What is a quantum computerA quantum computer harnesses some of th.docx

What is a quantum computer?A quantum computer harnesses
some of the almost-mystical phenomena of quantum mechanics
to deliver huge leaps forward in processing power. Quantum
machines promise to outstrip even the most capable of
today’s—and tomorrow’s—supercomputers.
They won’t wipe out conventional computers, though. Using a
classical machine will still be the easiest and most economical
solution for tackling most problems. But quantum computers
promise to power exciting advances in various fields, from
materials science to pharmacuticals research. Companies are
already experimenting with them to develop things like lighter
and more powerful batteries for electric cars, and to help create
novel drugs.
The secret to a quantum computer’s power lies in its ability to
generate and manipulate quantum bits, or qubits.
What is entanglement? Researchers can generate pairs of qubits
that are “entangled,” which means the two members of a pair
exist in a single quantum state. Changing the state of one of the
qubits will instantaneously change the state of the other one in a
predictable way. This happens even if they are separated by
very long distances.
Nobody really knows quite how or why entanglement works. It
even baffled Einstein, who famously described it as “spooky
action at a distance.” But it’s key to the power of quantum
computers. In a conventional computer, doubling the nmber of
bits doubles its processing power. But thanks to entanglement,
adding extra qubits to a quantum machine produces an
exponential increase in its number-crunching ability.
Quantum computers harness entangled qubits in a kind of
quantum daisy chain to work their magic. The machines’ ability
to speed up calculations using specially designed quantum

algorithms is why there’s so much buzz about their potential.
That’s the good news. The bad news is that quantum machines
are way more error-prone than classical computers because of
decoherence.
What is a qubit? Today's computers use bits—a stream of
electrical or optical pulses representing
1s or
0s. Everything from your tweets and e-mails to your
iTunes songs and YouTube videos are essentially long strings of
these binary digits.
Quantum computers, on the other hand, use qubits, which are
typically subatomic particles such as electrons or photons.
Generating and managing qubits is a scientific and engineering
challenge. Some companies, such as IBM, Google, and Rigetti
Computing, use superconducting circuits cooled to temperatures
colder than deep space. Others, like IonQ, trap individual atoms
in electromagnetic fields on a silicon chip in ultra-high-vacuum
chambers. In both cases, the goal is to isolate the qubits in a
controlled quantum state.
Qubits have some quirky quantum properties that mean a
connected group of them can provide way more processing
power than the same number of binary bits. One of those
properties is known as superposition and another is called
entanglement.
What is superposition? Qubits can represent numerous possible
combinations of
1 and
0 at the same time. This ability to simultaneously be in
multiple states is called superposition. To put qubits into
superposition, researchers manipulate them using precision
lasers or microwave beems.Thanks to this counterintuitive
phenomenon, a quantum computer with several qubits in
superposition can crunch through a vast number of potential
outcomes simultaneously. The final result of a calculation
emerges only once the qubits are measured, which immediately

causes their quantum state to “collapse” to either
1 or
0.
What is decoherence? The interaction of qubits with their
environment in ways that cause their quantum behavior to decay
and ultimately disappear is called decoherence. Their quantum
state is extremely fragile. The slightest vibration or change in
temperature—disturbances known as “noise” in quantum-
speak—can cause them to tumble out of superposition before
their job has been properly done. That’s why researchers do
their best to protect qubits from the outside world in those
supercooled fridges and vacuum chambers.
But despite there efforts, noise still causes lots of errors to
creep into calculations.
Smart quantum algorithms can compensate for some of
these, and adding more qubits also helps. However, it will likely
take thousands of standard qubits to create a single, highly
reliable one, known as a “logical” qubit. This will sap a lot of a
quantum computer’s computational capacity.
And there’s the rub: so far, researchers haven’t been able to
generate more than 128 standard qubits (see our qubit counter
here). So we’re still many years away from getting
quantum computers that will be broadly useful.
That hasn’t dented pioneers’ hopes of being the first to
demonstrate “quantum supremacy.”
What is quantum supremacy?It’s the point at which a quantum
computer can complete a mathematical calculation that is
demonstrably beyond the reach of even the most powerful
supercomputer.
It’s still unclear exactly how many qubits will be needed to

achieve this because researchers keep finding new algorithms to
boost the performance of classical machines, and
supercomputing hardware keeps getting better.But researchers
and companies are working hard to claim the title,
running tests against some of the world’s most powerful
supercoputers.
There’s plenty of debate in the research world about
just how significant achieving this milestone will be.
Rather than wait for supremacy to be declared, companies are
already starting to experiment with quantum computers made by
companies like IBM, Rigetti, and D-Wave, a Canadian firm.
Chinese firms like Alibaba are also offering access to quantum
machines. Some businesses are buying quantum computers,
while others are using ones made available
through cloud computing services.
Where is a quantum computer likely to be most useful first?One
of the most promising applications of quantum computers is for
simulating the behavior of matter down to the molecular
level. Auto manufacturers like Volkswagen and Daimler are
using quantum computers to simulate the chemical composition
of electrical-vehicle batteries to help find new ways to improve
their performance. And pharmaceutical companies are
leveraging them to analyze and compare compounds that could
lead to the creation of new drugs.
The machines are also great for optimization problems because
they can crunch through vast numbers of potential solutions
extremely fast. Airbus, for instance, is using them to help
calculate the most fuel-efficient ascent and descent paths for
aircraft. And Volkswagen has unveiled a service that calculates
the optimal routes for buses and taxis in cities in order to
minimize congestion. Some researchers also think the machines
could be used
to accelerate artificial intelligence.

It could take quite a few years for quantum computers to
achieve their full potential. Universities and businesses working
on them are facing
a shortage of skilled researchers in the field—and
a lack of suppliers of some key components. But if
these exotic new computing machines live up to their promise,
they could transform entire industries and turbocharge global
innovation.
Key differences between conventional and quantum computers
include: Conventional computers store and manipulate data
based on a bit that is based on an electrical change and has one
of two values, 0 or 1. Quantum computers store and manipulate
data using a qubit that is based on the spin of an electron and
has more than two possible values. Conventional computers are
governed by the rules of classic physics. Quantum computers
are governed by quantum physics or quantum mechanics.
Documentation Static Routing
Task 1: Identifying the Number of Broadcast Domains
How many Broadcast Domains the above figure has? Also,
circle all the Broadcast Domains you identified in the figure
above.
a) 2 b) 5 c) 4 d) 6 e) other _________
Task 2: Network ID
Chosen Network ID: _______________________
Task 3: Subnetting Calculations
Step 1: Determine the total number of
Host IDs needed for each broadcast domain by adding:
a) Number of PCs that need Host IDs
b) Number of router interfaces that need Host IDs
c) Number of Host IDs needed by any other devices in the
broadcast domain

d) Number of Host IDs needed for Subnet Address and
Broadcast Address
Table 1
Broadcast Domain #
# of PCs that need Host IDs
# of router interfaces that need Host IDs
# of Host IDs needed by any other devices in the broadcast
domain
# of Host IDs needed for Subnet and Broadcast Address
Total number of Host IDs needed

Step 2: Determine the highest number of total Host IDs needed
among all the broadcast domains from Table 1.
______________________
Step 3: Use the highest number of total Host IDs needed from
Step 2 to determine the number of bits needed to
represent all the Host IDs needed [Use the table shown below].
20
1
29
512
21
2
210
1024
22

4
211
2048
23
8
212
4096
24
16
213
8192
25
32
214
16384
26
64
215
32768
27
128
216
65536
28
256
217
131072
Highest number of total Host IDs needed
= ____ [from step 2]
Number of Host ID bits needed =
____
Step 4: Mark the Network ID and Host ID bits below. The
unmarked bits are
Subnet ID bits.

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet

There are
___ bits allocated to Subnet ID, use the table below to
find out how many subnets will be created. The number of
subnets =
______ [2# of subnet id bits]
NOTE: The Subnet IDs will be numbered
0, 1, 2, 3, ….., ______ [2# of subnet id bits - 1]
20
1
29
512
21
2
210
1024
22
4
211
2048
23
8
212
4096
24
16
213
8192
25
32
214
16384
26
64
215
32768

27
128
216
65536
28
256
217
131072
Step 5: Pick Subnet IDs
[any number between
0, 1, 2, 3, , ….., ____ ] that you would like to use for
each of the broadcast domains and determine their binary
values. Add
0s (zeroes) to the left, if necessary, to make the binary
number long enough.
Broadcast Domain #
Subnet ID
Subnet ID in Binary

Step 6: We have chosen the Subnet IDs in step 5. Now we must
determine the first IP address (Subnet ID), last IP address
(Broadcast ID), first usable IP address, and last usable IP
address for each Subnet ID.
a) First IP Address (Subnet Address):
To get the first IP address (Subnet Address),:
i) Replace the Network ID octets with Network ID chosen in
Task 2
ii) Replace the Subnet ID bits with the Subnet ID chosen (in
binary) for the broadcast domain in Step 5.
iii) Convert all the Host ID bits to
0.
iv) Convert all the octets to Decimal.
NOTE: You must convert the entire Octets to binary.
____ ____ ____ .
____

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
b) Last IP Address (Broadcast Address):
To get the last IP address (Broadcast Address):
i) Replace all the Network ID octets with Network ID chosen in
Task 2
binary) for the broadcast domain in Step 5

1
____ ____ ____ .
_____

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
c) First Usable IP Address:
To get the First Usable IP address, increment the Last Octet of
First IP address (Subnet Address) by
1.
___ . ___. ___ . ___ will be the First Usable IP address for this
broadcast domain.
d) Last Usable IP Address:
To get the Last Usable IP address, decrement the Last Octet of
Last IP address (Broadcast Address) by
1.
___ . ___. ___. ___ will be the Last Usable IP address for this
broadcast domain.
Apply the steps above repeatedly, to calculate Subnet, First
Usable, Last Usable and Broadcast Addresses for all the
broadcast domains. Use the tables provided below for
calculations (You may not need all the tables). Document all the
calculated values in Table 2.
Subnet ID in decimal: _____ Subnet ID in
binary:_____________________________
Subnet Address:
___ . ___. ___. ___

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
Broadcast Address:
___ . ___. ___. ___

binary:_____________________________
Subnet Address:
___ . ___. ___. ___

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
binary:_____________________________
Subnet Address:
___ . ___. ___. ___

Table 2
Broadcast Domain #
Subnet ID
Subnet Address (First IP Address)
First Usable Host Address
Last Usable Host Address
Broadcast Address
(Last IP Address)

Task 4: Subnet Mask Calculations
A Subnet Mask consists of
four octets (32-bit binary number just like IP address)
and is used by a device to identify
Subnet Address in an
IP address. The rule to calculate subnet mask is as
follows:
“Convert
all the host id bits to
0 in the subnet mask 32-bits and the rest of the bits to
1. Convert all the octets to Decimal”.
This calculated subnet mask will be used by all the broadcast
domains.

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
Task 5: IP Addresses for Router Interfaces
Determine the IP address for all the routers interfaces and
complete the following table:
Router #
Interface GigabitEthernet0/0 (or 0/0/0) IP address
Subnet Mask for GigabitEthernet0/0 (or 0/0/0)
Interface GigabitEthernet0/1 (or 0/0/1) IP address
Subnet Mask for GigabitEthernet0/1 (or 0/0/1)

Task 6: Determining IP Routes for Routers:
Fill the tables below with routes to be set on each router:
Router # 0
Destination Network ID
Destination Subnet mask
Next Hop [IP address of the adjacent router]

Router # 1

Router # 2
Router # 3

Router # 4

Router # 5
Router # 6

Router # 7
Task 7: IP Addresses for PCs in the network

Fill in the following table with IP address that will be assigned
to each PC.
PC #
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway IP Address

of 9
Documentation RIP Routing
Task 1: Identifying the Number of Broadcast Domains
How many Broadcast Domains the above figure has? Also,
circle all the Broadcast Domains you identified in the figure
above.
a) 2 b) 5 c) 4 d) 6 e) other _________
Task 2: Network ID
Chosen Network ID: _______________________
Task 3: Subnetting Calculations

Step 1: Determine the total number of
Host IDs needed for each broadcast domain by adding:
a) Number of PCs that need Host IDs
b) Number of router interfaces that need Host IDs
c) Number of Host IDs needed by any other devices in the
broadcast domain
d) Number of Host IDs needed for Subnet Address and
Broadcast Address
Table 1
Broadcast Domain #
# of PCs that need Host IDs
# of router interfaces that need Host IDs
# of Host IDs needed by any other devices in the broadcast
domain
# of Host IDs needed for Subnet and Broadcast Address
Total number of Host IDs needed

Step 2: Determine the highest number of total Host IDs needed
among all the broadcast domains from Table 1.
______________________
Step 3: Use the highest number of total Host IDs needed from
Step 2 to determine the number of bits needed to
represent all the Host IDs needed [Use the table shown below].
20
1

29
512
21
2
210
1024
22
4
211
2048
23
8
212
4096
24
16
213
8192
25
32
214
16384
26
64
215
32768
27
128
216
65536
28
256
217
131072
Highest number of total Host IDs needed

= ____ [from step 2]
Number of Host ID bits needed =
____
Step 4: Mark the Network ID and Host ID bits below. The
unmarked bits are
Subnet ID bits.

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
There are
___ bits allocated to Subnet ID, use the table below to
find out how many subnets will be created. The number of
subnets =
______ [2# of subnet id bits]
NOTE: The Subnet IDs will be numbered
0, 1, 2, 3, ….., ______ [2# of subnet id bits - 1]
20
1
29
512
21
2
210
1024
22
4
211
2048
23
8
212
4096
24
16
213
8192
25

32
214
16384
26
64
215
32768
27
128
216
65536
28
256
217
131072
Step 5: Pick Subnet IDs
[any number between
0, 1, 2, 3, , ….., ____ ] that you would like to use for
each of the broadcast domains and determine their binary
values. Add
0s (zeroes) to the left, if necessary, to make the binary
number long enough.
Broadcast Domain #
Subnet ID
Subnet ID in Binary

b) Last IP Address (Broadcast Address):
To get the last IP address (Broadcast Address):
i) Replace all the Network ID octets with Network ID chosen in
Task 2
binary) for the broadcast domain in Step 5
1
____ ____ ____ .
_____

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
c) First Usable IP Address:
To get the First Usable IP address, increment the Last Octet of
First IP address (Subnet Address) by
1.
___ . ___. ___ . ___ will be the First Usable IP address for this
broadcast domain.
d) Last Usable IP Address:
To get the Last Usable IP address, decrement the Last Octet of
Last IP address (Broadcast Address) by
1.
___ . ___. ___. ___ will be the Last Usable IP address for this
broadcast domain.
Apply the steps above repeatedly, to calculate Subnet, First
Usable, Last Usable and Broadcast Addresses for all the
broadcast domains. Use the tables provided below for
calculations (You may not need all the tables). Document all the
calculated values in Table 2.

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet

binary:_____________________________
Subnet Address:
___ . ___. ___. ___
1st Octet

2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
Broadcast Address:
___ . ___. ___. ___

1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
Table 2
Broadcast Domain #
Subnet ID
Subnet Address (First IP Address)
First Usable Host Address
Last Usable Host Address
Broadcast Address
(Last IP Address)

Task 4: Subnet Mask Calculations
A Subnet Mask consists of
four octets (32-bit binary number just like IP address)
and is used by a device to identify
Subnet Address in an
IP address. The rule to calculate subnet mask is as
follows:

“Convert
all the host id bits to
0 in the subnet mask 32-bits and the rest of the bits to
1. Convert all the octets to Decimal”.
This calculated subnet mask will be used by all the broadcast
domains.
_____ .
_____ .
_____ .
_____

Task 6: Determining IP Routes for Routers:
Fill the tables below with information to be set on each router:
Router #
Neighboring Subnet Addresses
Router #
Router #
Router #
Router #
Router #
Router #

Router #
Router #
Task 7: IP Addresses for PCs in the network
Fill in the following table with IP address that will be assigned
to each PC.
PC #
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway IP Address

of 8
Word Processing Assignment
This assignment is designed to check your word processing
skills that specifically relate to formatting and proofing a
document. You will start with the text as it is provided to you
in the text file and apply the steps outlined in these instructions
and submit the revised document to your instructor for review
and grading.
If you need help in performing any of the instruction steps, you
can use the Help feature that is built into Microsoft Word or
you can use the step-by-step guides with pictures that can be
found at:
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/word-for-windows-
training-7bcd85e6-2c3d-4c3c-a2a5-
5ed8847eae73?wt.mc_id=otc_home
There are several tools available on this web page to assist you
with performing the steps required in this assignment. You can
select specific tools depending on what version of Microsoft
Word you are using on your local computer. If you are already
familiar with Microsoft Word this assignment should take less
than 15 minutes to complete. If you are relatively new to Word
and have to research how to perform many of the steps, this
activity may take 1-2 hours to complete.
If you are using Google Docs, then you can find word
processing support at:
https://support.google.com/a/users/answer/9282664?hl=en
Have fun!
File as presented: sampletext.docx
Font: Arial Black
Size: 10 pt
Spacing: single-spaced

File to be submitted: INFM_109_YourLastName.docx (where
you replace YourLastName with your actual last name)
Font: Times New Roman
Size: Assorted, see detailed instructions below
Spacing: 1.5 line spacing
INSTRUCTIONS
Using the sampletext.docx file as your starting point, complete
the following formatting in this order:
1. Change the font in the entire document to Times New Roman
2. Take the first sentence in the first paragraph (What is a
quantum computer?) and use it as the title line at the very top of
the document. Set the Style of the title to Heading 1 and make
sure it is centered.
3. Format the main body of the document to Times New Roman,
12 pt, and line spacing of 1.5
4. Cut the section of the document that begins with “What is
entanglement?” and ends just before “What is a qubit?”and
place it directly before the section that begins with “What is
decoherence?”
5. Break the following sentences out as section headings and
format them all in Heading 3 style, justified to the left:
a. What is a qubit?
b. What is superposition?
c. What is entanglement?
d. What is decoherence?
e. What is quantum supremacy?
f. Where is a quantum computer likely to be most useful first?
6. Next, you are going to create a bullet list after paragraph
two. Leaving the last paragraph intact, insert a copy of the last
paragraph immediately after paragraph two and convert the
items following the colon into a bullet list.
7. Change the line spacing between the items on the bullet list
that you just created in Step 6 to single space
8. In the sentence at the beginning of the document that starts
with,“A quantum computer harnesses…” Create a hyperlink for
the text “quantum computer” and link it to:

https://www.bbva.com/en/quantum-computing-how-it-
differs-from-classical-computing/
9. Using the Insert tab, add page numbers at the bottom of the
page in the right corner using Plain Number 3 style
10. Add a header and put your name in the header
11. Insert page breaks at the following locations:
a. After the first paragraph in the “What is a qubit” section
b. After the first paragraph in the “What is entanglement”
section
12. On the Review tab, check for and correct all spelling and
grammar errors.NOTE: Rigetti and IonQ are spelled correctly.
Keep running through the correction checker, making
corrections as necessary, until there are zero errors
13. Manually scan back over the entire document. At this point
there should be no words underlined with red or blue
14. If you see any lines where the text is stretched out to fit
across the page, adjust the spacing after the end of the period in
that sentence
15.
Turn on “Show/Hide” so that all of formatting symbols
are displayed
16. Save the file using “Save As” and change the file name to
INFM_109_YourLastName and use the .docx file name
extension, replacing YourLastName with your actual last name.
17. Submit the assignment for review and grading by the
instructor.

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