METAL PROCESSING is a way of altering the raw materials (metals) into useful products to make our day-to-day activities plus our world a better place through different metal fabrication techniques such as metal forming process, machining process, joining process and casting process.
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components for use in products for consumers and manufacturers. The production of metals involves the processing of ores to extract the metal they contain, and the mixture of metals, sometimes with other elements, to produce alloys. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking, although metalworking relies on metallurgy, as medicine relies on medical science, for technical advancement.
Metallurgy is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy (sometimes also known as black metallurgy) and non-ferrous metallurgy or colored metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95 percent of world metal production.
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components for use in products for consumers and manufacturers. The production of metals involves the processing of ores to extract the metal they contain, and the mixture of metals, sometimes with other elements, to produce alloys. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking, although metalworking relies on metallurgy, as medicine relies on medical science, for technical advancement.
Metallurgy is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy (sometimes also known as black metallurgy) and non-ferrous metallurgy or colored metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95 percent of world metal production.
This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
Conventional processes- Explosive forming, electro-hydraulic
forming, magnetic pulse forming – Principles and process
parameters- Advantages- Limitations and Applications
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool, causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by means of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool. Welding is usually used on metals and thermoplastics but can also be used on wood.
Principles and applications of the following processes: Forging
2.Principles and applications of the following processes: Rolling,
3.Extrusion, Wire drawing, and Spinning,
4.Powder metallurgy – Principal steps involved
5.Advantages, Disadvantages, and limitations of powder metallurgy
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Metal processing technology_ Part I
1. Metal Processing Technology (MEng 5273)
Mulualem Hailu (MSc.)
School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Dire Dawa University Institute of Technology
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
December, 2021
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2. Part I : Introduction to metal processing
1.1 Manufacturing Defined
1.2 Metal Fabrication Techniques
1.3 Metal Defined
1.4 Metal Processing
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3. 1.1 Manufacturing Defined
Manufacturing is defined two ways: Technological and Economical
1. Technologically, Manufacturing is application of physical and
chemical processes to alter the geometry, properties, and/or
appearance of a starting material to make parts or products.
It is carried out as a sequence of operations to bring the
material closer to the desired final state.
Fig. 1. Definition of Manufacturing, Technologically
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4. Cont…
2. Economically, Manufacturing is the transformation of materials into
items of greater value by means of one or more processing and/or
assembly operations.
Iron ore into steel,
Sand into glass,
Petroleum is refined into plastic,
Scrap into Billet into re-bar
Fig. 2. Definition of Manufacturing, Economically
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5. 1.2 Metal Fabrication Techniques
Four basic Metal Fabrication Techniques.
1. Metal casting: to give a shape by pouring in liquid metal into
a mold that holds the required shape, and letting harden the
metal without external pressure :expendable and permanent
mold
2. Metal Forming : To give shape in solid state by applying
pressure: Shearing, rolling, forging, extrusion,
3. Material Removal / Machining : in which material is removed
in order to give it the required shape: Conventional Processes
(turning, drilling, milling, grinding …) nontraditional
machining (chemical, thermal, etc)
4. Joining: where different parts are joined by various means:
welding, brazing, soldering, adhesive bonding, mechanical
joining, etc.
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6. Manufacturing Process Selection Criteria
1) Material selection with environment and recycling aspects
2) Process selection (casting, forming, sheet metal, powder
metallurgy, machining, etc).
3) Shape and appearance of the final product
4) Dimensional tolerance and surface finish aspects
5) Economics of tooling
6) Design and Functional requirements
7) Production quantity requirements
8) Safety and environmental concerns
9) Cost of production
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7. 1.3 What is Metal ?
• Metals are opaque, lustrous elements that are good conductors of
heat and electricity. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are,
in general, denser than the other elemental substances.
What are some applications of metals?
Metals are used in:
Transportation -- Cars, buses, trucks, trains, ships, and airplanes.
Aerospace -- Unmanned and manned rockets and the space shuttle.
Computers and other electronic devices that require conductors
(TV, radio, stereo, calculators, security devices, etc.)
Communications including satellites that depend on a tough but
light metal shell.
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8. Cont…
Food processing and preservation -- Microwave and conventional
ovens and refrigerators and freezers.
Construction -- Nails in conventional lumber construction and
structural steel in other buildings.
Biomedical applications -- As artificial replacement for joints and
other prostheses.
Electrical power production and distribution -- Boilers, turbines,
generators, transformers, power lines, nuclear reactors, oil wells,
and pipelines.
Farming -- Tractors, combines, planters, etc.
Household conveniences -- Ovens, dish and clothes washers,
vacuum cleaners, blenders, pumps, lawn mowers and trimmers,
plumbing, water heaters, heating/cooling, etc.
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9. 1.4 Metal Processing
In industry, Molten metal is cooled to form the solid. The solid
metal is then mechanically shaped to form a particular product.
How these steps are carried out is very important because heat
and plastic deformation can strongly affect the mechanical
properties of a metal.
Grain Size Effect
Quenching and Hardening
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10. Grain Size Effect
It has long been known that the properties of some metals could be
changed by heat treating. Grains in metals tend to grow larger as the metal
is heated.
Dislocations cannot cross grain boundaries easily, so the size of grains
determines how easily the dislocations can move. As expected, metals
with small grains are stronger but they are less ductile.
Figure 3: Grains and Grain Boundaries for a Metal.
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11. Quenching and Hardening
There are many ways in which metals can be heat treated.
Annealing is a softening process in which metals are heated and then allowed to
cool slowly.
Annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical
properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it
more workable.
Most steels may be hardened by heating and quenching (cooling rapidly). This
process was used quite early in the history of processing steel.
Quenching results in a metal that is very hard but also brittle.
Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness
of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce
some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some
temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it
to cool in still air.
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13. 2.1 Overview of Metal Forming
Metal forming: a large set of manufacturing processes in which
the material is deformed plastically to take the shape of the die
geometry.
Its a primary shaping processes in which a mass of metal or alloy
is subjected to mechanical forces.
The tools used for such deformation are called die, punch etc.
depending on the type of process
Deformation results from the use of a tool, usually called a die in
metal forming, which applies stresses that exceed the yield
strength of the metal.
Metal forming processes can be classified into two basic
categories:
I. Bulk deformation processes
II. sheet metalworking processes.
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15. 15
1.2 Basic Types of Deformation Processes
Generally Bulk deformation and Sheet metal working processes
characterized by-
Bulk deformation :
Significant deformation
Massive shape change
Surface area to volume of the work is small
Mostly done in hot working conditions
Sheet metal working :
Surface area to volume of the work is large
Mostly done in cold working conditions
16. Rolling is a metal forming (deformation) process in which the thickness of the
work is reduced by compressive forces exerted by two rolls rotating in
opposite direction.
There are two types of metal rolling processes; the first one is the flat metal
rolling process. In flat metal rolling processes, metal parts are formed into flat
shapes such as strips, slabs, sheets, etc.
The other type of metal rolling process is the shape metal rolling process.
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Rolling Process
21. Problems
#1 . A 300-mm-wide strip 25-mm thick is fed through a rolling mill with two
powered rolls each of radius = 250 mm. The work thickness is to be reduced
to 22 mm in one pass at a roll speed of 50 rev/min. The work material has a
flow curve defined by K = 275 MPa and n = 0.15, and the coefficient of
friction between the rolls and the work is assumed to be 0.12. Determine if the
friction is sufficient to permit the rolling operation to be accomplished. If so,
calculate the roll force, torque, and horsepower.
#2 . A 42.0-mm-thick plate made of low carbon steel is to be reduced to 34.0
mm in one pass in a rolling operation. As the thickness is reduced, the plate
widens by 4%. The yield strength of the steel plate is 174 MPa and the tensile
strength is 290 MPa. The entrance speed of the plate is 15.0 m/min. The roll
radius is 325 mm and the rotational speed is 49.0 rev/min. Determine (a) the
minimum required coefficient of friction that would make this rolling
operation possible, (b) exit velocity of the plate, and (c) forward slip.
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