Fingerprints are the most reliable method of personal identification. This course covers various identification methods used in criminal investigations and prosecutions. It discusses the classification of fingerprint patterns and the history of fingerprint identification from ancient China to its modern use. Key developments include Galton's establishment of fingerprint patterns, Henry's creation of fingerprint databases in India, and DNA testing which now provides the most accurate identification. A variety of physical characteristics can be used for identification, but fingerprints, photographs, blood samples, and DNA remain the scientific standards.

2. This course covers the different methods of personal
identification, as an aid to crime detection, investigation,
information, and as evidence for prosecution of an
offense/felony. It includes the processes of recording,
processing, preservation, and court presentation.

3. Fingerprint is the most infallible means of
identification.

4. “Hua Chi” - name given by the chinese in referring to
fingerprints.
- part of rituals
- signing part of a contract on the part illiterate.

5. Arches and Whorl are called them “LO” (snail)
Loops called “KI” (sieve or winnowing basket)
- presages of goodluck

6. 1. Marceloo Malpighi (1628-1694)- published a book “De
Externo Tactus Organo”
2. J.C. Mayer (1988) - stated in his book (Anatomiche
Kuphertafeln Nebst dazu Gehorigen) “Although the
arrangement of the skin ridges is never dublicated in two
prsons, nevertheless, the similarities are closer among the
some individuals.

7. 3. Professor Johness E Purkenje (1823) - Study the
physiology. the skin on the inner surface if the hands bore
patterns, which he later named and set rules governing thier
classification and even identify nine types of patterns, but he
did not associate it with identification.
4. Herman Welcher (1856) - took the prints of his own palms
and after fourty-one years he printed the same palms to
prove that [rons do not change, except for some scrathches
due to old age.

8. 1. Sir William J. Herschel (1858) - he utilized fingerprints as a substitute for signature to
avoid impersonation among the natives..
2. Dr. Henry Faulds (1877) - He claimed that the impression would provide positie
identification of offensers when apprehended. He wrote “a manual of practcal
dactylography”
3. Sir Francis Galton (1892-1911) - discovered the 3 families of fingerprint patterns -
Arches, Loops and Whorls (A-L-W-Methods).
- he stated that if there is possibility for two prints to be the same it is
1:64,000,000,000.

9. 4. Sir Edward R. Henry (1859 -1931) - the
father of fingerprint.
5. Juan Vucetich (1891)) _ System of
classifying prints was adopted in argentina
and was used in most spanish speaking
country.

10. 1. Mr Jones - first aught fingerprint in the Philippines
Constabulary in the year 1900.
2. Bureau of Prison - records shows that in 1918 Carpetas
(commitment and conviction records) already used
fingerprint.
3. Lt Asa and N. Darby - established moder and complete
fingerprint files for Philippine Commonwealth.

11. 4. Generoso Reyes - First Filipino Fingerprint Technician
employed by the Phil. Constabulary
5. Isabela Bernales - First Filipina Fingerprint Technician.
6. Capt Thomas Dugan - gave the first examination in
fingrprint in 1927 and Agustin Patricio of the Philippine Top
the Examination.

12. 7. People of the Philippine Vs Medina - first onviction bases
on fingerprint and leading judicial decision in the Phil
Jurisprudence (10 points of identity).
8. Plaridel Education Institution - Philippine College of
Criminology - first government recognized school to tach the
Science of Fingerprint and other police sciences

13. Other Methods of Identification

14. Law of Municipality of Evidence
The greater the number of similarities or dissimilarities, the
greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.
The value of the different points of identification varies in the
formulation of conclusion.

15. Importance of Identification of Persons:
1.In Criminal case, the identity of the offender and that of the
victim must be established; otherwise it will be a ground for
the dismissal of the charge or acquittal of the accused.
2.Identification of missing persons or presumed dead will
facilitate settlement of the estate, retirement, insurance and
other social benefits. It vests on the heirs the right over the
properties of the identified person.

16. Importance of Identification of Persons:
3.Identification resolves the anxiety of the next-of-kin, other
relatives and friends as to the whereabouts of a missing
person or victim of calamity or crime.
4.Identification may be needed in some transactions, like
cashing of a check, entering a premise, delivery of parcels or
registered mail in the post office, sale of property, release of
dead bodies to relatives, parties to a contract, etc.

17. Methods of Identification:
1.By comparison – with the use of standard specimens,
evidence under question can be compared in order to effect
identification.
2.By exclusion – if two or more persons have to be identified
and all but one is not yet identified, then the one whose
identity has not been established may be known by the
process of elimination.

18. Characteristics that may easily be changed:
1.Growth of hair, beard, or moustache;
2.Clothing;
3.Frequent places of visit;
4.Work or profession;
5.Body ornamentation.

19. Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
a.Mental memory - A recollection of time, place, and events may be a clue in
identification. Remembering names, faces, and subjects of common interest may
be initiated during the interview to see how knowledgeable a person is.
b.Speech - A person may stammer, stutter or lisp. The chances of two or more
persons having the same size of vocal cavities and the same manner of
articulation are remote and unlikely. Whispering, muffling, and nose-holding do not
change the speech characteristics.
c.Gait - This is a manner of walking or moving on foot. A person, on account of
disease or some inborn traits, may show characteristics of walking.

20. Types of gait:
1.Ataxic gait - a gait in which the foot is raised high, thrown forward, and brought down
suddenly.
2.Cerebellar gait - a gait associated with staggering movement.
3.Cow’s Gait - a swaying movement due to knock-knee.
4.Paretic gait - a gait in which the steps are short, the feet dragged, the legs held more or
less widely apart.
5.Spastic gait - a gait in which the legs are held together and move in a stiff manner, and
the toes to drag and catch.
6.Waddling gait - a gait resembling duck
7.Frog gait - a hopping gait in infantile paralysis.
Gait line refers to the straight line connecting the center of the succeeding steps. It is more
or less in zigzag fashion especially when the legs are far apart while walking
Foot line refers to the longitudinal line drawn on each foot mark.

21. Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
d.Mannerisms- These are the characteristic movement of the body peculiar to a
person.
Stereotype movement or habit peculiar to an individual. It may be
1.Way of sitting;
2.Movement of the hands;
3.Movement of the body;
4.Movement of the facial muscles;
5.Expression of the mouth while articulating; and 6. Manner of leaning.
e.Hands and feet - Size, shape, and abnormalities of the hands and feet may be
the bases of identification. Some persons may have supernumerary fingers or
toes far apart with bony prominence. Some fingers or toes are with split nails.

22. Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
f. Faces;
g. Left- or right-handedness - The preferential use of one hand with the skill to
the other involuntary motor acts. Ambidextrous people can use their right and left
hands with equal skill. The best way to determine whether a person is left or right-
handed or ambidextrous is to observe him during his unguarded moments.
h. Degree of nutrition (thin, medium built, or stout) - The determination must
be in relation to height and age. A person may be thin, normal, or stout. This point
of identification easily changes by refreshing from intake of fatty foods. Some
people are inherently skinny in spite of their heavy intake of nutritious food.

23. Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
i.Changes in the eye - A person identified because he is nearsighted, far-sighted,
color blind, astigmatic, or cross-eyed. Color of the iris, the shape of the eyes,
deformity of the eyeball, and the presence of disease are useful bases of
identification.

24. Points of identification applicable to both living and dead before the onset of
decomposition:
1. Occupational Marks - Certain occupations may result in some characteristic
marks or identifying guides. Examples are
a.A shoemaker develops depressed sternum
(breastbone);
b.Painters have stains on the hands and fingernails;
c.Engineers and mechanics have grease on their hands;
d.Masons have callosities on the palm of the hands;
e.Scars caused by burns produced by scales or sparks or red hot iron may be
seen at the back of the hands of blacksmiths.

25. Points of identification applicable to both living and dead before the onset of
decomposition:
2.Race - Race may be presumed on:
a.Color of the skin such as; Caucasians with fair complexion, Malayans with
brown complexion; Negroes with Black complexion
b.Feature of the face, such as; Caucasian with the prominent sharp nose;
Malayan with a flat nose and with a round face; Mongolian with almond eyes and
with
prominent cheekbones; Negroes with thick spreading lips
c.Shape of Skull; Red Indians with flat heads; Malayans with round heads.
3.Stature (height) - A person ceases to increase at the age of 25. The growth of a
person rarely exceeds five centimeters after the age of 18.

26. Points of identification applicable to both living and dead before the onset of
decomposition:
4.Teeth (Odontology) - The most convenient way of identifying a person by means
of the teeth is the use of a dental diagram or chart.
5. Tattoo marks
6. Deformities
7. Birthmarks
8. Injuries leaving permanent results
9. Moles

27. Points of identification applicable to both living and dead before the onset of
decomposition:
10. Scars - Are composed of fibrous tissues which take the place of the original
tissues which have been injured or destroyed. They are devoid of specialized
tissue so they do not contain pigment layers, sweat or sebaceous glands.
a.Recent scars of two to three weeks old are vascular with red or pink color.
b.Contracted bloodless scars with white and glistering surfaces are usually more
than six months old;
c.Scars resulting from superficial wounds and from wounds healing by the first
intention develop earlier.

28. Points of identification applicable to both living and dead before the onset of
decomposition:
SOME SCARS MAY SHOW CHARACTERISTICS APPEARANCE SUCH AS
a.Surgical Operation - regular form and location with stitch marks.
b.Burns and scalds - scars are large, irregular in shape, and may be a keloid.
c.Gunshot wounds - disc-like with depressed center. They may be adherent to the
underlying tissues.
11.Tribal marks - A common practice of some tribes in Africa is to place some marks on the
exposed parts of the body.
12.Sexual organs - Circumcision may help in identification. The uterus and breast may
indicate previous pregnancy. The best evidence of sexuality is the presence of testes in
males and ovaries in females.
13.Blood examination (ABO grouping and MN typing)

29. SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
1.Portrait Parle (Personal description) “speaking likeness”
Is a verbal, accurate, and picturesque description of the person identified.
2.Photography. Photography was first applied as a means of personal identification in
police works.
3.Anthropometry (Bertillon System) Alphonse Bertillon, a French Criminologist, devised a
scheme utilizing a measurement of the human body as the basis of identification. It was
considered the first scientific method of personal identification.
Basis of Bertillon's method of identification
a.Human skeleton does not change after
20 years.
b.It is impossible for two human beings to have bones alike.
c.Measurement is easily taken with the aid of a simple instrument.

30. SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
The West Case:
In 1903, Will West arrived at the US Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. While West was
being processed through identification, a staff member said that there was already a
photograph and Bertillon measurement for him on the file. But a comparison on fingerprints
showed that despite identical appearances and nearly identical Bertillon measurements, the
identification card on file belonged to a Willian West, who had been in Leavenworth since
1901.
4.Fingerprint Identification;
5.Handwriting Identification;
6. Blood Grouping and Blood Typing; and
7. DNA Testing - (Deoxyribonucleic acid) (A- adenine, C- cytosine, T- thymine, and
Gguanine Sequence). It was considered the latest method of personal identification,
discovered by Prof. Alec Jeffreys in 1985.

31. THANK YOU