Brackishwater shrimp farming is an important sector for India's food production and export earnings, but diseases pose a major challenge. White spot disease is particularly harmful, causing over $3000 crores in losses from 1995-2005. Poor biosecurity, water and soil quality monitoring, disease management, and farmer awareness often contribute to disease outbreaks. Educating farmers about disease management and adopting best practices are key to controlling diseases and sustaining shrimp farm growth, which is important for India's nutritional security.
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
Balancing the pond ecosystem in shrimp farmingYong Thong Poh
This document discusses the importance of balancing the pond ecosystem in shrimp farming through proper feed management. It begins by explaining that overstocking shrimp and overfeeding in commercial ponds disrupts the natural balance of microorganisms and nutrients in the pond. This can cause water quality issues, disease outbreaks, and shrimp mortality. The document then draws an analogy between this disruption in shrimp ponds and eutrophication in lakes caused by excess nutrient loading. Finally, it emphasizes that careful control of feed inputs, such as only feeding shrimp to 80% satiation or withholding feeds at certain times, is critical to maintaining the fragile balance in intensive pond culture systems and achieving good shrimp growth and survival rates.
White faeces disease (WFD) is an emerging disease impacting shrimp farms in Asia since 2010. Little is known about its exact cause, though various bacteria and a microsporidian have been associated with it. WFD results in white or pale feces and damage to the hepatopancreas of infected shrimp. High water temperatures, stocking densities, and organic matter levels can trigger WFD outbreaks. Proper pond management including control of feeding, water quality, and stocking density is important for prevention. The causative agent remains unknown and more research is needed.
White faeces disease (WFD) is an emerging disease impacting shrimp farms in Asia since 2010. Little is known about its exact cause, though it may be due to bacteria like Vibrio or the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. WFD causes the shrimp's feces to turn pale white and its hepatopancreas to become whitish and soft. Infected shrimp exhibit reduced feed intake and mortality can reach 60%. While the causative agent remains unknown, prevention through proper pond management is the best approach to combat the disease.
White faeces disease (WFD) is impacting shrimp farms in Asia. The exact cause is still unknown but may be due to bacteria like Vibrio or the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. WFD results in white or pale faeces and damage to the hepatopancreas. Factors like high temperatures, high stocking densities, and poor water quality can trigger WFD. Prevention through proper pond management, water quality control, and feed management is important to control the disease until its cause is determined.
This document discusses disease management in aquaculture. It notes that diseases can cause 10-15% losses in production and maintaining proper water quality parameters is important to prevent disease. It outlines major diseases affecting freshwater pond culture like parasites, fungi, bacteria, and algal blooms. Common disease symptoms in fish include loss of appetite, abnormal behavior, skin lesions, and gill discoloration. The document provides recommendations to prevent disease through best management practices like maintaining water quality, using certified seed, monitoring fish health, and contacting experts if diseases are observed.
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
Balancing the pond ecosystem in shrimp farmingYong Thong Poh
This document discusses the importance of balancing the pond ecosystem in shrimp farming through proper feed management. It begins by explaining that overstocking shrimp and overfeeding in commercial ponds disrupts the natural balance of microorganisms and nutrients in the pond. This can cause water quality issues, disease outbreaks, and shrimp mortality. The document then draws an analogy between this disruption in shrimp ponds and eutrophication in lakes caused by excess nutrient loading. Finally, it emphasizes that careful control of feed inputs, such as only feeding shrimp to 80% satiation or withholding feeds at certain times, is critical to maintaining the fragile balance in intensive pond culture systems and achieving good shrimp growth and survival rates.
White faeces disease (WFD) is an emerging disease impacting shrimp farms in Asia since 2010. Little is known about its exact cause, though various bacteria and a microsporidian have been associated with it. WFD results in white or pale feces and damage to the hepatopancreas of infected shrimp. High water temperatures, stocking densities, and organic matter levels can trigger WFD outbreaks. Proper pond management including control of feeding, water quality, and stocking density is important for prevention. The causative agent remains unknown and more research is needed.
White faeces disease (WFD) is an emerging disease impacting shrimp farms in Asia since 2010. Little is known about its exact cause, though it may be due to bacteria like Vibrio or the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. WFD causes the shrimp's feces to turn pale white and its hepatopancreas to become whitish and soft. Infected shrimp exhibit reduced feed intake and mortality can reach 60%. While the causative agent remains unknown, prevention through proper pond management is the best approach to combat the disease.
White faeces disease (WFD) is impacting shrimp farms in Asia. The exact cause is still unknown but may be due to bacteria like Vibrio or the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. WFD results in white or pale faeces and damage to the hepatopancreas. Factors like high temperatures, high stocking densities, and poor water quality can trigger WFD. Prevention through proper pond management, water quality control, and feed management is important to control the disease until its cause is determined.
This document discusses disease management in aquaculture. It notes that diseases can cause 10-15% losses in production and maintaining proper water quality parameters is important to prevent disease. It outlines major diseases affecting freshwater pond culture like parasites, fungi, bacteria, and algal blooms. Common disease symptoms in fish include loss of appetite, abnormal behavior, skin lesions, and gill discoloration. The document provides recommendations to prevent disease through best management practices like maintaining water quality, using certified seed, monitoring fish health, and contacting experts if diseases are observed.
This document discusses fish diseases in aquaculture. It notes that parasitic infestations are a prominent cause of health issues for fish. Maintaining good management of fish health in aquaculture ponds is important for sustained fish production, as fish live in a complex environment. Common diseases that hamper carp production include those caused by parasites, bacteria, fungi, and poor environmental conditions. Estimated annual losses of fish production in Assam, India due to disease were around 10.8% of total production. These losses could be reduced by implementing better management practices throughout the farming process.
Saprolegniasis, also known as winter fungus, is a disease caused by fungi usually in the genus Saprolegnia. Found in freshwater fish and fish eggs, saprolegniasis is a secondary infection typically seen when water temperatures dip below 59°F and then begin to increase in the early spring. A fish suffering from saprolegniasis will exhibit cotton-like growths on the skin and gills, depigmented skin, and sunken eyes. In more severe cases, the cotton-like growths can extend into the muscle tissue. Infected fish will begin to die slowly over time.
During months where rapid change in water temperature is common, extra measures should be taken to prevent or detect saprolegniasis, so now would be the time to take precautions! Saprolegniasis can be prevented by avoiding rough handling, crowded stocking conditions, and poor water quality. To prevent further spread and reduce overall mortality, fish should be harvested as soon as saprolegniasis is observed.
I. Causative Agent and Disease
The disease saprolegniasis is caused
by water molds (oomycetes) mostly in
the genus Saprolegnia. Genetic sequencing places oomycetes in the class Oomycota, phylum Heterokontophyta, related
to photosynthetic brown algae, diatoms
and api complexan protozoa. They are
filamentous protists based on production
of oospores, diploid chromosomes, cell
walls of beta glucans and cellulose, two
types of zoospore flagella and tubular
cristae in the mitochondria. Saprolegniasis describes any cotton-like growth
adherent to skin or gills that include several genera of molds. Water molds occur
in fresh and brackish water less than
2.8 ppt salinity. Most are saprophytes
occurring naturally in the environment
and are opportunistic pathogens, usually requiring prior injury of external
tissues from mechanical abrasion or
other primary pathogens. Some species
of Saprolegnia (parasitica) are primary
pathogens producing a systemic disease.
II. Host Species
All freshwater fish species, incubating eggs and other lower aquatic
vertebrates/invertebrates worldwide are
susceptible to saprolegniasis.
III. Clinical Signs
The mold produces white/brown
cotton-like foci on the surface of the
skin and/or gills. Early foci are pale with
peripheral areas of erythema and central
zones of lifted scales that frequently
ulcerate, exposing underlying musculature. Systemic infections produce
mycelial masses in the gut and viscera
causing peritonitis, extensive hemorrhage, necrosis and adhesions. In smaller
juvenile fish, external signs of bloating
caused by gut obstruction may progress
to perforation of the abdominal wall.
IV. Transmission
External mold infections are
transmitted through ambient water by
infectious biflagellated zoospores released from hyphal sporangia. Systemic
infections in cultured fish occur by
ingestion of uneaten food that has been
colonized by mold hyphae.
Fish disease is a major constraint to aquaculture development in Bangladesh. Common diseases include bacterial, fungal, parasitic and physical ailments. The risk of disease outbreaks increases with intensification of aquaculture and high stocking densities. Proper management practices like monitoring health, controlling transboundary movements, training workers and utilizing disease prevention techniques can help control disease spread and its impacts on aquaculture.
Biosecurity measures in shrimp farming:-
- Biosecurity measures at the time of stocking
- Biosecurity measures at the initial time of culture period
- Biosecurity measures during mid culture period
- Biosecurity measures at the end of culture period
cultured shrimp are getting affected by various disease.some of them are acute and some chronic. and the curing is very harder for a farmer so it is better suggested for safety precaution and proper hygiene while culturing.and the affected shrimp in cured with antibiotics is not accepted by anyone in the export business. so, let yourself find out the various shrimp disease their cure and proper management in this seminar.
himvalleytrout-Major Fish Diseases for Successful Farming-Prevention & TreatmentHimvalley Trout
Discover the key to successful trout farming with Himvalleytrout! Explore prevention and treatment of major fish diseases. Stay updated on trout fish prices in Uttarakhand and Dehradun today. Contact us at +91-9548751742, +91-9412971414.
Biological Characteristics Of Cultured Species Thanh Asean TrainingRidzaludin
The document discusses the biological characteristics and species selection for aquaculture of several major cultured species. It provides details on the reproduction, growth, feeding habits and environmental requirements of species like river catfish, tilapia, giant freshwater prawn and black tiger shrimp. The document also outlines objectives and factors to consider for species selection in aquaculture, including economic and biological characteristics. It lists examples of suitable freshwater and marine species for different aquaculture systems.
Copy of Food toxins and food borne diseases.pdfVraj99
Foodborne diseases are caused by toxic agents or pathogens that enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food or water. The document discusses various foodborne intoxications and infections. Foodborne intoxications can be caused by naturally occurring toxins in plants, bacterial toxins like those that cause botulism, fungal toxins like aflatoxins, and chemical contaminants. Major foodborne infections discussed are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Specific food toxicants covered in more depth include neurolathyrism caused by a toxin in khesari dal, aflatoxins produced by fungi that grow on grains like peanuts, ergot fungus that infects grains, and pyrrolizidine alkalo
The document provides technical guidelines for using Gambusia fish to biologically control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Mahabubabad District, Telangana, India. It describes how Gambusia fish were introduced in the district following a review meeting with the district collector to address increased mosquitoes and diseases from rainfall. The summary is:
1) Gambusia fish have been successfully used since the early 1900s to biologically control mosquito larvae. Guidelines were created for local governments to distribute and monitor Gambusia fish in the district.
2) Gambusia are described as a good biological control as they naturally prey on mosquito larvae, reproduce quickly, and can survive varied environments with minimal costs.
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
This document discusses the introduction of exotic fish species in India. It provides background on the history of exotic fish introductions for purposes like aquaculture, sport fishing, and mosquito control. Traits that allow exotic species to establish are described. Examples of introduced species in Indian aquaculture are given. Both benefits and impacts like competition, diseases, and genetic impacts are outlined. The document concludes that while introductions can expand aquaculture, they also threaten native biodiversity and ecosystems. Careful evaluation and regulation of introductions is needed to balance economic and ecological impacts.
This document discusses the management of nursery ponds for fish culture. It describes the pre-stocking, stocking, and post-stocking management of nursery ponds. For pre-stocking management, it discusses dewatering and drying the pond, desilting, controlling predators and weeds, liming, fertilizing, and maintaining water quality. Nursery ponds are typically stocked at 5-6 million spawn per hectare. Post-stocking management includes feeding the spawn based on their growth and harvesting fry after 15 days once they reach 20-25mm in size. The goal of nursery pond management is to nurse the hatchlings until they grow into fry that can be transferred
This document discusses polyculture of carp fish in Bangladesh. It describes that polyculture involves culturing multiple fish species together that have different feeding habits and ecological niches. Common carp species cultured together in Bangladesh include various types of indigenous carp like rohu, mrigal carp, and exotic carp like silver carp. Effective polyculture management requires selecting compatible species, maintaining suitable water quality parameters, providing adequate natural and supplemental food, monitoring fish health and growth, and preventing diseases. Polyculture aims to maximize fish production from a water body by fully utilizing available resources.
This document provides information on shrimp grow-out culture techniques in the Philippines. It discusses the major shrimp species cultured, including Penaeus monodon. There are 210,000 hectares of potential and existing brackishwater ponds in the country. Traditionally, brackishwater fishfarming centered on milkfish, but many farmers now focus on shrimp monoculture or polyculture with milkfish. The document describes semi-intensive and intensive shrimp culture methods used in the Philippines, including pond preparation, stocking, water management, feeding, and predator control. Key aspects of water quality such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, transparency, temperature, and pH are also outlined.
TOPIC – INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC FISH SPECIES.pptxSmriti Biswas
This document summarizes the introduction of exotic fish species in India. It discusses the history of exotic fish introductions dating back to 1863. Several exotic species have been introduced for aquaculture and mosquito control, with varying degrees of success and impacts. While exotic species can improve production and diversification, they also negatively impact native species through competition, predation, disease transmission, and genetic dilution. Proper evaluation and regulation of introductions is needed to balance these impacts and benefits.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
This document discusses fish diseases in aquaculture. It notes that parasitic infestations are a prominent cause of health issues for fish. Maintaining good management of fish health in aquaculture ponds is important for sustained fish production, as fish live in a complex environment. Common diseases that hamper carp production include those caused by parasites, bacteria, fungi, and poor environmental conditions. Estimated annual losses of fish production in Assam, India due to disease were around 10.8% of total production. These losses could be reduced by implementing better management practices throughout the farming process.
Saprolegniasis, also known as winter fungus, is a disease caused by fungi usually in the genus Saprolegnia. Found in freshwater fish and fish eggs, saprolegniasis is a secondary infection typically seen when water temperatures dip below 59°F and then begin to increase in the early spring. A fish suffering from saprolegniasis will exhibit cotton-like growths on the skin and gills, depigmented skin, and sunken eyes. In more severe cases, the cotton-like growths can extend into the muscle tissue. Infected fish will begin to die slowly over time.
During months where rapid change in water temperature is common, extra measures should be taken to prevent or detect saprolegniasis, so now would be the time to take precautions! Saprolegniasis can be prevented by avoiding rough handling, crowded stocking conditions, and poor water quality. To prevent further spread and reduce overall mortality, fish should be harvested as soon as saprolegniasis is observed.
I. Causative Agent and Disease
The disease saprolegniasis is caused
by water molds (oomycetes) mostly in
the genus Saprolegnia. Genetic sequencing places oomycetes in the class Oomycota, phylum Heterokontophyta, related
to photosynthetic brown algae, diatoms
and api complexan protozoa. They are
filamentous protists based on production
of oospores, diploid chromosomes, cell
walls of beta glucans and cellulose, two
types of zoospore flagella and tubular
cristae in the mitochondria. Saprolegniasis describes any cotton-like growth
adherent to skin or gills that include several genera of molds. Water molds occur
in fresh and brackish water less than
2.8 ppt salinity. Most are saprophytes
occurring naturally in the environment
and are opportunistic pathogens, usually requiring prior injury of external
tissues from mechanical abrasion or
other primary pathogens. Some species
of Saprolegnia (parasitica) are primary
pathogens producing a systemic disease.
II. Host Species
All freshwater fish species, incubating eggs and other lower aquatic
vertebrates/invertebrates worldwide are
susceptible to saprolegniasis.
III. Clinical Signs
The mold produces white/brown
cotton-like foci on the surface of the
skin and/or gills. Early foci are pale with
peripheral areas of erythema and central
zones of lifted scales that frequently
ulcerate, exposing underlying musculature. Systemic infections produce
mycelial masses in the gut and viscera
causing peritonitis, extensive hemorrhage, necrosis and adhesions. In smaller
juvenile fish, external signs of bloating
caused by gut obstruction may progress
to perforation of the abdominal wall.
IV. Transmission
External mold infections are
transmitted through ambient water by
infectious biflagellated zoospores released from hyphal sporangia. Systemic
infections in cultured fish occur by
ingestion of uneaten food that has been
colonized by mold hyphae.
Fish disease is a major constraint to aquaculture development in Bangladesh. Common diseases include bacterial, fungal, parasitic and physical ailments. The risk of disease outbreaks increases with intensification of aquaculture and high stocking densities. Proper management practices like monitoring health, controlling transboundary movements, training workers and utilizing disease prevention techniques can help control disease spread and its impacts on aquaculture.
Biosecurity measures in shrimp farming:-
- Biosecurity measures at the time of stocking
- Biosecurity measures at the initial time of culture period
- Biosecurity measures during mid culture period
- Biosecurity measures at the end of culture period
cultured shrimp are getting affected by various disease.some of them are acute and some chronic. and the curing is very harder for a farmer so it is better suggested for safety precaution and proper hygiene while culturing.and the affected shrimp in cured with antibiotics is not accepted by anyone in the export business. so, let yourself find out the various shrimp disease their cure and proper management in this seminar.
himvalleytrout-Major Fish Diseases for Successful Farming-Prevention & TreatmentHimvalley Trout
Discover the key to successful trout farming with Himvalleytrout! Explore prevention and treatment of major fish diseases. Stay updated on trout fish prices in Uttarakhand and Dehradun today. Contact us at +91-9548751742, +91-9412971414.
Biological Characteristics Of Cultured Species Thanh Asean TrainingRidzaludin
The document discusses the biological characteristics and species selection for aquaculture of several major cultured species. It provides details on the reproduction, growth, feeding habits and environmental requirements of species like river catfish, tilapia, giant freshwater prawn and black tiger shrimp. The document also outlines objectives and factors to consider for species selection in aquaculture, including economic and biological characteristics. It lists examples of suitable freshwater and marine species for different aquaculture systems.
Copy of Food toxins and food borne diseases.pdfVraj99
Foodborne diseases are caused by toxic agents or pathogens that enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food or water. The document discusses various foodborne intoxications and infections. Foodborne intoxications can be caused by naturally occurring toxins in plants, bacterial toxins like those that cause botulism, fungal toxins like aflatoxins, and chemical contaminants. Major foodborne infections discussed are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Specific food toxicants covered in more depth include neurolathyrism caused by a toxin in khesari dal, aflatoxins produced by fungi that grow on grains like peanuts, ergot fungus that infects grains, and pyrrolizidine alkalo
The document provides technical guidelines for using Gambusia fish to biologically control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Mahabubabad District, Telangana, India. It describes how Gambusia fish were introduced in the district following a review meeting with the district collector to address increased mosquitoes and diseases from rainfall. The summary is:
1) Gambusia fish have been successfully used since the early 1900s to biologically control mosquito larvae. Guidelines were created for local governments to distribute and monitor Gambusia fish in the district.
2) Gambusia are described as a good biological control as they naturally prey on mosquito larvae, reproduce quickly, and can survive varied environments with minimal costs.
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
This document discusses the introduction of exotic fish species in India. It provides background on the history of exotic fish introductions for purposes like aquaculture, sport fishing, and mosquito control. Traits that allow exotic species to establish are described. Examples of introduced species in Indian aquaculture are given. Both benefits and impacts like competition, diseases, and genetic impacts are outlined. The document concludes that while introductions can expand aquaculture, they also threaten native biodiversity and ecosystems. Careful evaluation and regulation of introductions is needed to balance economic and ecological impacts.
This document discusses the management of nursery ponds for fish culture. It describes the pre-stocking, stocking, and post-stocking management of nursery ponds. For pre-stocking management, it discusses dewatering and drying the pond, desilting, controlling predators and weeds, liming, fertilizing, and maintaining water quality. Nursery ponds are typically stocked at 5-6 million spawn per hectare. Post-stocking management includes feeding the spawn based on their growth and harvesting fry after 15 days once they reach 20-25mm in size. The goal of nursery pond management is to nurse the hatchlings until they grow into fry that can be transferred
This document discusses polyculture of carp fish in Bangladesh. It describes that polyculture involves culturing multiple fish species together that have different feeding habits and ecological niches. Common carp species cultured together in Bangladesh include various types of indigenous carp like rohu, mrigal carp, and exotic carp like silver carp. Effective polyculture management requires selecting compatible species, maintaining suitable water quality parameters, providing adequate natural and supplemental food, monitoring fish health and growth, and preventing diseases. Polyculture aims to maximize fish production from a water body by fully utilizing available resources.
This document provides information on shrimp grow-out culture techniques in the Philippines. It discusses the major shrimp species cultured, including Penaeus monodon. There are 210,000 hectares of potential and existing brackishwater ponds in the country. Traditionally, brackishwater fishfarming centered on milkfish, but many farmers now focus on shrimp monoculture or polyculture with milkfish. The document describes semi-intensive and intensive shrimp culture methods used in the Philippines, including pond preparation, stocking, water management, feeding, and predator control. Key aspects of water quality such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, transparency, temperature, and pH are also outlined.
TOPIC – INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC FISH SPECIES.pptxSmriti Biswas
This document summarizes the introduction of exotic fish species in India. It discusses the history of exotic fish introductions dating back to 1863. Several exotic species have been introduced for aquaculture and mosquito control, with varying degrees of success and impacts. While exotic species can improve production and diversification, they also negatively impact native species through competition, predation, disease transmission, and genetic dilution. Proper evaluation and regulation of introductions is needed to balance these impacts and benefits.
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1. Due to substantial increase in production and
export earning, brackishwater aquaculture,
especially shrimp farming is one of the fastest
growing food sectors in India. The sustainable
growth of this sector is very much important to
meet the nutrition security of fast growing
population. But different diseases in
brackishwater aquaculture system are major
hindrance for the growth of this sector and very
often lead to total crop loss. White spot disease
(WSD) is the most important disease of cultured
shrimp and the cumulative economic loss only
due to WSD was as high as ` 3000 crores during
1995-2005. Very often, inadequate biosecurity
measures, lack of monitoring of soil and water
quality parameters, poor disease management
and lack of awareness among the farmers are
the important contributing factors to the
occurrence of diseases both in semi-intensive
and traditional farming systems. Education and
awareness among the farmers on disease
management and adoption of better
management practices (BMPs) are of utmost
importance to combat the disease problems in
shrimp farms.
Important diseases of shrimp:
White spot disease (WSD)
Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic
necrosis disease (IHHN)
Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus disease (HPV)
Yellow Head disease (YHD)
Taura Syndrome (TS)
Infectious myonecrosis (IMN)
Vibriosis
Monodon Slow Growth Syndrome (MSGS)
Loose Shell Syndrome (LSS)
Black gill disease
Parasitic infection in gill e.g. Zoothamnium
spp.
Emerging shrimp diseases:
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP)
Early mortality syndrome (EMS) or Acute
Hepatopancreatic Necrotic Disease
(AHPND)
Running mortality syndrome (RMS)
Covert Mortality Disease (CMD)
White Muscle Syndrome (WMS)
White Faeces Syndrome (WFS)
White Patch Disease
Muscle cramp
Bamboo shrimp syndrome
Diseases not present in India:
Early mortality syndrome (EMS) or Acute
HepatopancreaticNecrosisDisease(AHPND)
Yellow Head Disease (YHD)
Taura Syndrome (TS)
Covert Mortality Disease (CMD)
Infectious myonecrosis (IMN)
Measures to be followed at field level for control
of shrimp diseases: For shrimp aquaculture, two
m o s t i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s f o r d i s e a s e
management are strict adherence to Better
Management Practices (BMPs) and guidelines of
Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA). The
guidelines of CAA are available in the website,
www.caa.gov.in. Some important measures are
given below:
Proper pond preparation: Proper pond
preparation is the first step of brackishwater
shrimp culture. Pond should be dried for at
least three weeks and the black soil should
be excavated. The excavated soil should not
be dumped inside the farm. The pond bottom
should be limed properly. The dose depends
upon pH of the soil. For the quantity of lime
required, please refer to the CIBA guidelines
(http://www.ciba.res.in/Books/ciba0295.pd
f). However, if the pH is not below 7.5, apply
basal dose of 300-500 kg/ha.
Biosecurity measures: It is very important to
follow strict biosecurity measures to prevent
entry of harmful vectors and pathogens.
Suitable crab fencing and bird fencing
should be installed. Farmers should keep
potassium permanganate (3 mg/l) dip at the
entry of the farm.
Disinfect the pond water with optimum dose
of bleaching at least 14 days before stocking.
For each bigha area, apply 60-80 kg of
bleaching (approx. 450 - 590 kg / ha), if
depth of water is one meter.
Source of post-larvae / shrimp: Always buy
shrimp seed / post-larvae from reputed
hatcheries. For Penaeus vannamei, the lists
of CAA approved hatcheries are available at
CAA website. The shrimp seed / post-larvae
should be certified to be free from WSSV and
IHHNV. Considering the emergence of EHP,
the seed should also be screened for this
pathogen.
Stocking density: The chances of spreading
infectious diseases including WSD increase
with increase of stocking density. As per CAA
guidelines, the maximum permissible
stocking density are 30 and 60 per sq.m. in
White spot on carapace in WSD
Black gill disease
Brown spot disease
White faeces syndrome
White spot disease (WSD)
Crab fencing
Potassiuam permangate foot bath
2. case of P. monodon and P. vannamei,
respectively. This should be followed strictly.
During stocking, acclimatize the post-larvae
(seed) to prevailing pH, temperature and
salinity of the pond water by gradual mixing
of pond water to the pack of post-larvae.
The human traffic should be controlled in the
farms. Do not allow any unauthorized person
inside the shrimp farm.
Never discharge pond water immediately
after harvesting. After harvesting, bleach the
water in the ponds (60-80 kg/bigha or 450-
590 kg/ha), hold for at least 7 days before
discharging.
Monitor the cultured shrimp regularly for
any abnormal symptoms or behaviors. If
observed, report immediately to any
aquaculture health expert. The samples
should be brought to the laboratory for PCR
and other screening procedures. Followings
are very common abnormal behaviours and
symptoms observed in cultured shrimps:
Lethargy
Any sudden change in feeding behaviour
(Excessive feeding / reduced feeding /
cessation of feeding). Less feed intake
during moulting period is normal.
Mortality: The pattern of mortality should
be noted, i.e. mass mortality or
continuous low level mortality.
Presence of dead shrimp at the pond
bottom.
Presence of white spots on the external
surface especially on the carapace.
Crowding at the surface or edges of the
water body.
Broken antennae, broken rostrum, runt
deformities, etc.
Difficulty in moulting.
Any colour change on the body surface.
Deviation of normal colour of the gut.
Presence of white gut line.
Any ulceration or wound on any parts of
body.
Accumulation of excess fluid in any parts
of body.
Presence of any visible parasite in the
gills. If possible, check the gill with a
hand lens.
Any discolouration of the gill.
Variation of growth (body weight and
length).
Crowding near water inflow.
Empty gut after feeding.
Yellowishdiscolourationofcephalothorax.
Bending of body of the shrimp.
part of
Melanization or petichae on any
the body.
Abnormal swimming behaviour.
Red discolouration of body especially
pleopods and telson
Soft and weak shell.
Presence of white thread like faeces in the
water of the pond.
Gap between shell and muscle.
Some diseases like Yellow Head Disease,
Early Mortality Syndrome, Taura Syndrome,
Infectious myonecrosis, etc. are not reported
in India till date. However, they are prevalent
in many other Asian countries. If any new
symptoms in cultured shrimps are observed
by farmers, these should be reported to
aquaculture experts or competent
authorities immediately.
Monitor the water and soil-water-interface
properly throughout the culture period. Test
the water and soil-water-interface samples,
periodically for pH, turbidity, salinity, total
hardness, magnesium hardness, calcium
hardness, hydrogen sulfide, total ammonia
nitrogen (TAN), nitrite nitrogen, nitrate
nitrogen, total phosphorus, etc.
Avoid using aquaculture medicines
indiscriminately without expert consultation.
Don't use antibiotics. Use of almost all
antibiotics is banned.
As much as possible avoid exchange of
water. Water exchange increases the
probability of introduction of pathogen to the
cultured ponds. During water exchange
special care should be taken to avoid high
fluctuation of water quality.
Use the feed at optimum level. Overfeeding
and underfeeding should be avoided. Store
the feed / feed ingredients in dry place. Moist
feed is very much prone to fungal
contamination that leads to aflatoxin
production.
Depth of water: The optimum depth of water
for shrimp culture is 125 cm. Reduced depth
of water causes stress in the cultured
shrimp.
Inlet and discharge canal should be separate
to avoid the chances of mixing.
Always use one pond as reservoir, if possible.
Reservoir ponds are mandatory for the farms
having area beyond 2 ha. Farmers having
small farms can adopt group farming with a
common reservoir.
Filter the intake water through net filter to
prevent the entry of vectors of different
pathogens. Ideally, the farm should have one
reservoir, where treated water is always
available in the farm for use in emergencies.
Monitor different water quality parameters
Disease Management in
Brackishwater Shrimp
Culture
Kakdwip Research Centre
ICAR-Cenltral Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Kakdwip, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal - 743347
by testing of water in any competent
laboratory. Different crucial water quality
parameters include pH, salinity, dissolved
oxygen, total ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-
nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, total alkalinity,
dissolved inorganic phoshphate, etc. If
required, perform partial water exchange (5-
30 %) with pretreated water
Dispose the diseased and dead shrimp in a
proper manner. Apply lime and bleaching to
the diseased shrimps and bury those
preferably away from the ponds.
Provide separate nets and other equipments
for each of the ponds in the farm.
Keep an effluent treatment system for
management of farm waste. This is
mandatory for the farm with the area more
than 5 ha.
The workers in the farm should maintain a
good health status and proper sanitary
conditions.
Sanjoy Das, Tapas Kumar Ghoshal,
Debasis De, Gouranga Biswas, Prem Kumar,
Christina L. and S.V. Alavandi
January, 2016
Officer-in-Charge
Kakdwip Research Centre
ICAR-Cenltral Institute of Brackishwater
Aquaculture
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Kakdwip, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal - 743347
Phone: 03210-255072, Fax: 03210-257030
E-mail: krckakdwip@yahoo.co.in
Head Quarter
Director
ICAR-Cenltral Institute of Brackishwater
Aquaculture
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
75, Santhome High Road, R. A. Puram, Chennai -
600028
Phone: 044-24618817, 24616948, 24610565, Fax:
24610311
E-mail: director@ciba.res.in, Web: www.ciba.res.in
CIBA Extension series No. 48