Which of the following statements is false regarding temperate bacter.pdf
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Which of the following statements is false regarding temperate bacteriophages? They may transmit virulence genes to host cells. Phage capsids enter the host cells. Integration forms a bacterial strain called a lysogen. None of the provided choices is false. They can be induced to enter a lytic cycle. eplicates in the presence of an antibiotic due to the presence of a specific antibiotic resistance gene in the chromosome. Transforming the same bacterium with a plasmid that does not contain any homology to he chromosomal DNA results in the loss of antibiotic resistance. Which of the following statements best describes the underlying molecular event? The plasmid recombined into the chromosome at the antibiotic resistance gene locus. A transposable element jumped from the plasmid into the antibiotic resistance gene in the chromosome. The plasmid combined with a conjugative plasmid to form a cointegrate. The bacterium was F+. The antibiotic resistance gene excised from the chromosome and integrated into the plasmid..
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Ambe 101 @ lec 7,8
This document discusses the concepts of genetics and genetic variation in bacteria. It explains that bacteria can inherit genetic traits from parents but also exhibit variability through mechanisms like mutation, adaptation, genetic recombination, and gene expression changes. The document also outlines several genetic elements in bacteria, like plasmids and transposons, that allow for genetic transfer and variation.
bacterialgeneticsystemfinal-151114160717-lva1-app6891.pdf
This document summarizes bacterial genetic systems including transformation, conjugation, and transduction. It describes that bacterial genomes are circular and contain chromosomal DNA and plasmids. Plasmids can be conjugative or non-conjugative. Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA by bacterial cells. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct cell contact via pili. Transduction involves the transfer of bacterial DNA by bacteriophages. These three processes allow for genetic recombination and diversity in bacteria.
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This document discusses several genetic elements and processes in bacteria, including:
1) Genetic elements like plasmids that can encode traits like antibiotic resistance and be transferred between bacteria.
2) Mechanisms of genetic variation like mutation, genetic recombination through conjugation, transduction by bacteriophages, and transposition of mobile genetic elements.
3) The processes of replication, transcription, and translation that underlie gene expression and flow of genetic information.
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This document discusses several genetic elements and processes in bacteria, including:
1) Genetic elements like plasmids that can carry antibiotic resistance or aid in catabolism.
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What are transposons How have they been exploited for bacterial gen.pdf
What are transposons? How have they been exploited for bacterial genetic research?
Solution
The discrete genetic elements of pathogens such as bacteriophages, \"transposons\" & conjugate
plasmids that integrated into the host cell genome via horizontal gene transfer finally become
more recombinant to generate virulence of pathogen. The hypothesis of this phenomenon is to
acquire higher resistance towards host defense system by increasing “pathogen virulence factor
synthesis”. This acquisition of genomic integration of conjugate plasmid or “transposon” is
useful to obtain knowledge about the pathogen nature & pathogen interaction with host cell
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Horizontal gene transfer takes place between bacteria by transferring plasmids and transposons
to transfer both pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance properties carrying genes to non-
pathogenic, antibiotic-susceptible bacteria..
Genetics appt
Bacterial genetics involves three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer - transformation, transduction, and conjugation. These mechanisms allow bacteria to acquire new genetic material from other bacteria to help them survive in changing environments. Mutation also contributes to genetic variation in bacteria and usually involves changes to single genes, while gene transfer can involve simultaneous transfer of multiple genes.
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The document discusses several key aspects of microbial genetics including:
1) Microbial genetics revealed that genes consist of DNA and led to the discovery of restriction enzymes and PCR for amplifying specific DNA regions.
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3) The processes of replication, transcription, and translation that underlie gene expression and flow of genetic information.
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What are transposons How have they been exploited for bacterial gen.pdf
What are transposons? How have they been exploited for bacterial genetic research?
Solution
The discrete genetic elements of pathogens such as bacteriophages, \"transposons\" & conjugate
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acquire higher resistance towards host defense system by increasing “pathogen virulence factor
synthesis”. This acquisition of genomic integration of conjugate plasmid or “transposon” is
useful to obtain knowledge about the pathogen nature & pathogen interaction with host cell
finally enables to synthesize vaccines via bacterial genetic research etc.
Horizontal gene transfer takes place between bacteria by transferring plasmids and transposons
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1) Microbial genetics revealed that genes consist of DNA and led to the discovery of restriction enzymes and PCR for amplifying specific DNA regions.
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1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic informati.pdf
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these similar
and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes?
b) Explain how genes in phages are mapped. (This is different from the above question)
Solution
Ques-1: What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these
similar and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes?
Answer:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer is the transfer of genes between two
organisms that are phylogenetically unrelated but can readily exchange genes by conjugation or
transduction or transformation. HGT commonly occurs in prokaryotes and it plays a key role in
their evolution. HGT accelerates evolution.
Horizontal gene transfer: 1. conjugation, 2. transformation; 3. transduction
Similarities & differences:
Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genomes by between bacteria by the routes that does
not involve parent-offspring transmission. Conjugation, transduction and transformation are the
three mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
In the above case, it has clearly illustrated that the conditions, which can successfully prevents
transduction and abolish transfer of chromosomal DNA from one bacterial cell to another by
generalized transduction with P22 bacteriophage. Initially recipient cell- surface receptors are
important for the attachment of the bacteriophage (P22) and finally spikes of phage enable
bacterial membrane to lyse finally incorporate phage genome into the bacterial cell for
integration. Therefore, for efficient transduction, presence of recipient cell- surface receptors is
essential in the culture otherwise, bacteria exert resistant effects to the phages.
Transformation type of gene transfer occurs between bacteria. The genes released by dead
bacteria can be transferred to the live bacteria, and get integrated into its genome, which results
in genetic recombination of the host.
Transduction is also involving the genetic material transfer, but this needs bacteriophage as
media. The bacteriophage infects the bacteria in lytic cycle and releases the new virions, the
capsids of some of these virions carry the bacterial DNA fragments into the new host bacteria,
followed by genetic recombination of the host bacteria.
Conjugation: It is the transfer of genetic material from cell to cell by means of direct contact or a
bridge like structure. Bacterial conjugation needs the conjugation tube for genome transfer, both
transduction and transformation does not need this.
Mapping the genome -mechanisms
F factor is mainly pertaining to a class of conjugate plasmids, which meticulously originated to
control sexual functions in prokaryotes via fertility inhibition. The origin of F-factor is mainly
with most common functional segments such as gene traJ, Ori, OriC. The structure of this F
factor contains OriT for origin of transfer and acts as a starting point for gene transmission.
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It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
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Gene Transfer
Gene transfer can occur through three main mechanisms in bacteria: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves bacteria taking up naked DNA from other bacteria that has been released into the environment. Transduction uses bacteriophages to transfer bacterial DNA between cells. Conjugation requires an F plasmid and occurs when an F+ bacteria transfers DNA to an F- bacteria via a sex pilus. All three mechanisms allow for genetic recombination and variation between bacterial cells.
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Genetic variations can arise in bacteria through several mechanisms:
1. Point mutations or DNA rearrangements can occur spontaneously during DNA replication.
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Ques-7:
Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic
material, and they reproduce in the host cells. Bacteriophage is a type of virus that can infect
bacteria and inject its genome into the host, the bacteria then produces dozens of viral lineages.
Retrovirus such as HIV (human immune deficiency virus) reproduces in a different way, as they
contain reverse transcriptase enzyme. In this, a complementary DNA is transcribed from the
RNA genome, and it is called as DNA provirus.
The rate of evolution in RNA-based viruses (microcosm), like HIV-1 has million times higher
mutation rate when compared to that of DNA-based organisms (bacteria humans etc). It can
rapidly changes its genome components under biological conditions to acquire adaptations for
survival (resistance against drugs, immune components) in the biological host cell medium
compared to the DNA based organisms in which lower rate of evolutionary adaptations were
observed. This property of high genomic mutation rate in HIV-1 retrovirus is due to the
following mechanisms.
Viral genome transcribe via reverse transcription finally proved HIV-1 mRNA (after splicing)
with Rev 350 nucleotide sequences. These Rev produced once the viral mRNA transferred to the
cytoplasm from the nucleus for translation. Virulence is the factor of causing extensive damage
to the host cell and infecting new host cell in which pathogen is going to undergo extensive rate
of reproduction & phase variation along with genome modification to defend host immune
system. This is the main basis of evolution and an example ahs described below.
Several mutated viral lineages are produced due to the nucleotide integration into the host cells
& change their genome finally code for the enzymatic proteins such as reverse transcriptase,
ribonuclease, and integrase in order to promote severe multiplication of integrated host genome
with viral protein predominanlty result in several lineages (multiple capies of virions).
For example: Viral evolution mechanism with new genome & producetion of several viral
lineages
1. After viral particle entry, viral genome integrates into the host cell genome and replicate
followed by expression. Later the novel synthesized viral proteins are going to be transported to
specific sites for assembly into progeny virus thereby-----> more assembly/progeny
2. Even though viral assembly is going to takes place in the host cell plasma membrane, but a
variety of viral genomes initiate assembly in intracellular organelles or nucleus predominantly.
Thereby further particle/plaque forming units associate with exocytosis of the viral and host cell
integrated genome after lysis. Finally again mature viral lineages are going to target new cells.
Reverse transcriptase induced complementary DNA synthesis followed by mRNA synthesis for
viral protein -coding repoitre. This enzyme enables to produce more viral genome particle by
integrating into the host cell followed by vir.
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Similar to Which of the following statements is false regarding temperate bacter.pdf
Bacterial genetics
Bacterial genetics involves the study of inheritance of bacterial traits encoded in DNA. Bacteria contain two types of DNA - chromosomes and plasmids. The circular bacterial chromosome is attached to the cell membrane and replicates semi-conservatively. Plasmids are self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA that can exist in multiple copies per cell. Genetic variation in bacteria occurs through mutation, where DNA is altered, and through gene transfer between bacteria via transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves uptake of extracellular DNA, transduction involves gene transfer through bacteriophages, and conjugation involves direct transfer of DNA through cell contact.
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic informati.pdf
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these similar
and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes?
b) Explain how genes in phages are mapped. (This is different from the above question)
Solution
Ques-1: What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these
similar and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes?
Answer:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer is the transfer of genes between two
organisms that are phylogenetically unrelated but can readily exchange genes by conjugation or
transduction or transformation. HGT commonly occurs in prokaryotes and it plays a key role in
their evolution. HGT accelerates evolution.
Horizontal gene transfer: 1. conjugation, 2. transformation; 3. transduction
Similarities & differences:
Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genomes by between bacteria by the routes that does
not involve parent-offspring transmission. Conjugation, transduction and transformation are the
three mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
In the above case, it has clearly illustrated that the conditions, which can successfully prevents
transduction and abolish transfer of chromosomal DNA from one bacterial cell to another by
generalized transduction with P22 bacteriophage. Initially recipient cell- surface receptors are
important for the attachment of the bacteriophage (P22) and finally spikes of phage enable
bacterial membrane to lyse finally incorporate phage genome into the bacterial cell for
integration. Therefore, for efficient transduction, presence of recipient cell- surface receptors is
essential in the culture otherwise, bacteria exert resistant effects to the phages.
Transformation type of gene transfer occurs between bacteria. The genes released by dead
bacteria can be transferred to the live bacteria, and get integrated into its genome, which results
in genetic recombination of the host.
Transduction is also involving the genetic material transfer, but this needs bacteriophage as
media. The bacteriophage infects the bacteria in lytic cycle and releases the new virions, the
capsids of some of these virions carry the bacterial DNA fragments into the new host bacteria,
followed by genetic recombination of the host bacteria.
Conjugation: It is the transfer of genetic material from cell to cell by means of direct contact or a
bridge like structure. Bacterial conjugation needs the conjugation tube for genome transfer, both
transduction and transformation does not need this.
Mapping the genome -mechanisms
F factor is mainly pertaining to a class of conjugate plasmids, which meticulously originated to
control sexual functions in prokaryotes via fertility inhibition. The origin of F-factor is mainly
with most common functional segments such as gene traJ, Ori, OriC. The structure of this F
factor contains OriT for origin of transfer and acts as a starting point for gene transmission.
Bacterial genetics
Bacterial genetics involves the study of bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, transcription, translation, replication, and genetic variation. Bacteria store DNA in circular chromosomes and small plasmids. Transcription and translation allow genes to be expressed. Replication duplicates genetic material. Bacteria undergo genetic variation through mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction, allowing them to adapt. Genetic engineering uses bacteria to produce recombinant proteins for research and medical purposes like vaccines.
Genetics b
The document discusses several topics related to DNA and genetics including:
- DNA was established as the genetic material through Griffith's experiments showing transfer of virulence in pneumococcus bacteria (transformation).
- The genetic code corresponds to DNA base sequences specifying amino acid sequences in polypeptides. Codons and the wobble property are discussed.
- Mutations can be spontaneous or induced by mutagens and cause changes in biochemistry and phenotypes of cells. Different types of mutations like point mutations and frameshifts are described.
- Methods for selecting, detecting, and isolating mutants in microbial genetics experiments are outlined.
- Bacterial plasmids, conjugation, curing of plasmids, and antibiotic resistance factors are
Conjugation, transposition and antibiotic resistance
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through several mechanisms, including modification of antibiotic molecules, modification of antibiotic targets, and alterations in bacterial genomes. Resistance genes can spread between bacteria through conjugative plasmids and transposons. Conjugative plasmids contain the machinery for transfer between bacterial cells through conjugation. Transposons are DNA segments that can move within genomes. Composite transposons contain resistance genes flanked by insertion sequences that allow the resistance genes to spread. Conjugative transposons not only transpose but also direct their own transfer between cells. Lateral gene transfer through these mobile genetic elements is a major cause of the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations.
Genetics of bacteria PPT.pptx
Bacterial genetics is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in bacteria, their chromosomes, plasmids, transposons and phages. Techniques that have enabled this discipline are culture in defined media, replica plating, mutagenesis, transformation, conjugation and transduction.
Bacterial resistance mechanisms and new trends for resistance overcoming
This document discusses bacterial resistance and its mechanisms. It begins with an overview of the increasing issue of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. It then covers the origins of resistance as either intrinsic or acquired through mutation or horizontal gene transfer. The major mechanisms of acquired resistance are expressed genes coding for altered drug targets, enzymatic drug inactivation, efflux pumps, and biofilms. Factors promoting resistance include antibiotic misuse in medicine and agriculture as well as a lack of new drug development. The consequences are serious infections that are difficult to treat.
Gene transfer
It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
The insertion of unrelated, therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells
3 heredity and variation of bacteria
Bacterial heredity and variation can occur through several mechanisms. Genetic variation arises from mutations in bacterial chromosomes and genetic elements like plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposable elements. Gene transfer and recombination can also introduce variation as bacteria can undergo transformation, conjugation, and transduction to exchange genetic material. This allows bacteria to evolve new traits like antibiotic resistance or changes in virulence over multiple generations.
Genetic transfer
This document summarizes three types of DNA transfer between bacterial cells: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA from a donor to recipient cell via direct contact through a conjugation pilus. Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage virus transfers a piece of bacterial DNA into a new host cell. Transformation is when a bacterium takes up naked DNA from its environment. The transfer of genetic material allows for the spread of antibiotic resistance and exotoxin genes between bacteria.
Gene Transfer
Gene transfer can occur through three main mechanisms in bacteria: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves bacteria taking up naked DNA from other bacteria that has been released into the environment. Transduction uses bacteriophages to transfer bacterial DNA between cells. Conjugation requires an F plasmid and occurs when an F+ bacteria transfers DNA to an F- bacteria via a sex pilus. All three mechanisms allow for genetic recombination and variation between bacterial cells.
genetic variations
Genetic variations can arise in bacteria through several mechanisms:
1. Point mutations or DNA rearrangements can occur spontaneously during DNA replication.
2. DNA can be transferred between bacteria through transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA. Transduction involves transfer via bacteriophages. Conjugation involves direct contact between bacteria.
3. These mechanisms allow for acquisition of new genes and increase genetic diversity, which can provide advantages like antibiotic resistance but also influence bacterial pathogenesis.
Bohomolets Microbiology Lecture #6
Genetic of microorganisms provides advantages for genetic research due to their simple genome structures, universal gene code, lack of diploid chromosomes and dominant genes, ease of cultivation, rapid reproduction, genetic population heterogeneity, and accessibility of modern genetic analysis methods. Bacteria like E. coli have smaller, supercoiled DNA compared to human cells. Bacterial genomes contain structural and regulatory genes organized into operons that control gene expression. The lac and arg operons demonstrate inducible and repressible gene regulation through repressor proteins and substrate/product binding. Mutation, recombination, and mobile genetic elements allow for genetic variation and horizontal gene transfer between microorganisms.
Bacterial genetics
A short yet comprehensive presentation on bacterial genetics, an important microbiology topic for BDS 2nd, MBBS 2nd and MD/MS /MDS 1st . Made using CP Baveja's Textbook of Microbiology. Meant as an introduction and overview with stress on some key areas.
Topics covered: Basic Principles, Synthesis of Protein, Extra Chromosomal Genetic Material, Bacterial Variation , Gene Transfer, Genetic Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Genetic Engineering, DNA Probes, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Genetically Modified Organisms and Gene Therapy.
BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION, PLASMIDS AND EPISOMES
Bacterial genetic recombination can occur through transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Transformation involves DNA uptake from dead bacteria. Transduction involves DNA transfer by bacteriophages. Conjugation involves DNA transfer through cell-to-cell contact via plasmids or sex pili. Plasmids are small extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can replicate independently and be transferred between bacteria. Episomes can exist independently or integrate into chromosomes, and include plasmids, viruses, and transposons.
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It is a microbiology topic based on transduction in bacteria, and there is a big role for bacteriophage as it also does it's lytic and lysogenic cycles. It is important on the view of health and medicine
Transduction
Transduction is a mode of genetic transfer between bacteria mediated by bacteriophages. During viral replication, fragments of bacterial DNA can become packaged within viral particles. These particles may then infect other bacteria and insert the donor DNA into the recipient genome. There are two types of transduction - generalized, where any bacterial DNA fragment can be transferred, and specialized, where only DNA near the site of viral integration is transferred. Cotransduction frequencies can also be used to map the relative locations of bacterial genes, as genes closer together are more likely to be cotransferred within the same viral particle. Transduction is useful for genetic engineering and mapping bacterial chromosomes.
Bacterial genetics and variation
Bacterial genetics and variation can occur through changes in the chromosome or extrachromosomal elements like plasmids, phages, and transposons. The chromosome typically contains genes essential for bacterial survival while extrachromosomal elements are often involved in antibiotic resistance or virulence. Genetic variation can arise through mutation, horizontal gene transfer between bacteria via transformation, transduction, or conjugation, or changes in gene expression in response to the environment. This variation allows bacteria to adapt and survive under different conditions.
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Transduction by Sivasangari Shanmugam.
Transduction is the genetic material that is transferred by bacteriophage.
Ques-7Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonuc.pdf
Ques-7:
Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic
material, and they reproduce in the host cells. Bacteriophage is a type of virus that can infect
bacteria and inject its genome into the host, the bacteria then produces dozens of viral lineages.
Retrovirus such as HIV (human immune deficiency virus) reproduces in a different way, as they
contain reverse transcriptase enzyme. In this, a complementary DNA is transcribed from the
RNA genome, and it is called as DNA provirus.
The rate of evolution in RNA-based viruses (microcosm), like HIV-1 has million times higher
mutation rate when compared to that of DNA-based organisms (bacteria humans etc). It can
rapidly changes its genome components under biological conditions to acquire adaptations for
survival (resistance against drugs, immune components) in the biological host cell medium
compared to the DNA based organisms in which lower rate of evolutionary adaptations were
observed. This property of high genomic mutation rate in HIV-1 retrovirus is due to the
following mechanisms.
Viral genome transcribe via reverse transcription finally proved HIV-1 mRNA (after splicing)
with Rev 350 nucleotide sequences. These Rev produced once the viral mRNA transferred to the
cytoplasm from the nucleus for translation. Virulence is the factor of causing extensive damage
to the host cell and infecting new host cell in which pathogen is going to undergo extensive rate
of reproduction & phase variation along with genome modification to defend host immune
system. This is the main basis of evolution and an example ahs described below.
Several mutated viral lineages are produced due to the nucleotide integration into the host cells
& change their genome finally code for the enzymatic proteins such as reverse transcriptase,
ribonuclease, and integrase in order to promote severe multiplication of integrated host genome
with viral protein predominanlty result in several lineages (multiple capies of virions).
For example: Viral evolution mechanism with new genome & producetion of several viral
lineages
1. After viral particle entry, viral genome integrates into the host cell genome and replicate
followed by expression. Later the novel synthesized viral proteins are going to be transported to
specific sites for assembly into progeny virus thereby-----> more assembly/progeny
2. Even though viral assembly is going to takes place in the host cell plasma membrane, but a
variety of viral genomes initiate assembly in intracellular organelles or nucleus predominantly.
Thereby further particle/plaque forming units associate with exocytosis of the viral and host cell
integrated genome after lysis. Finally again mature viral lineages are going to target new cells.
Reverse transcriptase induced complementary DNA synthesis followed by mRNA synthesis for
viral protein -coding repoitre. This enzyme enables to produce more viral genome particle by
integrating into the host cell followed by vir.
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Chapter 2
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