White faeces disease (WFD) is impacting shrimp farms in Asia. The exact cause is still unknown but may be due to bacteria like Vibrio or the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. WFD results in white or pale faeces and damage to the hepatopancreas. Factors like high temperatures, high stocking densities, and poor water quality can trigger WFD. Prevention through proper pond management, water quality control, and feed management is important to control the disease until its cause is determined.
Indonesia is lucky to escape the rampage of the shrimp disease EMS because of 2 factors: 1. control of its border to shrimp genetic material, and 2. very hygienic pond bottom maintenance
Indonesia is lucky to escape the rampage of the shrimp disease EMS because of 2 factors: 1. control of its border to shrimp genetic material, and 2. very hygienic pond bottom maintenance
FRESHWATER FARMING OF BRACKISHWATER SHRIMP, PENAEUS MONODON (FABRICIUS) WIT...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: Brackish water shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farming expanded rapidly after the technical
viability of this culture system was established and farmers discovered that the high profits derived
from shrimp production could easily offset increased costs associated with this culture. These factors
facilitate the spread of brackish water shrimp farming into freshwater agricultural areas of Purba
Medinipur district of West Bengal that never experience salt water intrusion. The emergence of
brackish water shrimp farming within paddy growing regions of Purba Medinipur district has raised
concerns regarding potential environmental impacts and the suitability of conducting this activity
within highly productive freshwater agricultural areas. In the present study an attempt had been
made to farm the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in almost freshwater condition with
innovative technologies in 04 earthen tanks each with 0.4 ha water spread area under Contai -III Dev.
Block in Purba Medinipur district in the year 2011 (April to August). The PCR tested P. monodon
seeds (PL15) were stocked in all freshwater earthen tanks after proper acclimatization @
50,000nos/tank. The salinity of the tanks was recorded between 0.0063 ppt to 0.04 ppt. The shrimps
were fed with branded feed and the feeding schedule was based on check-tray method as well as a feed
chart given by the concerned manufacturer.
Fish farming traditionally has many drawbacks. But it evolved after the ages to produce huge number of fishes in lesser space with Biofloc technology which has a competitive advantage over the traditional technique.
Current food needs in the world are growing due to population boom and the popularity of fish is drastically improved due to it, whereas the supply of fish becoming stagnant due to pollution, plastic and many factors, etc. To tackle this needs scientists have developed a technique to produce it commercially with less space, in lesser time with a less inorganic food requirement.
Biofloc fish farming for sustainable aquacultureOrganicaBiotech1
Biofloc technology is an emerging, eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for sustainable fish farming. Earlier, the biofloc system was used as the means to treat wastewater and control fish production.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
Meticulous feed monitoring in shrimp farming coupled with understanding of carrying capacity and culture system enables the shrimp farmer to reap handsome profits
FRESHWATER FARMING OF BRACKISHWATER SHRIMP, PENAEUS MONODON (FABRICIUS) WIT...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: Brackish water shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farming expanded rapidly after the technical
viability of this culture system was established and farmers discovered that the high profits derived
from shrimp production could easily offset increased costs associated with this culture. These factors
facilitate the spread of brackish water shrimp farming into freshwater agricultural areas of Purba
Medinipur district of West Bengal that never experience salt water intrusion. The emergence of
brackish water shrimp farming within paddy growing regions of Purba Medinipur district has raised
concerns regarding potential environmental impacts and the suitability of conducting this activity
within highly productive freshwater agricultural areas. In the present study an attempt had been
made to farm the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in almost freshwater condition with
innovative technologies in 04 earthen tanks each with 0.4 ha water spread area under Contai -III Dev.
Block in Purba Medinipur district in the year 2011 (April to August). The PCR tested P. monodon
seeds (PL15) were stocked in all freshwater earthen tanks after proper acclimatization @
50,000nos/tank. The salinity of the tanks was recorded between 0.0063 ppt to 0.04 ppt. The shrimps
were fed with branded feed and the feeding schedule was based on check-tray method as well as a feed
chart given by the concerned manufacturer.
Fish farming traditionally has many drawbacks. But it evolved after the ages to produce huge number of fishes in lesser space with Biofloc technology which has a competitive advantage over the traditional technique.
Current food needs in the world are growing due to population boom and the popularity of fish is drastically improved due to it, whereas the supply of fish becoming stagnant due to pollution, plastic and many factors, etc. To tackle this needs scientists have developed a technique to produce it commercially with less space, in lesser time with a less inorganic food requirement.
Biofloc fish farming for sustainable aquacultureOrganicaBiotech1
Biofloc technology is an emerging, eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for sustainable fish farming. Earlier, the biofloc system was used as the means to treat wastewater and control fish production.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
Meticulous feed monitoring in shrimp farming coupled with understanding of carrying capacity and culture system enables the shrimp farmer to reap handsome profits
Presentation 3.4 Dealing with AHPND: Thailand update from 2015 (Dr Putth Song...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
By applying a central toilet which is flushed regularly, practiced microbial management and meticulous feed management, the EMS shrimp disease was alleviated in our shrimp farm
Aquaculture Times is an international magazine contains mainly general features, articles and news covering a variety of aquaculture related topics. Published bi-monthly, the magazine provides a platform to bring the salient features of aquaculture, problems relating to farmers, up to date events, information, and latest trends in aquaculture. Aquaculture has a great demand with a tremendous scope for improving the food security and national economy. However, aquaculture is increasingly confronted with several issues of water quality management, environmental protection and disease outbreak, particularly associated mainly with high-input high-output intensive systems, suffering with innumerable problems, and the result of which can degrade the coastal ecosystem and in turn can reduce the output. The Aquaculture Times can provide a platform for bringing out the various issues relating to the latest aspects of culture.
Aquaculture Times is an international magazine contains mainly general features, articles and news covering a variety of aquaculture related topics. Published bi-monthly, the magazine provides a platform to bring the salient features of aquaculture, problems relating to farmers, up to date events, information, and latest trends in aquaculture. Aquaculture has a great demand with a tremendous scope for improving the food security and national economy. However, aquaculture is increasingly confronted with several issues of water quality management, environmental protection and disease outbreak, particularly associated mainly with high-input high-output intensive systems, suffering with innumerable problems, and the result of which can degrade the coastal ecosystem and in turn can reduce the output. The Aquaculture Times can provide a platform for bringing out the various issues relating to the latest aspects of culture.
The objective of the study was determining the pot ability of water from some part of Visnupuri area Nanded. The total coliform count in drinking water samples was in the ranges of 140-920 MPN index/100 ml. The data suggested that the quality of drinking water deterioration in rural habitations of this region was due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in drinking water may increase the risk of water related diseases & health
problem in local residents.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Co...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The aquaculture industry has developed significantly over recent decades and is, today, one of the fastest-growing food production sectors in the world. One of the most important problems that affect aquaculture is the appearance of infectious diseases. Among bacterial diseases affecting cultured salmonid fish, Bacterial Cold-Water Disease, caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, produces high mortality and morbidity and consequently, economical losses worldwide.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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White feces disease in shrimp
1. 8 January/Feburary 2016 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific Magazine
Shrimp Culture
White faeces disease in shrimp
Despite its presence since 2010, little is known
of this disease now impacting shrimp farming
in Asia.
By Poh Yong Thong
Ecological disturbances in particular by global warming have
resulted in the rise of surface water temperature. In addition, the
eutrophication of many coastal waters is due to increased shrimp
farming intensity spurred by more than 2 years of attractive
shrimp prices. These two conditions contributed to the onset
of many new viral, bacterial and fungal shrimp diseases. A silent
disease which has an impact in shrimp farms in most parts of Asia
is the white faeces disease or WFD.
Present since 2010 in Thailand, Dr Chalor Limsuwan, Kasetsart
University attributed this new pathological entity to unusually
high temperatures of more than 320C and high stocking densities
which brought about increased levels of organic matter in the
pond (Limsuwan, 2010). Around the same time, shrimp farms in
Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in Sitiawan, in the state of Perak
were infected with this disease. The spread of the disease died
down for a while in 2012 but resurfaced since the end of 2014,
first in West Sumbawa but spread to East Java, Jogjakarta and
Lampung in Indonesia, and also in Thailand and Malaysia.
What is WFD
WFD becomes apparent when the digestive system of the shrimp
malfunctions and the faeces turns from the normal brownish
colour to pale white. The hepatopancreas becomes whitish and
soft. The white faeces appear to be more buoyant than normal
faeces and float on the water surface, appearing like faecal
strings as shown in the photo below. Limsuwan (2010) said that
in addition to the white faeces, infected shrimp show a loose
exoskeleton and are also infested by epibiotic protozoa that
cause a dark discolouration of the gills.
Shrimp infected by WFD exhibit marked reduction in feed
intake and a severe infection of WFD may result in up to 60%
mortality.
What do we know?
Here I discuss pre 2014 and post 2014 findings presented at
seminars and in the literature on WFD in Asia. In 2010, Limsuwan
reported the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis, V.
Short pale white to yellow faecal strings from shrimp with white faeces disease
floating on the water surface. Picture courtesy of Arfindee, technical manager, Gold
Coin Thailand
A comparison of the gut of WFD infected shrimp (right) with the gut of a normal
shrimp. Picture courtesy of Iwan Sutanto, chairman of Shrimp Club Indonesia.
alginolyticus and V. mimicus in the faecal analysis of WFD shrimp.
Then, during the latter part of 2010, Limsuwan et al. (Limsuwan,
2010) further found V. vulnificus, V. fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus, V.
alginolyticus, V. mimicus, V. cholerae (non01) and Photobacterium
damselae (V. damselae) in the haemolymph and intestines of WFD
shrimp. In addition, in Vietnam, Ha, et al. (2010) reported that the
causative agent of WFD was the microsporidian Enterocytozoon
hepatopenaei or EHP.
In June 2014, the team of Visanu Boonyawiwat, Kasetsart
University and Timothy W. Flegel, Mahidol University, Thailand
(Sriurairatana S, et al. 2014) revealed that the microvilli of WFD
shrimp peeled away from HP tubule epithelial cells and then
aggregated in the tubule lumen – hence they coined the term
ATM (aggregated transformed microvilli). The vermiform-like
bodies showed no cellular structure and were unlikely to be
cellular microbiota. The cause of ATM is currently unknown, but
the loss of microvilli and subsequent cell lysis indicate that their
formation is a pathological process.
The authors further suggested that the increase in the
prevalence of ATM has been coincidental with the increase in early
mortality syndrome (EMS) or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis
(AHPND) outbreaks. The causative agent of AHPND is Vibrio
parahaemolyticus which produces the toxin (which is regulated
by quorum sensing or QS) that in turn causes sloughing of HP
tubule epithelial cells. Thus, we may ask whether the same EMS
toxin at low dosages is responsible for the formation of ATM or
a mild form of WFD.
In summary, WFD could be due to an infestation of Vibrio
bacteria, the dreadful microsporidia EHP or the physical sloughing
off of hepatopancreatic tubules due to possibly a bacterial toxin.
The exact causative agent to date is still unknown.
Possible causes
As presented in a workshop organised by the Shrimp Club
Indonesia in Surabaya in October, 2015, based on studies by
industry in Indonesia, Dr Arief Taslihan, Centre for Development
of Brackish Water Aquaculture (BBPBAP), Jepara, Anwar Hasan,
Biomin Indonesia and Sidrotun Naim S., Surya University, said
that the triggers of WFD are usually:
• An algae crash with rising total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)
• Cyanophyta being replaced by dinoflagellata and ciliata/
protozoa
• High organic load (>100 ppm)
• High total Vibrio count in water > 1 x 102 CFU/mL
• Pond water with low transparency of <20 cm
2. January/Feburary 2016 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific Magazine 9
From the hatchery to the ponds...
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FISH FEEDSHRIMP FEEDHATCHERY FEED
3. 10 January/Feburary 2016 AQUA Culture Asia Pacific Magazine
Shrimp Culture
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Magazine Design v1-176X62.5MM v5.pdf 1 6/8/2014 9:50:57 PM
• High alkalinity >200 ppm or <80 ppm,
• Prolonged low dissolved oxygen at <3.0 ppm
In its June 1, 2015 bulletin, feed producer Matahari Sakti
reported that the total organic matter (TOM) in Indonesian sea
water has increased to >50 ppm and this favours the growth
of pathogenic bacteria which cause diseases. It stated that the
environment is overloaded and cannot self-purify itself resulting
in the imbalance in the ecosystem.
Prevention is better than cure
Until today, the exact cause of shrimp WFD is still unknown.
The best that shrimp farmers can do to combat this disease
is prevention. This means farmers must be on the alert for the
possible onset of WFD, and they must be more observant. The
first recommendation issued by Thai experts was for farmers to
decrease the stocking density during the hot season. This will
result in a decrease in bottom organic matter and a reduction in
the Vibrio loading in the pond bottom. Some have mitigated the
disease by using probiotics containing Bacillus subtilis that block
the growth of Vibrio bacteria.
To prevent WFD, start with thorough pond preparation,
complete sterilisation of water, limit use of organic inputs to
prevent excessively fertile water and pond bottom, stringent
control of feed , and careful monitoring of Vibrio and water
quality. It is important to detect the disease as early as possible
before more of the shrimp lose appetite. Constant observation
and surveillance in particular during night time is necessary. The
discovery of partial white strands of faeces as shown in photo
(4) below is cause for alarm.
Early detection of
WFD is important
to combat the
disease.
Feed management
In feeding shrimp, we use sinking pellets which sink to the
pond bottom. It takes time for a skilled worker to master the
dispensation of the exact amount of feed to shrimp. Too little
feed will affect growth and health but too much feed will result in
high organic load, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and pathogenic
bacteria in the pond.
Feeding shrimp
is a big challenge
because the feed
sinks into the water
and cannot be
seen.
It is thus imperative that the shrimp farmer is able to dispense
an optimal amount of feed to the shrimp pond by meticulous
monitoring of feed trays. The feed trays are ingenious tools
invented by the Taiwanese in the 1980s and are very useful in
fine tuning the daily dispensing of feed in response to the daily
changes in weather and water quality which affect the appetite
of the shrimp.
Treatment of WFD
If the pond is infected by WFD, the following treatment can be
attempted. This treatment protocol was developed and has been
shown to be effective in some ponds.
• Reduce immediately the feed amount or even stop feeding for
the whole day
• Run as many aerators as possible. Add additional aerators if
available
• Blend 80 g fresh garlic/kg feed in a blender, mix with 150 ml of
freshwater and top-dress the feed for 1 day’s feeding
• In lieu of garlic, add KMNO4 to the feed at 5-10 ppm, for the
daily feed ration
• Add a reputable probiotic at 3 times the normal rate to the
pond
• The next day, add the same probiotics such as Bacillus to the
feed and feed for a day
• Repeat the alternative top-dressing of garlic and reputable
probiotics for 5 days.
Conclusion
Shrimp farmers must be aware that shrimp farming management
and technology are constantly changing. What used to work
previously may no longer be applicable due to the change
Uneaten feed and excessive excreta produced from excessive
feeding will result in high organic matter in the pond, producing
not only harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulphide
which deteriorate the water quality, but also supplying food for
the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and harmful algae.
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in weather condition and the eutrophication of the coastal
ecosystem. Today, shrimp farmers who cling to past farming
husbandry will find it hard to succeed. A critical aspect to this
adaptation is feed management. Due to the deteriorating coastal
water containing a much higher organic load, the carrying
capacity of the pond will be reduced. Excess uneaten feedwill
produce ammonia and hydrogen sulphide which act as feed for
pathogenic bacteria. Shrimp farmers who learn and adapt will
stand a better chance of success.
Snieszko (see below) had aptly illustrated the principle of
disease prevention by his epidemiological triad. One more
dimension has to be added to Snieszko’s epidemiological triad.
Feed management should be added as the 4th dimension.
The principle of disease prevention is the epidemiological
quadruplets, which is illustrated below:
The ultimate aim in shrimp health management is to reduce or
dwarf the growth of pathogens by reducing excessive nutrient
loading to the ecosystem through stringent feed management
while optimising the quality of the environment as well as
safeguarding the health status of the stock via genetics and
Poh Yong Thong is assistant director,
Nutrition and Technical Service at Gold
Coin Aquaculture Division. He is based in
Selangor, Malaysia. Email: yt.poh@goldcoin-
group.com or poyoto2002@yahoo.com
References
Ha, N.T., Ha, D.T., Thuy, N.T., Lien, V.T.K., 2010. Occurrence of a microsporidian
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei associated with white feces syndrome (WFS)
in cultured black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Vietnam. Aquatic Animal
Health, https://aquahealth.wordpress.com.
Limsuwan, C. (2010). White faeces disease in Thailand. Boletines Nicovita. www.
nicovita.pe
Somboon, M., Purirvirojkul, W., Limsuwan, C., Chuchirid, N. 2012. Effect of Vibrio s
pp. in white feces infected shrimp in Chantaburi, Thailand. Kasetsart University
Fisheries Research Bulletin 2012 Vol. 36 No. 1 pp 7-15
Sriurairatana S, Boonyawiwat V, Gangnonngiw W, Laosutthipong C, Hiranchan J.
2014. White faeces syndrome of shrimp arises from transformation, sloughing
and aggregation of hepatopancreatic microvilli into vermiform bodies
superficially resembling gregarines. PLoS ONE 9(6): e99170.doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0099170
nutrition. Ideally we want to have a situation pictorially presented
as below:
Pathogen Stock
FeedEnvironment
Pathogen
Stock
Environment Feed