This document provides information on cleaning, passivating, and electropolishing stainless steel. It summarizes the functions of each process and the advantages of the Weld Postcleener system. Cleaning removes contaminants from welding to allow the protective chromium oxide layer to form. Passivation forms this layer by removing iron and enriching the surface with chromium. Electropolishing further enhances corrosion resistance by smoothing the surface and removing embedded iron particles. The portable Weld Postcleener system uses powerful DC power supplies and brushes to efficiently clean and electropolish stainless steel onsite without chemicals, improving safety and the environment over traditional methods.
These processes are sometimes referred to as post-processing. They play a very important role in the appearance, function and life of the product. Broadly, these are processes that affect either a thin layer on the surface of the part itself, or add a thin layer on top of the surface of the part. There are different coating and surface treatments processes, with different applications, uses, etc. The important uses include:
• Improving the hardness
• Improving the wear resistance
• Controlling friction, Reduction of adhesion, improving the lubrication, etc.
• Improving corrosion resistance
• Improving aesthetics
9.1. Mechanical hardening of the surface
These methods apply mechanical impulses (e.g. light hammering) on the surface of a metallic part. This hammering action causes tiny amount of plastic flow on the surface, resulting in the work-hardening of the surface layer due to the introduction of compressive residual stresses. Examples of these processes include Shot peening (uses tiny balls of metal or ceramic), Water-jet peening (uses a jet of water at high pressures, e.g. 400 MPa), or Laser peening (surface is hit by tiny impulses from a laser) – an expensive process used to improve fatigue strength of jet fan blades and turbine impellers.
Another method is explosive hardening, where a layer of explosive coated on the surface is blasted – the resulting impact results in tremendous increase in the surface hardness. This method is used to harden the surface of train rails.
9.2. Case hardening
This is a very common process that is used to harden the outer surface of parts such as gear teeth, cams, shafts, bearings, fasteners, pins, tools, molds, dies etc. In most of these types of components, the use involves dynamic forces, occasional impacts, and constant friction. Therefore the surface needs to be hard to prevent wear, but the bulk of the part should be tough (not brittle); this is achieved best by case hardening. There are several types of case hardening: in most cases, the chemical structure of the metal is changed by diffusing atoms of an alternate element which results in alterations to the micro-structure on the crystals on the surface.
Brief explanation about welding of copper and its alloys.
A short table to categorize consumables used for welding copper alloys.
Content help : KOBE steels limited
These processes are sometimes referred to as post-processing. They play a very important role in the appearance, function and life of the product. Broadly, these are processes that affect either a thin layer on the surface of the part itself, or add a thin layer on top of the surface of the part. There are different coating and surface treatments processes, with different applications, uses, etc. The important uses include:
• Improving the hardness
• Improving the wear resistance
• Controlling friction, Reduction of adhesion, improving the lubrication, etc.
• Improving corrosion resistance
• Improving aesthetics
9.1. Mechanical hardening of the surface
These methods apply mechanical impulses (e.g. light hammering) on the surface of a metallic part. This hammering action causes tiny amount of plastic flow on the surface, resulting in the work-hardening of the surface layer due to the introduction of compressive residual stresses. Examples of these processes include Shot peening (uses tiny balls of metal or ceramic), Water-jet peening (uses a jet of water at high pressures, e.g. 400 MPa), or Laser peening (surface is hit by tiny impulses from a laser) – an expensive process used to improve fatigue strength of jet fan blades and turbine impellers.
Another method is explosive hardening, where a layer of explosive coated on the surface is blasted – the resulting impact results in tremendous increase in the surface hardness. This method is used to harden the surface of train rails.
9.2. Case hardening
This is a very common process that is used to harden the outer surface of parts such as gear teeth, cams, shafts, bearings, fasteners, pins, tools, molds, dies etc. In most of these types of components, the use involves dynamic forces, occasional impacts, and constant friction. Therefore the surface needs to be hard to prevent wear, but the bulk of the part should be tough (not brittle); this is achieved best by case hardening. There are several types of case hardening: in most cases, the chemical structure of the metal is changed by diffusing atoms of an alternate element which results in alterations to the micro-structure on the crystals on the surface.
Brief explanation about welding of copper and its alloys.
A short table to categorize consumables used for welding copper alloys.
Content help : KOBE steels limited
A brief knowledge about surface treatment, which is a process applied to the surface of a material to make it better in some way, for example by making it more resistant to corrosion or wear. Shot peening is a surface treatment in which small hard pellets are shot against the surface of a metal to make it more resistant to fatigue.
A SHORT REVIEW ON ALUMINIUM ANODIZING: AN ECO-FRIENDLY METAL FINISHING PROCESSJournal For Research
Protection of aluminium alloys is most commonly done by forming anodic films. Anodic films can also be formed on metals like titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, and tantalum. Aluminium alloy parts are anodized to greatly increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer for corrosion resistance. A thin aluminium oxide film, that seals the aluminium from further oxidation when it is exposed to air. The anodizing process increases the thickness of the oxidized surface. Anodizing is accomplished by immersing the aluminium into an acid electrolyte bath and passing an electric current through the medium. In an anodizing cell, the aluminium work piece is made the anode by connecting it to the positive terminal of a dc power supply and the cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the dc source. Sealing is needed to seal the pores in oxide layer to prevent further corrosion. Oxide layer on the anodized aluminium has a highly ordered, porous structure that allows for secondary processes such as dyeing, printing and sealing. Nanowires and nanotubes can be made by using the pores in the oxide layer as templates.
METAL PROCESSING is a way of altering the raw materials (metals) into useful products to make our day-to-day activities plus our world a better place through different metal fabrication techniques such as metal forming process, machining process, joining process and casting process.
As the oil and gas market moves towards new corrosion-resistant materials and alloys, specifying products has become increasingly complex.
When no single material performs well in every application, how can specifiers determine the best fit for a project? And what can be done to predict the expected service life of a component?
This technical seminar, run by Parker on its stand at the major oil and gas event Offshore Europe 2017, looks at:
• Common types of corrosion and their triggers
• Key factors to consider when selecting materials for a project
• Different manufacturer perspectives and the science behind their arguments
• Risks associated with mixing dissimilar materials.
About Clara Moyanno: As an innovation engineer and expert metallurgist working across the globe, Ms. Moyanno, innovation engineer with Parker Hannifin, deals with all sorts of challenges. She is often involved in discussions on materials selection, including advice to oil and gas producers working on new platforms around the world.
Clara specializes in areas such as tackling corrosion, and materials selection for design specifications. She also advises on quality certifications and regulations around the manufacturing of metals.
Learn more http://parker.com/ipd
A brief knowledge about surface treatment, which is a process applied to the surface of a material to make it better in some way, for example by making it more resistant to corrosion or wear. Shot peening is a surface treatment in which small hard pellets are shot against the surface of a metal to make it more resistant to fatigue.
A SHORT REVIEW ON ALUMINIUM ANODIZING: AN ECO-FRIENDLY METAL FINISHING PROCESSJournal For Research
Protection of aluminium alloys is most commonly done by forming anodic films. Anodic films can also be formed on metals like titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, and tantalum. Aluminium alloy parts are anodized to greatly increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer for corrosion resistance. A thin aluminium oxide film, that seals the aluminium from further oxidation when it is exposed to air. The anodizing process increases the thickness of the oxidized surface. Anodizing is accomplished by immersing the aluminium into an acid electrolyte bath and passing an electric current through the medium. In an anodizing cell, the aluminium work piece is made the anode by connecting it to the positive terminal of a dc power supply and the cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the dc source. Sealing is needed to seal the pores in oxide layer to prevent further corrosion. Oxide layer on the anodized aluminium has a highly ordered, porous structure that allows for secondary processes such as dyeing, printing and sealing. Nanowires and nanotubes can be made by using the pores in the oxide layer as templates.
METAL PROCESSING is a way of altering the raw materials (metals) into useful products to make our day-to-day activities plus our world a better place through different metal fabrication techniques such as metal forming process, machining process, joining process and casting process.
As the oil and gas market moves towards new corrosion-resistant materials and alloys, specifying products has become increasingly complex.
When no single material performs well in every application, how can specifiers determine the best fit for a project? And what can be done to predict the expected service life of a component?
This technical seminar, run by Parker on its stand at the major oil and gas event Offshore Europe 2017, looks at:
• Common types of corrosion and their triggers
• Key factors to consider when selecting materials for a project
• Different manufacturer perspectives and the science behind their arguments
• Risks associated with mixing dissimilar materials.
About Clara Moyanno: As an innovation engineer and expert metallurgist working across the globe, Ms. Moyanno, innovation engineer with Parker Hannifin, deals with all sorts of challenges. She is often involved in discussions on materials selection, including advice to oil and gas producers working on new platforms around the world.
Clara specializes in areas such as tackling corrosion, and materials selection for design specifications. She also advises on quality certifications and regulations around the manufacturing of metals.
Learn more http://parker.com/ipd
The presentation covers various aspects of coating and deposition process in detail. The topics that are mainly covered in this PPT are
1) Type of Coating
2) Advantages and limitation for various coating process
3) Figures of various coating process
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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4. What is needed for a STAINLESS STEEL surface?
* A smooth surface so contaminants are not
trapped or allowed to concentrate.
* A surface free of dirt and grease so the
chromium oxide has air access.
* A thick, continuous chromium oxide film.
5. Welding
• PRE-Welding surface preparation can improve
the amount of contaminants produced during
welding.
• Welding itself is not generally the problem.
• The issue is pre and post-weld cleaning…….
• - Minimize preparation contaminants
- Remove heat tint
- Remove layer with lower Cr
7. Chemical Treatments
Pickling
Remove weld heat tint and scale.
Remove embedded iron.
Passivation
Remove light surface iron contamination.
Immediately forms the protective oxide film.
Enrich the surface with chromium .
8. • Pickling acids remove heavy weld scale, heat
tint, the depleted chromium layer.
HF based pickling agents attack stainless.
Etching:
PICKLE PASTE is a OH&S issue.
Hydrofluoric acid is a schedule 7 poison.
9. • Steels containing more than 11%
Chromium are capable of forming an
invisible, inert or passive, self-repairing
oxide film on their surface.
• It is this passive layer that gives
stainless steels their corrosion
resistance.
10.
11. PASSIVATION.........
Pas.si.vate
To render a metal less liable to corrosion by
coating the surface with a substance, such as
an oxide.
Passivation also is accomplished by ...................
Electropolishing.
12. Passivation
The passivation of stainless steel is
performed when free iron, welding
scale, welding tint, iron particles
are removed from the surface to
allow the protective oxide layer to
form.
Increases the Chromium content of
the surface.
13. ELECTROPOLISHING
is a electrochemical process that is a......
SUPER PASSIVATOR
of stainless steel and results in a
more passive surface.
This is typically done to remove any "free-
iron" from the surface of the metal, which
enhances the corrosion resistance of the
stainless steel surface and accelerates
the re-formation of the passive layer.
14. Electropolishing
The electropolishing process smoothes
and streamlines the microscopic
surface of a metal object.
As a result, the surface of the
metal is microscopically featureless.
15. ie. a brighter surface.
Roughness typically
decreased by 25 to 35%.
Courtesy of MME Surface Finishing
Electropolishing
removes microscopic
high points or "peaks"
much faster than the
corresponding rate of
attack on the
micro-depressions or
"valleys."
16. Smoothness of the metal surface is
a very advantageous effect of
electropolishing.
During the process, a film of varying
thickness covers the surfaces of the
metal.
18. Can electropolishing improve
corrosion resistance ?
Yes because:
Surface is smoothed and polished.
Sharp edges are removed.
Burrs are removed.
Embedded iron particles are removed.
A Completely passivated surface is
formed.
21. A summary in a picture...
0.46,
0.62,
0.68
μm
316 handrails at
Bondi Beach
Tea stained – No4 finish,
exposed horizontally
Not tea stained – pickled No4
near the weld, treated when
the weld was pickled.
Not tea stained – a high polish finish .
Stained – the weld was not
pickled well enough, there was
low chromium layer left in the
recesses
0.37,
0.39
μm
Ra
Ra
Ra.......measure of surface roughness
22. STAINLESS FUME HOOD with CARBON STEEL clamping rings.
PRE and POST CLEANING stages using the GWC SYSTEM.
30. CARBON FIBRE BRUSH RANGE
WIDE BRUSH RANGE
50 mm WIDE SMALL
100 mm WIDE SMALL
30 mm WIDE MEDIUM
50 mm WIDE MEDIUM
50 mm WIDE LARGE
100 mm WIDE LARGE
ROUND BRUSH RANGE
SMALL ‘O’ RING
MEDIUM ‘O’ RING
LARGE ‘O’ RING
30 mm ROUND
SMALL SLEEVED
MEDIUM SLEEVED
31. For best results a supply of clean, ripple-free DC
power must be available to drive the process.
The DC power must be applied at the correct
voltage and current for best results.
refer to.....
WELD POSTCLEENER specifications.
THE WELD POSTCLEEN SYSTEM
32. HOW the WP – WELD POSTCLEEN can help you.
1/ FAST EFFICIENT CLEANING AND ELECTROPOLISHING OF
STAINLESS STEEL PRODUCTS WITH THE HIGH POWER OF SYSTEMS AVAILABLE.
2/ NO MORE USING DANGEROUS TOXIC PICKLE PASTE AND NITRIC
ACID CHEMICALS THAT ARE ENVIROMENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
AND A MAJOR OH&S ISSUE.
3/ MOST POWERFUL SMALL PORTABLE SYSTEM ON THE
WORLD MARKET.
4/ POWER SUPPLIES FULLY ADJUSTABLE FROM 100 watts TO 1000
watts WITH SINGLE SYSTEMS.
200 watts TO 2000 watts WITH THE DUAL SYSTEM.
5/ DUAL SYSTEM CAN BE SPLIT TO OPERATE AS TWO ISOLATED SYSTEMS.
33. 6/ CLEAN INTO THE TIGHT CORNERS OF STRUCTURES WITH THE WIDE
RANGE OF FLEXIBLE BRUSHES.
7/ EASY REMOVAL OF TEA-STAINING.
8/ LARGE SURFACE AREA CLEANING / PASSIVATING OR
POLISHING WITH THE LARGER BRUSH SIZES AVAILABLE.
9/ PORTABLE FOR ONSITE WORK.
10/ EXTEND THE RANGE OF ELECTROPOLISHING BY USING THE
ADVANCED DESIGNED BRUSHES.
11/ POWER SUPPLY VERY RELIABLE.............100% DUTY CYCLE.
