net

1. Presented by
P.Srinivas
Mentor in IT
Dept.of IT
2/15/2023 RGUKT-Dept.of IT
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2. What is Networking ?
A network is two or more computers (or other
electronic devices) that are connected together,
usually by cables or Wi-Fi.
A network is a group of inter –connected computers to
share resources, exchange files or allow
communications.
Resources can be in the form of hardware and
software
Printers , CD-ROM, Scanners HDD Other network
devices such as HUB, SWITCH, Router , etc..
Any type of files and applications and other software's
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3. Advantages of the Network
Communications – activity associated with
distributing or exchanging information
Telecommunications – technology of
communications at a distance that permits
information to be created any where and used
everywhere with little delay
 A network is a way to get “stuff” between 2 or
more “things”
 Examples: Mail, phone system, conversations,
railroad system,highways and roads
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4. Diagram of the network
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5. Evolution of the Network
 ARPANET – 1969
NSFNET - 1985 - 1990
INTERNET – 1995
INTERSPACE - PRESENT
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6. ARPANET
 Evolution of networking started in 1969 when US
D.o.D sponsored a project named
ARPANET(Advanced Research project Agency
Network)
The first network called ARPANET.
In 1969 the goal of this project was to connect
computers at different universities and U.S
defense.
Exchange the messages and data over the
departments
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7. NSF NETWORK
National Scientific Foundation
 It was created in 1985
More capable than ARPANET
High capacity network
It allowed for academic & research
It was shutdown in 1995
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8. Internet
• Interconnection of networks
• it is owned by ISP
• It was started in 1995
• It connects the many smaller networks
• It was work on TCP/IP protocol
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9. INTERSPACE
• Inter space is a client /server software
program that allows multiple users to
communicate online with real-time
audio,video,and text messages in dynamic 3d
environments
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10. Network Types
• Computer networks broadly classified into 3
types base on the Area, Topology, and
Architecture.
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11. Based on the Area
Again the network can be classified based on
the area into different types
PAN
LAN
MAN
WAN
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12. PAN
• A personal Area Network is smallest network
which is very personal to user.
• This may include Bluetooth, IR devices.
• The range up to 10 meters
• It include wireless
keyboards,mouse,headphones, printers, TV
remote
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14. Local Area Network(LAN)
 It is a local network
 Privately owned network covering a small
networks and limited geographical areas like
home, office, building school, universities
 It is used to share the resources with in the office
etc.
Data transfer rate up to 10 mbps for FE ports
1 Gbps support GE ports
Up to 10 kms will support
High speed data transmission
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16. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
MAN is larger than LAN smaller than WAN
Its cover a city and its surrounding areas
 It can be created by interconnecting of two
LANS
 It is a combination of 2 or more LANS
It is fast and efficient network because its use
OFC cable
Ex. Cable television Networks
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18. WAN(Wide Area Network)
 It is a telecommunication network
 It covers large geographical areas.
 It connect cities , countries.
 It uses satellite, telecommunications for
communication purpose
 Multiple of LANs and MANs
 It is owned by ISP
 Without internet WANs can’t communicate each one.
 above 100km
 High speed network
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20. Based on the Topology
 A topology is a physical or logical arrangements
of network devices, cables etc.
 It define the layout/structure of the network.
There are different types.
 BUS
STAR
RING
MESH
TREE
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21. BUS Topology
• In BUS topology , all the devices are
connected to the single cable.
• Cable act as a back bone of the network
• The new device can join to the cable.
• Both ends of the cable connected to a
terminators.
• It absorb the signals
• The data is sent in only one direction.
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22. Diagram of BUS
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23. Advantages of BUS
 BUS networks are useful in small networks,
like setup small offices
Required less cable
Easy to connect a computer
Easy to understand
Cost very less
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24. Disadvantages of Bus
Entire network will go down if main cable is
damage.
Cables has limited length
It is slow when more devices are added into
the network
It is slower than ring topology
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25. STAR Topology
• In star topology , all the devices are connected
to central device, which can be a hub or
switch
• The Hub/switch act a server and other devices
connected to the hub act as a client
• All the devices communicate through central
device.
• Data transferred to first central device , then
transferred to the other devices
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26. Star topology
• Central device act as a backbone of the
network because the whole network depends
on the central device
• so if a particular device gets an error then the
network is not affected. But if the central
device not working for any reason , then the
entire network collapses.
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28. Advantages of star
 Easy to install and modify
Hub/switch upgrade easily
Easy to troubleshoot
Fast performance because data does not pass
through every device, unlike BUS topology
Addition of new device does not affect the
performance of other devices
If any client device fails, the other devices do not
affect the network
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29. Disadvantages of star
The whole network depends on the central
device so if the central device is failed then
the whole network is stopped
 Setting up a star topology requires a lot of
cabling because all the nodes have to connect
to the hub.
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30. RING Topology
 The ring topology connects the nodes on a network
through a point to- point connection.
 In ring topology , all the computers are connected in a
loop
 Data is accepted from one neighboring node
transmitted to other.
 Data travels in one direction.
 If one of the nodes on the network stops, the entire
network stops functioning
 It works on the token-based system means a token is
used to transmit data from one node to another.
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31. How does ring topology work ?
When a node wants to send a message then it
uses a token to send a message. So to sending a
message, token should be free on the network.
If token free then the source node can capture
the token, attach the data and the destination
address to the token, and then leaves the token
Then token travel in the network in one direction
until the token reaches the destination node
When token arrives at the destination node, the
data is removed by the destination node and
token is free to carry the next data.
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33. Adv & Disadvantages of Ring
Advantages:
This topology is token based, so adding more
devices do not affect the performance of
network
Disadvantages:
If one node will fail, then the complete
network will go down
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34. Mesh Topology
Each node is connected to more than one node.
This topology does not require central
hub/switch.
Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link
with every other device.
This provide an alternate route mechanism.
Excellent for long distance networking.
Supports back-up and rerouting.
Used in large internetworking environments with
stars, rings and buses as nodes .
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36. Advantages of Mess
If one of the device fails, then there is always an
alternative present
The network can handle a very high volume of
traffic because all connections are direct
New nodes can be added without disrupting
other nodes
Data transmission is very fast between two nodes
because all devices are point-to-point connected
Provides security and privacy because devices are
directly connected to each other.
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37. Disadvantages of Mess
 It is more expensive when compared to other
topologies
More cables are required
Installation and maintenance are very difficult
because nodes are connected with other
nodes
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38. Tree Topology
 Tree topology uses bus and start topology together to create a network
 It combines may start topologies using the main cable
 It is divided into many chunks that can be easily managed and maintained.
 All devices are connected to the main cable in the form of start topologies
 It is similar to bus because all the devices are connected to main cable.
 It is also called hierarchical topology because devices are connected in
hierarchical form
 In tree topology, the device at the root is referred to as the parent for all
the other nodes or devices in the network.
 The nodes below a parent node are referred to as child nodes.
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40. Advantages of Tree
• Epansion of nodes is possible and easy
• If any device is damaged , other hierarchical
networks are not affected
• If any node damaged other nodes are not
affected.
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41. Disadvantages
• If the main backbone line breaks then the
entire network shutdown.
• A huge amount of cable is needed
• Maintenance is difficult if more devices are
added
• Difficult to manage, if the network is very
large
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42. Hybrid Topology
The hybrid topology can be a combination of
two or more basic topologies, such as bus,
ring, star, mesh, or tree.
 Hybrid networks combine more than two
topologies, which, in turn, enable you to get
advantages of the constituent topologies.
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43. Point-to-Point Topology
 It also called end-to-end topology
 It contains exactly 2 devices
 Devices connected with cable each end
 One act as a sender , other one act as a receiver vice-
versa
Advantages:
 One cables is required
 Data transfer will high
 Less network issues
Disadvantages:
 Cannot share information/resources more that one.
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44. Based on the Architecture
• The network again can be classified into 2
types based on the network architecture.
Client – Server Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Architecture
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45. Client –Server Architecture
On a network built using the client-server
architecture, the devices communicate to
other devices through a central computer
referred to as a server.
The server is a terminal with high processing
power, which provides services for the other
computers on the network.
The client is a terminal that accesses the
resources available on a server.
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47. Applications
Centralization- server used for central location of the
network, clients can access resources from the server
Proper management- easy to find a file bcz of
centralization
Backup and recovery- backup and recovery is possible
Up gradation and scalability- changes made easily it
means up gradation of sever, network also scalable
Accessibility – servers- can be access remotely from
various locations with in the network
Security – rules, security policies made at the time of
sever setup.
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48. Advantages of Client-Server
It facilitates a central storage system
Administration is easy
Data can be easily backuped
Network is easy to scale
Data sharing speed is high
Servers can serve multiple clients at a time
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49. Disadvantages of Client-Sever
• Dependency is more on centralized server
• If the servers data is corrupted, all nodes will
be affected
• Network admin is required for maintanace
• Cost of network and server software is very
high
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50. Peer-to-Peer Architecture
 It is also called P2P/computer-to-computer
 Peers means nodes
 Connectivity of nodes each other
 On a network built using the peer-to-peer architecture, no
specific distinction exists between a client and a server.
 Any node can provide a service as well as send a request for
a service from another node on the network.
 The peer-to-peer network architecture allows sharing of
resources, data, and users.
 Each node on the network has full control over the network
resources.
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51. Advantages
• Easy to implement and manage
• Nodes are independent of one another
• No permissions required , direct access
• Network is reliable
• If peer fails it will not affect the working of
others
• No need of software
• Cost is very less
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52. Disadvantages
Storage is decentralized, and also not
efficiently managed
No data backup option is required
These kind of networks are not so secure
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53. Transmission Media
• Transmission media is a communication
channel means it is a medium for data
transmission.
• When two devices want to commuicate at
that time the communication channel they
used is called transmission media.
• It is used to carry data from one device to
another.
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54. Transmission Media
• It is a physical path between sending and
receiving machine.
• It is not only sending data via cable , its also
uses radio, satellites communications.
• The transmission media can be grouped into 2
types
- Guided/Wired Media/Bound
- Unguided/ Wireless Media/Unbounded
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56. Guided Media
• Guided transmission media are cables that are tangible
or have a physical existence.
• Wired transmission media use cable or wires for
sending the data from one place to another.
• It is also referred to as guided transmission media
because the data guide goes through cables from one
place to another
• It is also known as bounded trasmission media because
the data signals are bound by the cable system
• It means connectivity between source and desitnation
using cables or wires.
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57. Guided Media
• The guided media can be classifed in to 3
types
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Optical Fiber Cable(OFC)
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58. Twisted Pair Cable
• Twisted-pair cabling is the most popular network cable for data
transmission
• It is lightweight, easy to install, inexpensive, and support data speeds up to
100 Mbps.
• It is a pair of copper wires.
• Copper wires are the most common and widely used for transmitting
signals due to their good performance at a low cost.
• A TP cable consists of two conductors(copper) each pair of cables twisted
together to form a single media with its own plastic insulation
• One wire carries the actual signal and other is used for ground reference
• To identify these cables , cables marked with color-coated
• Twist will reduce the noise.
• Mostly used to provide voice and data transmission in telephone networks
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59. Types of Twisted Pair cables
• There are mainly 2 types
• Unshielded twisted paid(UTP)
• Shielded Twisted Pair(STP)
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60. UTP
• There is no shield /no metal foil in UTP
• It low cost than STP
• Easily available because many usage purpose
• It is used in LANS ,telephone communications
• It good protection from interference
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61. STP
• It have metal foil covering each pair of
insulator conductors
• It is shielded. Because prevent
electromagnetic noise and also eliminate
crosstalk.
• Data transmission rate is higher
• More expansive than UTP
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62. Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable has two wires of copper
• Core/inner copper wire is in the center and is
made of the soild condctor which is used for
actual data transmission
• The second/exteranl copper wire is wrapped
around and used to protect against external
electromagnetic interference
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64. Optical Fiber Cable
• A fiber optic is made of high quality thin glass
or plastic and is used to transfer digital data
signals in the form of light over thousands of
miles
• These cables are not affected by
electromagnetic interference, because cables
are in under ground
• Its provide high data transmission and
designed for long distance
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65. Advantages of OFC
• Transmit data over long distance with high
security
• It is used for carrying digital information
• It especially used for computer networks
• Data transmission speed is high
• Bandwidth is up to 10 Gbps
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66. Disadvantages of OFC
• Installing an optical fiber requires special
equipment
• If a fiber breaks, finding the broken location is
difficult
• Repairing require special. Equipment
• Cost is high
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68. Wireless/Unguided Media
• Wireless transmission media does not establish a
physical link between two or more devices.
• It communicate only wirelessly
• Electromagnetic waves does not use any physical
medium
• Signals are transferred through air
• Less secure, it cover larger distances
• It is also again different types
- Radio, Microwave, satellite, infrared rays
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69. Radio Waves
• These are the electromagnetic waves which are the longest
wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum
• Wavelength between 1 mm to 10000km
• Frequency can be high as 300 GHz to low as 30 Hz lambda
= K1/f
• Large wave length can travel long distances
• Transmitters are used to generate radio waves , which are
received by antennas.
• radio stations(radio signals) - transmitters 
receivers(antennas)
• These wavers are omnidirectional signals can travel all
directions from the source.
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70. Adv & disadvantages of RW
• Adv:
- it offers mobility
- cheaper than laying cables and fibers
- easy of communication
Dis:
- it is insecure communication
- susceptible to weather effects like rains,
thunders storms etc..
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71. Microwaves
• It has higher frequency than radio waves
• It is used for long distances
• Frequency range 300 MHz to 300 GHz
• if frequency exceeded 100MHz, EM waves travel
in a straight lines
• It travels unidirectionl because it has higher freq.
• It is the sub part of the raido waves
• It is used for sattilite communications,
navigations, radar, remote sensing, etc
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72. Adv & dis
• cheaper than cable lying in ground
• ability to communicate over oceans
• Disadvantages:
• Insecure communication
• Signals can split antenna to antenna
• Propagation is susceptible to weather effects
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73. IR
• It is a part of wireless transmission
• Used for very short-range commuiction
• not support to long distances
• TV rempote, wireless mouse, wireless printer,
automatic doors etc
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74. Sattilite communcation
• it support longer distances
• signals can transfer through out the world
• Very expansive
• Installation is difficult
• Signals can be tampered by external forces
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75. Transmission Modes
• it define the direction of data transmision
• It define the data flow between the 2 linked
devices
• There are 3 types of data transmission modes
- Simplex Mode
- Half-Duplex Mode
- Full-Duplex Mode
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76. Simplex Mode
• Data can flow in only one direction
• Communication is unidirectional
• Sender can send the data , receiver can receive the data
Examples:
TV channels
Keyboard
MOUSE
Scanner – to - Computer
Computer – to – Printer
Speaker
Microphone
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78. Half – Duplex
• Data can flow in both directions but in one
direction at a time.
• One node is sending the data , other has
receive like vice versa
• Ex: Walkie-Talkie
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79. Full-Duplex Mode
• Data Can flow in both directions at the same
time
• data can send aswell as receve the data
• it is bidirectional
• Ex: Telephones, Mobiles
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80. Connection Types
• Wired Connection
• Wireless Connection
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81. Network Devices
• Modem
• RJ 45 connector
• Hub
• Switch
• Gateway
• Repeater
• Router
• Wifi card
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82. Network Applications
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