Wekerle CIHR Team - Can we identify biological markers of risk and resilience related to the intergenerational transmission of risk?
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Can we identify biological markers of risk and resilience related to the intergenerational transmission of risk?
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Induni so cal poster
This study examined the development of global motion perception and contrast sensitivity in infants aged 3 to 7 months compared to adults. The results showed that contrast sensitivity significantly improved with age from 3 to 7 months and was lower in infants compared to adults. However, coherence sensitivity, or the ability to perceive global motion, did not significantly change over infancy and was not statistically different from adults. This suggests that global motion perception may mature early in development but depends on improvements in lower-level contrast sensitivity that continues to develop into the first year of life.
SRCD Poster Michel, Saba, Degnan 2015
This study examined latent profiles of executive functioning (EF) skills in children across ages 4, 5, and 7 years. Latent class analysis identified three profiles: high EF, low EF, and high inhibitory control. Children with the low EF profile displayed more negative and less positive affect during an emotional task, while those with the high EF profile showed the opposite pattern. Relations between profiles and regulation were sometimes moderated by behavioral inhibition. The results suggest EF skills are separable and profiles predict differences in emotional regulation.
2007-08best_abstract
This thesis examined whether the Early Learning Measure (ELM) could predict outcomes for children with severe autism following Intensive Behavioral Intervention (IBI). The ELM assessed skills in four domains monthly for the first four months of IBI. Children were grouped based on mastery of the ELM. Outcomes on measures of adaptive behavior and cognitive functioning were assessed at entry, 6 months, and 12 months. Results showed that mastery of the ELM correlated with better outcomes and that expressive labeling ability may distinguish children who benefit from IBI. However, combining ELM mastery with baseline characteristics provided the best prediction of outcomes. Determining predictors can help maximize resources and prevent ineffective treatment.
Cwiertniewicz_UGRC_cortisolMRI
This study examined relationships between subjective and biological stress responses in youth undergoing MRI scans and a social stress test. The study found:
1) Children's cortisol levels during MRI were correlated with their cortisol levels in response to a social stress test, suggesting consistent individual stress responses.
2) Children's self-reported anxiety during MRI was correlated with their cortisol response during MRI, indicating they could accurately report their biological stress.
3) Self-report measures of inhibition and distress were correlated with measures of anxiety in youth.
Joshua_Davila_PosterDraftSANSconference
1. This study used fMRI to scan 153 men and 151 women playing an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game with both human and computer partners. Participants were randomized to receive intranasal oxytocin, vasopressin, or placebo.
2. The researchers found different neural correlates of cooperation depending on sex and outcome of previous moves. In men, cooperation after experiencing betrayal was correlated with activation in prefrontal regions involved in emotion regulation. In women, cooperation after betrayal was correlated with less activation in stress-related areas like the amygdala.
3. Men showed a positive correlation between caudate activation after mutual cooperation and subsequent cooperative choices, while women showed a negative correlation. This suggests sex
Chicago capabilities farah
The document discusses three studies that examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive abilities in children. The studies found that lower SES was associated with weaker performance on tasks involving language, executive function, and memory. Environmental enrichment, such as cognitive stimulation and parental nurturance, predicted stronger language skills, while parental nurturance specifically predicted better memory. A longitudinal study found that parental nurturance in early childhood predicted hippocampal structure in adolescence and lower cortisol stress response. The research suggests specific factors like environmental stimulation and parenting that link SES to cognitive and neurological differences.
Au Psy492 M7 A2 Peters S
This paper summarizes research on the effects of corporal punishment on child aggression. Several studies were reviewed that showed both positive and negative impacts of spanking. Overall, the results were inconclusive, with no clear evidence that spanking causes aggression. However, abuse and neglect were distinguished from appropriate use of corporal punishment for behavior modification. More research is needed to understand the impacts on children from different economic backgrounds.
Prog_Moral poster presented at APS, MPA
This study investigated the relationship between basal salivary progesterone levels and moral reasoning in 94 participants (24 males, 68 females). Participants provided saliva samples to measure progesterone and responded to a moral dilemma about a man considering stealing a drug to save his dying wife. Responses were coded for Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning and for use of bond-centered justifications. Higher basal progesterone levels were associated with increased use of bond-centered moral reasoning, especially among females, even after controlling for word count. Progesterone level was unrelated to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.
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Induni so cal poster
This study examined the development of global motion perception and contrast sensitivity in infants aged 3 to 7 months compared to adults. The results showed that contrast sensitivity significantly improved with age from 3 to 7 months and was lower in infants compared to adults. However, coherence sensitivity, or the ability to perceive global motion, did not significantly change over infancy and was not statistically different from adults. This suggests that global motion perception may mature early in development but depends on improvements in lower-level contrast sensitivity that continues to develop into the first year of life.
SRCD Poster Michel, Saba, Degnan 2015
This study examined latent profiles of executive functioning (EF) skills in children across ages 4, 5, and 7 years. Latent class analysis identified three profiles: high EF, low EF, and high inhibitory control. Children with the low EF profile displayed more negative and less positive affect during an emotional task, while those with the high EF profile showed the opposite pattern. Relations between profiles and regulation were sometimes moderated by behavioral inhibition. The results suggest EF skills are separable and profiles predict differences in emotional regulation.
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This thesis examined whether the Early Learning Measure (ELM) could predict outcomes for children with severe autism following Intensive Behavioral Intervention (IBI). The ELM assessed skills in four domains monthly for the first four months of IBI. Children were grouped based on mastery of the ELM. Outcomes on measures of adaptive behavior and cognitive functioning were assessed at entry, 6 months, and 12 months. Results showed that mastery of the ELM correlated with better outcomes and that expressive labeling ability may distinguish children who benefit from IBI. However, combining ELM mastery with baseline characteristics provided the best prediction of outcomes. Determining predictors can help maximize resources and prevent ineffective treatment.
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This study examined relationships between subjective and biological stress responses in youth undergoing MRI scans and a social stress test. The study found:
1) Children's cortisol levels during MRI were correlated with their cortisol levels in response to a social stress test, suggesting consistent individual stress responses.
2) Children's self-reported anxiety during MRI was correlated with their cortisol response during MRI, indicating they could accurately report their biological stress.
3) Self-report measures of inhibition and distress were correlated with measures of anxiety in youth.
Joshua_Davila_PosterDraftSANSconference
1. This study used fMRI to scan 153 men and 151 women playing an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game with both human and computer partners. Participants were randomized to receive intranasal oxytocin, vasopressin, or placebo.
2. The researchers found different neural correlates of cooperation depending on sex and outcome of previous moves. In men, cooperation after experiencing betrayal was correlated with activation in prefrontal regions involved in emotion regulation. In women, cooperation after betrayal was correlated with less activation in stress-related areas like the amygdala.
3. Men showed a positive correlation between caudate activation after mutual cooperation and subsequent cooperative choices, while women showed a negative correlation. This suggests sex
Chicago capabilities farah
The document discusses three studies that examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive abilities in children. The studies found that lower SES was associated with weaker performance on tasks involving language, executive function, and memory. Environmental enrichment, such as cognitive stimulation and parental nurturance, predicted stronger language skills, while parental nurturance specifically predicted better memory. A longitudinal study found that parental nurturance in early childhood predicted hippocampal structure in adolescence and lower cortisol stress response. The research suggests specific factors like environmental stimulation and parenting that link SES to cognitive and neurological differences.
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This paper summarizes research on the effects of corporal punishment on child aggression. Several studies were reviewed that showed both positive and negative impacts of spanking. Overall, the results were inconclusive, with no clear evidence that spanking causes aggression. However, abuse and neglect were distinguished from appropriate use of corporal punishment for behavior modification. More research is needed to understand the impacts on children from different economic backgrounds.
Prog_Moral poster presented at APS, MPA
This study investigated the relationship between basal salivary progesterone levels and moral reasoning in 94 participants (24 males, 68 females). Participants provided saliva samples to measure progesterone and responded to a moral dilemma about a man considering stealing a drug to save his dying wife. Responses were coded for Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning and for use of bond-centered justifications. Higher basal progesterone levels were associated with increased use of bond-centered moral reasoning, especially among females, even after controlling for word count. Progesterone level was unrelated to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.
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A neurobiological model for the effects of early brainstem functioning
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This document proposes a neurobiological model for understanding the effects of early brainstem functioning on the development of behavior and emotion regulation in infants. The model incorporates three integrated levels: (1) brainstem-related physiological regulation, (2) emotion and attention regulation drawing on brainstem-limbic integration, and (3) higher-level outcomes drawing on intact brainstem-limbic networks. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors can disrupt brainstem functioning, which may impact later regulatory capacities. Assessing brainstem dysfunction in high-risk neonates could help identify infants at risk of self-regulatory deficits and inform longitudinal studies of developmental outcomes.Jocn.2009
1) The study found that prefrontal-dependent electrophysiological measures of attention were reduced in low socioeconomic status (LSES) children compared to high SES (HSES) children. This pattern is similar to that observed in patients with lateral prefrontal cortex damage.
2) Specifically, the early extrastriate P1 and N1 components elicited by standard stimuli, as well as the novelty N2 component, were reduced in amplitude in LSES children relative to HSES children.
3) In contrast, the P3b component elicited by target stimuli did not differ between groups, consistent with it being dependent on temporal-parietal rather than prefrontal regions.
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This document provides a year 1 update for the CIHR IGH TEAM grant on understanding health risks and promoting resilience in male youth with sexual violence experiences. It outlines the team members and collaborators, year 1 objectives and outcomes, deliverables to date, and planned studies for years 1 and 2. Key points include expanding the scientist group, obtaining ethics approvals, initiating a knowledge exchange strategy including social media, conference presentations and publications, and launching several new studies on topics like developing resilience measures, sexual violence among youth in care, and feasibility studies for interventions. Twitter chat series with a victim services group are also highlighted.
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This document summarizes two studies on the relationship between child maltreatment and adolescent problem drinking among youth involved with child welfare services. The first study found that emotion symptoms like anxiety and anger partially or fully mediated the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later problem drinking in a sex-specific manner. The second study found that PTSD symptoms and drinking to cope motives sequentially mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and later problem drinking, suggesting maltreatment leads to PTSD which leads to drinking to cope and then problem drinking. The studies imply targeted interventions should address negative affect, PTSD, and high-risk drinking motives to prevent problem drinking among maltreated youth.
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Mithran Joseph is a mechanical engineer and project manager with over 30 years of experience managing operations, quality assurance, project management, strategic planning, and process improvement. He has worked in various industries including manufacturing, oil and gas, water, food, cement, and marine. Joseph is seeking a management role where he can utilize his skills in operations management, client and vendor relations, reporting, auditing, and team leadership. He has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering and advanced certifications in project management, quality standards, and safety regulations.
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Mithran J CV21316
Mithran Joseph is a mechanical engineer and project manager with over 30 years of experience managing operations, quality assurance, project management, strategic planning, and process improvement. He has worked in various industries including manufacturing, oil and gas, water, food, cement, and marine. Joseph is seeking a management role where he can utilize his skills in operations management, client and vendor relations, reporting, auditing, and team leadership. He has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering and advanced certifications in project management, quality standards, and safety regulations.
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Resilience in the context of child maltreatment
This document summarizes research on resilience in the context of child maltreatment. It defines resilience as adapting well despite adversity such as abuse or neglect. Studies show most maltreated children are resilient, though risks include injury, mental health issues, and relationship problems. Factors promoting resilience include self-compassion, social support, and preventing future violence exposure. The document reviews models of ecological contexts and levels of resilience. It also summarizes a longitudinal study finding self-compassion may reduce dating violence continuity following childhood maltreatment.
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The document compares the operating concepts of different types of LESER safety valves:
1) Pilot Operated Safety Valves (POSVs) use a pilot valve to actuate the main valve based on the sensed inlet pressure. Closing forces increase as system pressure approaches set pressure, ensuring tightness close to set pressure.
2) Supplementary Loading Systems (SLS) use external compressed air and an actuator to apply constant additional pressure on the main valve, ensuring seat tightness up to set pressure.
3) Spring Loaded Safety Valves (SLSVs) operate using a net spring force. The closing force decreases as system pressure approaches set pressure.
Modulate_Action_Catalog_EN
This document provides information on LESER Series 433 safety relief valves, including:
- An overview of the valve finder tool for selecting the appropriate product based on application needs.
- Descriptions of the conventional and balanced bellows designs for Type 433 valves, with materials lists and diagrams of key components.
- Information on ordering, specifications, dimensions, pressure/temperature ratings, flange options, approvals, accessories, spare parts, and flow capacity charts.
- Guidance on applications, general design features, and how to interpret codes and symbols used in the documentation.
Mid-Jersey Business March 2016
The article discusses the closing of A&P grocery stores and the resulting increase in retail vacancy rates in Central New Jersey. It also mentions upcoming initiatives in the Trenton area that aim to reignite economic growth, including a commission to improve educational attainment and the construction of a new passenger terminal at Trenton-Mercer Airport.
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This document summarizes case studies of successful placemaking projects in San Diego and recommends how the city can better support such projects. It describes three case studies: Linda Vista's Linda Placita project which created an outdoor gathering space; Encanto's Chollas Creek Crossing project which transformed a vacant lot into a community space; and Pacific Beach's intersection mural project. It recommends the city create a new permit process, pilot projects, partner with artists, and support local arts organizations to encourage more community-led placemaking initiatives.
Critical_Service_Catalog_EN
This document provides information on LESER's flanged safety relief valves for critical service applications. It describes the Series 447, 546, and 449 valve types, which feature polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lining to provide optimal and permanent corrosion protection for chemical applications. The document outlines the valve product ranges, materials, configurations, specifications, and applications.
CONSIDERATIONS FROM THE MALTREATMENT AND ADOLESCENT PATHWAYS (MAP) LONGITUDIN...
The MAP longitudinal study examines the health and well-being of adolescents involved with child protective services. It finds that childhood maltreatment negatively impacts development, with females generally showing greater impairment. Maltreated females in the study report more delinquent behaviors, self-harm such as cutting, and experience of teen dating violence than their non-maltreated peers. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress from childhood trauma appear to mediate the relationship between maltreatment and negative outcomes like dating violence.
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A neurobiological model for the effects of early brainstem functioning
A neurobiological model for the effects of early brainstem functioningSouth Dakota Pain Capable Unborn Child Protection Act
This document proposes a neurobiological model for understanding the effects of early brainstem functioning on the development of behavior and emotion regulation in infants. The model incorporates three integrated levels: (1) brainstem-related physiological regulation, (2) emotion and attention regulation drawing on brainstem-limbic integration, and (3) higher-level outcomes drawing on intact brainstem-limbic networks. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors can disrupt brainstem functioning, which may impact later regulatory capacities. Assessing brainstem dysfunction in high-risk neonates could help identify infants at risk of self-regulatory deficits and inform longitudinal studies of developmental outcomes.Jocn.2009
1) The study found that prefrontal-dependent electrophysiological measures of attention were reduced in low socioeconomic status (LSES) children compared to high SES (HSES) children. This pattern is similar to that observed in patients with lateral prefrontal cortex damage.
2) Specifically, the early extrastriate P1 and N1 components elicited by standard stimuli, as well as the novelty N2 component, were reduced in amplitude in LSES children relative to HSES children.
3) In contrast, the P3b component elicited by target stimuli did not differ between groups, consistent with it being dependent on temporal-parietal rather than prefrontal regions.
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONPrebiotic intake reduces the waking .docx
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response
and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers
Kristin Schmidt & Philip J. Cowen & Catherine J. Harmer &
George Tzortzis & Steven Errington & Philip W. J. Burnet
Received: 23 July 2014 /Accepted: 10 November 2014 /Published online: 3 December 2014
# The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract
Rationale There is now compelling evidence for a link be-
tween enteric microbiota and brain function. The ingestion of
probiotics modulates the processing of information that is
strongly linked to anxiety and depression, and influences the
neuroendocrine stress response. We have recently demonstrat-
ed that prebiotics (soluble fibres that augment the growth of
indigenous microbiota) have significant neurobiological ef-
fects in rats, but their action in humans has not been reported.
Objectives The present study explored the effects of two
prebiotics on the secretion of the stress hormone, cortisol
and emotional processing in healthy volunteers.
Methods Forty-five healthy volunteers received one of two
prebiotics (fructooligosaccharides, FOS, or Bimuno®-galacto-
oligosaccharides, B-GOS) or a placebo (maltodextrin) daily for
3 weeks. The salivary cortisol awakening response was sam-
pled before and after prebiotic/placebo administration. On the
final day of treatment, participants completed a computerised
task battery assessing the processing of emotionally salient
information.
Results The salivary cortisol awakening response was signif-
icantly lower after B-GOS intake compared with placebo.
Participants also showed decreased attentional vigilance to
negative versus positive information in a dot-probe task after
B-GOS compared to placebo intake. No effects were found
after the administration of FOS.
Conclusion The suppression of the neuroendocrine stress
response and the increase in the processing of positive
versus negative attentional vigilance in subjects supple-
mented with B-GOS are consistent with previous find-
ings of endocrine and anxiolytic effects of microbiota
proliferation. Further studies are therefore needed to test
the utility of B-GOS supplementation in the treatment
of stress-related disorders.
Keywords Cortisol . Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis .
Gut microbiota . Prebiotics . Anxiety . Attention . Emotional
processing
Introduction
The adult human gut microbiota comprises over 1000
species and 7000 bacterial strains and is characterised
by a balanced compositional signature with moderate
inter-individual variability (Gareau et al. 2010; Cryan
and Dinan 2012). Probiotic strains, which have the
ability to confer beneficial effects upon the host, have
received renewed attention in recent years (e.g. Forsythe
and Kunze 2013). A particular focus has been put on
their ability to influence neural and endocrine systems
and behavioural phenotypes (Cryan and O’Mahony
2011; Dinan and Cryan 2012). Their potentia.
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Here are the key points I would highlight in an essay on this topic:
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- Cloning blurs the lines between animal and human life, raising questions about where to draw the line with genetic experimentation. Some fear a "slippery slope" towards human cloning if not regulated.
- There are also concerns that cloning could be used for eugenics or genetic enhancement of humans, allowing some to have "designer babies" with chosen traits while others do not. This raises issues of equality, ethics, and playing God.
Theoretical framework of infant physiotherapy
1) Premature birth is associated with increased risk of neurological injury and developmental disabilities. Advances in neonatal intensive care have improved survival rates but also increased prevalence of disabilities.
2) Pediatric therapists serve neonates at risk by providing diagnostic data, coordinating care, and promoting early intervention and monitoring.
3) There are three main theoretical models that guide neuromotor and neurobehavioral programs: dynamic systems theory, the synactive model of infant behavior, and the hope-empowerment model.
Thesis defense
The study examined differences in brain activity and its relationship to depressive symptoms between adolescent boys and girls. It found that boys and girls showed opposite patterns of activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) that correlated with their reported depressive symptoms and difficulties with emotion regulation. Specifically, boys showed increased activation in these areas associated with higher symptoms, while girls showed decreased activation. This suggests a potential neurobiological mechanism underlying differences in depression risk between adolescent males and females.
Neoclomipramine Rat Model Validation
This study evaluated the validity of a rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) induced by neonatal exposure to neoclomipramine. Rats exposed to neoclomipramine as neonates were tested in a marble arena and hole board behavioral assay after administration of serotonin drugs. The study found that neonatally-exposed rats buried significantly more marbles than controls, supporting the face validity of the neoclomipramine model. There was also a significant interaction effect for marble checking behavior. This study provided further evidence for the validity of the neoclomipramine rat model of OCD.
MTA
The document discusses the diagnosis and conceptualization of ADHD from multiple perspectives. It notes that ADHD symptoms may represent an adaptive problem rather than a disorder, given evidence of genetic roots and neural plasticity. While diagnosis is important for communication and treatment, the classifications are temporary and shaped by current understanding, which continues to evolve with scientific advances.
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ayres1972.pdf
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- The intervention program provided 25-40 minutes per day of activities to stimulate the vestibular and somatosensory systems based on each child's specific sensory issues.
- Children with generalized sensory problems or isolated auditory-language problems who received the intervention showed significantly greater gains on reading and language tests than control children receiving only classroom instruction. The intervention program was effective for improving academic skills.
Disfagia
1. The document reviews research on the relationship between masticatory (chewing) capacity and cognitive function.
2. Studies in animals and humans suggest that mastication activates brain regions involved in learning and memory like the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
3. Chewing has been shown to improve cognitive performance on tasks of episodic memory, working memory, and spatial memory by increasing arousal, blood flow to brain regions, and glucose levels in the brain.
O R I G I N A L P A P E RSelf-Reported Depressive Symptoms.docx
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Have Minimal Effect
on Executive Functioning Performance in Children
and Adolescents
Benjamin D. Hill • Danielle M. Ploetz •
Judith R. O’Jile • Mary Bodzy • Karen A. Holler •
Martin L. Rohling
Published online: 9 May 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The relation between mood and executive
functioning in children and adolescents has not been previ-
ously reported. This study examined the association between
self-reported depressive symptoms in both clinical outpa-
tient and psychiatric inpatient samples to the following
measures of executive functioning: the Controlled Oral
Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Test,
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Records from children and
adolescents aged 7–17 years old with an IQ [ 70 were
examined. Data were gathered at either an outpatient neu-
ropsychology clinic (n = 89) or an inpatient psychiatric
hospital setting (n = 81). Mood was measured with the
Children’s Depression Inventory. Generally, statistical
associations between self-reported depressive symptoms and
executive functioning were small and non-significant. The
variance predicted by mood on measures of executive
functioning was minimal (generally less than 2 %) for the
total sample, the outpatient group, inpatient group, and a
subgroup who endorsed elevated mood symptoms. These
results suggest that impaired performance on measures of
executive functioning in children and adolescents is mini-
mally related to self-reported depressive symptoms.
Keywords Executive functioning � Mood � Depression �
Cognitive ability � Neuropsychological assessment
Introduction
There is a long standing debate that has generated a con-
siderable amount of research in adults concerning the
relationship between levels of emotional disturbance and
their effects on performance on standard neuropsycholog-
ical tests. It appears that when the literature is taken as a
whole, adults diagnosed with psychiatric disorders tend to
perform worse than individuals without diagnoses (Basso
and Bornstein 1999; Cassens et al. 1990; Kindermann and
Brown 1997; Sackeim et al. 1992; Sherman et al. 2000;
Sweet et al. 1992; Tancer et al. 1990; Veiel 1997).
Depression, the most common mood disorder, is generally
associated with dysfunctional memory performance in the
adult literature (Burt et al. 1995; Christensen et al. 1997).
However, adult studies have shown conflicting patterns of
results across other neuropsychological domains. Some
researchers have reported depression to also be associated
with executive dysfunction (McDermott and Ebmeier
2009; Reppermund et al. 2007; Merriam et al. 1999; Martin
et al. 1991). However, others studies have reported no
effect of depression on executive functioning (Castaneda
et al. 2008; Miller et al. 1991; Rohling et al. 2002, Markela-
Lerenc et al. 2006).
While many different adult populations have been
.
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3) There were genotype differences in rCBF responses to conditioning in prefrontal
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This research report summarizes a study examining the neural effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The study involved 21 adults with GAD and 11 healthy controls. Participants underwent functional MRI while viewing facial emotions before and after CBT (or a comparable waiting period for controls). Results showed that before treatment, those with GAD had blunted responses in brain regions involved in emotion processing when viewing happy faces, and greater connectivity between the amygdala and insula. After CBT, individuals with GAD showed attenuated activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in response to threat-related faces, as well as heightened insular responses to happy faces. The findings provide evidence
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Positive psychology evolved from a recognition that the clinical encounter is often over-focused on concerns and problems, and that positive actions may not have a central role in the treatment plan. With youth, many issues - treatment compliance, help-seeking, impulsive self-harm, high risk-taking - may be ameliorated with a plan of positive actions. The technology that are youths' worlds may deliver some of these therapeutics. Resilience may be galvanized when inner resources interacts with external resources. This talk will introduce the evidence-based components of a resilience in youth App, JoyPop, and open discuss for research use in clinical populations.
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- 1. Can we identify biological markers of risk and resilience related to the intergenerational transmission of risk? Andrea Gonzalez Offord Centre for Child Studies Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences
- 3. (Affifi et al., 2011; Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Gilbert et al., 2009; Gonzalez, 2013) Child Outcomes G1 G2
- 6. Mechanism of Transmission • In animals: proposed mechanisms are physiological and include changes in: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function, serotonergic function and changes in brain plasticity (Burton et al., 2007; Kaffman & Meaney, 2007; Maestripieri et al., 2007) • In humans: proposed mechanisms have originated from social learning or attachment and include: – Observational learning, role-modeling, and transmission via internal representations (Pullatz et al., 2004; Serbin & Karp, 2004; van IJzendoorn, 1992)
- 7. Proposed Model in Humans
- 8. Stress System: the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis
- 9. Executive Function Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Stroop/ Color-Word Inhibition Set shifting/Cognitive Flexibility Tower Test Spatial planning/inhibition Spatial span/digit span
- 10. Maternal early adversity HPA function Executive function Maternal sensitivity 0.22** -0.22* 0.22* -0.33** *p<.05 **p< .01χ2= 5.53; CFI = .98, RMSEA = .06 Gonzalez et al., 2012 JAACAP
- 11. Why does this matter? Transmission beyond mom...?
- 13. Developing HPA axis is strongly influenced by social factors throughout infancy In high-risk populations evidence of transmission of HPA activity to offspring: • Offspring of Holocaust survivors (with parental PTSD) had significantly lower diurnal cortisol levels (Yehuda et al., 2006) • Infants whose mothers developed PTSD after 9/11 had lower diurnal cortisol levels compared to infants with mothers without PTSD (Yehuda & Bierer, 2008)
- 14. Parenting and Infant Cortisol Reactivity Atkinson et al., 2013; Psychoneuroendocrinology Mothers and infants’ baseline cortisol levels were positively related, r = .53* and their slopes were positively related, r = .60*
- 15. Transmission of Executive Function? 3-months: Maternal history of childhood maltreatment 8-months: Maternal executive function and parenting 18- months: Infant Cognition 3-years: Child executive function
- 16. Child cognitive function: 18-months F(6, 104) = 2.26, p <.05
- 18. Child Executive Function: 3 years
- 19. Summary
- 20. Gonzalez, Atkinson, & Fleming, 2009 Parenting Brain Recruits Multiple Systems • Adaptive parenting requires a constellation of capacities including effective stress regulation, attentional control, emotion regulation and executive function. Infant cues EF performance
- 21. Early Adversity • Recent imaging studies have implicated these same areas as vulnerable sites to the effects of early adversity, including the DLPFC, ACC, OFC, mPFC, the hippocampus and the amygdala (Hart & Rubia, 2012)
- 22. Summary • Early adversity and its impact on biological systems may mediate or moderate deficits related to poor parenting and subsequent offspring outcomes • Understanding the role that these systems plays may help in the understanding of the intergenerational transmission of risk
- 23. Intervention Implications • Psycho-educational interventions is likely not be enough to improve parenting and child outcomes for all families • Potential for innovative interventions to target underlying neurocognitive functions and stress system in parents and associated competencies in children • Empirical question whether interventions should target these core capabilities explicitly or implicitly (Shonkoff & Fisher, 2014)
- 24. Acknowledgements: Collaborators, Staff, Students, and Participating Families • Collaborators • Harriet MacMillan (McMaster) • Leslie Atkinson (Ryerson) • Susan Jack (McMaster) • Geoff Hall (McMaster) • Margaret McKinnon (McMaster) • Christine Wekerle (McMaster) • Staff/students • Rebecca Lowe • Monica Ivan • Gillian-England Mason • Samantha Daniels • All the mothers and infants who participated in the studies