1. Successful PCI of chronic total occlusions (CTO) is associated with improved symptoms, increased exercise capacity, reduced need for CABG, and survival benefit compared to failed CTO PCI based on observational studies.
2. Randomized trials are still needed to provide high-level evidence on the benefits of CTO PCI given limitations of observational data though several large randomized trials are underway.
3. Expert operators can now achieve high success rates of over 90% for CTO PCI with low complication rates even for complex CTOs, using bilateral injections, IVUS, retrograde approaches and specialized guidewires and catheters.
A coronary bifurcation consists of a flow divider (carina) and three vessel segments:
The proximal main vessel (PMV)
The distal main vessel (DMV) and
The side branch (SB).
A bifurcation lesion is a major epicardial coronary artery stenosis next to and/or including the ostium of a significant side branch
A significant SB is a branch whose severe narrowing or acute occlusion before or during intervention can cause considerable ischemia or a new infarction area that will worsen the clinical course of a particular patient.
Other important elements to consider that are not inherent in the bifurcation classifications include:
Extent of disease on the SB (limited to the ostium or involving the vessel beyond the ostium)
Its size (over 2.5mm in reference diameter)
Bifurcation angle, and
Disease distribution
A coronary bifurcation consists of a flow divider (carina) and three vessel segments:
The proximal main vessel (PMV)
The distal main vessel (DMV) and
The side branch (SB).
A bifurcation lesion is a major epicardial coronary artery stenosis next to and/or including the ostium of a significant side branch
A significant SB is a branch whose severe narrowing or acute occlusion before or during intervention can cause considerable ischemia or a new infarction area that will worsen the clinical course of a particular patient.
Other important elements to consider that are not inherent in the bifurcation classifications include:
Extent of disease on the SB (limited to the ostium or involving the vessel beyond the ostium)
Its size (over 2.5mm in reference diameter)
Bifurcation angle, and
Disease distribution
the 1-year cumulative incidence of a composite end point consisting of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, definite stent thrombosis, and major bleeding was 2.4% in the 1-month DAPT group and 3.7% in the 12-month DAPT group, a difference that met the noninferiority margin of a hazard ratio of 0.5, as well as superiority.
Significant, defined as a greater than 50 percent narrowing, left main coronary artery disease is found in 4 to 6 percent of all patients who undergo coronary arteriography. When present, it is associated with multivessel coronary artery disease about 70 percent of the time
Cardiac catheteriztion, Oximetery study in a patient with VSDPRAVEEN GUPTA
In this ppt i am going to discuss how to do cardiac catheterisation study, oximetry study and how to analyse its data in a patient with VSD who came to our hospital
the 1-year cumulative incidence of a composite end point consisting of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, definite stent thrombosis, and major bleeding was 2.4% in the 1-month DAPT group and 3.7% in the 12-month DAPT group, a difference that met the noninferiority margin of a hazard ratio of 0.5, as well as superiority.
Significant, defined as a greater than 50 percent narrowing, left main coronary artery disease is found in 4 to 6 percent of all patients who undergo coronary arteriography. When present, it is associated with multivessel coronary artery disease about 70 percent of the time
Cardiac catheteriztion, Oximetery study in a patient with VSDPRAVEEN GUPTA
In this ppt i am going to discuss how to do cardiac catheterisation study, oximetry study and how to analyse its data in a patient with VSD who came to our hospital
Chronic Total Occlusions: The Road Less TraveledAllina Health
By M. Nicholas Burke, MD. The use of pioneering percutaneous treatments for chronic total occlusions: indications, limitations, outcomes and current research.
Presentación de la ponencia "Oclusión Crónica Total (CTO): Intervención Coronaria Percutánea (ICP) vs Tratamiento Médico Óptimo (TMO)" realizada por Tomás Benito González para foroepic.org en los Diálogos EPIC_Cierre Percutáneo de la Orejuela Izquierda el 15 de Marzo de 2018 en Madrid (España)
Published data on CTO complications
Nikolaos Konstantinidis, Thessaloniki, Greece
11th Experts Live CTO
The annual Euro CTO meeting
September 13th –14th, 2019 - Berlin, Germany
Which CTO should be treated by PCI or CABG & The specific problems of PCI for...Euro CTO Club
Which CTO should be treated by PCI or CABG & The specific problems of PCI for post CABG patients
Gerald S. Werner, Darmstadt, Germany
11th Experts Live CTO
The annual Euro CTO meeting
September 13th –14th, 2019 - Berlin, Germany
CTO PCI and length of dual antiplatelet regimenEuro CTO Club
CTO PCI and length of dual antiplatelet regimen
Maciej Lesiak, Poznan, Poland
11th Experts Live CTO
The annual Euro CTO meeting
September 13th –14th, 2019 - Berlin, Germany
15th Experts Live CTO - Carlo Di Mario: ConclusionsEuro CTO Club
PLENARY SESSION
Wrap up of live cases, awards to the winners of the best abstracts and case competitions and take home messages
Auditorium Zubin Mehta - Saturday 16:00 - 17:00
Speakers:
Daniela Benedetto (Rome),
Francesco Burzotta (Rome),
Carlo Di Mario (Florence),
Roberto Garbo (Turin),
Rocco Stio (Rome)
Challengers:
Stelios Pyxaras (Furth - D),
Sudhir Rathore (London - UK)
Discussants:
Shunsuke Matsuno (Tokyo - J),
Alexander Nap (Amsterdam - NL),
Masahisa Yamane (Tokyo - J)
___________________________________________
15th Experts Live CTO,
EUROCTO Club meeting in partnership with the GISE CTO meeting.
September 8th - 9th, 2023
Florence, Italy
Francesco Burzotta: Wrap up Gemelli CasesEuro CTO Club
PLENARY SESSION
Wrap up of live cases, awards to the winners of the best abstracts and case competitions and take home messages
Auditorium Zubin Mehta - Saturday 16:00 - 17:00
Speakers:
Daniela Benedetto (Rome),
Francesco Burzotta (Rome),
Carlo Di Mario (Florence),
Roberto Garbo (Turin),
Rocco Stio (Rome)
Challengers:
Stelios Pyxaras (Furth - D),
Sudhir Rathore (London - UK)
Discussants:
Shunsuke Matsuno (Tokyo - J),
Alexander Nap (Amsterdam - NL),
Masahisa Yamane (Tokyo - J)
___________________________________________
15th Experts Live CTO,
EUROCTO Club meeting in partnership with the GISE CTO meeting.
September 8th - 9th, 2023
Florence, Italy
Jonathan Hill: Role of mechanica support in CTO recanalizationEuro CTO Club
10:42
Role of mechanica support in CTO recanalization
Jonathan Hill (London - UK)
___________________________________________
PARALLEL SESSION
Challenges And Opportunities In Cto Recanalization
Auditorium Zubin Mehta - Saturday 10:00 - 11:10
Chairperson:
Jonathan Hill (London - UK)
Discussants:
Lesnek Bryniarski (Krakow - PL),
Ugo Fabrizio (Vercelli),
Paul Knaapen (Amsterdam - NL),
Eugenio La Scala (Ollioiouls - F)
___________________________________________
15th Experts Live CTO,
EUROCTO Club meeting in partnership with the GISE CTO meeting.
September 8th - 9th, 2023
Florence, Italy
Gregor Leibundgut: Role of DEB in CTO-PCIEuro CTO Club
10:35 Role of DEB in CTO-PCI
Gregor Leibundgut (Basel - CH)
___________________________________________
PARALLEL SESSION
Challenges And Opportunities In Cto Recanalization
Auditorium Zubin Mehta - Saturday 10:00 - 11:10
Chairperson:
Jonathan Hill (London - UK)
Discussants:
Lesnek Bryniarski (Krakow - PL),
Ugo Fabrizio (Vercelli),
Paul Knaapen (Amsterdam - NL),
Eugenio La Scala (Ollioiouls - F)
___________________________________________
15th Experts Live CTO,
EUROCTO Club meeting in partnership with the GISE CTO meeting.
September 8th - 9th, 2023
Florence, Italy
Kambis Mashayekhi: EuroCTO Consensus on treatment of Calcified CTO lesion Eur...Euro CTO Club
AUDITORIUM ZUBIN MEHTA
08/09/2023 04:30 - 05:20
PLENARY SESSION - INTERVENTIONAL CTO & CHIP RESEARCH Best CTO Publications 2022-23 (selected by the Editors of the Cardiology Interventional journals)
Emmanouil S. Brilakis - CTO PCI Outcome associated with poor quality of the d...Euro CTO Club
16:53
CTO PCI Outcome associated with poor quality of the distal target vessel
Emmanouil Brilakis (Minneapolis - USA)
_____________________________________________
PARALLEL SESSION
Interventional CTO & Chip Research
Best CTO Publications 2022-23 (selected by the Editors of the Cardiology Interventional journals)
Auditorium Zubin Mehta - Friday 16:30 - 17:16
Chairpersons:
Davide Capodanno (Catania),
Carlo Di Mario (Florence),
Giuseppe Tarantini (Padua)
Panelist:
Roberto Diletti (Rotterdam - NL),
Giovanni Esposito (Naples),
Paul Knaapen (Amsterdam - NL),
Maksymilian Opolski (Warsaw - PL)
___________________________________________
15th Experts Live CTO,
EUROCTO Club meeting in partnership with the GISE CTO meeting.
September 8th - 9th, 2023
Florence, Italy
Mario Iannaccone - 2 EuroCTO Consensus on Guide Catheter Extensions JACC Card...Euro CTO Club
16:33
EuroCTO Consensus on Guide Catheter Extensions JACC Cardiovasc Interventions
Mario Iannaccone (Turin)
_____________________________________________
PARALLEL SESSION
Interventional CTO & Chip Research
Best CTO Publications 2022-23 (selected by the Editors of the Cardiology Interventional journals)
Auditorium Zubin Mehta - Friday 16:30 - 17:16
Chairpersons:
Davide Capodanno (Catania),
Carlo Di Mario (Florence),
Giuseppe Tarantini (Padua)
Panelist:
Roberto Diletti (Rotterdam - NL),
Giovanni Esposito (Naples),
Paul Knaapen (Amsterdam - NL),
Maksymilian Opolski (Warsaw - PL)
___________________________________________
15th Experts Live CTO,
EUROCTO Club meeting in partnership with the GISE CTO meeting.
September 8th - 9th, 2023
Florence, Italy
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Tony Gershlick
Professor Interventional Cardiology
University Hospitals of Leicester UK
EURO CTO 2017
“What do we need to indicate CTO PCI?”
Who and why ?
Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre
2. Chronic total occlusion
What is it ?
complete vessel occlusion withTIMI 0 flow within the occluded segment and an
estimated occlusion duration of ≥3 months
How common is it
In consecutive series of patients recent myocardial infarction, who underwent
angiography, totally occluded vessels were observed in 15- 25% of cases
Christofferson RD,. Effect of chronic total coronary occlusion on treatment strategy. Am
J Cardiol 2005;95(9):1088–1091.
Fefer P,. Current perspectives on coronary chronic total occlusions: the Canadian
MulticenterChronicTotal Occlusions Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:991–997.
Jeroudi OM, Prevalence and management of coronary chronic total occlusions in a
tertiaryVeterans Affairs hospital. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014;84:637–643.
3. Patients with CTO
o underwent PCI less frequently than those without CTO
(11% vs. 36%, respectively; P , 0.0001)
o but were more frequently assigned to CABG or medical therapy
Christofferson RD, Effect of chronic total coronary occlusion on treatment
strategy. Am J Cardiol 2005;95(9):1088–1091.
4. How do we get right this ?
Patient selection
Best procedural outcomes
Proof of value
Education of colleagues
5. DATA
NEED for evidence based practice
While several observational studies (and now randomised trial) demonstrate successful
CTO better CV outcome and improved QoL
clinical benefit continues to be debated
PERCEPTION
⓿CTO intervention is considered to be a cumbersome and costly procedure
⓿Associated with a higher rate of complications, when compared with non-CTO lesions.
⓿ Not seen as being necessary procedure
6. Both European and American guidelines have assigned a
class IIa (level of evidence B) recommendation for CTO PCI
8. “Treatment of CTOs should be considered in the presence of symptoms or objective
evidence of viability/ischaemia in the territory of the occluded artery
Given the usually high procedural contrast volume, the potential long-term risk of
radiation exposure and contrast-induced nephropathy should be considered”
9. CTO- pre-requisites –
i. Symptoms
ii. Viabiltiy
iii.Evidence of reversible ischaemia
iv.Useful collaterals
14. 1. Symptom relief:
Study FU
months
No. with
successful PCI
% symptom relief at
FU
Holmes et al JACC 1984 7 13 10 (77)
Keriakes et al JACC 1985 7 40 30 (75)
Serruys et al EHJ 1985 7 28 18 (64)
DiSciascio et al AHJ 1986 8 29 16 (55)
Melchior et al AJC 1987 8 49 40 (82)
Finci et al AJC 1990 24 100 57 (57)
Warren et al AHJ 1990 31 20 16 (80)
Bell et al Circulation 1992 32 234 178 (76)
Ruocco et al AJC 1992 24 160 110 (69)
Ivanhoe et al Circulation 1992 48 286 196 (69)
Stewart et al JACC 1993 14 45 31 (69)
Total 1004 702 (70%)
Why treat CTOs ?
15. identified a baseline ischaemic burden of 12.5% as an
optimal cut-off to identify patients most likely to have a
significant decrease in ischaemic burden post-CTO PCI
16. How do we get right this ?
Patient selection
Best procedural outcomes
Proof of value
Education of colleagues
19. How do we get right this ?
Patient selection
Best procedural outcomes
Proof of value
Education of colleagues
20. Need to understand and
communicate to colleagues
what are the likely
outcomes/benefits of successful
CTO procedure
=
DATA
Convince non CTO colleagues
(which) patients benefit from
appropriate CTO procedure !!
21.
22. Randomized (n = 1,800) and nested PCI (n
= 198) and CABG (n = 649) registries, 4-
year clinical outcomes were compared in
groups, with and without angiographicCR,
in the PCI and CABG arms
Conclusions
Within the PCI and CABG arms of the all-
comers SYNTAX trial, angiographically
determined ICR has a detrimental impact
on long-term clinical outcomes, including
mortality.This effect remained consistent
in patients with and withoutTOs.
Patients with CTO do worse
23. Prognostic impact of a chronic total
occlusion in a non-infarct-related
artery in patients with ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction: 3-
year results from the HORIZONS-
AMI trial.
Claessen BE
Eur Heart J. 2012 Mar;33(6):768-75.
24. 10-center prospective PCI registry
including Seattle Angina
Questionnaire (SAQ) assessment at
the time of PCI and in follow-up
propensity matched attempted CTO
PCIs with up to 10 non-CTO PCIs.
3,303 patients enrolled, 167 single-
vessel CTOs were attempted; 147
(88%) were matched with 1,616 non-
CTO PCI
The primary analysis compared changes between
baseline and 6 months in SAQ Physical Limitation (PL),
Quality of Life (QoL); Angina Frequency (AF) scores as
well as the Rose Dyspnea scores (RDS) and the EQ5D
VisualAnalogue Scale (VAS)
27. Requirement for CABG
FU
(months)
CTO success
(% CABG)
CTO failure
(% CABG)
Bell et al 1992 32 18% 58% <0.001
Ivanhoe et al 1992 36 13% 36% <0.0001
Noguchi et al 2000 52 7% 28% <0.001
Oliviari et al 2002 12 2.5% 16% <0.0001
28. Methods
• Analysis of the UK Central Cardiac Audit Database
• Procedures between Jan 1st 2005 – Dec 31st 2009
• on 13 443 patients
• Mortality data from the Medical Research Information Service
(MRIS)
31. 1. Viability of myocardium subtended by the occluded non-culprit artery was not
assessed in all patients prior to inclusion in the study
2. Optimal timing of non-culprit PCI in STEMI patients has so far not been
clearly defined
a. Trials (PRAMI , CvLPRIT) excluded patients with non-culprit artery CTO
b. performing CTO PCI within 7 days of primary PCI may have biased the
results
3. LV functional improvement in STEMI patients impacted on by success of
primary PCI
a. predictors of LV recovery beyond post-procedural TIMI flow in the infarct-
related artery, e.g. MVO not taken into account
CRITIQUE
32.
33.
34. CRITIQUE
o Slow/low recruitment
o 1 large recruiting centre (bias)
o High success rates suggest lesser significant/complex lesions
o the lack of clarity regarding how many patients had
symptoms/ischemia after revascularization of non-CTO lesions
o 70% of OMT patients received some kind of PCI
o whether myocardial territories supplied by the CTO were viable at the
outset
o the almost 20% rate of crossover from the medical therapy arm to PCI,
and the trial’s early termination, which limits the power of the results
Interpretation:
“The results of this trial indicate that routine CTO-PCI + OMT is
not superior to OMT alone in reducing cardiovascular
outcomes among patients with at least one CTO”
o Non Inferiority only on ITT
o Numerically superior on per treated analysis
35. A Randomized Multicentre Trial to
Evaluate the Utilization of
Revascularization or Optimal Medical
Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic
Total Coronary Occlusions
Gerald S. Werner, MD PhD
on behalf of the
EURO CTO trial investigators
TRIAL 3
37. Data
1. Right patients in right hands enjoy improved outcomes better quality of life reduced angina
[? Mortality …UK Registry suggest need a trial >10 000]
2. Essential that any trial data is robust if we are to make our case !!!
3. Such benefits should not be under-estimated or dismissed as not being worthy
4. CTO success can be as good as non CTO PCI (>90%) with low complications
BUT ONLY WORKS IF :
the myocardium sub tended by the CTO is viable and ischaemic
AND FINALLY
38. What do we need to do ?
o Ensure appropriate patients are treated
On treatment Symptoms , ischaemia, viability)
o Optimize success rates
o Minimize complications (including CIN Radiation exposure)
o Manage expectations re outcomes no trial will demonstrate mortality
benefit
o But continue to produce meaningful robust quality data
o Educate … be humble about it
49. Suero, J. A. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:409-414
Cumulative 10-year survival, 2,007 CTO
patients
50. The procedural success rate is lower for PCI of CTO than for non-CTO lesions, with a
similar rate of complications.746,747 In a meta-analysis of 13 studies encompassing
7288 patients, recanalization was successful in 69% of cases (ranging from 51–
74%).743 Success rates are strongly dependent on operator skills, experience with
specific procedural techniques, and the availability of dedicated equipment
(specialized guide wires and catheters or very low profile CTO balloons). Bilateral
angiography and IVUS can be very helpful, as can special techniques such as guide-
anchoring, various retrograde approaches, and specific wiring manipulation
techniques, including parallel or anchoring wire.748 A retrograde approach via
collateral pathways offers an additional possibility of success after failure of
antegrade crossing, especially for right coronary artery and LAD occlusions.749 In
general, this technique is not regarded as a first-line approach and is generally
reserved for previous failed attempts.The overall success rate with the retrograde
approach in a multicentre registry of 175 patients was 83.4%.750
51.
52. Observational studies suggest that successfully revascularized CTOs confer a long-term survival
advantage over failed revascularization.740–742,743,744 In addition, better relief of angina and
functional status was observed after successful CTO recanalization.745 In the post hoc analysis of 4-
year results of the SYNTAX trial, the presence of CTO was the strongest independent predictor of
incomplete revascularization (46.6% in the PCI arm), and had an adverse effect on clinical
outcomes, including mortality.594
53. High rates of success and low rates of complications are now
achieved by expert operators, even in complex cases
54. In a meta-analysis of 13 studies encompassing 7288 patients,
recanalization was successful in 69% of cases (ranging from
51–74%).743
55. The presence of well-developed collaterals often underlies the
reluctance of clinicians to offer PCI in patients affected by
CTOs. However, although the presence of collateral circulation
has been associated with improved survival,36 the collateral
flow was sufficient to preserve ventricular function in only 5%
of CTO patients.37
Werner GS, Surber R, Ferrari M, Fritzenwanger M,
Figulla HR.The functional reserve of collaterals supplying long-
term chronic total coronary occlusions in patients without prior
myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2406–2412.
56. A meta-analysis by Joyal et al.40 demonstrated a survival
benefit for patients who underwent CTO recanalization (odds
ratio [OR] 0.56), and a reduction of the need for subsequent
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (OR 0.22) and
residual/recurrent angina (OR 0.45). A more recent meta-
analysis also confirmed that successfulCTO PCI was also
associated with reduced mortality in comparison with failed
procedures (OR 0.52).41
Joyal D, Afilalo J, Rinfret S. Effectiveness of recanalization of
chronic total occlusions: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. Am Heart J 2010;160:179–187.
Hoebers LP, Claessen BE, Elias J, Dangas GD, Mehran R,
Henriques JP. Meta-analysis on the impact of percutaneous
coronary intervention of chronic total occlusions on left
ventricular function and clinical outcome. Int J Cardiol
2015;187:90–96.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61. Despite observational data in favour of CTO PCI from .20 000 patients, the physiological
evidence, and the steady increase in PCI success rates in CTOs to a range similar to complex
non-occlusive lesions, there is a major need for randomized trials to support the treatment
option.At least three major randomized trials are under way.The EURO-CTO trial
(NCT01760083), supported by the EuroCTO club, is examining the impact of PCI on the QOL
parameters as assessed by standardized questionnaires in patients with a CTO when compared
with optimal medical therapy alone within 12 months of treatment. Furthermore, the safety of
the interventional approach is being assessed by comparing clinical endpoints at 3 years.
Unfortunately, the results of this latter trial will not be available before 2016. Another group
from Korea is currently randomizing patients with CTOs and stable angina to PCI vs. medical
therapy [DECISION-CTO (NCT01078051)] to assess the impact of the intervention on cardiac
mortality and MI during a follow-up of 5 years.The ongoing EXPLORE trial is a randomized
clinical trial powered to investigate whether recanalization of a CTO in a noninfarct-related
artery after primary PCI for STEMI in 300 patients randomized to either elective PCI of the CTO
within 7 days or standard medical treatment.The primary endpoints are LVEF and left
ventricular dimensions, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Enrolment has been
completed and results are anticipated during 2015
63. In the presence of a CTO lesion, the decision-making process
leading to revascularization passes through three steps: the
evaluation of symptoms, the assessment of ischaemic burden,
and the demonstration of viability.47
64. Patients affected by CTOs sometimes show atypical
symptoms; shortness of breath and exercise limitation are
more frequently observed than typical angina.10 Grantham et
al.45 showed that successfulCTO recanalization was
associated with angina relief, improved physical function, and
enhanced QOL only in symptomatic patients at baseline.
Grantham JA, Jones PG, Cannon L, Spertus JA.
Quantifying the early health status benefits of successful
chronic total occlusion recanalization: results from the
FlowCardia's Approach to ChronicTotal Occlusion
Recanalization (FACTOR) trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes
2010;3:284–290.
65.
66. The decision about appropriateness was based on the relative
benefits (symptoms, functional status, and/or QOL) and risks
of revascularization using currently available literature and
expert opinion.The main factors considered include symptom
severity on maximal medical therapy, stress testing, extent of
coronary disease, and anatomical location
67. The AUC revascularization for CTO has been critically
examined in several recent articles.10,55,56 Several aspects of
the UAC methodology have been questioned.55The AUC also
do not consider patient preferences, tolerance to medical
therapy, or the expertise of the CTO PCI operator, which is a
particularly important determinant of both the success rate
and complications in complex CTO cases. An even more
fundamental issue with the current AUC revascularization
ratings is whether CTOs should be regarded as a separate
entity from non-CTO lesions.
68. It is worthwhile to note that the statement supporting the
recommendation considers the different clinical scenarios
associated with CTO lesions and emphasizes that CTO PCI
should be performed ‘in patients with appropriate clinical
indications’. However, the remainder of the statement is rather
vague, particularly since the definition for ‘suitable anatomy’
or ‘appropriate operator expertise’ is not specified and remains
evolving concepts. Since the publication of these guidelines,
CTO PCI in the USA (as well as around the world) has
undergone drastic improvements with success rates
consistently above 90% and major complication rates around
2% reported in several expert CTO sites.62,63
69. Conclusion
Although several observational studies have demonstrated
that CTO PCI can improve cardiovascular outcomes and
enhance QOL, its prognostic impact remains under debate. As
a result, the recommendations for CTO PCI are downgraded in
the current guidelines of myocardial revascularization, when
compared with non-CTO lesions. Such a downgrade may not
be justified based on data and in light of current developments
in CTO PCI. In addition to the development of dedicated
equipment and the high success rates achieved among
different interventionalists' communities, the expected results
of randomized trials might hopefully remove remaining doubts
about the efficacy and safety of CTO PCI and therefore expand
its indications. Rational patients' selection and operator's
experience will remain key factors to ensure procedural
success and optimal outcomes.
70. In Europe, there are no AUC separated from the guidelines.
The decision for individual patients is left to the HeartTeam,
overcoming some of the limitations highlighted above, such
as, for instance, the expertise of the PCI operator. Chronic total
occlusion is included among the anatomical factors to be
considered in the selection of the modality of
revascularization, but the only factors mandating the need for
a HeartTeam discussion are the presence of proximal left
anterior descending (LAD) involvement (if absent PCI can be
performed when technically feasible without the HeartTeam
discussion) and the Syntax Score (when ≥22 CABG can be
performed without the HeartTeam discussion in patients at
low surgical risk). Obviously, the weight given to the presence
of a CTO in the calculation of the SYNTAX score is such that
very few patients with multivessel disease and a CTO will
qualify for PCI, because a complex LAD CTO will almost be
sufficient by itself to reach the surgical threshold of 23 (or 33 if
the left main is involved).
71. The cut-off of 22 for three-vessel disease without left main
involvement, and 33 for patients with left main disease stems
from the SYNTAX (Synergy between PCI withTaxus and
Cardiac Surgery) trial, can be considered a clear bias against
CTO recanalization. In lesions with stenosis severity between
50 and 99%, the weight of each segment is multiplied by 2.
However, a factor of 5 is used for CTO lesions, so that a
proximal LAD (weight 3.50) occlusion alone with CTO criteria
of risk-adding points (e.g. absence of stump, bridging
collaterals, and calcification) nearly reaches the critical 22
threshold.
72.
73. Despite the paucity of randomized trials, one question arises
in light of the recent technical advances in CTO
revascularization, why should the indication to treat a CTO by
an expert operator should be considered any different from
the one to treat other nonCTO lesions in stable angina, when
symptoms and/or ischaemia are present?We can at least say
that there is no evidence to support that a CTO is less relevant
with regard to clinical outcomes than for non-occlusive
lesions
80. The essence of this talk
► Provided patients are selected CTO-PCI can be justified
► CTO results are variable
► How can we improve outcomes
► Novel techniques and approaches to CTO
81. ׄ Route and course of CTO – distal segment well visualised
– assess quality of distal vessel
ׄ Length and diameter distal without foreshortening
ׄ Best angio view ?
ׄ Presence calcification
ׄNo bridging septal collaterals
84. Patient characteristics
• Mean age 63.5 years
• 78.8% male (p=0.026)
• 96% had angina
• 37% previous MI
• 10% previous CABG
85. Results
• 10,199 procedures successful (70.6%)
– Revascularisation of at least one vessel
• 751 deaths (5.6%)
– 20.4 per 1000 person years of follow up
• Median follow up 2.56 years (IQR 1.59-3.83)
86. Multivariate predictors of death
Hazard Ratio
0.1 1 10 100
Renal disease (3.05, 2.26-4.13)
No renal disease
LV ejection fraction <30% (2.24, 1.68-2.97)
LV ejection fraction 30-50% (1.27, 1.02-1.58)
LV ejection fractions >50%
Current smoker (1.67, 1.30-2.14)
Ex-smoker (1.28, 1.09-1.49)
Never smoked
DM - insulin (1.84, 1.38-2.45)
DM - oral agents (1.13, 0.89-1.43)
DM - diet only (1.06, 0.76-1.48)
No DM
NHYA pre PCI IV (2.45, 1.46-4.12)
NHYA pre PCI III (1.40, 1.13-1.75)
NHYA pre PCI II (1.16, 0.97-1.39)
NHYA pre PCI I
Angina pre-PCI Grade 4 (0.50, 0.30-0.84)
Angina pre-PCI Grade 3 (0.59, 0.47-0.74)
Angina pre-PCI Grade 2 (0.61, 0.49-0.76)
Angina pre-PCI Grade 1 (0.53, 0.40-0.72)
No angina pre-PCI
Age 80+ (9.28, 6.31-13.67)
Age 70-<80 (3.94, 2.74-5.66)
Age 60-<70 (2.28, 1.59-3.28)
Age 50-<60 (1.02, 0.68-1.52)
Age <50
Successful revascularisation (0.72, 0.62-0.83)
Failed revascularisation
87. Mortality is not related to the identity of the occluded coronary artery
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
Cumulativepercentage
5446 4404 3106 1983 944RCA
1947 1590 1125 699 343CFX
3213 2693 1934 1276 666LAD
0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Follow-up time (years)
LAD
CFX
RCA
CFX vs. RCA p= 0.98
LAD vs. RCA p= 0.054
88. After successful revascularisation, mortality is independent of the identity of the target
vessel
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
Cumulativepercentage
3484 3013 2117 1352 661RCA
1427 1210 859 529 263CFX
2332 2045 1483 973 504LAD
0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Follow-up time (years)
LAD
CFX
RCA
89. Conclusions
• Successful PCI to CTO associated with increased survival
• Complete revascularisation seems to confer advantage
• No significant difference between target epicardial vessels
92. Study FU
months
No. with
successful PCI
% symptom relief
at FU
Holmes et al JACC 1984 7 13 10 (77)
Keriakes et al JACC 1985 7 40 30 (75)
Serruys et al EHJ 1985 7 28 18 (64)
DiSciascio et al AHJ 1986 8 29 16 (55)
Melchior et al AJC 1987 8 49 40 (82)
Finci et al AJC 1990 24 100 57 (57)
Warren et al AHJ 1990 31 20 16 (80)
Bell et al Circulation 1992 32 234 178 (76)
Ruocco et al AJC 1992 24 160 110 (69)
Ivanhoe et al Circulation 1992 48 286 196 (69)
Stewart et al JACC 1993 14 45 31 (69)
Total 1004 702 (70%)
………REGISTRY
REGISTRY DATA SUGGEST SYMPTOM RELIEF
What data are there on
CTO ?
93. Requirement for CABG (%)
FU
(months)
CTO success CTO failure
Bell et al 1992 32 18% 58% <0.001
Ivanhoe et al 1992 36 13% 36% <0.0001
Noguchi et al 2000 52 7% 28% <0.001
Oliviari et al 2002 12 2.5% 16% <0.0001
94. Long term follow up of 14 439
chronic total occlusion angioplasty
cases from the United Kingdom
central cardiac audit database
NICOR
National Institute for Cardiovasular Outcomes Research
Sudhakar George, MRCP; James Cockburn, MD, MRCP; Tim C Clayton, MSc; Peter LudmanMA, MD, FRCP;
James Cotton MD, FRCP; James Spratt MA, FRCP; Simon Redwood MD, FRCP; Mark de Belder MA, MD,
FRCP; Adam de Belder MD, FRCP; Jonathan Hill MA, MRCP; Angela Hoye MB ChB, PhD, FRCP; Nick Palmer
MD, FRCP; Sudhir Rathore MD, MRCP; Anthony Gershlick FRCP; Carlo Di Mario MD, PhD, FRCP; David
Hildick-Smith, MD, FRCP.
14 439 elective CTO procedures on 13 443 patients
4 year follow up
2009
95. 0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
Cumulativemortality
9647 8825 6465 4229 2181Success
3796 3108 2261 1489 727Failure
0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Follow-up time (years)
All attempted CTOs failed
At least 1 CTO successful
Successful revascularisation is associated with improved survival
p<0.001
97. Prognostic impact of a chronic total
occlusion in a non-infarct-related
artery in patients with ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction: 3-
year results from the HORIZONS-
AMI trial
Eur Heart J. 2012;33(6):768-775
Prognostic impact of a chronic total occlusion in a non-infarct-related artery in
patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 3-year results from the
HORIZONS-AMI trial
Bimmer E. Claessen, George D. Dangas Giora Weisz et al
TREATING CTO IN
THE CONTEXT OF
STEMI