This document provides an overview of key concepts in geologic time and dating methods. It discusses the historical development of ideas around catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Methods of relative dating like stratigraphy and cross-cutting relationships are explained. Radiometric dating techniques are also summarized, including how different isotopes like carbon-14 are used to date rocks and fossils. The document concludes by presenting the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into standardized eons, eras, periods and epochs.
The document discusses estimates of the age of the Earth and universe over time. Early estimates based on biblical interpretations placed the Earth's age at around 6000 years. The development of modern geology in the 18th century, led by James Hutton, established that geological processes occurred gradually over long periods, indicating a much older Earth. Radiometric dating techniques now provide precise measurements of billions of years for the Earth, meteorites, and universe based on the decay of radioactive isotopes.
There are two methods for dating geological materials: relative dating and numerical (absolute) dating. Relative dating determines the older and younger relationships between rocks and geological events through principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and fossil succession. Numerical dating assigns specific ages to geological events and rocks through radiometric dating techniques that rely on the radioactive decay of isotopes in minerals. Together, relative and numerical dating techniques have been used to construct the global geologic column and geologic time scale, which divides Earth history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs over its approximately 4.57 billion year existence.
Geologic time can be determined through both relative and absolute dating methods. Relative dating relies on principles like fossil succession, cross-cutting relationships, and inclusions to determine the sequence of geological events. Absolute dating uses radioactive isotopes and their known decay rates to quantify the ages of rocks and fossils in numerical years. The development of radiometric dating techniques in the early 20th century revealed that the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old, much older than previously thought.
Geological time is extremely long, spanning billions of years. To conceptualize this vast timespan, one frame in a movie representing 100 years would show major events like the Declaration of Independence occurring only 1/16 of a second into a 6 hour movie depicting Earth's history. Relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships are used to sequence geological events. Absolute dating using radioactive isotopes provides specific numerical ages by measuring decay of elements with known half-lives. Together, relative and absolute dating techniques allow geologists to construct detailed timescales showing the entire history of Earth.
This document discusses various topics related to biblical creationism and challenges to an old earth view from the perspective of real science. It begins with an overview of biblical timelines from Adam to the exile and return. It then covers the history of geology and how geology is often taught, emphasizing an old earth viewpoint. Next, it discusses commonly used geological dating methods like strata layering and index fossils, highlighting problems with these methods and how they better support a global flood model. Living index fossils that contradict their supposed extinct dates are also presented as evidence against this dating method. Overall, the document promotes a young earth creationist perspective and critiques aspects of modern geology.
This document discusses key concepts in relative dating of geologic materials. It introduces important figures like James Hutton and Charles Lyell who were influential in developing theories of geology. The key principles of relative dating are described, including the law of superposition, law of original horizontality, and law of cross-cutting relationships. The document also discusses using index fossils and unconformities to correlate rock layers between locations and determine their relative ages.
This document provides an overview of methods used to evaluate and date the geological record of Earth's past. Key methods discussed include examining rock formations and fossils to understand past environmental conditions and organisms. The principles of relative dating, such as superposition and cross-cutting relationships, are used to determine the relative order of geological events. Absolute dating methods like radiometric dating use the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure the precise ages of rocks in millions to billions of years, establishing the geologic time scale.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geologic time and dating methods. It discusses the historical development of ideas around catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Methods of relative dating like stratigraphy and cross-cutting relationships are explained. Radiometric dating techniques are also summarized, including how different isotopes like carbon-14 are used to date rocks and fossils. The document concludes by presenting the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into standardized eons, eras, periods and epochs.
The document discusses estimates of the age of the Earth and universe over time. Early estimates based on biblical interpretations placed the Earth's age at around 6000 years. The development of modern geology in the 18th century, led by James Hutton, established that geological processes occurred gradually over long periods, indicating a much older Earth. Radiometric dating techniques now provide precise measurements of billions of years for the Earth, meteorites, and universe based on the decay of radioactive isotopes.
There are two methods for dating geological materials: relative dating and numerical (absolute) dating. Relative dating determines the older and younger relationships between rocks and geological events through principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and fossil succession. Numerical dating assigns specific ages to geological events and rocks through radiometric dating techniques that rely on the radioactive decay of isotopes in minerals. Together, relative and numerical dating techniques have been used to construct the global geologic column and geologic time scale, which divides Earth history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs over its approximately 4.57 billion year existence.
Geologic time can be determined through both relative and absolute dating methods. Relative dating relies on principles like fossil succession, cross-cutting relationships, and inclusions to determine the sequence of geological events. Absolute dating uses radioactive isotopes and their known decay rates to quantify the ages of rocks and fossils in numerical years. The development of radiometric dating techniques in the early 20th century revealed that the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old, much older than previously thought.
Geological time is extremely long, spanning billions of years. To conceptualize this vast timespan, one frame in a movie representing 100 years would show major events like the Declaration of Independence occurring only 1/16 of a second into a 6 hour movie depicting Earth's history. Relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships are used to sequence geological events. Absolute dating using radioactive isotopes provides specific numerical ages by measuring decay of elements with known half-lives. Together, relative and absolute dating techniques allow geologists to construct detailed timescales showing the entire history of Earth.
This document discusses various topics related to biblical creationism and challenges to an old earth view from the perspective of real science. It begins with an overview of biblical timelines from Adam to the exile and return. It then covers the history of geology and how geology is often taught, emphasizing an old earth viewpoint. Next, it discusses commonly used geological dating methods like strata layering and index fossils, highlighting problems with these methods and how they better support a global flood model. Living index fossils that contradict their supposed extinct dates are also presented as evidence against this dating method. Overall, the document promotes a young earth creationist perspective and critiques aspects of modern geology.
This document discusses key concepts in relative dating of geologic materials. It introduces important figures like James Hutton and Charles Lyell who were influential in developing theories of geology. The key principles of relative dating are described, including the law of superposition, law of original horizontality, and law of cross-cutting relationships. The document also discusses using index fossils and unconformities to correlate rock layers between locations and determine their relative ages.
This document provides an overview of methods used to evaluate and date the geological record of Earth's past. Key methods discussed include examining rock formations and fossils to understand past environmental conditions and organisms. The principles of relative dating, such as superposition and cross-cutting relationships, are used to determine the relative order of geological events. Absolute dating methods like radiometric dating use the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure the precise ages of rocks in millions to billions of years, establishing the geologic time scale.
This document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the age of rocks and develop the geologic timescale. It explains that relative dating uses principles like superposition and cross-cutting relationships to determine the relative order of formations, while absolute dating uses radioactive decay and half-lives to determine precise numerical ages. Examples of radiometric dating techniques are provided, such as carbon-14 dating and potassium-argon dating. The major eras and periods of the geologic timescale are also outlined, from the Precambrian Eon to the current Cenozoic Era.
The document discusses geologic time and methods for dating rocks. It introduces the concept of the geologic time scale, which places geologic events in chronological order. There are two main methods for dating rocks: relative dating and absolute dating. Relative dating involves determining the sequence of past events without specific numerical measurements, using principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and fossil succession. Absolute dating provides specific numerical ages for rocks and fossils using radiometric dating techniques to measure the decay of radioactive elements. The principles of radiometric dating are also outlined.
The document discusses geologic time and methods for dating rocks. It introduces the concept of the geologic time scale, which places geologic events in chronological order. There are two main methods for dating rocks: relative dating and absolute dating. Relative dating involves determining the sequence of past events without specific numerical measurements, using principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and fossil succession. Absolute dating provides specific numerical ages for rocks and fossils using radiometric dating techniques to measure the decay of radioactive elements. The principles of radiometric dating are also outlined.
Introduction to Applied Geology Lecture.pptxAftabAkram17
This document provides an introduction to applied geology and mineral processing. It discusses geological processes that shape the Earth's surface like erosion, deposition, and rock formation. It then defines geology as the study of the origin, structure, and history of the Earth. The document outlines the layered structure of the atmosphere and crust. It discusses methods for determining the age of the Earth like radiometric dating. It also explains processes of mineral formation like solidification, sublimation, recrystallization, and evaporation. Finally, it covers the classification, uses, and crystal geometry of minerals.
Unit 4 - Fossils and Geologic Time (2017/2018)Josh Macha
This document discusses methods for determining the relative and absolute ages of rocks and fossils. It explains key principles like uniformitarianism, superposition, and cross-cutting relationships that are used to determine relative age. Absolute dating methods discussed include radiometric dating, varve counting, and analyzing rates of erosion and deposition. The document also provides an overview of the geologic time scale, major eras, periods of time defined by significant evolutionary events, and the emergence and evolution of early hominids.
Time scale and plate techtonic theory-Geomorhology ChapterKaium Chowdhury
The document discusses the history and development of the geological time scale. It describes how Scottish geologist James Hutton advanced the theory of uniformitarianism in the late 18th century. It also mentions how British geologist William Smith discovered in the early 19th century that fossils are found in a definite order within sedimentary rock layers, which helped develop the geological time scale. The time scale provides a system to chronologically measure stratigraphy and relate it to time periods used by geologists and paleontologists. Radiometric dating indicates the Earth is approximately 4.57 billion years old.
Plate tectonic geologic time scale-Geomorhology ChapterKaium Chowdhury
The document discusses the history and development of the geological time scale. It describes how Scottish geologist James Hutton advanced the concept of uniformitarianism in the late 18th century, laying the foundation for the time scale. It also discusses how British geologist William Smith discovered in the early 19th century that fossils are found in a consistent order in rock layers, allowing them to be used to date the rocks. The development of radiometric dating methods in the 20th century further enabled geologists to assign absolute ages to rocks and develop the modern geological time scale.
This document provides an overview of geologic time concepts including:
1. The development of relative dating principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and inclusion which helped establish the relative order of rock layers and events.
2. How the concept of numerical dating using radioactive isotopes allowed geologists to determine absolute ages of rocks and events, calibrating the geologic timescale to around 4.6 billion years.
3. Key events in the development of life through the Phanerozoic eon such as the Cambrian explosion of complex life and multiple mass extinction events.
The document discusses evidence that life began on Earth between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago. Three lines of evidence support this: stromatolites dating to 3.5 billion years ago, microfossils from the same period, and carbon isotope signatures in metamorphic rocks dating to 3.85 billion years ago. Early life was simple and likely relied on chemical energy from hydrothermal vents or hot springs. The RNA world hypothesis proposes that self-replicating RNA preceded DNA and proteins. Photosynthesis later evolved around 3.5 billion years ago, introducing oxygen to the atmosphere, though it took until around 2 billion years ago for oxygen levels to rise significantly.
Life likely began on Earth between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago, as evidenced by stromatolites and microfossils from that time period. Early life forms were simple single-celled organisms that relied on chemical energy from hydrothermal vents or sunlight. Over hundreds of millions of years, some organisms developed the ability to conduct photosynthesis, increasing oxygen levels in the atmosphere and driving evolution in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The rise of oxygen allowed for more complex cells and multicellular life, culminating in the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity around 540 million years ago. Humans evolved in Africa within the last 6 million years, sharing a common ancestor with chimpanze
The document discusses evidence that life emerged on Earth between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago. Stromatolites and microfossils dating to 3.5 billion years provide evidence of early life. Biomarkers in older rocks suggest life existed 3.85 billion years ago. Early life was simple and likely relied on chemical energy from hydrothermal vents. The RNA world hypothesis proposes that self-replicating RNA preceded DNA and proteins. Complex organic molecules could have assembled on mineral surfaces like clay. Early cell-like structures may have formed and exhibited primitive behaviors. Photosynthesis evolved around 3.5 billion years ago and increased oxygen levels over time, transforming Earth's atmosphere.
The document provides an overview of Earth's geological history and processes. It discusses how heat from the Earth's core and energy from the sun drive plate tectonics and geological changes over long periods of time. Precise dating methods like radiometric dating indicate that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, much older than traditionally thought. The constant recycling of the crust through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock processes comprises the long-term geological evolution of our planet.
This document discusses the geologic time scale and the history of life on Earth. It describes how paleontologists divide Earth's history into major eras including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each era is characterized by the dominant life forms present in the rocks and fossils from that time period. The document also discusses concepts like mass extinctions, absolute dating using radioactive decay, and half-life.
The document discusses geologic time and methods used by geologists to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks. It provides information on:
1) Principles of relative dating used to determine the ordering of rock layers, such as superposition and cross-cutting relationships.
2) Radiometric dating techniques that allow scientists to determine the absolute age of rocks in years by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes.
3) How these methods have been used to develop the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods and epochs.
1. The document discusses several theories regarding the age of the Earth, including that some scientists believe it is approximately 4.6 billion years old based on evidence from fossils and geology, while some creationists believe it is only around 10,000 years old based on historical documents and some scientific evidence.
2. The document also discusses theories of how life on Earth originated, such as the primordial soup theory that early Earth's atmosphere allowed organic molecules to form, and the endosymbiont theory that early cells incorporated aerobic bacteria in a symbiotic relationship.
3. Determining the age of the Earth and theories of the origin of life involve assumptions and can never be proven absolutely, as scientists with different beliefs
1) The oldest rocks on Earth are around 3.7-3.8 billion years old based on radiometric dating.
2) Even older zircon crystals around 4.0-4.2 billion years have been found embedded in younger rocks.
3) The best estimate for the age of the Earth itself comes from lead isotope dating of meteorites, yielding an age of 4.54 billion years.
Earth History 2: Changes in AtmosphereRobin Seamon
The document discusses the various factors that cause changes in Earth's atmosphere and climate over time. It explains that changes in one climate variable, such as the atmosphere, will affect others as they are all interconnected. The key factors identified are 1) biotic processes, 2) variations in solar radiation, 3) plate tectonics, 4) volcanic eruptions and large igneous provinces, 5) the cryosphere, 6) Milankovitch cycles, and 7) greenhouse gases. The document traces the history of scientific understanding of these climate change causes and how different evidence and techniques verified theories about ice age triggers being linked to orbital variations amplified by greenhouse gas feedbacks.
1) Changes in the atmosphere, such as variations in greenhouse gases, solar radiation levels, volcanic activity, and ice sheet size can impact climate by altering the Earth's energy balance.
2) Scientific evidence shows that small variations in the Earth's orbit and axis (known as the Milankovitch cycles) have paced climate changes over hundreds of thousands of years by changing the distribution of solar energy received in different latitudes and seasons.
3) Positive feedback loops involving greenhouse gases, ice sheets, and temperature amplified the effects of the Milankovitch cycles in the past, driving the Earth into ice ages. However, human emissions are now the dominant factor changing climate through increased greenhouse gases.
This document discusses the history of determining the age of the Earth. It describes how early estimates ranged from thousands of years based on biblical interpretations to hundreds of millions of years based on experiments measuring cooling of materials and sediment accumulation. The development of radiometric dating in the early 1900s allowed for more precise measurements by analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes. Radiometric dating of the oldest rocks and minerals has provided evidence that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old and the solar system formed around 4.6 billion years ago.
Rocks and fossils can provide information about geological events and changing life forms in the past. The principles of original horizontality and superposition allow scientists to determine the relative order and age of rock layers, though not precise dates. Absolute dating methods like radiocarbon dating measure radioactive decay to determine the specific ages of rocks and fossils.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the age of rocks and develop the geologic timescale. It explains that relative dating uses principles like superposition and cross-cutting relationships to determine the relative order of formations, while absolute dating uses radioactive decay and half-lives to determine precise numerical ages. Examples of radiometric dating techniques are provided, such as carbon-14 dating and potassium-argon dating. The major eras and periods of the geologic timescale are also outlined, from the Precambrian Eon to the current Cenozoic Era.
The document discusses geologic time and methods for dating rocks. It introduces the concept of the geologic time scale, which places geologic events in chronological order. There are two main methods for dating rocks: relative dating and absolute dating. Relative dating involves determining the sequence of past events without specific numerical measurements, using principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and fossil succession. Absolute dating provides specific numerical ages for rocks and fossils using radiometric dating techniques to measure the decay of radioactive elements. The principles of radiometric dating are also outlined.
The document discusses geologic time and methods for dating rocks. It introduces the concept of the geologic time scale, which places geologic events in chronological order. There are two main methods for dating rocks: relative dating and absolute dating. Relative dating involves determining the sequence of past events without specific numerical measurements, using principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and fossil succession. Absolute dating provides specific numerical ages for rocks and fossils using radiometric dating techniques to measure the decay of radioactive elements. The principles of radiometric dating are also outlined.
Introduction to Applied Geology Lecture.pptxAftabAkram17
This document provides an introduction to applied geology and mineral processing. It discusses geological processes that shape the Earth's surface like erosion, deposition, and rock formation. It then defines geology as the study of the origin, structure, and history of the Earth. The document outlines the layered structure of the atmosphere and crust. It discusses methods for determining the age of the Earth like radiometric dating. It also explains processes of mineral formation like solidification, sublimation, recrystallization, and evaporation. Finally, it covers the classification, uses, and crystal geometry of minerals.
Unit 4 - Fossils and Geologic Time (2017/2018)Josh Macha
This document discusses methods for determining the relative and absolute ages of rocks and fossils. It explains key principles like uniformitarianism, superposition, and cross-cutting relationships that are used to determine relative age. Absolute dating methods discussed include radiometric dating, varve counting, and analyzing rates of erosion and deposition. The document also provides an overview of the geologic time scale, major eras, periods of time defined by significant evolutionary events, and the emergence and evolution of early hominids.
Time scale and plate techtonic theory-Geomorhology ChapterKaium Chowdhury
The document discusses the history and development of the geological time scale. It describes how Scottish geologist James Hutton advanced the theory of uniformitarianism in the late 18th century. It also mentions how British geologist William Smith discovered in the early 19th century that fossils are found in a definite order within sedimentary rock layers, which helped develop the geological time scale. The time scale provides a system to chronologically measure stratigraphy and relate it to time periods used by geologists and paleontologists. Radiometric dating indicates the Earth is approximately 4.57 billion years old.
Plate tectonic geologic time scale-Geomorhology ChapterKaium Chowdhury
The document discusses the history and development of the geological time scale. It describes how Scottish geologist James Hutton advanced the concept of uniformitarianism in the late 18th century, laying the foundation for the time scale. It also discusses how British geologist William Smith discovered in the early 19th century that fossils are found in a consistent order in rock layers, allowing them to be used to date the rocks. The development of radiometric dating methods in the 20th century further enabled geologists to assign absolute ages to rocks and develop the modern geological time scale.
This document provides an overview of geologic time concepts including:
1. The development of relative dating principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and inclusion which helped establish the relative order of rock layers and events.
2. How the concept of numerical dating using radioactive isotopes allowed geologists to determine absolute ages of rocks and events, calibrating the geologic timescale to around 4.6 billion years.
3. Key events in the development of life through the Phanerozoic eon such as the Cambrian explosion of complex life and multiple mass extinction events.
The document discusses evidence that life began on Earth between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago. Three lines of evidence support this: stromatolites dating to 3.5 billion years ago, microfossils from the same period, and carbon isotope signatures in metamorphic rocks dating to 3.85 billion years ago. Early life was simple and likely relied on chemical energy from hydrothermal vents or hot springs. The RNA world hypothesis proposes that self-replicating RNA preceded DNA and proteins. Photosynthesis later evolved around 3.5 billion years ago, introducing oxygen to the atmosphere, though it took until around 2 billion years ago for oxygen levels to rise significantly.
Life likely began on Earth between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago, as evidenced by stromatolites and microfossils from that time period. Early life forms were simple single-celled organisms that relied on chemical energy from hydrothermal vents or sunlight. Over hundreds of millions of years, some organisms developed the ability to conduct photosynthesis, increasing oxygen levels in the atmosphere and driving evolution in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The rise of oxygen allowed for more complex cells and multicellular life, culminating in the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity around 540 million years ago. Humans evolved in Africa within the last 6 million years, sharing a common ancestor with chimpanze
The document discusses evidence that life emerged on Earth between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago. Stromatolites and microfossils dating to 3.5 billion years provide evidence of early life. Biomarkers in older rocks suggest life existed 3.85 billion years ago. Early life was simple and likely relied on chemical energy from hydrothermal vents. The RNA world hypothesis proposes that self-replicating RNA preceded DNA and proteins. Complex organic molecules could have assembled on mineral surfaces like clay. Early cell-like structures may have formed and exhibited primitive behaviors. Photosynthesis evolved around 3.5 billion years ago and increased oxygen levels over time, transforming Earth's atmosphere.
The document provides an overview of Earth's geological history and processes. It discusses how heat from the Earth's core and energy from the sun drive plate tectonics and geological changes over long periods of time. Precise dating methods like radiometric dating indicate that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, much older than traditionally thought. The constant recycling of the crust through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock processes comprises the long-term geological evolution of our planet.
This document discusses the geologic time scale and the history of life on Earth. It describes how paleontologists divide Earth's history into major eras including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each era is characterized by the dominant life forms present in the rocks and fossils from that time period. The document also discusses concepts like mass extinctions, absolute dating using radioactive decay, and half-life.
The document discusses geologic time and methods used by geologists to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks. It provides information on:
1) Principles of relative dating used to determine the ordering of rock layers, such as superposition and cross-cutting relationships.
2) Radiometric dating techniques that allow scientists to determine the absolute age of rocks in years by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes.
3) How these methods have been used to develop the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods and epochs.
1. The document discusses several theories regarding the age of the Earth, including that some scientists believe it is approximately 4.6 billion years old based on evidence from fossils and geology, while some creationists believe it is only around 10,000 years old based on historical documents and some scientific evidence.
2. The document also discusses theories of how life on Earth originated, such as the primordial soup theory that early Earth's atmosphere allowed organic molecules to form, and the endosymbiont theory that early cells incorporated aerobic bacteria in a symbiotic relationship.
3. Determining the age of the Earth and theories of the origin of life involve assumptions and can never be proven absolutely, as scientists with different beliefs
1) The oldest rocks on Earth are around 3.7-3.8 billion years old based on radiometric dating.
2) Even older zircon crystals around 4.0-4.2 billion years have been found embedded in younger rocks.
3) The best estimate for the age of the Earth itself comes from lead isotope dating of meteorites, yielding an age of 4.54 billion years.
Earth History 2: Changes in AtmosphereRobin Seamon
The document discusses the various factors that cause changes in Earth's atmosphere and climate over time. It explains that changes in one climate variable, such as the atmosphere, will affect others as they are all interconnected. The key factors identified are 1) biotic processes, 2) variations in solar radiation, 3) plate tectonics, 4) volcanic eruptions and large igneous provinces, 5) the cryosphere, 6) Milankovitch cycles, and 7) greenhouse gases. The document traces the history of scientific understanding of these climate change causes and how different evidence and techniques verified theories about ice age triggers being linked to orbital variations amplified by greenhouse gas feedbacks.
1) Changes in the atmosphere, such as variations in greenhouse gases, solar radiation levels, volcanic activity, and ice sheet size can impact climate by altering the Earth's energy balance.
2) Scientific evidence shows that small variations in the Earth's orbit and axis (known as the Milankovitch cycles) have paced climate changes over hundreds of thousands of years by changing the distribution of solar energy received in different latitudes and seasons.
3) Positive feedback loops involving greenhouse gases, ice sheets, and temperature amplified the effects of the Milankovitch cycles in the past, driving the Earth into ice ages. However, human emissions are now the dominant factor changing climate through increased greenhouse gases.
This document discusses the history of determining the age of the Earth. It describes how early estimates ranged from thousands of years based on biblical interpretations to hundreds of millions of years based on experiments measuring cooling of materials and sediment accumulation. The development of radiometric dating in the early 1900s allowed for more precise measurements by analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes. Radiometric dating of the oldest rocks and minerals has provided evidence that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old and the solar system formed around 4.6 billion years ago.
Rocks and fossils can provide information about geological events and changing life forms in the past. The principles of original horizontality and superposition allow scientists to determine the relative order and age of rock layers, though not precise dates. Absolute dating methods like radiocarbon dating measure radioactive decay to determine the specific ages of rocks and fossils.
Similar to Why Geology is different from other subject.ppt (20)
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
2. “Civilisations are what they dig
from the Earth”
Gibbons
Decline and fall of the Roman Empire, 1776
2
3. “If Kuwait had of grown carrots
no one would have given a damn!”
Senior Source - NSA
3
4. Why is geology different from other
sciences?
• Often lacks experimental control
• Incompleteness of data
• Methodologies and procedures used to test
problems rather than the generation and testing of
universal laws
• GEOLOGY WORKS
• (everyone wants to drive to Sainsburys)
4
7. Two kinds of ages
• Relative - know order of events but not dates
• Napoleonic wars happened before W.W.II
• Bedrock in Scotland formed before the glaciers
came
• Absolute - know dates
• Civil War 1803-1815
• World War II 1939-1945
• Glaciers finally left Scotland About 11,000 Years
Ago
7
8. Two conceptions of Earth history
• Catastrophism
• Assumption: great effects require great causes
• Earth history dominated by violent events
• Uniformitarianism
• Assumption: we can use cause and effect to
determine causes of past events
• Finding: Earth history dominated by small-scale
events typical of the present.
• Catastrophes do happen but are uncommon
8
9. Principles of Relative Dating
• Law of superposition
Undeformed section of sedimentary or layered
igneous rocks
Oldest rocks are on the bottom
• Principle of original horizontality
Layers of sediment are generally deposited in
a horizontal position
Rock layers that are flat have not been
disturbed (deformed)
• Principle of cross-cutting relationships
Younger features cut across older features
9
15. Principles of Relative Dating
• Inclusions
• A piece of rock that is enclosed within
another rock
• Rock containing the inclusion is
younger
• Unconformity
• Break in rock record produced by
erosion and/or non-deposition of rock
• Represents period of geologic time
15
16. Principles of Relative Dating
• Types of unconformities
Angular unconformity
• tilted rocks (disturbed) are overlain by flat-lying
rocks
Disconformity
• strata on either side of the unconformity are
parallel
Nonconformity
• metamorphic or igneous rocks in contact with
sedimentary strata
16
20. Uniformitarianism
• Continuity of Cause and Effect
• Apply Cause and Effect to Future - Prediction
• Apply Cause and Effect to Present - Technology
• Apply Cause and Effect to Past –
Uniformitarianism
The present is the key to the
past
20
27. The Geologic Time Scale
Quaternary Latin, “fourth” 1822
Tertiary Latin, “third” 1760
Cretaceous Latin creta, “chalk” 1822
Jurassic Jura Mountains, Switzerland 1795
Triassic Latin, “three-fold” 1834
Permian Perm, Russia 1841
Carboniferous Carbon-bearing 1822
Devonian Devonshire, England 1840
Silurian Silures, a pre-Roman tribe 1835
Ordovician Ordovices, a pre-Roman tribe 1879
Cambrian Latin Cambria, “Wales” 1835
27
28. Absolute ages: early attempts
• The Bible
• Add up dates in Bible
• Get an age of 4000-6000 B.C. for Earth
• John Lightfoot and Bishop Ussher - 4004 B.C.,
October 26th 9 a.m (1584)
• Too short!
28
29. Absolute ages: early attempts
• Salt in Ocean
• If we know the rate salt is added, and how much salt
is in ocean, we can find the age of oceans.
• Sediment thickness
• Add up thickest sediments for each period and
estimate rate.
• Both methods gave age of about 100 million
years
• Problem: rates variable
29
31. • Parent
• an unstable radioactive isotope
• Daughter product
• the isotopes resulting from the decay of a parent
• Half-life
• the time required for one-half of the radioactive
nuclei in a sample to decay
31
Radiometric Decay
32. • Principle of radioactive dating
The percentage of radioactive toms that
decay during one half-life is always the
same (50%)
However, the actual number of atoms that
decay continually decreases
Comparing the ratio of parent to daughter
yields the age of the sample
32
Radiometric Dating
36. • Sources of error
A closed system is required
To avoid potential problems only fresh,
unweathered rock samples should be used
• Carbon-14 (radiocarbon) dating
Half-life of only 5730 years
Used to date very recent events
C14 is produced in the upper atmosphere
36
Radiometric Dating
37. Some Geologic Rates
Cutting of Grand Canyon
• 2 km/3 m.y. = 1 cm/15 yr
Uplift of Alps
• 5 km/10 m.y. = 1 cm/20 yr.
Opening of Atlantic
• 5000 km/180 m.y. = 2.8 cm/yr.
Uplift of White Mtns. (N.H.) Granites
• 8 km/150 m.y. = 1 cm/190 yr.
37
38. Some Geologic Rates
Movement of San Andreas Fault
• 5 cm/yr = 7 m/140 yr.
Growth of Mt. St. Helens
• 3 km/30,000 yr = 10 cm/yr.
Deposition of Niagara Dolomite
• 100 m/ 1 m.y.? = 1 cm/100 yr.
38