This document provides an introduction to mechanical engineering. It discusses classical definitions of mechanical engineering involving heat, power, and machines. It also discusses how mechanical engineering has evolved to include more modern topics like mechatronics, statistics, and multi-disciplinary fields. Typical jobs for mechanical engineers are also outlined, such as product design, manufacturing, energy production, and systems management. Examples are provided on how mechanical engineers work on wind turbines, nuclear power plants, and measuring aircraft propeller performance to illustrate the breadth of the field.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Wind Turbines: Will they ever become economically feasible? Jeffrey Funk
The cost electricity from wind turbines is still too for most situations and the cost of electricity has fallen very slowly over the last 30 years (about 2% a year). Even worse, the costs have risen over the last two years. These slides show that the falling costs of electricity from wind turbines are primarily from increases in the scale of wind turbines and that the recent increases are probably from increasing the scale of the rotor diameter too much. Increases in the rotor diameter and the height of towers have directly and indirectly led to reductions in the cost of electricity from wind turbines. They have directly led to reductions in cost because the output of a wind turbine is a function of diameter squared and they indirectly led to reductions in cost because output is a function of wind speed cubed and larger wind turbines can handle higher wind speeds. The major challenge for further increasing the scale of wind turbines is finding materials for the turbine blades that have higher strength to weight ratios. Finally, several new wind turbine designs may also lead to lower costs of electricity from wind turbines.
Design and Implementing of Roof Ventilator in Small Scale Industry for Future...vivatechijri
This paper gives an idea about a futuristic method for producing electricity with the help of
Renewable energy driven by wind. The Rooftop Ventilator works on the simple principle of wind-assisted
rotation and stack effect. Several electrically active material is assigned on the turbine ventilator under the wind
speed in the surrounding are ultimately assesses the efficiency of wind harvest. This concept resembles with DC
generator. This paper prominence on the materials and the construction methodology for developing the
Rooftop power generating system. Thus, a roof ventilator reduces air- conditioning energy use and increases
the occupant comfort level. It can become a grand success for any industry/factory for using an electricity saver
item.
Design and analysis of a permanent magnet generator for naval applicationsAnhBao38
Rucker discusses the design and analysis of a permanent magnet generator for naval applications. He begins by discussing the need for such a generator in the navy and its potential benefits. He then goes on to discuss the design of the generator itself, including its magnetic field, winding configuration, and cooling system. Finally, he provides an analysis of the performance of the generator under various conditions.
Permanent magnet generators have been widely used in naval applications for many years. However, their design and analysis are often complex and time-consuming. In this article, Rucker presents a simple and efficient method for designing and analyzing permanent magnet generators. This method can be used to optimize the generator for specific naval applications. The results of this study show that the proposed method is effective and can be used to design and analyze other types of generators.
what is air borne wind energy system and how it is work and types of wind energy system history of air borne wind energy system mathematical calculation related to awes all are in this pdf
Design of Lattice Wind Turbine Towers With Structural OptimizationIJERA Editor
This article aims to study the self-supporting truss towers used to support large wind turbines in areas with high altitude. The goal is to evaluate and validate numerically by finite element method the structural analysis when the lattice structures of the towers of wind turbines are subjected to static loads and these from common usage. With this, it is expected minimize the cost of transportation and installation of the tower and maximize the generation of electricity, respecting technical standards and restrictions of structural integrity and safety, making vibration analysis and the required static and dynamic loads, thereby preventing failures by fractures or mechanical fatigue. Practical examples of towers will be designed by the system and will be tested in structural simulation programs using the Finite Element Method. This analysis is done on the entire region coupling action of the turbine, with variable sensitivity to vibration levels. The results obtained for freestanding lattice tower are compared with the information of a tubular one designed to support the generator with the same characteristics. At the end of this work itwas possible to observe the feasibility of using lattice towers that proved better as its structural performance but with caveats about its dynamic performance since the appearance of several other modes natural frequency thus reducing the intervals between them in low frequency and theoretically increase the risk of resonance.
The main objectives of the heat transfer analysis is to enhance the heat transfer rate from system to
surrounding. To transfer the heat from any system either by conduction or convection medium. Both modes of
heat transfer has been enhanced by providing an additional equipments in the outer periphery of the heat transfer
system.Fins are basically mechanical structures which are used to cool various structures by the process of
convection. Most part of their design is basically limited by the design of the system. But still certain parameters
and geometry could be modified to better heat transfer. In most of the cases simple fin geometry is preferred such
as rectangular fins and circular fins. Many experimental works has been done to improve the heat release of the
internal combustion engine cylinder and improves fin efficiency.This study presents the results of air flow and
heat transfer in a light weight automobile engine, considering fins with dimple to increase the heat transfer rate.
An analysis has been using ANSYS WORKBENCH version 12.0 was conducted to find the optimum number of
dimples to maximizing the heat transfer across the Automobile engine body. The results indicate that the
presence of fins with dimple shows improved results on the basis of heat transfer.
Wind Turbines: Will they ever become economically feasible? Jeffrey Funk
The cost electricity from wind turbines is still too for most situations and the cost of electricity has fallen very slowly over the last 30 years (about 2% a year). Even worse, the costs have risen over the last two years. These slides show that the falling costs of electricity from wind turbines are primarily from increases in the scale of wind turbines and that the recent increases are probably from increasing the scale of the rotor diameter too much. Increases in the rotor diameter and the height of towers have directly and indirectly led to reductions in the cost of electricity from wind turbines. They have directly led to reductions in cost because the output of a wind turbine is a function of diameter squared and they indirectly led to reductions in cost because output is a function of wind speed cubed and larger wind turbines can handle higher wind speeds. The major challenge for further increasing the scale of wind turbines is finding materials for the turbine blades that have higher strength to weight ratios. Finally, several new wind turbine designs may also lead to lower costs of electricity from wind turbines.
Design and Implementing of Roof Ventilator in Small Scale Industry for Future...vivatechijri
This paper gives an idea about a futuristic method for producing electricity with the help of
Renewable energy driven by wind. The Rooftop Ventilator works on the simple principle of wind-assisted
rotation and stack effect. Several electrically active material is assigned on the turbine ventilator under the wind
speed in the surrounding are ultimately assesses the efficiency of wind harvest. This concept resembles with DC
generator. This paper prominence on the materials and the construction methodology for developing the
Rooftop power generating system. Thus, a roof ventilator reduces air- conditioning energy use and increases
the occupant comfort level. It can become a grand success for any industry/factory for using an electricity saver
item.
Design and analysis of a permanent magnet generator for naval applicationsAnhBao38
Rucker discusses the design and analysis of a permanent magnet generator for naval applications. He begins by discussing the need for such a generator in the navy and its potential benefits. He then goes on to discuss the design of the generator itself, including its magnetic field, winding configuration, and cooling system. Finally, he provides an analysis of the performance of the generator under various conditions.
Permanent magnet generators have been widely used in naval applications for many years. However, their design and analysis are often complex and time-consuming. In this article, Rucker presents a simple and efficient method for designing and analyzing permanent magnet generators. This method can be used to optimize the generator for specific naval applications. The results of this study show that the proposed method is effective and can be used to design and analyze other types of generators.
what is air borne wind energy system and how it is work and types of wind energy system history of air borne wind energy system mathematical calculation related to awes all are in this pdf
Design of Lattice Wind Turbine Towers With Structural OptimizationIJERA Editor
This article aims to study the self-supporting truss towers used to support large wind turbines in areas with high altitude. The goal is to evaluate and validate numerically by finite element method the structural analysis when the lattice structures of the towers of wind turbines are subjected to static loads and these from common usage. With this, it is expected minimize the cost of transportation and installation of the tower and maximize the generation of electricity, respecting technical standards and restrictions of structural integrity and safety, making vibration analysis and the required static and dynamic loads, thereby preventing failures by fractures or mechanical fatigue. Practical examples of towers will be designed by the system and will be tested in structural simulation programs using the Finite Element Method. This analysis is done on the entire region coupling action of the turbine, with variable sensitivity to vibration levels. The results obtained for freestanding lattice tower are compared with the information of a tubular one designed to support the generator with the same characteristics. At the end of this work itwas possible to observe the feasibility of using lattice towers that proved better as its structural performance but with caveats about its dynamic performance since the appearance of several other modes natural frequency thus reducing the intervals between them in low frequency and theoretically increase the risk of resonance.
The main objectives of the heat transfer analysis is to enhance the heat transfer rate from system to
surrounding. To transfer the heat from any system either by conduction or convection medium. Both modes of
heat transfer has been enhanced by providing an additional equipments in the outer periphery of the heat transfer
system.Fins are basically mechanical structures which are used to cool various structures by the process of
convection. Most part of their design is basically limited by the design of the system. But still certain parameters
and geometry could be modified to better heat transfer. In most of the cases simple fin geometry is preferred such
as rectangular fins and circular fins. Many experimental works has been done to improve the heat release of the
internal combustion engine cylinder and improves fin efficiency.This study presents the results of air flow and
heat transfer in a light weight automobile engine, considering fins with dimple to increase the heat transfer rate.
An analysis has been using ANSYS WORKBENCH version 12.0 was conducted to find the optimum number of
dimples to maximizing the heat transfer across the Automobile engine body. The results indicate that the
presence of fins with dimple shows improved results on the basis of heat transfer.
Similar to what-is-mechanical-engineering.pdf (20)
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. An Introduction to
Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Drew Landman
Professor and Associate Chair
Department of Mechanical
and
Aerospace Engineering
2. 2
Classical definition: An engineering discipline that encompasses the generation and
application of heat and mechanical power and the design, production, and use of
machines.
A machine is an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several
parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task.
Pumps, compressors, internal combustion engines, wind turbines
Piping systems and pressure vessels, reactors, heat exchangers
Consumer goods and products: everything from coffee grinders to toothbrushes
Material handling equipment - conveyers, robots, production assembly lines
Vehicles - cars, trucks, heavy equipment, buses, aircraft, ships
Power generation equipment: wind power, hydroelectric, nuclear, geothermal
What is Mechanical Engineering ?
3. 3
We have discussed classical mechanical
engineering applications but will now look at
some new topics
In engineering, boundaries between
mechanical, electrical, and software engineers
are increasingly blurry
As a new mechanical engineer you will need
some knowledge in other fields
Mechanical engineering now has undergraduate
courses called Electro-Mechanical Systems or
Mechatronics
As modern engineering becomes more precise
both with measurements and computer
simulations, understanding the error
associated with solutions has become a focus
An undergraduate course of study should
include Probability and Statistics
The Modern Era and Mechanical Engineering
4. 4
Product Design:
Designing products ranging from knee replacements to internal
combustion engines to self driving cars, aircraft, bicycles, robots,
drones and appliances
Research and Development:
Researching new ideas and solutions that satisfy society’s demands or
improving or expanding older ideas and solutions
Manufacturing:
Designing and building the machines and processes used for mass
production of consumer products
Systems Management:
Managing the operations of a large system, such as a manufacturing
facility or a power plant
Energy
Planning how energy is created, stored and moved in industries that
produce and deliver electrical power, such as natural gas, oil and
alternative energy
Typical Jobs of A Mechanical Engineer
5. Wind Power Example
In the next slides we will examine the role mechanical engineers
play in the design, manufacture and management of systems for
energy generation using wind
Text in BOLD identifies relevant coursework from the
undergraduate curriculum
6. 6
A wind turbine extracts energy from the movement of air in the atmosphere
Here is the basic concept of operation:
Mechanical Engineering of the Wind Turbine
Turbine
Blades
Generator
Transformer
Distribution
Home &
Business
Wind Turbine
7. 7
At a given location, wind velocity
over the earth increases with
height near the surface
The change in velocity is due to
skin friction from the air being in
contact with the surface of the
earth
At the ground, the wind velocity is
zero
This layer where velocity changes
is called the boundary layer and
you will learn about it in Fluid
Mechanics
This is the reason wind turbines
are mounted high above the earth
They generate more electricity in
higher winds
Wind Turbine Aerodynamics
8. 8
The rotor blades spin a main shaft at low speed that is supported by bearings
The low-speed shaft drives gears in a gear box which in turn drives the
generator; all have bearings
The blades can be rotated on their
axes to adjust pitch and are supported
by their own bearings
The whole assembly can be turned
into the wind via the yaw bearing
All of these devices have
to be analyzed and designed
to withstand the given loads
over a long lifetime
The design of these
components requires
courses like Dynamics,
Mechanics of Materials,
and Mechanical Design
Wind Turbine Machine Element Design
9. 9
To understand the loads on the structure we first need predictions for the forces
generated by the airflow over the blades
The wind and blade rotation cause forces of Lift and Drag which you can learn
about in Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics coursework
Blade Aerodynamics
A Section of a Blade
10. 10
If we know what loads are applied to the blade we can now investigate which
materials are best to resist the loads
Coursework in Materials Science and Mechanics of Materials will help us here
Computer knowledge is essential in modern design; here is an image from a blade
that was designed using a Computer Aided Drafting program then analyzed using
a Finite Element Method, both courses in the undergraduate curriculum at ODU
The image shows the deflection of the blade under wind loads
Blade Structure
11. 11
Now that the blade is designed, its time to
manufacture it
The mechanical engineer will design a blade mold
that serves as the outer form
Layers of composite fabric and resin will make up the
structure and be laid into the mold to cure
Expertise here comes from knowledge of Composite
Materials
Composite Blade Manufacturing
12. Nuclear Power Example
In the next slides we will examine the role mechanical engineers
play in the design, and management of systems for energy
generation using nuclear power
Text in BOLD identifies relevant coursework from the
undergraduate curriculum
13. 13
The basic operation of a nuclear power plant involves many systems
designed by mechanical engineers
Here is how it works:
An atomic fission reactor heats water
Steam is generated and flows to a turbine
The turbine drives a generator
Steam condenses to water
after passing through
the turbine
Water is returned to a steam
generator by pumps
for reheating
Nuclear Power Plant
14. 14
The theory behind the thermal cycle water undergoes is a topic in two
courses in Thermodynamics
The course Heat Transfer discusses the design of
heat exchangers such as the one
used to transfer heat from high
pressure water lines to steam in
the steam generator vessel
Fluid Mechanics will cover
the sizing of pumps
The pump shown at the right
features staged impellers to
increase pressure
Nuclear Power Plant
15. Propeller Performance
Measurement Example
In the next slides we will examine the role mechanical engineers
play in the design, manufacture and use of instruments for
aerodynamic measurements on propellers
Text in BOLD identifies relevant coursework from the
undergraduate curriculum
16. 16
An example that illustrates the multi-dimensional nature of modern mechanical
engineering. Several years ago ODU developed a measurement capability to
determine propeller performance
for the NASA unmanned aerial
vehicle called the
Greased Lightning
This aircraft features a
tilting wing and tail to
allow vertical takeoff
and landing (VTOL)
It uses 10 electric motors
and propellers for VTOL
For forward flight, it uses
as few as two motors on
the wing tips for
maximum efficiency
Aircraft Propeller Performance
Forward Flight
Takeoff &
Landing
17. 17
To understand propeller
performance we need to
measure:
The force of thrust and torque
The rotation rate of the prop
(revolutions per second)
The airspeed of the airplane
We do this in a wind tunnel – a
closed duct with known wind
speed
Propeller Performance
18. 18
Here is a CAD model of the test stand designed at
ODU with student engineering help
Relevant courses: CAD, Mechanics of Materials, Electromechanical Systems
The Propeller Test Stand
Thrust and Torque
Measurement
Load Cell
Composite Shield
(keeps wind out)
Copper Springs
Bulkhead
Support Strut
(streamlined)
Bulkhead
Motor
Bulkhead
(thermal
isolation
of motor)
Propeller
Shaft
19. 19
The load cell is an electro-mechanical sensor – a transducer
Loads (Thrust and Torque) are sensed by small beams that deflect
Relevant courses here are Mechanics of Materials and Finite Element Methods
The Thrust-Torque Load Cell Design
Beam sensitive to Thrust
Beams sensitive to Torque
Deflection is Exaggerated
Beams sensitive to Torque
Beam sensitive to Thrust
Computer model - torque and thrust load
Picture of finished transducer
20. 20
How do we design an instrument to measure force and torque ?
One popular method is to use strain gages with mechanical elements like beams
A strain gage is a piece of thin film with a very
thin wire arranged in a long serpentine shape called a grid
The strain gage is bonded to a metal surface
As the metal is under load, the gage wire length changes and so does the resistance
Relevant courses here are Mechanics of Materials, Electromechanical Systems
Instrumentation Design: Electro-Mechanical Devices
Strain Gage
Electrical
Connection
Wire Grid
21. 21
Glue the strain gage to the beams that bend most with applied Thrust and Torque
Connect them to a special circuit and now: Thrust is proportional to Voltage
Instrumentation Design: Electro-Mechanical Devices
Connection
Wire
Grid
Voltage
to
Computer
22. 22
To record the propeller torque and thrust, we use a computer
Voltages are digitized in an Analog to Digital converter
A program is written to display and file all the quantities measured
Using the Computer
Thrust and Torque
Displayed
Propeller Rotational Speed
Control for Propeller Speed
23. 23
Here is a plot showing thrust of a propeller from data recorded in the wind tunnel
We build a mathematical model that fits the data and graph the curve
We use statistics to compute error or uncertainty in our results – helps us compare
Here the blue line is the first trial, orange the second
The dashed lines indicate the uncertainty – Trials 1 & 2 are identical from a statistical test
Reporting Results
Thrust
Relative Air Velocity
0
0
Increasing
Increasing
Uncertainty
For Second
Trial
Relevant Courses:
Flight Vehicle Aerodynamics
Propulsion
Probability and Statistics
First Trial
Second Trial
25. 25
National average salary in the USA for a new graduate of Mechanical Engineering
New Mechanical Engineering Graduate Salaries
Source: Ziprecruiter.com