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The Writing Process
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- 2. www.themegallery.comwww.themegallery.com Company LogoCompanyLogo To introduce the course To learn the writing process Teaching Objectives 11 22
- 3. How do youwrite? Directions: Write down your responses to the following questions. When you are finished, compare your responses with those of one classmate. (You will report to the class.)
- 4. 1.When yousit down to write English compositions, how do you start? (For example, do you just write? Do you make an outline first? Do you put off writing until the last possible minute? Do you use some prewriting techniques? )
- 5. 2.What doyou do while you write? (For instance, do you take breaks often? Do you show a friend what you’re working on? Do you look up a dictionary when you are not sure of the meaning of a word?)
- 6. 3.How doyou feel after you finish writing? (Relieved? Satisfied? Happy with what you’ve written? Just glad it’s over with?) 4. What do you do with your first draft? (Revise ? Throw it away? Ask your classmates to comment on it?)
- 7. Share with theclass Go to the topic directly. Write down whatever comes to my mind. Think about the topic for several seconds. Make a plan first. I feel so relieved when I finish my writing work. I never spend time on the finished copy. I will read my manuscript several times to check whether there are some errors. …
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- 9. The Writing Process WritingProcess
- 10. The Writing ProcessWritingProcess
- 11. In-class task 1 fear love shock sadness loneliness anger sympathy surprise bitterness greed pridedisappointment Writing Process
- 12. In-class task 1 Directions: Think of an experience or event in your life in which you felt a certain emotion--- disappointment, embarrassment, happiness, frustration…. Then spend ten minutes prewriting the experience. Writing Process
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- 14. Addressing your audience Tobest communicate with your audience, put yourself in their place. Think about what your readers need or want to know about the subject. Consider also the language that would best communicate your ideas to them. Questions Chart 1. Whom am I writing for? 2. How much do they know about me? 3. What writing style should I use? . 4. What vocabulary is appropriate? Writing Process
- 15. Addressing your audience QuestionsChart (with sample answers) 1. Whom am I writing for? My class Not much. I’ll have to present a vivid description and character sketch of myself. 2. How much do they know about me? I’ll use a humorous, informal, conversational style to make them interested in what I’m saying 3. What writing style should I use? Words they understand, especially some contractions and slang to put across the way I speak, learn, and think. 4. What vocabulary is appropriate? Writing Process
- 16. Topic: an experienceevoking a certain emotion Audience My class Purpose To share an interesting experience Audience Editors of a newspaper Purpose To publish my story Writing Process
- 17. Version 1 (P24) WritingProcess
- 18. Version 2 (P24) WritingProcess
- 19. Freewriting Freewriting, thinking onpaper, means jotting down in rough sentences or phrases everything that comes to mind about a possible topic. Writing Process
- 20. Freewriting session Directions: Youare given five minutes to write down anything that comes to your mind about the topic---an experience that evokes certain emotions. Writing Process
- 21. I’d like towrite about my nervousness. There are so many occasions about which I feel nervous. For example, when I deliver a speech in public, I feel nervous; when I attend an important examination, I feel uneasy and nervous. But I want to write about my bitter but sweet experience. The summer of 2007 was a season I will never forget. When I visited London, I was pick pocketed and I nearly lost everything that I needed to live in a foreign country----all the money, ID card, and credit cards. You know what I felt at that moment, desperate. Right! Desperate! Writing Process
- 22. Questioning In questioning, yougenerate ideas and details by asking questions about your subject. Writing Process
- 23. Questioning Why do Ithink it is a bitter and sweet experience? I lost all my money, but won friendship. What happened? I was pick pocketed in London. What was I doing when being pick pocketed? I was watching the exchange ceremony in Trafalgar Square…. Writing Process
- 24. Memorable Events Eighth-grade graduation Visiting mydad last summer When I got my first bicycle Mom’s graduation from college Grandfather in the hospital Favorite Places My grandfather’s house The mall The park down by the waterfront The basketball court behind the school Embarrassing Moments When I forgot my lines in the school play When I struck out in the playoff game When I marched the wrong way during the band’s halftime performance When I tripped on my dress at my sister’s wedding Earliest Memories Falling down the basement stairs when I was there. A family trip to Yellowstone park Fingerpainting in kindergarten Building a snow fart with my best friend in the first grade Listening to my grandfather tell stories Writing Process
- 25. Some sources about myself Mylikes & dislikes Likes: music ,social activities, dancing Dislikes: getting up early, long car ride.. My personality easy-going, extroverted, optimistic, social, friendly My hobbies do some sports (skiing, basketball, baseball), travel, listen to music My family My parents and my grandma moved to changsha twenty years ago My experiences The first time Alissa and I went downtown alone, we got lost. I landed the prize of the top student of my class. When I got the news that I was admitted by the university, I felt so excited. Clustering Writing Process
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- 27. The tree diagram Myself personalit hobbies experience learningst Easygoing social Not upset Not worried sports basketball skis Music pop Classical Get lost Downtown Travel alone With Allisa verbal eloquent Learn best when read books Loving reading Buying books Party animal Baseball Blues Writing Process
- 28. Preparing a scratchoutline Read the model on P29 and discuss what a scratch outline is. A scratch outline is a plan or blueprint to help you achieve a unified, supported, well-organized composition. Writing Process
- 29. Preparing a scratchoutline (P43) My favorite times in school were the days before holiday vacations.(P43) a.Lighter workload Less work in class Less homework b. Friendlier atmosphere Teachers more relaxed Students happy about vacation c. Special events Pep rallies Holiday concerts Writing Process
- 30. Topic: My bitter& sweet experience Writing Process
- 31. Prewriting Freewriting Questioning Making a list Clustering Preparing a scratch outline Identifying audience and purpose Writing Process
- 32. Practice P. 39 identifyeach technique by writing: F-freewriting Q-questionning L-list-making C-clustering SO- the scratch outline L, Q, SO, C, F Writing Process
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- 34. For a pieceof writing to achieve unity, each sentence must support the main idea of each paragraph, and each paragraph must support the main idea of the essay. Writing Process
- 35. Busy Saturdays Saturdays arealways very busy around our house, and everyone has specific chores to do. My father spends most of his day cleaning up the yard and repairing things that have broken during the week. He also refinished pieces of furniture that have been scratched. My brother helps him outside. He cuts the grass, rakes the leaves, and trims the hedges. He also repairs our bicycles. My sister and I usually help our mother with the inside work. While our mother prepares the dinner and works in the kitchen, I do all of the laundry and ironing. I hate ironing and sometimes switch jobs with my sister. She takes care of dusting the furniture, vacuuming the carpets, and mopping the floors. There is a lot of work for the family of five, and all of us must do our share. Is this a unified paragraph? Writing Process
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- 37. P.44 Unity andcoherence Activity 2 Writing Process
- 38. Thesis: More andmore, the inventions of modern technology seem to be cutting off contact between ourselves and our fellow human beings. Writing Process
- 39. First topic sentence:Theworld of business is one area in which technology is isolating us. Support: 2. Workers’ salaries are automatically credited to their bank accounts. 3. Personal banking is becoming a detached process. a. Customers interact with machines rather than people. b. Some loans are accepted or rejected by computers, not loan officers. Writing Process
- 40. Second topic sentence:Another area where technology is changing is entertainment. Support: 1. For many people now, music is a solitary experience. 2. Fewer people go out to watch movies. Writing Process
- 41. Third topic sentence:Education is another important area in which technology is separating us from others. Support: 1. Students sit alone in front of computers. 2. Students use technological devices at home instead of interacting with others. 3. Videolessons are replacing class instructions. Writing Process
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- 44. Contents checklist 1. Ismy writing unified? Do I have a thesis that is clearly stated or implied in the introductory part. Do all my supporting points truly support and back up my thesis? 2. Are my points in my writing supported? Are there separate supporting points for the thesis? Do I have specific evidence for each supporting points? 3. Is my writing organized? Do I have an interesting introduction, a solid conclusion, and an accurate title? Do I have a clear method of organizing my paper? Do I use transitions and other connecting words? Writing Process
- 45. Sentence checklist 1. DoI use parallelism to balance my words and ideas? 2. Do I have a consistent point of view? 3. Do I write sentences correctly and properly? 4. Do I use active verbs? 5. Do I use words effectively by avoiding slang, cliches, pretentious language, and wordiness? 6. Do I vary my sentences? Writing Process
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- 47. After youhave revised your paper for content and style, you are ready to edit, i.e. check for and correct errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling. When you write about yourself, your job is not finished until you check that all the details fit together. 4. Editing and Proofreading Writing Process
- 48. 5. Publishing/presenting Websites Learning centerBBS and teacher- student communication platforms are available for you to present your work and receive feedback. Song Poems and stories are likely candidates for being set to music Contests Magazines of student writing often sponsor story-writing contests. You might enter a story you wrote on your own or for a class Play If a story has several characters and snappy dialogue, think about writing a script from it. Advertisement Ads are a good way to sell your ideas or to get your audience to agree with you. Newspaper article Informative writing might appear as an article in a school or community newspaper. Ways to Present your Writing Writing Process
- 49. Assignments Read P 22-46 Finishthe activities on P 40 Writing Process
- 50. 课堂教学设计理念 1. 以学生为主 课堂教学时间分配：教师教 30mins ，学生练 40 mins ，分享、讲评、讨论 20 mins 2. 教师协调、辅导、组织、讲评、选材、制定标 准、合作 3.workshop 的方式 4. 让学生保持写的状态
- 51. See You NextTime!
Editor's Notes
- #3 第一节课的重点在于，使学生了解本课程教学内容，学生和老师的职责，评分细则等大纲上的内容，第二个重点即了解写作过程，并会使用写前技能。
- #4 在这部分之前还有大纲内容的学习讲解, 让学生了解本学期的任务，然后才是引入部分，即回答问题，注意回答问题是要学生在纸上写出答案来的，时间大约为五分钟。
- #8 可能的答案如上，教师可以根据学生回答的情况进行总结然后引出话题：写作过程
- #10 Today we are going to write to discover ourselves. When you write, you will move through a series of stages to create a finished product, namely, 1. Prewriting 2. Drafting 3. Revising 4. Editing and Proofreading 5. Publishing/presenting When you write, your own mind, methods, temperament, and interests will make your writing unique. Like all writers, however, you will move through a series of stages to create a finished product. Understanding the writing process, from prewriting through publishing/presenting, will help you know how to proceed, whether that means taking two steps forward or one step back.
- #11 The diagram below shows the 5 stages and what a writer should do in the 5 stages. The diagram below shows that you cannot find a shortcut from start to finish, but you can follow many different paths. You may choose one that leads to a dead end. You may make a discovery that opens up new directions. At any point, you may decide to return to the prewriting stage. Even as they are revising or editing, successful writers often return to earlier stages to clarify or expand their thinking.
- #13 学生写完之后，找出一个样本进行分析，提出下列问题，写作目的？写作对象？ 写作方式？然后进入讲解如何鉴定目的和写作对象，再进入写作的几个策略
- #14 jEvery successful piece of writing, whether it’s a newspaper editorial or a cartoon, has a particular purpose and audience. Look at the notice below.What could be the purpose, or reason, for this piece of writing? Who’s supposed to read it? You need to think about questions like these in the prewriting stage. Before you begin drafting, you need to decide whose attention you’re trying to get and why.
- #15 串词：To make sure that your writing will reach its intended audience, you can ask yourself several questions. The questions below can help you determine how to address your audience.
- #16 串词：To make sure that your writing will reach its intended audience, you can ask yourself several questions. The questions below can help you determine how to address your audience.
- #17 串词：In fact, besides your audience, you must also pin down your purpose for writing at the same time. From the above slide we can see that your audience and purpose for writing are closely related. For different purposes, you might choose different writing styles, narrative, description, exposition, or argumentation. Throughout the writing process, take care to use ideas and language that are appropriate for your audience and your purpose. If you write a speech for your class, you might include lively anecdotes and use informal language. But if you’re presenting it to the local academic society, you might use more formal language and make absolutely certain that you have all the facts straight. Create a chart like this one to help you explore different audiences and purposes. Notice how your purposes might vary if you were writing for the first audience as opposed to the second one.
- #18 让学生阅读24页内容，了解如何进行freewriting
- #21 如果大多数学生采用这一策略，这时可以忽略这个练习了。
- #22 这是个自己写的样本，老师可以根据自己的经历重新写。
- #24 Asking personal questions is one way to get started writing about yourself. In the model on page 8,Momaday probably began with questions about his Kiowa heritage and then found answers as he recalled experiences, feelings, and observations. You can review elements of your own life to learn more about who you are, as the diagram below illustrates.
- #25 串词：In making a list, also known as brainstorming, you collect ideas and details that relate to your subject. 串词：Pile these items up, one after another, without tying to sort out major details from minor ones or trying to put the details in any special order. Your goal is just to make a list of everything about yourself that occurs to you. 串词：Once you’ve finished your lists, look them over and underline the ideas that seem most interesting to you. Draw lines between related ideas. After that, maybe you can ask youself several questions. Did any unexpected ideas appear? Did you recall events you had not thought about for a long time? Did you learn something new about yourself? Then you maybe need to cluster your ideas about yourself to locate appropriate contents for your writing.
- #26 My family My parents and my grandma, moved to changsha twenty years ago My learning style reflective, verbal and sequential, I learn best when I read books. 串词：Clustering can help you decide which part of yourself to write about. You can’t write about every idea, but you might discover surprising connections. Clustering can also help you organize your writing by showing you which idea about yourself is broader or narrower than other ideas.
- #28 If you find your ideas cannot be shown clearly in the above mind map, you can cluster them in a tree diagram. After diagramming your ideas, you may need to make a scratch outline to help you achieve a unified, supported, well-organized composition.
- #31 串词：When you are planning a traditional essay consisting of an introduction, several supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion, a scratch outline is especially important. It may be only a few words, but well done, you need to still pay attention to another factor before drafting, i.e. determine your purpose and the audience for your writing. well the audience for your writing
- #34 串词：You’re now ready to write a first draft of your essay, story, or report. How should you begin? By drafting, you turn your lists, clusters, and other prewriting work into sentences and paragraphs. Your first draft will not be perfect. It’s your first try at presenting your ideas in an order that makes sense and shaping them into paragraphs, where you must achieve unity and coherence.
- #35 串词： The main idea, yourself, determines which details, facts, and examples you include in that piece of writing. You should be able to express your main idea in a topic sentence when you write a paragraph, or in a thesis statement when you write an essay. If you are having trouble expressing your main idea, one strategy is to look at your prewriting notes and allow the idea to emerge from the specific details. Once you’ve pinned down a thesis statement, some of your details will become irrelevant. Other data may be missing, so you will have to return to prewriting and do more research on your topic.
- #36 串词：Coherent writing develops connections between one sentence or paragraph and the next. Sentences and paragraphs must be arranged in a clear, logical order so that thoughts flow smoothly. You observe many of the rules of coherence automatically when you speak or write:
- #37 串词：Focusing on yourself, sentences and paragraphs must be connected in a logical manner, i.e. write coherent paragraphs. In a coherent paragraph, all the sentences are clearly and logically connected to one another. Transition words and phrases, repeated words, synonyms, and pronouns are the “glue” or “mortar” you can use to link together sentences and build a better paragraph.
- #43 Looking at the whole piece of writing rather than just its parts is important when you begin to evaluate and revise. Once your draft is finished, step back and look at it. Does it all go together, or do some parts not belong? Are any parts missing? Are all the parts in order?
- #45 串词：To revise the content of your essay, ask these questions:
- #46 To revise sentences in your writing, ask yourself:
- #48 Just as when a sports car came off the assembly line, someone checked it to see that all its parts held together firmly and all its details were just right.
- #49 串词：You’ve said everything you wanted to say in the best way possible. You’ve fixed all the errors in your writing. Now it’s time to make a clean, neat, legible version and to present your writing to its intended audience. You can find many ways to present your work.串词：The illustration here shows several ways of presenting your work to different audiences. Forms of presentation include a printed report, a speech, a letter, a submission to a school literary magazine, a written invitation, a press release, a dramatic reading, or a banner. Keeping your audience in mind, ask yourself, How can I present my writing to reach this audience? Will visuals help? Anyway, good luck with your presentation!
- #50 还需要和陈菁协商阅读材料