When a metal cation combines with a Lewis base, a complex ion forms. We can
define a complex ion as an ion containing a central metal cation bonded (covalently) to one or
more molecules or ions called ligands. Transition metal ions have a particular tendency to form
complex ions because they have more than one oxidation state. This property allows them to act
effectively as Lewis acids in reactions with many molecules or ions that serve as electron donors
or as Lewis bases. The formation of a complex ion tends to increase the solubility of a salt
because the metal cations are removed from the solubility equilibria to form the complex ion.
Copper ammonium complex-> Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) <==> Cu(NH3)42+(aq) Nickel-
ammonium complex ->Ni(NH3)62+
Solution
When a metal cation combines with a Lewis base, a complex ion forms. We can
define a complex ion as an ion containing a central metal cation bonded (covalently) to one or
more molecules or ions called ligands. Transition metal ions have a particular tendency to form
complex ions because they have more than one oxidation state. This property allows them to act
effectively as Lewis acids in reactions with many molecules or ions that serve as electron donors
or as Lewis bases. The formation of a complex ion tends to increase the solubility of a salt
because the metal cations are removed from the solubility equilibria to form the complex ion.
Copper ammonium complex-> Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) <==> Cu(NH3)42+(aq) Nickel-
ammonium complex ->Ni(NH3)62+.
We will be going over information for Exam 2. Talking a lot about naming of compounds and learning electron domain geometries with molecular geometries.
We will be going over information for Exam 2. Talking a lot about naming of compounds and learning electron domain geometries with molecular geometries.
To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an
equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable
object needle
Biocidal Evaluation of Mixed Ligand Metal Complexes of Mercaptans/ThiolsTope A
Abstract: Coordination complexes are compounds which consists of a (usually metallic) central atom or ion and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions known as ligands. A mixed ligand complex are chemical entities which consists of a central metal atom and at least two donor groups capable of chelation to metal atom. Sulphur containing 5-membered heterocyclic are known to exhibit useful biological activity. This work discusses the biocidal activities of some mixed ligand complex of Mercaptans/Thiols.
Download the full study for free here: http://topeakintayo.com/res/mixedligand.pdf
1) (i)Finance (H)
(ii) Corporation (J)
(iii) Treasurer (G)
(iv) Limited Liability (I)
(v) Business Ethics (C)
(vi) Limited Partner (D)
(vii) Double taxation of dividends (A)
(viii) Shareholder wealth maximisation (B)
(ix) Stakeholder (E)
(x) Value (F)
2) The CFO in a company is responsible for Accounting, investments and Research and
development departments.
Solution
1) (i)Finance (H)
(ii) Corporation (J)
(iii) Treasurer (G)
(iv) Limited Liability (I)
(v) Business Ethics (C)
(vi) Limited Partner (D)
(vii) Double taxation of dividends (A)
(viii) Shareholder wealth maximisation (B)
(ix) Stakeholder (E)
(x) Value (F)
2) The CFO in a company is responsible for Accounting, investments and Research and
development departments..
let no, na,nw be the refractive indices of oil, air and waterrespec.pdfaniyathikitchen
let no, na,nw be the refractive indices of oil, air and waterrespectively then from snells law
Solution
let no, na,nw be the refractive indices of oil, air and waterrespectively then from snells law.
More Related Content
Similar to When a metal cation combines with a Lewis base, a.pdf
To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an
equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable
object needle
Biocidal Evaluation of Mixed Ligand Metal Complexes of Mercaptans/ThiolsTope A
Abstract: Coordination complexes are compounds which consists of a (usually metallic) central atom or ion and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions known as ligands. A mixed ligand complex are chemical entities which consists of a central metal atom and at least two donor groups capable of chelation to metal atom. Sulphur containing 5-membered heterocyclic are known to exhibit useful biological activity. This work discusses the biocidal activities of some mixed ligand complex of Mercaptans/Thiols.
Download the full study for free here: http://topeakintayo.com/res/mixedligand.pdf
1) (i)Finance (H)
(ii) Corporation (J)
(iii) Treasurer (G)
(iv) Limited Liability (I)
(v) Business Ethics (C)
(vi) Limited Partner (D)
(vii) Double taxation of dividends (A)
(viii) Shareholder wealth maximisation (B)
(ix) Stakeholder (E)
(x) Value (F)
2) The CFO in a company is responsible for Accounting, investments and Research and
development departments.
Solution
1) (i)Finance (H)
(ii) Corporation (J)
(iii) Treasurer (G)
(iv) Limited Liability (I)
(v) Business Ethics (C)
(vi) Limited Partner (D)
(vii) Double taxation of dividends (A)
(viii) Shareholder wealth maximisation (B)
(ix) Stakeholder (E)
(x) Value (F)
2) The CFO in a company is responsible for Accounting, investments and Research and
development departments..
let no, na,nw be the refractive indices of oil, air and waterrespec.pdfaniyathikitchen
let no, na,nw be the refractive indices of oil, air and waterrespectively then from snells law
Solution
let no, na,nw be the refractive indices of oil, air and waterrespectively then from snells law.
sol Quantum numbers describe an electrons shell.pdfaniyathikitchen
sol Quantum numbers describe an electron\'s shell number, sublevel, orbital, and
spin. Each electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers that cannot be duplicated
by any other electron in the atom. The first quantum number, n, tells you which shell the
electron is in. n is always a positive whole number, so it could be 1, 2, 3, 4, etc . If the electron
is in the first shell (the shell closest to the nucleus), then n = 1 for that electron. n increases for
electrons in higher shells. The second quantum number, L, tells you what sublevel the electron
is in. Recall that there are four common sublevels in atoms. The value of L is also an integer.
It can be anywhere from 0 to n - 1. So in n = 1, L can only be 0. If n = 2, L can be 0 or 1. If n = 3,
L can be 0, 1, or 2. The value of L corresponds to a particular sublevel. For example, if an
electron is in an s-type sublevel, then its L value is 0. If it\'s in a p-type sublevel, its L value is
1. d-sublevel electrons have L = 2 and f-sublevel electrons have L = 3. The third quantum
number, m, tells you which orbital an electron is in. Each of the sublevels is further divided into
orbitals, which are regions of probability where electrons exist. The value of m can be anywhere
from -L to +L. If L = 0 (s-type sublevel), there is only one possible value of m: 0. . If L = 1 (p-
type sublevel), then there are three possible values of m: -1, 0, and +1. If L = 2 (d-type sublevel),
there are five possible values of m: -2, -1, 0, +1, and +2. If L = 3 (f-type sublevel), there are
seven possible values of m: -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, and +3. The last quantum number is the spin
quantum number, s. Each of the orbitals described before can hold up to two electrons, but
they MUST have opposite spins. The spins are defined as +1/2 and -1/2. By convention, the
first electron in an orbital is assigned a spin of +1/2, and the second electron (if there is one) gets
a spin of -1/2.
Solution
sol Quantum numbers describe an electron\'s shell number, sublevel, orbital, and
spin. Each electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers that cannot be duplicated
by any other electron in the atom. The first quantum number, n, tells you which shell the
electron is in. n is always a positive whole number, so it could be 1, 2, 3, 4, etc . If the electron
is in the first shell (the shell closest to the nucleus), then n = 1 for that electron. n increases for
electrons in higher shells. The second quantum number, L, tells you what sublevel the electron
is in. Recall that there are four common sublevels in atoms. The value of L is also an integer.
It can be anywhere from 0 to n - 1. So in n = 1, L can only be 0. If n = 2, L can be 0 or 1. If n = 3,
L can be 0, 1, or 2. The value of L corresponds to a particular sublevel. For example, if an
electron is in an s-type sublevel, then its L value is 0. If it\'s in a p-type sublevel, its L value is
1. d-sublevel electrons have L = 2 and f-sublevel electrons have L = 3. The third .
There should be a table in your book with these L.pdfaniyathikitchen
There should be a table in your book with these Look at the table and see ultraviolet
is higher frequency (shorter wavelength) than infrared ultraviolet is shorter wavelength than
microwaves visible is shorter wavelength than radiowaves visible is shorter wavelength than
infrared
Solution
There should be a table in your book with these Look at the table and see ultraviolet
is higher frequency (shorter wavelength) than infrared ultraviolet is shorter wavelength than
microwaves visible is shorter wavelength than radiowaves visible is shorter wavelength than
infrared.
single displacement occurs when an element takes .pdfaniyathikitchen
single displacement occurs when an element takes the place of an element in a
compound. Metals displace metals, nonmetals displace nonmetals. #1 no displacement; both
reacants combined (synthesis) #2 the element, hydrogen, replaced the tungsten (displacment) #3
the cadmium and sulfur both combined with the oxygen (oxidation-reduction) #4 the element
chromium displaced the hydrogen in the compound (displacement
Solution
single displacement occurs when an element takes the place of an element in a
compound. Metals displace metals, nonmetals displace nonmetals. #1 no displacement; both
reacants combined (synthesis) #2 the element, hydrogen, replaced the tungsten (displacment) #3
the cadmium and sulfur both combined with the oxygen (oxidation-reduction) #4 the element
chromium displaced the hydrogen in the compound (displacement.
pH Electrode Maintenance The entire glass membra.pdfaniyathikitchen
pH Electrode Maintenance The entire glass membrane must always be clean.
Rinsing the membrane with distilled water will often suffice for aqueous solutions. Rinsing the
electrode with a mild detergent solution once a week will be beneficial. An alkaline hypochlorite
solution can be used to clean electrode membranes subjected to solutions containing fat or
proteins. Between measurements, store the glass electrode in a pH buffer with pH < 7. High
temperature measurements, compounded by constant use in strong alkaline solutions or weak
solutions of hydrofluoric acid will drastically reduce the lifetime of the electrode, since the glass
membrane will slowly dissolve. Dry storage is recommended if the electrode will not be used
for two weeks or more. Before use, the electrode should be soaked well. Trapped air bubbles
around the inner reference electrode will produce an unstable reading. Swing the electrode in an
arc or tap it gently to remove the bubbles. The electrode may have to be heated gently to
approximately 60° C in a water bath if the air bubbles are trapped by KCl crystals. In order to
establish a stable, hydrated glass membrane, new or dry-stored electrodes should be soaked
overnight in 0.1 M HCl. After overnight soaking, rinsing, soaking in a buffer of pH = 4, and
again rinsing, the electrode should be ready for use. If a shorter soaking time is necessary, the
electrode should be calibrated frequently to adjust for drifting potentials. A sluggish response
for a glass electrode, even after proper maintenance has been performed, may dictate the need for
a slight etching of the outer glass layer of the membrane. The following treatment is only
recommended after all other measures have been used to improve response and have failed.
Soaked the glass membrane portion of the glass electrode in a 20% ammonium bifluoride
solution for one minute, followed by 15 seconds in 6 M hydrochloric acid. ( Since hydrofluoric
acid can be formed during this procedure, be careful if choosing this method of electrode
rejuvenation. ) Rinse the electrode well and soak for 24 hours in a pH buffer with pH < 7. The
proper functioning of the glass electrode depends on the hydration of the glass layer that takes
place on the surface of the pH sensitive glass membrane during soaking and measurement in
aqueous solutions. As long as the electrode is frequently rehydrated, accurate measurements in
non-aqueous or partly aqueous solutions are also possible. This can be accomplished by soaking
in a slightly acidic buffer. In non-aqueous solvents completely immiscible with water and before
soaking, the electrode should first be rinsed with a solvent which is miscible with both water and
the solvent before rinsing with water. The electrode cable and the electrode plug must be kept
clean and dry if reliable measurements are to be obtained because of the very small electrode
currents which pass through the glass electrode. A number of factors dictate the useful lifetime
of the.
O-O+ +e- is the correct answer as first ionizati.pdfaniyathikitchen
O->O+ +e- is the correct answer as first ionization is the removal of first electron
from the base atom.
Solution
O->O+ +e- is the correct answer as first ionization is the removal of first electron
from the base atom..
O and H always make covalent bond. You can tell .pdfaniyathikitchen
O and H always make covalent bond. You can tell because they are both non
metals. Two nonmetals always make a covalent bond.(If you see two non metals together, you
know that they can make a polar covalent or non polar covalent bond, but never ionic). Only
when metal combine with nonmetal, do they make a ionic bond. One other thing, Oxygen is
very electronegative atom (this means that it likes electrons a lot and attracts them toward itself
more strongly them most other atoms) therefore it tends to form polar covalent bonds. Polar
covalent bond is a kind of covalent bond where electrons are sheared unevenly. So the most
complete answer to your question is: oxygen and hydrogen make a polar covalent bond.
Solution
O and H always make covalent bond. You can tell because they are both non
metals. Two nonmetals always make a covalent bond.(If you see two non metals together, you
know that they can make a polar covalent or non polar covalent bond, but never ionic). Only
when metal combine with nonmetal, do they make a ionic bond. One other thing, Oxygen is
very electronegative atom (this means that it likes electrons a lot and attracts them toward itself
more strongly them most other atoms) therefore it tends to form polar covalent bonds. Polar
covalent bond is a kind of covalent bond where electrons are sheared unevenly. So the most
complete answer to your question is: oxygen and hydrogen make a polar covalent bond..
When I was getting ready at home, I was excited and anxious, but as .pdfaniyathikitchen
When I was getting ready at home, I was excited and anxious, but as I was driving down the
road, I began to get nervous. I had to take the interstate, and my first thought was traffic. I was
scared that there was going to be a horrific accident on the busy interstate and that I would be
late on my first day. I was very relieved when I saw that the interstate was not as busy as I
thought it was going to be, and the drive down was a breeze. All of my favorite songs came on
the radio, and I began to grown excited and anxious again. When I drove up on the Macon State
campus, that terrible feeling came back again. I saw all of the cars and thought to myself
frantically, “Oh no!, what if I can’t find a parking spot and be late to class after all.” Luckly, I
found an excellent parking spot that wasn\'t too far away from where I needed to be.
My main fears were whether I would be able to find any topics of discussion while talking to the
new people I would meet; whether they would be receptive of me and would I be able to make
friends here.
Would I be able to share my thoughts with anyone; will the teachers like me and whether I would
be able to break the ice with my classmates.
There were a lot of all kinds of people there. Young teenagers, and older men and women.
When I arrived at my 9:30 class, I was very glad to see two of my friends from high school. My
professor was very nice and cordial. She introduced herself and explained very clearly what the
class was about and what was expected. The room we were in was very cold, and as my
professor continued her precise conversation, I began to get very sleepy. During the course of the
rest of my day, I saw some more of my friends from high school. My next two professors were
also nice. I began to get kind of worried when my History professor told us that reading is a
major part of this class. I guess I\'ll have to get used to reading more because I want to pass.
In conclusion, my first day of college turned out to be okay. I went from being excited and
anxious, to nervous, and then to calm when I realized that everything was good. My first day was
a great experience, and I hope that I will continue to enjoy it and be successful.
Solution
When I was getting ready at home, I was excited and anxious, but as I was driving down the
road, I began to get nervous. I had to take the interstate, and my first thought was traffic. I was
scared that there was going to be a horrific accident on the busy interstate and that I would be
late on my first day. I was very relieved when I saw that the interstate was not as busy as I
thought it was going to be, and the drive down was a breeze. All of my favorite songs came on
the radio, and I began to grown excited and anxious again. When I drove up on the Macon State
campus, that terrible feeling came back again. I saw all of the cars and thought to myself
frantically, “Oh no!, what if I can’t find a parking spot and be late to class after all.” Luckly, I
found an excellen.
Viruses are those biological entities which are intermediate between.pdfaniyathikitchen
Viruses are those biological entities which are intermediate between living and non-living.
Outside the host, they are non-living. Even in non-living state they can survive for millions of
years. So, there is no strategy in the world which will prove fatal to virus\' future in the world.
Second, viruses have a protein capsid and genetic material. There is no machinery like mitosis,
proofreading etc. in their body which will maintain their capsid and genetic material as it is. In
fact, their genetic material is highly subject to mutation depending on the host they infect. So, no
matter what immune mechanisms human evolve, there is no immune mechanism which will
combat these unknown parasites. Humans can only prevent the spread of some viruses, most of
which are those that had previously attacked humans; but for new viruses, humans will not be
able to develop immune system. So, complete protection is impossible.
Third, disease does not confer any kind of protection or survival to the virus. In fact the virus has
to leave this host and infect a new healthy host.
So, it is true that viruses cause disease accidently, but this does not mean that viruses\' future is at
stake because of this. Viruses will survive till the date biological world will survive.
Solution
Viruses are those biological entities which are intermediate between living and non-living.
Outside the host, they are non-living. Even in non-living state they can survive for millions of
years. So, there is no strategy in the world which will prove fatal to virus\' future in the world.
Second, viruses have a protein capsid and genetic material. There is no machinery like mitosis,
proofreading etc. in their body which will maintain their capsid and genetic material as it is. In
fact, their genetic material is highly subject to mutation depending on the host they infect. So, no
matter what immune mechanisms human evolve, there is no immune mechanism which will
combat these unknown parasites. Humans can only prevent the spread of some viruses, most of
which are those that had previously attacked humans; but for new viruses, humans will not be
able to develop immune system. So, complete protection is impossible.
Third, disease does not confer any kind of protection or survival to the virus. In fact the virus has
to leave this host and infect a new healthy host.
So, it is true that viruses cause disease accidently, but this does not mean that viruses\' future is at
stake because of this. Viruses will survive till the date biological world will survive..
The most probable answer if this question seems to be option B. The .pdfaniyathikitchen
The most probable answer if this question seems to be option B. The condition is also known as
ciliary dyskinesia in which movement in cilia does not occur resulting in inhibiting with the
process of sweeping of mucus and growing particles out of the lungs.
Solution
The most probable answer if this question seems to be option B. The condition is also known as
ciliary dyskinesia in which movement in cilia does not occur resulting in inhibiting with the
process of sweeping of mucus and growing particles out of the lungs..
Exactly how you have drawn it, this compounds I.pdfaniyathikitchen
Exactly how you have drawn it, this compound\'s IUPAC name is but-1-en-2-
ylbenzene.
Solution
Exactly how you have drawn it, this compound\'s IUPAC name is but-1-en-2-
ylbenzene..
The contamination could be due to the presence of yeast in the cultu.pdfaniyathikitchen
The contamination could be due to the presence of yeast in the culture. Cultures contaminated
with yeasts become turbid with no pH change. Under microscope, yeast appear as small spherical
particles.
It could not be bacterial contamination because bacterial contanmination is accompanied with
sudden drop in the pH of the culture medium.
It could not be virus or mycoplasma contamination because the media does not change turbid in
the case of mycoplasma contamination. They are very difficult to detect and they do not be
appear as small round dots under microscope.
It could not be mold contamination because the mycelia usually appear as thin, wisp-like
filaments under microscope.
Solution
The contamination could be due to the presence of yeast in the culture. Cultures contaminated
with yeasts become turbid with no pH change. Under microscope, yeast appear as small spherical
particles.
It could not be bacterial contamination because bacterial contanmination is accompanied with
sudden drop in the pH of the culture medium.
It could not be virus or mycoplasma contamination because the media does not change turbid in
the case of mycoplasma contamination. They are very difficult to detect and they do not be
appear as small round dots under microscope.
It could not be mold contamination because the mycelia usually appear as thin, wisp-like
filaments under microscope..
Systems Development Life Cycle(SDLC) is the step by step process whi.pdfaniyathikitchen
Systems Development Life Cycle(SDLC) is the step by step process which we are following to
complete software project that includes development and testing.
There are 6 different phases available in SDLC.
1.Requirements
2.Analysis
3.System Design
4.System Implementation / Coding
5.System Testing and Integration
6.Release or System maintenance
1.Requirements:
This is the first phase in SDLC,once the project has been confirmed between client and company
will provide directly requirements to the company BA team.
Defining the problems,adjectives such as resources and personal costs.
Studying the ability of providing alternative solutions after meeting with clients,suppliers,c
consultants and employees.
After analyzing this you have a three choices i.e. develop a new system,improve the current
system/project or leave a system.
2.System Analysis:
End users requirements should be determined and documented,what their expectations are there
for the system,and how it will perform.
It was very important to maintain strong communication level with the clients to make sure you
have a clear vision of a product.
3.System Design:
In this phase defines the elements of a system,the components,the security levels and the
modules,architecture and different interfaces.
In this design phase high level and low level designers will design system process.
4.System Implementation / Coding :
In this phase development team will involving to write the actual coding functional modules.
In this phase system is ready to be deployed and installed customer premises.
Training will be given end users depends upon the project
5.System testing and Integration testing
During this phase testing team involved to ensures customer satisfaction and it will no required
coding knowledge.
Testing team performed real users it was systematic process in testing and done the integration
testing and automation testing if required.
6.Release and system maintenance:
During this phase technical team will be involving delay the application into production
environment.
Technical team and testing team will be involving to provide support to client while using
application production.
In the above question is that critical activity may include the coding of the application as per
client requirement is very difficult and gathering the requirements from the client also very
effecient task in SDLC process.
My position include coding of a project and in that project client need the minimum 3 months of
time for deploying the application into the production then our manager and team lead will
mainly focus on the developer in the project.
If we develop project then the testing team will find the errors and then that errors we will again
rectify and where that bugs are impacting we will find.
B.
In project we are following the agile methodology.this will includes the following
Customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of useful software
Welcome changing requirements,e Ben late in development
Working software is .
It is truebecause The SMTP server cannot find the destination emai.pdfaniyathikitchen
It is true
because The SMTP server cannot find the destination email address, so the message cannot be
delivered!
Solution
It is true
because The SMTP server cannot find the destination email address, so the message cannot be
delivered!.
Homo neanderthalensis are evolved and lived ina) Europe andor sou.pdfaniyathikitchen
Homo neanderthalensis are evolved and lived in
a) Europe and/or south western to central Asia.
The option is a
Solution
Homo neanderthalensis are evolved and lived in
a) Europe and/or south western to central Asia.
The option is a.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
When a metal cation combines with a Lewis base, a.pdf
1. When a metal cation combines with a Lewis base, a complex ion forms. We can
define a complex ion as an ion containing a central metal cation bonded (covalently) to one or
more molecules or ions called ligands. Transition metal ions have a particular tendency to form
complex ions because they have more than one oxidation state. This property allows them to act
effectively as Lewis acids in reactions with many molecules or ions that serve as electron donors
or as Lewis bases. The formation of a complex ion tends to increase the solubility of a salt
because the metal cations are removed from the solubility equilibria to form the complex ion.
Copper ammonium complex-> Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) <==> Cu(NH3)42+(aq) Nickel-
ammonium complex ->Ni(NH3)62+
Solution
When a metal cation combines with a Lewis base, a complex ion forms. We can
define a complex ion as an ion containing a central metal cation bonded (covalently) to one or
more molecules or ions called ligands. Transition metal ions have a particular tendency to form
complex ions because they have more than one oxidation state. This property allows them to act
effectively as Lewis acids in reactions with many molecules or ions that serve as electron donors
or as Lewis bases. The formation of a complex ion tends to increase the solubility of a salt
because the metal cations are removed from the solubility equilibria to form the complex ion.
Copper ammonium complex-> Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) <==> Cu(NH3)42+(aq) Nickel-
ammonium complex ->Ni(NH3)62+
