This document discusses the role of anthropologists in conservation efforts. It argues that anthropologists should actively involve local communities in conservation initiatives in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of human-environment relationships. Case studies in Southeast Asia and Central America show how conservation plans can fail without community buy-in and recognition of cultural practices. The emerging field of ethnoprimatology provides a model for collaborative, multidisciplinary conservation that acknowledges the interconnectedness between humans and the natural world. Overall, the document advocates for anthropologists to play an active role in conservation beyond data collection by facilitating communication between different stakeholder groups and prioritizing local community involvement and leadership.
Human Wildlife Conflict: Emmanuel Akampurira (Researcher, ITFC): HWC impacts us negatively because it is a negative cycle – if it affects the community, they cannot harvest and provide food for themselves and they reply more on the national park. When defining HWC, it is important to consider the negative impacts between humans and wildlife both ways. The main cause is competition for resources.
"Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia" por: Doctora Diana Ojeda
Diana Ojeda holds a PhD in Geography from Clark University. She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Cultural Studies at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, Colombia). Her research interests include political ecology, feminist political geography and tourism studies. Email: diana.ojeda@javeriana.edu.co
Via: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2012.658777#.U12PkoGSxic
Muchas gracias por sus aportes a la Gestión del Conocimiento.
Human-great ape conflict in Africa: consequences, causes and mitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
Tatyana Humle of the University of Kent’s Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology outlines the consequences and causes of human-great ape conflict in Africa and explores many strategic alternatives for preventing this conflict. She gave this presentation at the ‘Linking Great Ape Conservation with Poverty Alleviation’ workshop hosted by CIFOR in January 2012.
Human Wildlife Conflict: Emmanuel Akampurira (Researcher, ITFC): HWC impacts us negatively because it is a negative cycle – if it affects the community, they cannot harvest and provide food for themselves and they reply more on the national park. When defining HWC, it is important to consider the negative impacts between humans and wildlife both ways. The main cause is competition for resources.
"Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia" por: Doctora Diana Ojeda
Diana Ojeda holds a PhD in Geography from Clark University. She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Cultural Studies at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, Colombia). Her research interests include political ecology, feminist political geography and tourism studies. Email: diana.ojeda@javeriana.edu.co
Via: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2012.658777#.U12PkoGSxic
Muchas gracias por sus aportes a la Gestión del Conocimiento.
Human-great ape conflict in Africa: consequences, causes and mitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
Tatyana Humle of the University of Kent’s Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology outlines the consequences and causes of human-great ape conflict in Africa and explores many strategic alternatives for preventing this conflict. She gave this presentation at the ‘Linking Great Ape Conservation with Poverty Alleviation’ workshop hosted by CIFOR in January 2012.
By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores -- namely ungulates and elephants -- tend to be both keystone and umbrella species.
Human-wildlife conflict in Asia: implications for orangutan conservationCIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR scientist Linda Yuliani gives an overview of human-wildlife conflict in Asia, focusing on orangutan conservation to explore reasons for the continuing conflict and ways to avoid it in conservation. She gave this presentation at the ‘Linking Great Ape Conservation with Poverty Alleviation’ workshop hosted by CIFOR in January 2012.
Human Wildlife Conflicts to communities surrounding Mikumi National Parks in ...IJEAB
Human wildlife interaction is not a new phenomenon, it has existed since the beginning of humankind, it is evidenced by the fact that, many national parks are surrounded by human residents. The interaction between human and wildlife is of different nature depending on the culture of the surrounding human as well as wildlife community. For decade’s human wildlife conflicts has been a great conservation challenge due to increased human population, international trade and change of policies. The challenge is more significant in a sense that it negatively affects both human and wildlife sustainability. Therefore a study was conducted to villages surrounding Mikumi national Park to assess reasons for conflicts between human and wildlife and account how communities prevent wild animals to destructs their agriculture products. Three villages were selected for study (Doma, Maharaka and Mkata, all villages surrounds Mikumi National Park Ecosystems. Different methodology includes: - Field observation, Household survey, Field interview, In-depth interview and Ethnography study were used. However descriptive analysis and non parametric test were performed by using SPSS 16 versions and Kruskal-wallis test respectively to compute mean, standard error, percentages and differences of wildlife consumption. Results suggests that, there is a gradual increase of human-wildlife conflicts which lead to loss of people’s lives, as well as their livelihoods such as farms and farms product. Statistically results depicted that the average size of the farm affected at Doma, Maharaka and Mkata villages were 3.8 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1 acres respectively, while at Mkata village 32 goats, 24 sheep and 76 cattle were reported to be killed by wild carnivores. In other way conflicts may result to poaching activities which may threaten the existence of huge herbivores such as Elephants and Rhinoceros. Apart from that, conflicts may lead to poor performances of tourism industry in the country. Research recommends that more efforts should be taken by the government and other stakeholders to prevent conflicts around all national parks so as to create good and conducive environment for human being life and wildlife in order to allow good performance of tourism industry for economic development of the country.
Ecological economics and biodiversity conservationSaroj Upadhyay
definition of economics, types of economic systems, environmental impacts of traditional economic systems, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), Ecological economics and its capitals, Conventional unsustainable vs Environmentally sustainable economic growth, Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity,Ecological Economics And Biodiversity Conservation
Community Food Systems and the Tragedy of the CommonsPablo Martin
This slideshow explores community food systems and the so-called "Tragedy of the Commons" in light of Ostrom's Factors for Successful Resource Management.
Measurements towards best practices in land use (english)Zelah Hirah
Testing objective measurements in monitoring land value towards a bottom-up advocacy for individual,
self-reliant evaluation of best practices in ecologic and economic sustainable land use in semi-arid rural
areas in communities of the northern hemisphere on the PanEurAsian continent.
Slides by Cristina Grasseni for "Food For Mind. Mind For Health" conference. Torino, Friday 22nd October 2010.
The event is organized by the IUHPE (International Union for Health Promotion and Education) - CIPES (Italian Confederation for the Promotion of Health and Education) European Centre, and is an initiative of the European Commission's "Roadmap for a better youth health in Europe".
Sleep Apnea is serious medical condition that can go undiagnosed for years. Meanwhile, it's destroying your health.
Do you have trouble sleeping? Do you wake up tired? Do you nod off unexpectedly during the day? Millions of people have sleep apnea and don't know it.
Or maybe they don't want to know it.
By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores -- namely ungulates and elephants -- tend to be both keystone and umbrella species.
Human-wildlife conflict in Asia: implications for orangutan conservationCIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR scientist Linda Yuliani gives an overview of human-wildlife conflict in Asia, focusing on orangutan conservation to explore reasons for the continuing conflict and ways to avoid it in conservation. She gave this presentation at the ‘Linking Great Ape Conservation with Poverty Alleviation’ workshop hosted by CIFOR in January 2012.
Human Wildlife Conflicts to communities surrounding Mikumi National Parks in ...IJEAB
Human wildlife interaction is not a new phenomenon, it has existed since the beginning of humankind, it is evidenced by the fact that, many national parks are surrounded by human residents. The interaction between human and wildlife is of different nature depending on the culture of the surrounding human as well as wildlife community. For decade’s human wildlife conflicts has been a great conservation challenge due to increased human population, international trade and change of policies. The challenge is more significant in a sense that it negatively affects both human and wildlife sustainability. Therefore a study was conducted to villages surrounding Mikumi national Park to assess reasons for conflicts between human and wildlife and account how communities prevent wild animals to destructs their agriculture products. Three villages were selected for study (Doma, Maharaka and Mkata, all villages surrounds Mikumi National Park Ecosystems. Different methodology includes: - Field observation, Household survey, Field interview, In-depth interview and Ethnography study were used. However descriptive analysis and non parametric test were performed by using SPSS 16 versions and Kruskal-wallis test respectively to compute mean, standard error, percentages and differences of wildlife consumption. Results suggests that, there is a gradual increase of human-wildlife conflicts which lead to loss of people’s lives, as well as their livelihoods such as farms and farms product. Statistically results depicted that the average size of the farm affected at Doma, Maharaka and Mkata villages were 3.8 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1 acres respectively, while at Mkata village 32 goats, 24 sheep and 76 cattle were reported to be killed by wild carnivores. In other way conflicts may result to poaching activities which may threaten the existence of huge herbivores such as Elephants and Rhinoceros. Apart from that, conflicts may lead to poor performances of tourism industry in the country. Research recommends that more efforts should be taken by the government and other stakeholders to prevent conflicts around all national parks so as to create good and conducive environment for human being life and wildlife in order to allow good performance of tourism industry for economic development of the country.
Ecological economics and biodiversity conservationSaroj Upadhyay
definition of economics, types of economic systems, environmental impacts of traditional economic systems, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), Ecological economics and its capitals, Conventional unsustainable vs Environmentally sustainable economic growth, Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity,Ecological Economics And Biodiversity Conservation
Community Food Systems and the Tragedy of the CommonsPablo Martin
This slideshow explores community food systems and the so-called "Tragedy of the Commons" in light of Ostrom's Factors for Successful Resource Management.
Measurements towards best practices in land use (english)Zelah Hirah
Testing objective measurements in monitoring land value towards a bottom-up advocacy for individual,
self-reliant evaluation of best practices in ecologic and economic sustainable land use in semi-arid rural
areas in communities of the northern hemisphere on the PanEurAsian continent.
Slides by Cristina Grasseni for "Food For Mind. Mind For Health" conference. Torino, Friday 22nd October 2010.
The event is organized by the IUHPE (International Union for Health Promotion and Education) - CIPES (Italian Confederation for the Promotion of Health and Education) European Centre, and is an initiative of the European Commission's "Roadmap for a better youth health in Europe".
Sleep Apnea is serious medical condition that can go undiagnosed for years. Meanwhile, it's destroying your health.
Do you have trouble sleeping? Do you wake up tired? Do you nod off unexpectedly during the day? Millions of people have sleep apnea and don't know it.
Or maybe they don't want to know it.
One of the most important features of Oracle Application Express 5 is the Universal Theme. This theme allows every database developer to create great looking applications without knowing any JavaScript, HTML or CSS.
But how do you make changes to comply to your company branding in such a way you don't break anything else? And how do you add new templates and template options?
In this session you will learn how the Universal Theme works, what the components are and what you should and shouldn't do when you make your changes.
Towards sustainable coexistence: People and wild mammals in Baluran National ...UniversitasGadjahMada
The paper offers a critical discussion of resource use in a national park, Baluran, in Indonesia. In general, an increasing accept of the need for livelihood security, also for people living in or near natural conservation areas, are challenging traditional systems of national park governance. Finding ways to balance the needs of local populations against the necessity to secure biodiversity and environmental sustainability becomes important, and the main question in our research is how to accommodate an existing society in Baluran without a further negative impact on endangered mammals. Based on common pool resource management and co-management theories and thorough empirical investigations among the population living in Baluran, we conclude that alternative solutions exist for combining the interests of livelihood and conservation, but that resolute restrictions must be set by central government authorities, and that local institutions and livelihood practices must be developed based on experiences gained in the region through the last decades. Our findings may have relevance for solving similar problems of coexistence in other conservation areas
Sustainability Criteria and Indicators.
Need for Sustainable Livelihoods for India.
Livelihood Assets.
Case of a Landless Female Agriculture Labour.
The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework.
Sustainability in Business
“Sustainability should be a touchstone for all innovation …In the future, only companies that make sustainability a goal will achieve competitive advantage. That means rethinking business models as well as products, technologies, and processes.”
Businesses employing Sustainable Management and Strategy .
Sustainability issues and impacts in Business.
The Importance Of Human Ecology
Deep Ecology Essay
Sustainability And The Worlds Ecology
Essay about The Ecosystem of the Coral Reef
The Importance Of Deep Ecology
Ecology And Plant Ecology
Essay on Ecology
Environmental Science Essay
Population Ecology
The Bible And Ecology Essay
Ecology And Architecture Case Study
A Study On Aquatic Ecosystems
Ecology Personal Statement
Ecology Lab Report
Ecology And The Climate Change
Essay about Deep Ecology
Ecological Restoration Essay
Predator Prey Paper
Ecology Terrarium Project: Study Of Ecosystem
Sustainability through Informality
Cristina Dreifuss-Serrano
Abstract
In precarious environments, such as squatter settlements, sustainability can be achieved as an economic resource. It is important, however, to start with assuring a sense of belonging in the members of the communities. Through observation in squatter settlements and conversations with their inhabitants, this paper presents a view on informal sustainability through participative
processes. We argue that if we begin by looking at cultural sustainability, people’s sense of belonging becomes a key factor in taking care of the environment. We aim to demonstrate that even if squatter settlements are regarded as areas of conflict in terms of pollution, occupation of the land, and waste disposal, through informal processes people can achieve a degree of awareness that will not only result in sustainable practices, but that can also propose new creative ways to achieve them, with
economical considerations in mind.
Keywords: Cultural sustainability, informality, human development, squatter settlements, identity
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
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Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
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- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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Laura emmerson position paper
1. Applying Human-Environment Relations to Conservation Regimes
Laura Emmerson
ANTH 410- Position Paper- Spring 2013
Humans are constantly being pitted against the natural world. When talking about
natural resources, political language places conservation in the context of aone-sided
debate: you’re either for people and against nature or the other way around. Within the
field of anthropology, methodology and theory are changing rapidly to accommodate
what the world demands of it; activist anthropology is in the forefront for the needs of
society and the environment. When looking at the needs of the people, it is unsafe to
assume what is needed and how to go about satisfying those needs through empirical data
alone. Going beyond empirical observations, anthropologists must now make their
studies go toward benefiting the people that are involved in the area of study; more
valuable relationships with conservation will be established in the long term.
The new word around town for conservation is cohabitation. In order for anything
to get done, there needs recognition in conjunction with co-habitants: humans with the
remainder of the natural world being one example, conservation biologists and
anthropologists being another. An initial question asked is should anthropologists take
part in conserving species for biodiversity? I say yes! Working with those involved with
conservation provides a comprehensive vantage point for anthropologists. I am interested
in how people are shaped by nature and how humans directly influence the natural
worldwith their interactions and how it can be revealed to benefit conservation efforts
and plan on doing career related work related to this subject in the future, possibly in
ethnoprimatology or some other nature focus. Through a social justice standpoint, steps
1
2. need to be taken to keep the flow of economic, social, and environmental entities alive
and well. Anthropological studies can contribute to this by looking at humans’ direct and
indirect involvement in altering the earth. Looking prehistorically, humans have had
major effects on the earth, anywhere from megafaunal extinctions to “anthropogenic
changes in terms of hunting, burning, deforestation, and agriculturally associated changes
such as irrigation, terracing, and raised fields,” (Hames 2007).
With globalization being the inevitable direction that people on Earth are shifting
to, establishing strong links among groups (individuals, organizations, governments) will
ensure a strong backbone for conservation efforts. Larger organizations set the stage for
what conservation should look like, but even with good intentions, much can be lost with
the big ideals that mandate conservation efforts such as the World Wildlife Fund, Nature
Conservancy, and Conservation International. This paper explores the role
anthropologists play, offering bridges of communication and insight between different
entities involved in conservation (with a focus of in non-Western countries). A main
theme to be covered isensuring active involvement from the communities who are
directly affectedby the politics of conservation of natural resources and biodiversity. This
must go beyond simply hearing voices of those marginalized. Having locals lead these
initiatives to conserve life in their regionwill in turn be used to contribute to the overall
wellbeing of those communities. How people will be involved depends on the multiple
parties, be that governments, local people, wildlife and everything in between. Examples
of local involvement in conservation will be matched with the subfield of
ethnoprimatology to show how conservation should be done in an interactive,
multidisciplinary format, ensuring cohabitation of all parties.
2
3. Indigenous/Traditional Involvement
Anthropologists are taking more active roles as members of the conservation
community, which includesinvolving local people into policy and action. One case study
done for the Miskito, a native people based out of Nicaragua, demonstrated a society that
subsisted off of green sea turtles. During the twentieth century the international market
for these turtles was presented by the British in order to ship the turtle elsewhere.
Because other companies were catching the turtles, the Miskito had to shift their entire
subsistence regime to one based off of selling the turtles instead of eating them, forcing
them to participate in the international trade. With this shift they were also obligated to
use money to adapt and survive in the global economy. Once the turtles were
overexploited, the economy started to dwindle, leaving them with no turtles and no
financial means (Nietschmann 1987). This case study shares the story of what happens all
too often in regards to natural resources and local populations. Traditions that become
established over generations will suddenly become exploited when the interests of the
free market target a resource. The Miskito are a native people that had the effects of
globalization thrust upon them, whether they wanted the free market or not. This is a
common scenario that frequents communities, and it is cases like this that call for
native/indigenous people to manage their own resources, but it’s not always so clear for
who’s to blame for lack of conservation.
“Ecologically noble savage” argument
Arguments have been made that claim that Native peoples were the original
conservationists and should be used as a model for present day and future efforts. The
thought process is based off of the idea that humans, like other social species, evolved
3
4. with certain adaptations that impedes the degradation of resources (Hames 2007). One
example of these adaptations can be found within the Kurumbapeople of South India;
they hold cultural practices in which they abstain from harvesting honey in certain areas
of the surrounding hills in order to keep a spiritual balance (Anderson 2001). It may not
be for conservation’s sake, but it certainly gets the job done. Like many traditional
cultures, the Kurumba’s newer generations are facing the inevitable lure of modernity
and slowly abandoning their cultural practices, which have proven sustainable in
practiceandhad upheld a balance of resources. An “ecodevelopment non-governmental
organization” wanted to work with the natives in order to create sort of balance to
preserve the Kurumba culture. They figured that one way to incorporate the Kurumba
into a conservation plan for the land, would be to involve them in the market economical
society, which they had been pushed to transition into anyways. The ecodevelopment
wanted to turn their honey extraction methods into conservation and economic tools.
They would use their cultural ideals of honey preservation to maintain honey businesses
run by the Kurumba themselves. With this runs the risk of having their resources
exploited, similar to what the Miskito faced. The issue that goes along with the
“promotion of income generation is its tendency to exacerbate individualistic behavior,
which may lead to community fragmentation,” (Anderson 2001) allowing the potential
devaluing and abandoning of honey preservation that the conservation ideals were shaped
around in the first place. Cultural practices kept in mind, the ecodevelopment
promotedKurumba’s integration into the economy and tried to put emphases on cultural
empowerment and self-lead tactics.
Having the option of combining the goals of culture, economy, and conservation
4
5. is a step in the right direction, even though it’s not necessarily favorable to bet on
economic stability for the natives. Conversely there is the argument that the natives’
intentions are not to conserve, based off of theactive Western definition of conservation
methods.A critique is that conservation is constructed through Western ideology, making
it difficult to relate the concepts to those not sharing the same ideals. Because
local/indigenous people happen to live in protected areas set up through the big
organizations such as World Wildlife Fund, Nature Conservancy, and Conservation
International, plans are sometimes made to remove people from the land when their life-
styles don’t match up with the organizations/governments’ plans of sustainability and
preservation. When striving to maintain protected areas, indigenous/traditional peoples’
basic rights to land, resources, and cultural practice are undermined (Hames 2007).
Establishing ties between the land and recognizing their cultural and environmental
relevance will make for greater environmental practices. Because of the ecological
knowledge that indigenous people hold and the increasing “expansion of protected
ecosystems and landscapes into settled zones, conservationists have reconsidered resident
and neighboring human groups, leading many to view them as potential participants in
conservation rather than as poachers of wildlife or destroyers of habitat,” (Orlove and
Brush 1996). Whether or not locals/natives are sustainable or not does not necessarily
matter. The focus that conservationists need to make is within the interaction between the
people, the land, and their usage of resources. Structural organizations shouldlook at
traditionalsubsistence methods, be they sustainable or not, and build them into a
conservation plan, because native people, like all people, play a role in shaping the
environment.
5
6. Ethnoprimatology as a Model
Above are examples in which entities with clashing ideals and motives for
conservation (or lack there of) presented problems for all involved; fortunately there is
ethnoprimatology, an emerging subfield of anthropology that links ethnographic and
cultural studies with biological studies (and many more).With progressive articles
published within the last few years, ethnoprimatologists are establishing a hold in
academia, whose work can easily be applied, especially in regards to conservation. One
substantial advantage is that “ethnoprimatological approaches affirm the role of humans
as primates and of other primates as coparticipants in shaping social and ecological space,
recognizing mutual roles in both ecological and cultural interconnections,” (Fuentes 102).
Looking through the lens of the relationship between species allows for humans and
“alloprimates” to be recognized as equally influential upon one another.
One case study published followed the bush meat/trade of lorises in Southeast
Asia andhow taboos were assigned to certain lorises that lead to their deaths, while
otherspecies were sold as pets, etc. (Nekaris et al 2010). The authors emphasize the
importance in being involved in all aspects of the trade to aid the understandingof trade
from an emic perspective. Greater rapport between the communities and the
anthropologist lead tobetter collection of data and interpretation of results, which in turn
allowed for stronger steps to be taken for conservation. The authors present work through
case studies in three different countries in Southeast Asia. They were able to discover
different humanistic uses for non-human primates and why their populations were
dwindling, which may be tied in with conservation research today. The authors wanted to
a create a “satisfactory system for ethically quantifying the anthropological elements that
6
7. drive primate trade—e.g. social customs, economic factors, and traditional belief
systems"— [which] is essential for developing region-specific strategies to curtail this
practice” (Nekaris et al. 2010). They found that the most satisfying way to gain this
information was not to have translators, instead learning the language themselves. It was
also imperative for them to actively show interest in what the traders were doing, not just
asking how they acquired the primates illegally or expressing interest solely for
conservation purposes. It made a big difference when it came down to gaining the results.
With this type of research, the kind that documents not only the species that are being
traded (dead and alive), the cultural motives behind human involvement with
alloprimates are demonstrated. Eventually this can be relayed to those working politically
to enforce the laws against removal of non-human primates from the wild. Humans are
large “ecosystem engineers” which affects their own environment which is intimately
related to the lives of other primates.Humans are not separated with their environment as
much as it has been argued in the past; humans use primates for tourism, as pets, and as
food, among other things. Humans and alloprimates are continuously influencing/shaping
each other’s realities. This being one of the main theories of ethnoprimatology, it can be a
model for how anthropologists look at the interactions between different groups when
sampling conservation efforts, whether it is a political group, non-governmental
organization, or individual species. Each entity has an interactive role and influences one
another and should be looked to when creating and implementing conservation plans.
Wildlife Management in Borneo
Continuing the theme of resource use, it is important to grasp that humanistic
realityis made up of complicated interactions between multiple parties,including humans
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8. and wildlife, creating a sort of integrated system when tied all together. The idea that
humans are separate from wildlife is perpetually considered outdated. A problem that
often shows itself when dealing with conservation is dealt in a dichotomous manner:
choosing sides between protecting the environment including wildlife or human
development. If there are decisions to be made about how the land will be treated, it
needs to be understood that meeting the needs of both entities (humanistic and wild) will
keep both afloat and are innately interrelated.
A case study in Borneodemonstrated theintrinsic value of a stable relationship
between humans and wildlife; the Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Project
(KOCP) is an organization dedicated to linking the goal of human development to the
needs of wildlife (with an emphasis on orangutans). In order to get a conservation plan
started, the non-profit ensured that“local research assistants organized in-depth
consultations with community members to identify major challenges as well as the
threats posed by local wildlife,” (Ancrenaz, Dabek, & O'Neil 2007). With research and
organization being conducted by locals, they were able to see the value in learning about
the environment and natural resources. Along similar lines as the multidisciplinary
benefits of ethnoprimatology, the KOCP was able to combine education, scientific
research, community engagement, policy formulation, and more. With strong links
between each, an “effective network” of partners of research institutions, NGOs,
government agencies and private stakeholders took root within the system (Ancrenaz,
Dabek, & O'Neil 2007). Fortunately the plans resulted in more sustainable practices held
locally in regards to natural resource use, showing how powerful community organizing
can be.
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9. Conclusions
Conservation is a largely Westernized effort made by the contribution of multiple
entities. Collaboration among academia and other parties is essential if there is going to
be any progress for the cultural, environmental,and economic integrity of all ecosystems.
The case studies that I focused on were in Nicaragua and Southeast Asia (including
Borneo and South India), which are located in more tropical regions. Although focusing
on North America is important for understanding my own culture and history, looking at
these nations was beneficial because people in those parts of the world have lived off of
the land and sea for millennia. Deep-rooted customs and development that is constantly
changing creates an interesting challenge for cultural and conservation efforts, especially
in the current age of globalization.
Overall what was found to be effective for the research cited in this paper was the
use of participant observation and gaining rapport within communities for the collection
of outlooks contributing to the treatment of the resources provided by nature. There is
often a conflict in interest when large organizations have an agenda to preserve certain
spaces and species, when the people are in such dire need of those
resources.Anthropologists need to acknowledge the need for cohabitation of people and
their environments, which can be accomplished to a degree with the collaboration and
organization between facets of this worldthat are meant for conservation. The idea that
human life is separate from the surrounding world has lost its validity in anthropology,
biology, political science and all other complex systems.
Ending statement that sums up the position:
9
10. “Because anthropologists stress the importance of understanding the complexities
that appear when conservation initiatives encounter local communities and national
political cultures, they believe they should have a role beyond that of data providers.
For many anthropologists, developing an understanding of those engaged in saving
biodiversity is as critical a task as trying to understand the local communities that are
the focus of most conservation efforts,” (Brosius 2006).
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Ancrenaz, M., Dabek, L., & O'Neil, S. (2007). The costs of exclusion: recognizing a role for local
communities in biodiversity conservation. PLoS Biology, 5(11), e289.
Anderson, P. N. (2001). Community‐ based conservation and social change amongst South Indian
honey‐ hunters: an anthropological perspective. Oryx, 35(1), 81-83.
Brosius, J. P. (2006). Common ground between anthropology and conservation biology. Conservation
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Fuentes, A. (2012). Ethnoprimatology and the Anthropology of the Human-Primate Interface*. Annual
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Nekaris, K. A. I., Shepherd, C. R., Starr, C. R., & Nijman, V. (2010). Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife
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