This document provides information about the French philosopher Rene Descartes. It discusses his views on separating mind and body, denying that all knowledge comes from sensation, and his famous statement "I think therefore I am". It also summarizes his definition of the human mind and moral code. Key ideas presented include Descartes arguing the mind is an immaterial thing, his rejection of Aristotelian philosophy, and his belief that the only certainty is one's own thinking.
Descartes is a renowned name that is recognized by many as the father of current philosophy. He was also an accomplished mathematician and meta-physician. In his first meditation, he began with the method of distrust, questioning almost everything. In the beginning of his first meditation, Descartes tries to cast doubts on all his experimental views with a single stroke.
See more at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/descartes-method-of-universal-doubt-in-the-first-meditation/
Descartes is a renowned name that is recognized by many as the father of current philosophy. He was also an accomplished mathematician and meta-physician. In his first meditation, he began with the method of distrust, questioning almost everything. In the beginning of his first meditation, Descartes tries to cast doubts on all his experimental views with a single stroke.
See more at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/descartes-method-of-universal-doubt-in-the-first-meditation/
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with the printed title An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
These slides are from lectures on Plato's Phaedo at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. We did not read the entire work, and these slides only talk about what we did read.
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Casa natal de DescartesDescartes nació el 31 de marzo de 1596 en La Haye, en la Turena francesa. Pertenecía a una familia de la baja nobleza, siendo su padre, Joachin Descartes, Consejero en el Parlamento de Bretaña. La temprana muerte de su madre, Jeanne Brochard, pocos meses después de su nacimiento, le llevará a ser criado en casa de su abuela materna, a cargo de una nodriza a la que permanecerá ligado toda su vida. Posteriormente hará sus estudios en el colegio de los jesuitas de La Flèche, hasta los dieciséis años, estudiando luego Derecho en la Universidad de Poitiers. Según la propia confesión de Descartes, tanto en el Discurso del método como en las Meditaciones, las enseñanzas del colegio le decepcionaron, debido a las numerosas lagunas que presentaban los saberes recibidos, a excepción de las matemáticas, en donde veía la posibilidad de encontrar un verdadero saber.
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with the printed title An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
These slides are from lectures on Plato's Phaedo at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. We did not read the entire work, and these slides only talk about what we did read.
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Casa natal de DescartesDescartes nació el 31 de marzo de 1596 en La Haye, en la Turena francesa. Pertenecía a una familia de la baja nobleza, siendo su padre, Joachin Descartes, Consejero en el Parlamento de Bretaña. La temprana muerte de su madre, Jeanne Brochard, pocos meses después de su nacimiento, le llevará a ser criado en casa de su abuela materna, a cargo de una nodriza a la que permanecerá ligado toda su vida. Posteriormente hará sus estudios en el colegio de los jesuitas de La Flèche, hasta los dieciséis años, estudiando luego Derecho en la Universidad de Poitiers. Según la propia confesión de Descartes, tanto en el Discurso del método como en las Meditaciones, las enseñanzas del colegio le decepcionaron, debido a las numerosas lagunas que presentaban los saberes recibidos, a excepción de las matemáticas, en donde veía la posibilidad de encontrar un verdadero saber.
The Rationalist Approach of René Descartes The medieval world in.docxoreo10
The Rationalist Approach of René Descartes
The medieval world into which René Descartes was born in 1596 was beginning to come apart. The great synthesis that had held knowledge together under the control of the Church and the authority of Aristotle was unraveling, and many things that had seemed settled or obvious were being questioned. The stable if somewhat stifling world of his childhood—in which the Church was the keeper of all knowledge and books were written in Latin, thereby limiting access to knowledge to scholars and churchmen—had been jolted by the scientific revolution.
When he was in his twenties, Descartes had a kind of intellectual crisis. Taking seriously the questions we have been considering, he began to wonder whether there was anything in his mind that he could know with certainty.
The Use of Methodic Doubt to Examine Knowledge
When Descartes began his search for certain knowledge, he decided to doubt everything systematically and see whether anything remained after this process. Any knowledge that was left would have, by surviving such a test, achieved the status of certainty. Much of what he found in his mind seemed to have arrived there on the authority of someone else; he had been told many things and read others, without questioning the authority of the source. In other words, like most of us, he accepted as facts both things his teachers told him and things he read in books. He had no independent verification for this apparent knowledge; he had only the word or the authority of the source as assurance that what he thought was true was indeed true.
What about the senses? Could they be relied upon to provide knowledge? To test the reliability of his senses, Descartes took a piece of beeswax and heated it in a candle flame, watching every property of the wax change before his eyes:
· Let us take, for example, this bit of wax which has just been taken from the hive. It has not yet completely lost the sweetness of the honey it contained; it still retains something of the odor of the hive from which it was collected; its color, shape, and size are apparent; it is hard and cold; it can easily be touched; and, if you knock on it, it will give out some sound … But now while I am talking I bring it close to the fire. What remains of the taste evaporates; the odor vanishes; its color changes; its shape is lost; its size increases; it becomes liquid; it grows hot; one can hardly touch it; and although it is knocked upon it will give out no sound.7
If he were to use the evidence supplied by his senses, Descartes concluded, he would have to declare that the wax after being heated was completely different from the wax before being heated. To conclude that the wax retained its identity during this transformation, Descartes realized that he had relied on his understanding, not on his senses.
As the next step in his systematic process, Descartes applied methodic doubt to his ordinary perceptions of reality, comparing them w ...
Rene Descartes1596-1650Father of Modern PhilosophyM.docxdebishakespeare
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Rene Descartes1596-1650
Father of Modern Philosophy
Meditations on First Philosophy
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DUALISMMetaphysically, the view that reality consists ultimately of two fundamentally different entities.
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Cartesian DualismMaterial Body
Extended substance in space
Immaterial Mind
Unextended substance that thinks
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Descartes Two Universal Substances
Physical
Mind (Mental/Soul)
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“I think; therefore, I am.”“This ‘I’—that is, the soul, by which I am what I am, is entirely distinct from the body; and would not fail to be what it is even if the body did not exist.”
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“I think; therefore, I am.”He equated the soul with the thinking mind. It is the continuity of the thinking mind or soul that makes a person endure as the same person over time.
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So…
Essential property of body is that it is “extended.” (Geometric qualities: size, shape, etc.)
Essential property of mind is that it thinks.
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Isn’t Dualism Obvious?Most people accept dualism as the answer to the mind-body problem.
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Arguments for DualismDon’t the major world religions posit a non-material soul that survives the physical demise of the body?
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Christianity: Matthew 10:28
“Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul.”
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Arguments for DualismWith our mind we feel hope, fear, love, hate, disgust, shame, pride, and amusement (consciousness).
For our bodies, we diet, lift weight, and adorn them with jewelry and make-up.
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Arguments for DualismWhen our bodies weaken, don’t our minds still stay strong?
E.g., Stephen Hawking (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
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Arguments for DualismAnd can’t the mind deteriorate while the body remains vigorous?
E.g., Alzheimer’s
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Arguments for DualismDon’t these differences imply that the mind and body are distinct entities?
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Modern Western ViewpointWe as humans consist of two entities. Our physical selves and our mind/souls/consciousness. We are composed of material and immaterial ‘stuff.’And these two interact…..
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THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM
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Interactionism
1. You hit your thumb with a hammer. Physical event
2. Which Causes Pain. Mental event
3. You Scream! Physical event
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ProblemHow can something material affect anything that immaterial? Or Vice-Versa…How can anything immaterial affect anything that is material?
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Example“Most people regard with suspicion a claim that a nonphysical mind has moved some dice or a table. They should regard with equal suspicion a claim that a nonphysical mind has moved an arm or a toe.”
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Problems of Dualism
(1) How can something like the mind reach into the physical world and affect it? If it did so, then the mind would somehow have to introduce new energy and force into the physical world.
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Problems of Dualism
(2) Dualism cannot account for why mental functioning is substandard when the physical brain is damaged.
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Problems of DualismFor if it is the non-physical soul that thinks, why can’t it think just as well ...
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
HANUMAN STORIES: TIMELESS TEACHINGS FOR TODAY’S WORLDLearnyoga
Hanuman Stories: Timeless Teachings for Today’s World" delves into the inspiring tales of Hanuman, highlighting lessons of devotion, strength, and selfless service that resonate in modern life. These stories illustrate how Hanuman's unwavering faith and courage can guide us through challenges and foster resilience. Through these timeless narratives, readers can find profound wisdom to apply in their daily lives.
Kenneth Grant - Against the Light-Holmes Pub Grou Llc (1999).pdf
Week9 Descartes
1. WELCOME TO
WEEK 9
Please Remember to Sign the
Roster!
2. Rene Descartes
1596- 1650
French
philosopher, mathematician,
and writer
For you math geeks out
there, the Cartesian plane
(aka the x,ycordinate
system) is named after
Descartes
”Father of Modern
Philosophy”
3. So, I'm pretty proud of myself, I found this kick@$$ video
(made, as all good videos are, by a guy in his basement)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHihkRwisbE
Unfortunately, he swears once or twice, so we’ll be back to
this when Duffy leaves
Also, I’m kinda mad I didn’t find this video until after I did all
this annoying research
4. Anything with the slightest doubt should be considered
false
Is this possible? Do you agree?
5. Rejected ideas of Scholastic Aristotelian traditional
philosophy in two ways
1)Separates mind and body, Rejects substantial form: best shown
with an example, previously a stone was considered to move
towards the earth in order to achieve its goal of being a stone
since falling is a stone-like trait. Descartes argued a stone could
not think and so this method of proving things was faulty, go
figure
6. 2)Denied that all knowledge comes from sensation and that
everyone is born a clean slate, believed in ideas perceived by the
mind alone
Can senses be deceived or at least mostly believed?
How can we be sure what exists?
Is everyone born a clean slate?
7. Famously, Descartes said “Cogito Ergo Sum” – I think
therefore I exist (an idea later refuted by Nietzsche)
He asserted that thinking something simply proves the
experience of perceiving, rather than the actual
stimulus, exist
Thinking was the exception however because it can not be
doubted, we must first think to doubt
How can you be sure YOU exist?
How are you sure everything and everyone around you is not
merely a figment of your imagination?
Is the infinite loop of thinking and doubting logically sound?
8. Defined the human mind as “a thing that
doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is
unwilling, and also imagines and has sense perceptions”
(AT VII 28: CSM II 19)
Therefore, the mind is an immaterial thing
Do you agree with his definition of a human?
This lends its self to the idea of a soul; Do humans have a
soul?
Oxford Dictionary Definition of Soul:
noun
1the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal. a person’s
moral or emotional nature or sense of identity
2 [emotional or intellectual energy or intensity, especially as revealed in a work of art or an artistic
performance
3 The essence or embodiment of a specific quality
9. Descartes’ Moral Code
1. To obey the laws and customs of my country, holding
constantly to the Catholic religion, and governing myself in all
other matters according to the most moderate opinions
accepted in practice by the most sensible people.
2. To be as firm and decisive in action as possible and to follow
even the most doubtful opinions once they have been adopted.
3. Try to master myself rather than fortune, and change my
desires rather than the order of the world.
4. Review the various professions and chose the best
So I don’t have any prepared questions, I just thought this was
interesting
10. In his books Rene Descartes battles with trying to prove he is
not dreaming
How do you know your aren't dreaming up your reality?
Prepare for a huge tangent into The Matrix and Inception
