fn-eqsSbpw- -sImÅ-bn-
eqsSbpw- BsW¶m-Wv: "]m-c-¼-cy-am-bn- e-`n-¡p-¶- Cu- hn-jw- -½psS F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- D-Ån-ep-ïv,
A-Xv A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn- hn-hn-[- cq-]-§-fn-epw- kvY-e-§-fn-epw- h-¨v I-_-fn-¸n-¡p-¶-hn-[w- D-ïm-Imw-.
C-Xm-Wv b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â- B-Zy- ]m-]w-, Cu- a-lm- ]m-]-¯n-p- -½-Ä- F-Ãm-h-cpw-, Iq-«t¯m-sSbpw
hy-àn-]-c-am-bpw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. Cu- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- -sXäns C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xv h-fsc _p-²n-
ap-«m-bn-cn-¡pw-, A-Xns C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- B-Zyw- B- -tcmK-¯n-sâ e-£-Ws¯¡p-dn-¨p- ]-Tn-¡-Ww-,
AtXm-sSm¸w- A-Xn-Â-n-¶pw- ap-à-am-Im-p-Å- C-Ñ-bpw- kPo-h-am-b- ]-Ým-¯m-]-hpw- -thWw-." `-c-W-
Iq-St¯mSp-Å- -½psS B-{i-b-¯n-Â- n-¶pw- -½psS a--kp-Isf ap-à-am-¡m-³- h-fscb-[n-Iw-
{]-b-Xvn-¡-Ww-.
kz-X-{´- hy-àn-I-fm-bp-Å- Po-hn-Xs¯¡p-dn-¨v BtemNn-¡pt¼mÄ- -½-Ä- Hm-Àt¡ï- H-cp-
Im-cysa-s´¶m-Â- -½psS hy-àn-X-z-hpw- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- -Â-Ip-¶-X-Ãmsb¶m-Wv.
Atacn-¡-bpsS Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v C-³-Uns]³-U-³-kn-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv, "Cu- A-h-Im-i-§sf
kp-c-£n-X-am-¡p-¶-Xn-m-bn- kÀ-¡m-cns P--§-fn-Â-n-¶pw- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv." -½psS
-ssIbn-ep-Å-Xnsbm-Wv -½-Ä- kp-c-£n-X-am-¡p-¶-Xv. A-Xn-m-bn- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- -½sf klm-bn-
¡pt¼mÄ-A-Xn-vaq-eyw-Iq-Spsa¦n-epw-,A-h-Im-i-§-fpw-kaq-l-hpw-`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-vapt¼D-ïm-Ip-
¶-Xm-Wv. A-Sp-¯- {]m-h-iyw- Bsc¦n-epw- n-§tfmSv "C-Xv n-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-b-X-Ã-" F-¶v ]-d-bpt¼mÄ-
C-¡m-cyw Hm-À-¡p-I-.

91
Liberty is not only an ideal of human interaction. It can also be used
as a lens to examine and understand the world. Students will find
readily available a huge and growing literature of liberty that draws on
all of the social and moral sciences, on what used to be called the “hu-
mane sciences.”
The lens of liberty helps us to notice things about the world that
most people miss. One can come to see forms of order that others miss
because they take them for granted; they don’t focus on them because
they lack the lens of liberty. People interact every day in complex ways
without anyone issuing orders. The lens of liberty helps us to focus on
the amazing world of spontaneous orders that surrounds us. It also helps
us to see how violent intervention can disrupt such orders and replace
“spontaneous order” with “planned chaos.”
The lens of liberty can help us to see the dignity of people enjoying
equal rights and the injustice and wrongness of violations of rights. It
was the lens of liberty that helped people who had taken slavery for
granted to see the evil and injustice of slavery; not to take it for granted
as an eternal feature of the world, but to see it for the monstrous evil it
was. The lens of liberty helps us to focus our attention on injustice and to
focus our moral awareness on making a better, more just, more peaceful,
and more prosperous world. In short: a world of equal liberty. It helps us
to see how prosecuting crimes without victims fosters organized crime,
corrupts law enforcement, and ruins lives.
There are many resources readily available to those who will seek
them out. Here are some of the most useful:
SUGGESTIONS FOR
FURTHER READING

92
TOM G. PALMER
Websites
Libertarianism.org offers a library of videos, essays, books, and other
materials for anyone who wishes to explore libertarian ideas.
StudentsforLiberty.org provides articles, student-written blogs, and far
more. It includes full-text versions, in PDFs that can be downloaded,
of the earlier books in this series, including TheEconomicsofFreedom,
The Morality of Capitalism, and After the Welfare State.
Oll.libertyfund.org (the Online Library of Liberty) is not only a guide to
blogs and other contemporary resources, but a gigantic library of the
literature of liberty, including online versions of thousands of books,
from the most popular to the most classical and scholarly.
Cato.org is produced by the Cato Institute, a leading libertarian research
institute (“think tank”), and provides detailed studies applying liber-
tarian principles and top-level research to particular issues of public
policy—from taxation to marijuana prohibition to foreign and military
policy to social security and medical policy. Cato maintains a special
program for students at www.facebook.com/CatoOnCampus .
TheIHS.org is produced by the Institute for Humane Studies, which
offers scholarships, seminars, and other valuable resources for stu-
dents.
FEE.org is produced by the Foundation for Economic Education, one of
the oldest libertarian think tanks in the U.S. and the publisher of The
Freeman. FEE organizes seminars for students.
IES-Europe.org is the website of the Institute of Economic Studies,
Europe, which produces a wide range of seminars and other programs
for European students.
LearnLiberty.org provides short, entertaining, and professionally pro-
duced instructional videos featuring classical liberal and libertarian
professors.
AtlasNetwork.org provided by Atlas Network, offers links to hundreds
of groups and websites around the world for those who wish to explore
the ideas of liberty in Russian, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese,
Vietnamese, Lithuanian, Hindi, French, and dozens and dozens of
other languages.

93
WHY BE LIBERTARIAN?
Books
In addition to the works footnoted in the essays of this book, the fol-
lowing recent books may be especially helpful for those who wish to go
deeper into the ideas of liberty.
Libertarianism: A Primer, by David Boaz (New York: Free Press, 1998),
integrates libertarian ideas across a wide range of topics in very clear
language. (A new edition will appear in 2014.)
The Libertarian Reader, ed. by David Boaz (New York: Free Press, 1998),
offers a wide range of classical and contemporary writings on liber-
tarian themes.
Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Theory, Practice, and History, by Tom G.
Palmer (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2009; new edition 2014),
offers a range of essays, from the popular to the scholarly, that cover
history, political theory, moral philosophy, economics, development,
and more.
Robust Political Economy, by Mark Pennington (Cheltenham: Edward
Elgar, 2011), draws on recent scholarship in public choice and pro-
vides a new approach to political economy that depends on realistic
conditions to judge alternative systems of government.
The System of Liberty: Themes in the History of Classical Liberalism, by
George H. Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013),
offers an approach to the ideas of liberty that is both very accessible
and highly scholarly.
Free Market Fairness, by John Tomasi (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 2013), offers a somewhat technical treatment of issues in con-
temporary academic political philosophy and argues that free markets
and limited government in reality satisfy the criteria of “social justice”
better than state interventionism that seeks to mandate “socially
just” outcomes.

94
Endnotes
1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. by Alan Cranston (New
York: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 72.
2 Rousseau, p. 64.
3 The full text of Spencer’s memorable passage, from his essay “The Right
to Ignore the State” is: “Perhaps it will be said that this consent is not a spe-
cific, but a general one, and that the citizen is understood to have assented to
everything his representative may do, when he voted for him. But suppose
he did not vote for him; and on the contrary did all in his power to get elected
someone holding opposite views—what then? The reply will probably be that,
by taking part in such an election, he tacitly agreed to abide by the decision
of the majority. And how if he did not vote at all? Why then he cannot justly
complain of any tax, seeing that he made no protest against its imposition.
So, curiously enough, it seems that he gave his consent in whatever way he
acted—whether he said yes, whether he said no, or whether he remained
neuter! A rather awkward doctrine this. Here stands an unfortunate citizen
who is asked if he will pay money for a certain proffered advantage; and
whether he employs the only means of expressing his refusal or does not
employ it, we are told that he practically agrees; if only the number of others
who agree is greater than the number of those who dissent. And thus we are
introduced to the novel principle that A’s consent to a thing is not determined
by what A says, but by what B may happen to say!” Herbert Spencer, Social
Statics:or,TheConditionsessentialtoHappinessspecified,andtheFirstofthem
Developed, (London: John Chapman, 1851). Chapter: chapter xix: The Right to
Ignore the State. Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/273/6325 on
2013-03-23.
4 Joaquim Nabuco, Abolitionism: The Brazilian Antislavery Struggle, trans. and
ed. by Robert Conrad (1883; Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1977), p. 172.
(In Conrad’s translation, thus: “Let them educate their children—indeed,
let them educate themselves—to enjoy the freedom of others without which
their own liberty will be a chance gift of destiny. Let them acquire the knowl-
edge that freedom is worth possessing, and let them attain the courage to
defend it.”)

95
106
5 John Locke, TheSecondTreatiseofGovernment,inTwoTreatisesofGovernment,
ed. by Peter Laslett (1690; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p.
306.
6 Michael Huemer, The Problem of Political Authority (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2013), p. 177.
7 Huemer, p. 178.
8 Huemer, p. 323. Locke located the root of property in general in each and
every person’s “Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to
but himself.” Ibid., p. 287.
9 Madison, James. 1983. “Property.” In The Papers of James Madison, vol.
14: April 6, 1791–March 16, 1793. Charlottesville: University Press of Vir-
ginia. p. 266. The wider statement (available online at http://oll.libertyfund.
org/title/875/63884) is: “This term in its particular application means ‘that
dominion which one man claims and exercises over the external things of the
world, in exclusion of every other individual.’ In its larger and juster meaning,
it embraces everything to which a man may attach a value and have a right;
and which leaves to every one else the like advantage. In the former sense, a
man’s land, or merchandise, or money is called his property. In the latter
sense, a man has a property in his opinions and the free communication of
them. He has a property of particular value in his religious opinions, and in
the profession and practice dictated by them. He has a property very dear to
him in the safety and liberty of his person. He has an equal property in the free
use of his faculties and free choice of the objects on which to employ them.
In a word, as a man is said to have a right to his property, he may be equally
said to have a property in his rights.”
10 The data assembled over decades by the researchers at the Fraser Institute of
Canada in the annual EconomicFreedomoftheWorldReportand made publicly
available at www.freetheworld.com show clearly that more freedom produces
better results everywhere, whether Europe or Asia, Africa or Latin America.
11 Richard Epstein, SimpleRulesforaComplexWorld(Cambridge, Mass: Harvard
University Press, 1995).

96
12 The science of economics emerged hundreds of years ago when people began
to notice that countries that had freer markets tended to be more orderly and
prosperousandthattheking’sministerswerenotneededtocoordinatesupply
and demand. As the historian Joyce Appleby noted, “Economic writers had dis-
covered the underlying regularity in free market activity. Where moralists had
long urged that necessity knows no law, the economic analysts who pursued
price back to demand had discovered a lawfulness in necessity, and in doing so
they had come upon a possibility and a reality. The reality was that individuals
makingdecisionsabouttheirownpersonsandpropertywerethedeterminersof
priceinthemarket.Thepossibilitywasthattheeconomicrationalismofmarket
participants could supply the order to the economy formerly secured through
authority.”JoyceAppleby,EconomicThoughtandIdeologyinSeventeenth-Century
England(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 187–188.
13 JohnEmerichEdwardDalberg,LordActon,HistoricalEssaysandStudies,byJohn
Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, edited by John Neville Figgis and Reginald
VereLaurence(London:Macmillan,1907).Chapter:appendix,LettertoBishop
Creighton,accessedfromhttp://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2201/203934on2013-
05-19.
14 For the case of American voters, see David Boaz, David Kirby, and Emily Eakins,
TheLibertarianVote:SwingVoters,TeaParties,andtheFiscallyConservative,Socially
LiberalCenter(Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2012).
15 “An Introduction to Libertarian Thought,” video at www.libertarianism.org/
introduction .
16 Fareed Zakaria, “The 20 Percent Philosophy,” Public Interest 129 (Fall 1997),
pp. 96–101, cited in Tom G. Palmer, “Classical Liberalism and Civil Society,”
in Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Theory, History, and Practice (Washington,
DC: Cato Institute, 2009), p. 221.
17 “Sharon Statement,” available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_
Statement.
18 Barry Goldwater’s 1964 Acceptance Speech, available at www.washingtonpost.
com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwaterspeech.htm.

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108
19 Port Huron Statement, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron_
Statement.
20 Carl Oglesby, Ravens in the Storm, A Personal History of the 1960s Anti-War
Movement (New York: Scribner, 2008), p. 120.
21 Oglesby, p. 173.
22 Milton Friedman, “It’s Time to End the War on Drugs,” available at https://
www.hoover.org/research/its-time-end-war-drugs; Jeffrey A. Miron and
Jeffrey Zwiebel, “The Economic Case Against Drug Prohibition,” Journal of
Economic Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Fall 1995), pp. 175–192.
23 Lysander Spooner, VicesAreNotCrimes:AVindicationofMoralLiberty, avail-
able at https://www.lysanderspooner.org/works.
24 An array of law enforcement officials who are willing to speak out on the
disasters of prohibition can be found at Law Enforcement Against Prohibition,
http://www.leap.cc.
25 For an extended treatment of these issues, I very highly recommend George
H. Smith, The System of Liberty: Themes in the History of Classical Liberalism
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
26 Joseph Schumpter, HistoryofEconomicAnalysis(New York: Oxford University
Press, 1974), p. 394.
27 I deal at much greater length with the emergence and growth of civil society
in my essay “Classical Liberalism and Civil Society: Definitions, History,
and Relations,” in Civil Society and Government, ed. by Nancy L. Rosenblum
and Robert C. Post (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 48–78,
reprinted in Tom G. Palmer, Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Theory, History,
and Practice (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2009).
28 Henri Pirenne notes that “The burghers were essentially a group of homines
pacis—men of peace.” Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 200.

98
109
29 Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (New York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1937), p. 50. In European languages two terms
emerged to describe these new social orders: burgenses and civitas. “The
expression burgenses was at first used only if the city was not a civitas, and
civitas was at first only the old episcopal seat (‘Bischofsstadt’).” Hans Planitz,
Die Deutsche Stadt im Mittelalter: Von der Römerzeit bis zu den Zünftkämpfen
(Graz, Austria, and Köln, Germany: Böhlau, 1954), p. 100. Burgensis and bür-
gerlich enter English via French as “bourgeois.” Later the derivatives of the
terms—bürgerlich/bourgeois and civil—came to be used interchangeably.
(“Burg” persisted in English in such names as Hillsborough and Pittsburgh,
and in the name of the oldest representative assembly in English colonies,
the House of Burgesses.)
30 See Brian M. Downing, TheMilitaryRevolutionandPoliticalChange(Princeton:
Princeton University Press,1992) and Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and
European States (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
31 See Hendrik Spruyt, TheSovereignStateandItsCompetitors (Princeton: Princ-
eton University Press, 1994).
32 “The Trew Law of Free Monarchies,” King James VI and I, PoliticalWritings, ed.
by Johann P. Sommerville (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p.
75.
33 Adam Smith, in his famous book published in 1776, AnInquiryintotheNature
and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, not only addressed what causes “the
wealth of nations,” but also what its nature is. “The wealth of nations” isn’t
the wealth of the ruling elite, or the court, or the gold in the king’s treasury.
“According therefore, as this produce, or what is purchased with it, bears a
greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it,
the nation will be better or worse supplied with all the necessaries and con-
veniences for which it has occasion.” Adam Smith, AnInquiryintotheNature
andCausesoftheWealthofNations, vol. I, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner
(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981), p. 10. Thus, Smith identified the wealth of
nations, not with the wealth of the court, but with the annual produce of the
combined labor power of the nation, divided by the number of consumers, a
conception that persists in the modern notion of per capita gross domestic

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110
product. He stated the causes of the wealth of nations in a lecture: “Little else
is requisite to carry a state to the highest degree of opulence from the lowest
barbarism, but peace, easy taxes, and a tolerable administration of justice;
all the rest being brought about by the natural course of things. All govern-
ments which thwart this natural course, which force things into another
channel, or which endeavour to arrest the progress of society at a particular
point, are unnatural, and to support themselves are obliged to be oppressive
and tyrannical.” Quoted by Dugald Stewart from a now lost manuscript in
Stewart’s “Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith, LLD,” in Adam
Smith, EssaysonPhilosophicalSubjects, ed. W. P. D. Wightman and J. C. Bryce,
vol. 3 of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith
(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982), p. 322.
34 See The English Levellers, ed. by Andrew Sharp (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1998).
35 E. L. Godkin, “The Eclipse of Liberalism,” The Nation, August 9, 1900,
reprinted in David Boaz, ed., TheLibertarianReader(New York: The Free Press,
1997), pp. 324–326, p. 326. Godkin’s diagnosis of the cause of liberalism’s
decline deserves attention: “To the principles and precepts of Liberalism
the prodigious material progress of the age was largely due. Freed from the
vexatious meddling of governments, men devoted themselves to their nat-
ural task, the bettering of their condition, with the wonderful results which
surround us. But it now seems that its material comfort has blinded the eyes
of the present generation to the cause which made it possible. In the politics
of the world, Liberalism is a declining, almost a defunct force.”
36 Some of the most important recent studies of the mass murder and enslave-
ment carried out by Communist and National Socialist (Nazi) regimes include
Anne Applebaum, Gulag:AHistory(New York: Random House, 2003); Timothy
Snyder, Bloodlands:EuropeBetweenHitlerandStalin(New York: Basic Books,
2010); and Frank Dikötter, Mao’s Great Famine, The History of China’s Most
Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962 (New York: Walker & Co., 2010).
37 Much of that story is colorfully told, from an American perspective, by Brian
Doherty in RadicalsforCapitalism:AFreewheelingHistoryoftheModernAmer-
ican Libertarian Movement (New York: Public Affairs, 2007).

100
38 Robert Nozick, Anarchy,State,andUtopia(New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. ix.
39 Francisco de Vitoria, “On the American Indians,” Political Writings, ed. by
Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1991), pp. 250–251.
40 Quoted in Perez Zagorin, HowtheIdeaofReligiousTolerationCametotheWest
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), p. 119.
41 John Milton, “Areopagitica: A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of
Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parliament of England” [1644], in Areopagiticaand
OtherPoliticalWritingsofJohnMilton(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1999), p. 23.
John Locke later argued in his famous letter on toleration, “[I]t is one thing to
persuade, another to command; one thing to press with arguments, another
with penalties.” John Locke, “A Letter on Toleration,” in The Sacred Rights
of Conscience, ed. by Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall (Indianapolis:
Liberty Fund, 2009), p. 47.
42 In his Elegy to Gournay after his death, his friend and student Anne-Rob-
ert-Jacques Turgot noted that Gournay understood the folly of imposing
monopolies and “standards” on the market that consumers did not, in fact,
demand. As Turgot put it, Gournay “was astonished to see that a citizen could
neither make nor sell anything without having bought the right to do so at a
great expense in a corporation,” that is, that one had to first purchase from
a monopolistic guild the right to undertake a trade and offer goods to will-
ing customers. “He was far from imagining that this piece of stuff, for not
being conformable to certain regulations, might be cut up into fragments
of three ells length, and that the unfortunate man who had made it must be
condemned to pay a penalty, enough to bring him and his family to beggary.”
Turgot, “Éloge de Gournay,” in Western Liberalism: A History in Documents
from Locke to Croce, ed. by E. K. Bramsted and K. J. Melhuish (London: Long-
man, 1978), p. 305.
43 James Buchanan, “Order Defined in the Process of Its Emergence: A note
stimulated by reading Norman Barry, ‘The Tradition of Spontaneous Order,’”
LiteratureofLiberty, v. 5, n. 4 (1982) Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/
title/1305/100453 on 2013-03-23.

101
44 Some libertarians believe that a constitutional order without a monopoliza-
tion of law or the use of defensive force, that is, without a state, is both possi-
ble and desirable. See, for examples, Randy E. Barnett, TheStructureofLiberty:
Justice and the Rule of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), Michael
Huemer, The Problem of Political Authority, op. cit., Bruce L. Benson, The
Enterprise of Law: Justice Without the State (Oakland: Independent Institute,
2011). My own quite brief statement of “The Case for Ordered Liberty With-
out States” can be found at https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/
essays/case-ordered-liberty-without-states. Whether liberty can be enjoyed
without a state is disputed among libertarians, but the mere non-existence
of the state is not the same as the enjoyment of liberty, for liberty depends
crucially on institutions of law and justice. The question on which there is not
general agreement is whether law and justice can exist without a monopolistic
provider.
45 Agelina Grimke, “Slavery and the Boston Riot,” TheLiberator, 12 August 1837.
46 Orlando Patterson, SlaveryandSocialDeath:AComparativeStudy, (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1982), vii.
47 For the Enlightenment’s contribution to the concepts of individual liberty
and natural rights, see M. Zafirovski, The Enlightenment and Its Effects on
Modern Society, (New York: Springer, 2011), particular page 40 which notes:
“No doubt, individual liberties and choices, civil rights, a private sphere or
privacy, personal autonomy, fulfillment, well-being, humane life, and hap-
piness are firmly established and taken for granted values and institutions
in modern Western democratic and other societies, particularly, but not only
America. If so, then they are first and foremost the product and legacy of the
Enlightenment and its liberal-secular individualism.”
48 Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” 5 July 1852; L.
M. Child, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans, 1833.
49 Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792, in Mary
Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men and A Vindication of the
RightsofWoman, ed. by Sylvana Tomaselli (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995), p. 74.

102
50 Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848.
https://www.commonlit.org/en/texts/declaration-of-sentiments-and-res-
olutions. Accessed 5 January 2022.
51 Frederick Douglass, “West India Emancipation Address,” 3 August 1857.
52 Declaration of Sentiments.
53 Richard Cobden, Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden,
ed. by J. E. T. Rogers, https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Cobden/
cbdSPP.html?chapter_num=1#book-reader. Accessed 22 February 2013.
54 James G. Birney, A Letter on the Political Obligations of Abolitionists, with a
Reply by William Lloyd Garrison (Boston: Dow and Jackson, 1839), p. 32.
55 W. Phillips, “Philosophy of the Abolition Movement” (1853), Speeches, Lec-
tures, and Letters (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1884), p. 113.
56 L. Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America, (New York:
Farrar, Sraus, Giroux, 2001), p. 13.
57 B. Dylan, “The Times They Are A-Changin’,” Columbia Records, 1964.
58 W. L. Garrison, The Liberator, 31 January 1831.
59 I contrast the principle of liberty with a principle of “equality of outcomes”
rather than a principle of “equality” because the principle of liberty is already
a principle of “equal liberty.”
60 St. Thomas Aquinas, “Treatise on Law, Q. 96, Art. 2,” Summa Theologica
(Westminster, Maryland: Christian Classics, 1981), p. 1018.
61 George B. N. Ayittey, Defeating Dictators: Fighting Tyranny in Africa and
Around the World (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. 43.
62 Robert Hessen. “Corporations,” The Concise Encyclopedia of Econom-
ics. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved 19 May 2013, from

103
https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Corporations.html.
63 George B. N. Ayittey, ibid., p. 76.
64 Jacques Charmes, “Measurement of the Contribution of Informal Sector and
Informal Employment to GDP in Developing Countries: Some Conceptual and
Methodological Issues.”
65 See Professor George B. N. Ayittey’s TED presentation, www.ted.com/talks/
george_ayittey_on_cheetahs_vs_ hippos.html.
66 Tony O. Elumelu, Africapitalism: The Path to Economic Prosperity and Social
Wealth, https://africanphilanthropy.issuelab.org/resource/africapital-
ism-the-path-to-economic-prosperity-and-social-wealth.html.
67 Olúfémi Táíwò, HowColonialismPreemptedModernityinAfrica(Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 2010), p. 48.
68 Olúfémi Táíwò, Africa Must Be Modern (Ibadan, Nigeria: Bookcraft 2011), p.
48.
69 AftertheWelfareState, ed. by Tom G. Palmer (Ottawa, IL: Jameson Books, 2012).
See especially the essays on “The Tragedy of the Welfare State” by Tom G.
Palmer and “How the Right to ‘Affordable Housing’ Created the Bubble that
Crashed the World Economy” by Johan Norberg.
70 See the treatment of the history of the term in Randy E. Barnett, “The Origi-
nal Meaning of the Commerce Clause,” 68UniversityofChicagoLawReview101
(2001), available at https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/509/ and
Randy E. Barnett, “New Evidence on the Original Meaning of the Commerce
Clause,” 55 Arkansas Law Review 847 (2003), available at https://scholarship.
law.georgetown.edu/facpub/837/.
71 James Madison, in George W. Carey, The Federalist (The Gideon Edition).
Edited with an Introduction, Reader’s Guide, Constitutional Cross-reference,
Index, and Glossary by George W. Carey and James McClellan (Indianapolis:
Liberty Fund, 2001). Chapter: No. 62: Concerning the constitution of the

104
senate, with regard to the qualifications of the members; the manner of
appointing them; the equality of representation; the number of the sen-
ators, and the duration of their appointments. Accessed from https://oll.
libertyfund.org/title/jay-the-federalist-gideon-ed on 17 May 2013.
72 See Laura A. Scofea, “The Development and Growth of Employer-Provided
Health Insurance,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1994, available at www.
bls.gov/ mlr/1994/03/art1full.pdf and Thomas C. Buchmueller and Alan
C. Monheit, “Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and the Promise of
Insurance Reform,” NBER Working Paper 14839, available at www.nber.
org/papers/w14839.pdf.
73 See Circular Letter No. 23 (1976), “Re: Mandatory Maternity Coverage,”
“The law specifically requires maternity care coverage be provided in “Every
policy . . .” without any restrictions based on age, sex or marital status,”
available at https://www.dfs.ny.gov/insurance/circltr/1976/cl1976_23.
htm.
74 The awful story is told in great detail in the classic article by Reuben Kessel,
“The A.M.A. and the Supply of Physicians,” 35 Law and Contemporary
Problems (Spring 1970), available at https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/
cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3288&context=lcp.
75 Paying in cash is not always a legal transaction. Doctors who accept Medi-
care may not collect cash for the Medicare-covered service. Brent R. Asplin,
MD, MPH; Karin V. Rhodes, MD; Helen Levy, PhD; Nicole Lurie, MD, MSPH;
A. Lauren Crain, PhD; Bradley P. Carlin, PhD; Arthur L. Kellermann, MD,
MPH, “Insurance Status and Access to Urgent Ambulatory Care Follow-up
Appointments,” Journal of the American Medical Association, September
14, 2005, http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid= 201518.
76 Friedrich A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society.”American Economic
Review. XXXV, No. 4. pp. 519–30. American Economic Association. 1945.
Library of Economics and Liberty [Online] available from www.econlib.
org/library/Essays/hykKnw1.html; accessed 12 May 2013; Internet. See also
Thomas Sowell, Knowledge and Decisions (New York: Basic Books, 1996).

105
77 Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
Edwin Cannan, ed. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd. 1904. Library of Economics
and Liberty [Online] available from https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/
smWN.html; accessed 12 May 2013.
78 F. A. Hayek, Law,Legislation,andLiberty:VolumeI, RulesandOrder(Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 98–99.
79 www.econlib.org/library/Enc/TragedyoftheCommons.html
80 www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
81 www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PublicChoice.html
82 John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, chapter VI, section 57.
83 Butler (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2012) and GovernmentFailure:
APrimerinPublicChoice, by Gordon Tullock, Gordon Brady, and Arthur Seldon
(Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2002).
85 See Richard Epstein, Simple Rules for a Complex World (Cambridge, MA: Har-
vard University Press, 1995).
86 The classical liberal legal scholar Lon Fuller identified eight ways that one can
fail to make law in his book The Morality of Law (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1939), pp. 33–37. Hayek expanded further: “The law will consist of
purpose-independent rules which govern the conduct of individuals towards
each other, are intended to apply to an unknown number of further instances,
and by defining a protected domain of each, enable an order of actions to
form itself wherein the individuals can make feasible plans.” F. A. Hayek,
Law, Legislation, and Liberty: Volume I, Rules and Order (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 85–86.

106
88 F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, ed. by Ronald Hamowy (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2011).
89 See for discussions of robustness P. J. Boettke and P. T. Leeson, “Liberalism,
Socialism, and Robust Political Economy,” in Journal of Markets & Morality
(2004), 7:1, pp. 99–111 and Mark Pennington, Robust Political Economy: Clas-
sical Liberalism and the Future of Public Policy (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
Publishing, 2011).
90 See Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Antifragile: Things that Gain from Disorder (New
York: Random House, 2012).

107
Praise for Why Liberty
“Why Liberty showcases work by leading figures in Students For Liberty, the world’s
most dynamic youth movement for liberty, along with essays by venerable freedom
fighters such as Tom Palmer and John Stossell. Fresh and new, tried and true, Why
Liberty gives us hope for the next generation.”
—John Tomasi, Department of Political Science, Brown University
“This collection of essays is so informative and so well written that it will feed your
desire to read more—and to know more—about the fundamental role of liberty in
social order.”
—Lynne Kiesling, Department of Economics, Northwestern University
“This book is easy to read, good to read, and important to read. If more people read
it, the world will be a much better place; there would be no need for the ‘Why’ in
Why Liberty.”
—Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard, Department of Political Science,
University of Copenhagen
“An inspiring guide that will benefit both those new to libertarianism and those well
versed in the tradition. Though we often don’t realise it, libertarianism is the principle
by which most people lead their daily lives. This book explains why we should apply
that principle to our politics, as well.”
— Mark Pennington, Department of Political Economy and Public Policy,
King’s College, University of London

108
ABOUT ATLAS NETWORK
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paign for free enterprise. We promote honest debate on morality and
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Atlas Network has partnered with Students For Liberty to bring you The
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If you’d like to get involved, visit AtlasNetwork.org and check
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future by joining the student movement for liberty today! To learn more
visit: www.studentsforliberty.org.

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