The document discusses different image file formats including JPEG, GIF, and PNG. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each format, noting that JPEG is best for photos while GIF and PNG are better for web use due to support for animation and transparency. The document also covers the differences between server-side and client-side scripting, and provides examples of each. Common JavaScript concepts like data types, operators, loops, and functions are defined. Methods for creating objects and arrays in JavaScript are presented.
JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language used to make webpages interactive. It is lightweight and commonly used as part of web pages. JavaScript can be used to validate user input, provide immediate feedback, and increase interactivity. JavaScript code can output data by writing to HTML elements, using alerts, or writing to the browser console. Key JavaScript concepts include variables, functions, objects, and arrays for storing and manipulating different types of data.
React is a popular JavaScript library used to create user interfaces. It was built at Facebook to address challenges with large-scale, data-driven websites. React emphasizes functional programming over object-oriented programming and uses a virtual DOM for faster rendering. As React and related tools evolve, there can be breaking changes between versions that developers must keep up with by checking documentation. React supports code reusability through components and functions.
This document outlines the objectives of a lecture on JavaScript. It introduces JavaScript, discusses data types, operators, flow control, functions, events, objects, arrays, and the Document Object Model. It provides examples of JavaScript concepts like functions, events, and objects. The document is intended to teach the basics of JavaScript programming.
This document outlines the objectives of a lecture on JavaScript. It will introduce JavaScript, including using script tags and linking external JavaScript files. It will cover JavaScript expressions, operators, functions, flow control, objects, arrays, the Document Object Model, forms, cookies and more. The lecture aims to provide an overview of the JavaScript language and how it is used for client-side scripting.
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages. It is a scripting language that is usually embedded directly into HTML pages and allows for dynamic text, event handling, reading/writing HTML elements, and validating form data. JavaScript supports both client-side and server-side scripting and was originally developed by Netscape under the name LiveScript before being renamed. It provides programming capabilities to HTML authors and allows for dynamic content, user interaction, and validation without server requests.
JavaScript is an interpreted scripting language that is used to make web pages interactive. It allows for client-side scripting which means scripts can be run directly in the browser. JavaScript supports object-oriented programming and event-driven programming. There are two types of scripting - client-side which runs on the browser and server-side which runs on the web server. Common JavaScript looping statements include for loops and while loops, and objects can be created to group data and functions together. The Document Object Model defines the logical structure of documents and allows JavaScript to access and update elements.
JavaScript is a programming language used to make web pages interactive. It runs in browsers and can dynamically manipulate HTML content, validate forms, track user interactions, and more. JavaScript uses objects, properties, methods, events, functions, values, variables, expressions, and operators to perform tasks. Code can be embedded directly in HTML or linked via external files. Common uses of JavaScript include form validation, dynamic content updates, and interactive elements like shopping carts.
This document provides an overview of JavaScript concepts for a course on developing web applications. It discusses JavaScript basics like using <script> tags, .js file extensions, and functions. It also covers if statements, commenting code, and embedding JavaScript directly in HTML or externally in .js files. The document then reviews DOM manipulation using the document object, variables, operators, and if statements. It provides examples of using onclick events to dynamically change HTML. Finally, it briefly introduces AJAX, cookies, and scoping in JavaScript functions.
JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language used to make webpages interactive. It is lightweight and commonly used as part of web pages. JavaScript can be used to validate user input, provide immediate feedback, and increase interactivity. JavaScript code can output data by writing to HTML elements, using alerts, or writing to the browser console. Key JavaScript concepts include variables, functions, objects, and arrays for storing and manipulating different types of data.
React is a popular JavaScript library used to create user interfaces. It was built at Facebook to address challenges with large-scale, data-driven websites. React emphasizes functional programming over object-oriented programming and uses a virtual DOM for faster rendering. As React and related tools evolve, there can be breaking changes between versions that developers must keep up with by checking documentation. React supports code reusability through components and functions.
This document outlines the objectives of a lecture on JavaScript. It introduces JavaScript, discusses data types, operators, flow control, functions, events, objects, arrays, and the Document Object Model. It provides examples of JavaScript concepts like functions, events, and objects. The document is intended to teach the basics of JavaScript programming.
This document outlines the objectives of a lecture on JavaScript. It will introduce JavaScript, including using script tags and linking external JavaScript files. It will cover JavaScript expressions, operators, functions, flow control, objects, arrays, the Document Object Model, forms, cookies and more. The lecture aims to provide an overview of the JavaScript language and how it is used for client-side scripting.
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages. It is a scripting language that is usually embedded directly into HTML pages and allows for dynamic text, event handling, reading/writing HTML elements, and validating form data. JavaScript supports both client-side and server-side scripting and was originally developed by Netscape under the name LiveScript before being renamed. It provides programming capabilities to HTML authors and allows for dynamic content, user interaction, and validation without server requests.
JavaScript is an interpreted scripting language that is used to make web pages interactive. It allows for client-side scripting which means scripts can be run directly in the browser. JavaScript supports object-oriented programming and event-driven programming. There are two types of scripting - client-side which runs on the browser and server-side which runs on the web server. Common JavaScript looping statements include for loops and while loops, and objects can be created to group data and functions together. The Document Object Model defines the logical structure of documents and allows JavaScript to access and update elements.
JavaScript is a programming language used to make web pages interactive. It runs in browsers and can dynamically manipulate HTML content, validate forms, track user interactions, and more. JavaScript uses objects, properties, methods, events, functions, values, variables, expressions, and operators to perform tasks. Code can be embedded directly in HTML or linked via external files. Common uses of JavaScript include form validation, dynamic content updates, and interactive elements like shopping carts.
This document provides an overview of JavaScript concepts for a course on developing web applications. It discusses JavaScript basics like using <script> tags, .js file extensions, and functions. It also covers if statements, commenting code, and embedding JavaScript directly in HTML or externally in .js files. The document then reviews DOM manipulation using the document object, variables, operators, and if statements. It provides examples of using onclick events to dynamically change HTML. Finally, it briefly introduces AJAX, cookies, and scoping in JavaScript functions.
Project First presentation about introduction to technologies to be usedarya krazydude
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Project
2. Introduction to JSP
3. Why use JSP/Advantages
4. Architecture of JSP
5. Life Cycle of JSP.
6. Similarity between JSP & servlet
7. Difference between JSP & Servlet
8. Introduction to MySQL
9. Introduction to HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
The document provides an introduction to JavaScript including definitions of scripting, client-side scripting, and server-side scripting. It discusses how JavaScript code can be placed in HTML files using <script> tags and describes common JavaScript elements like variables, data types, operators, and code structure.
MTA understanding java script and coding essentialsDhairya Joshi
This document provides an overview of JavaScript coding essentials and concepts for managing and maintaining JavaScript and updating the UI. It covers topics such as functions, variables, identifiers, libraries, methods, events, showing/hiding elements, and updating content. Functions are segments of code that execute when invoked, variables store data, and methods are functions associated with objects. Events trigger actions, like onclick handlers. The document also demonstrates how to create simple JavaScript applications and link JavaScript to HTML.
This document provides an overview of JavaScript, including:
- JavaScript can run in browsers without needing Java and is used for client-side scripting. It allows dynamic interactions with web pages.
- JavaScript code can be included inline, embedded in <script> tags, or linked externally from .js files. External is preferred for maintenance.
- Variables, data types, operators, and control structures are explained. Objects are collections of properties and methods.
- Client-side scripting benefits include offloading processing to clients and faster responses to user events. Disadvantages include lack of JavaScript support and cross-browser inconsistencies.
- AJAX made JavaScript more important by enabling asynchronous data requests without blocking the browser.
This document provides an overview of Module 2 of a course on Internet and Web Technology. It covers topics related to JavaScript, including:
- Programming fundamentals of JavaScript like variables, functions, and statements
- Different types of operators in JavaScript like arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators
- Defining and calling functions
- Using built-in functions like alert(), confirm(), and prompt()
- Best practices for writing JavaScript code
Java Script is a scripting language that runs in web browsers to make web pages interactive. It was developed by Netscape in 1995 and runs client-side in the browser. As a scripting language, Java Script code is interpreted by the browser rather than compiled. It supports common data types like numbers, strings, Booleans, and objects. Variables are declared with var and do not require data typing. Java Script includes operators like arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators. It also includes control structures like if/else statements, switch statements, and loops for iteration.
The document discusses various best practices for writing JavaScript code, including placing scripts at the bottom of pages, using meaningful variable and function names, avoiding global variables, and optimizing loops to minimize DOM access. It also covers JavaScript language features like namespaces, data types, and self-executing functions. Finally, it mentions tools for linting, minifying, and bundling code as well as popular integrated development environments for JavaScript development.
This document provides an introduction and overview of keyword search over spatial databases and approximate string matching for spatial queries. It discusses spatial approximate string queries that find objects within a spatial range that have similar descriptions to a query term. It also provides background on technologies like Java Server Pages, Java Script, and communicating with databases from Java.
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that runs in web browsers. It was introduced in 1995 to enable dynamic interactivity on web pages. JavaScript is used to add interactive effects and validate forms on web pages. It is an object-based scripting language that is used to make web pages dynamic. Some key features of JavaScript include being event-driven, platform independent, enabling quick development, and being relatively easy to learn. JavaScript uses variables, operators, functions, and objects to manipulate web page elements and interact with users.
Here are the steps to build a basic servlet project in Java:
1. Create a dynamic web project in your IDE (e.g. Eclipse) and set up the required dependencies like Servlet API jar.
2. Create a class that extends HttpServlet. This will be your servlet class.
3. Implement the init(), doGet(), doPost() and destroy() methods. Add your servlet logic in doGet()/doPost().
4. Map the servlet class to a URL pattern in web.xml deployment descriptor.
5. Deploy the war/ear file to a servlet container like Tomcat and test via browser.
This provides a basic skeleton to get
The document provides information about Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language (DHTML). It discusses that DHTML is not a language itself but a combination of technologies including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and DOM to make web pages dynamic and interactive. It then explains the four main components of DHTML and provides examples of using JavaScript, DOM, events, and CSS to manipulate HTML elements and create dynamic content. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of DHTML.
Javascript allows for the creation of objects through both the literal syntax and constructor functions. The constructor() method is used to initialize object properties and is called automatically when a new object is created. The this keyword refers to the current object and is used within methods to access properties and methods of the object being constructed.
Struts is an open-source MVC framework that makes it easier to develop Java web applications by providing common functionality out of the box. While the Model 2 pattern provides a basic structure, frameworks like Struts standardize development and provide features like validation, tag libraries, and simplified configuration. For large applications, frameworks save development time compared to manually implementing common functionality in each application. Struts uses the Model 2 pattern with interceptors, actions, and results to simplify request processing and forwarding.
Java Server Pages (JSP) allow developers to create dynamic web content by mixing static HTML markup with Java code. JSP pages are translated into Java servlets, providing access to full Java functionality. Key elements of JSP include tags for scripting Java code directly in HTML pages, and directives that control page processing. JSP provides a standard way to create dynamic web applications and interfaces with databases using Java.
This is the first part (out of two) about basics of JavaScript.
01 What is Dynamic HTML?
02 What is JavaScript?
03 How to JavaScript?
04 JavaScript Syntax
05 JavaScript Basics
06 Conditional Statements
TypeScript and Angular2 (Love at first sight)Igor Talevski
“We love TypeScript for many things… With TypeScript, several of our team members have said things like ‘I now actually understand most of our own code!’ because they can easily traverse it and understand relationships much better. And we’ve found several bugs via TypeScript’s checks. “
– Brad Green, Engineering Director - AngularJS
JavaScript is a scripting language that adds interactivity to HTML pages. It is embedded directly into HTML and allows dynamic updating of pages without reloading. JavaScript can react to events, read/write HTML elements, and validate data. AJAX uses JavaScript asynchronously to exchange small amounts of data with a server in the background without reloading the whole page. Common uses include Google Maps, Gmail, YouTube, and Facebook tabs.
My talking points for the presentation on optimization of modern web applications. It is a huge topic, and I concentrated mostly on technical aspects of it.
The document discusses different types of shift registers and counters. It describes serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out shift registers. It also covers asynchronous and synchronous counters such as ripple counters, up/down counters, and mod-N counters. Diagrams and truth tables are provided to illustrate the working of different shift registers and counters.
The document discusses latches and flip-flops. It describes SR latches and how they can be used to make SR flip-flops. It then discusses different types of flip-flops including D, JK, T flip-flops. It explains how SR flip-flops can be converted to these other flip-flops and discusses issues like race conditions in JK flip-flops and how master-slave flip-flops address this issue.
Project First presentation about introduction to technologies to be usedarya krazydude
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Project
2. Introduction to JSP
3. Why use JSP/Advantages
4. Architecture of JSP
5. Life Cycle of JSP.
6. Similarity between JSP & servlet
7. Difference between JSP & Servlet
8. Introduction to MySQL
9. Introduction to HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
The document provides an introduction to JavaScript including definitions of scripting, client-side scripting, and server-side scripting. It discusses how JavaScript code can be placed in HTML files using <script> tags and describes common JavaScript elements like variables, data types, operators, and code structure.
MTA understanding java script and coding essentialsDhairya Joshi
This document provides an overview of JavaScript coding essentials and concepts for managing and maintaining JavaScript and updating the UI. It covers topics such as functions, variables, identifiers, libraries, methods, events, showing/hiding elements, and updating content. Functions are segments of code that execute when invoked, variables store data, and methods are functions associated with objects. Events trigger actions, like onclick handlers. The document also demonstrates how to create simple JavaScript applications and link JavaScript to HTML.
This document provides an overview of JavaScript, including:
- JavaScript can run in browsers without needing Java and is used for client-side scripting. It allows dynamic interactions with web pages.
- JavaScript code can be included inline, embedded in <script> tags, or linked externally from .js files. External is preferred for maintenance.
- Variables, data types, operators, and control structures are explained. Objects are collections of properties and methods.
- Client-side scripting benefits include offloading processing to clients and faster responses to user events. Disadvantages include lack of JavaScript support and cross-browser inconsistencies.
- AJAX made JavaScript more important by enabling asynchronous data requests without blocking the browser.
This document provides an overview of Module 2 of a course on Internet and Web Technology. It covers topics related to JavaScript, including:
- Programming fundamentals of JavaScript like variables, functions, and statements
- Different types of operators in JavaScript like arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators
- Defining and calling functions
- Using built-in functions like alert(), confirm(), and prompt()
- Best practices for writing JavaScript code
Java Script is a scripting language that runs in web browsers to make web pages interactive. It was developed by Netscape in 1995 and runs client-side in the browser. As a scripting language, Java Script code is interpreted by the browser rather than compiled. It supports common data types like numbers, strings, Booleans, and objects. Variables are declared with var and do not require data typing. Java Script includes operators like arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators. It also includes control structures like if/else statements, switch statements, and loops for iteration.
The document discusses various best practices for writing JavaScript code, including placing scripts at the bottom of pages, using meaningful variable and function names, avoiding global variables, and optimizing loops to minimize DOM access. It also covers JavaScript language features like namespaces, data types, and self-executing functions. Finally, it mentions tools for linting, minifying, and bundling code as well as popular integrated development environments for JavaScript development.
This document provides an introduction and overview of keyword search over spatial databases and approximate string matching for spatial queries. It discusses spatial approximate string queries that find objects within a spatial range that have similar descriptions to a query term. It also provides background on technologies like Java Server Pages, Java Script, and communicating with databases from Java.
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that runs in web browsers. It was introduced in 1995 to enable dynamic interactivity on web pages. JavaScript is used to add interactive effects and validate forms on web pages. It is an object-based scripting language that is used to make web pages dynamic. Some key features of JavaScript include being event-driven, platform independent, enabling quick development, and being relatively easy to learn. JavaScript uses variables, operators, functions, and objects to manipulate web page elements and interact with users.
Here are the steps to build a basic servlet project in Java:
1. Create a dynamic web project in your IDE (e.g. Eclipse) and set up the required dependencies like Servlet API jar.
2. Create a class that extends HttpServlet. This will be your servlet class.
3. Implement the init(), doGet(), doPost() and destroy() methods. Add your servlet logic in doGet()/doPost().
4. Map the servlet class to a URL pattern in web.xml deployment descriptor.
5. Deploy the war/ear file to a servlet container like Tomcat and test via browser.
This provides a basic skeleton to get
The document provides information about Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language (DHTML). It discusses that DHTML is not a language itself but a combination of technologies including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and DOM to make web pages dynamic and interactive. It then explains the four main components of DHTML and provides examples of using JavaScript, DOM, events, and CSS to manipulate HTML elements and create dynamic content. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of DHTML.
Javascript allows for the creation of objects through both the literal syntax and constructor functions. The constructor() method is used to initialize object properties and is called automatically when a new object is created. The this keyword refers to the current object and is used within methods to access properties and methods of the object being constructed.
Struts is an open-source MVC framework that makes it easier to develop Java web applications by providing common functionality out of the box. While the Model 2 pattern provides a basic structure, frameworks like Struts standardize development and provide features like validation, tag libraries, and simplified configuration. For large applications, frameworks save development time compared to manually implementing common functionality in each application. Struts uses the Model 2 pattern with interceptors, actions, and results to simplify request processing and forwarding.
Java Server Pages (JSP) allow developers to create dynamic web content by mixing static HTML markup with Java code. JSP pages are translated into Java servlets, providing access to full Java functionality. Key elements of JSP include tags for scripting Java code directly in HTML pages, and directives that control page processing. JSP provides a standard way to create dynamic web applications and interfaces with databases using Java.
This is the first part (out of two) about basics of JavaScript.
01 What is Dynamic HTML?
02 What is JavaScript?
03 How to JavaScript?
04 JavaScript Syntax
05 JavaScript Basics
06 Conditional Statements
TypeScript and Angular2 (Love at first sight)Igor Talevski
“We love TypeScript for many things… With TypeScript, several of our team members have said things like ‘I now actually understand most of our own code!’ because they can easily traverse it and understand relationships much better. And we’ve found several bugs via TypeScript’s checks. “
– Brad Green, Engineering Director - AngularJS
JavaScript is a scripting language that adds interactivity to HTML pages. It is embedded directly into HTML and allows dynamic updating of pages without reloading. JavaScript can react to events, read/write HTML elements, and validate data. AJAX uses JavaScript asynchronously to exchange small amounts of data with a server in the background without reloading the whole page. Common uses include Google Maps, Gmail, YouTube, and Facebook tabs.
My talking points for the presentation on optimization of modern web applications. It is a huge topic, and I concentrated mostly on technical aspects of it.
The document discusses different types of shift registers and counters. It describes serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out shift registers. It also covers asynchronous and synchronous counters such as ripple counters, up/down counters, and mod-N counters. Diagrams and truth tables are provided to illustrate the working of different shift registers and counters.
The document discusses latches and flip-flops. It describes SR latches and how they can be used to make SR flip-flops. It then discusses different types of flip-flops including D, JK, T flip-flops. It explains how SR flip-flops can be converted to these other flip-flops and discusses issues like race conditions in JK flip-flops and how master-slave flip-flops address this issue.
The document discusses various digital logic circuits including half adders, full adders, parallel adders, subtractors, multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, and decoders. It explains the basic concepts and provides examples of implementing 1-bit, 2-bit, 4-bit, and 8-bit versions of these circuits using logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT. Implementation of higher order multiplexers and decoders using lower order building blocks is also covered.
- A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that carries data from one system to another. Signals can be either analog or digital.
- An analog signal has an infinite number of intensity levels over time, while a digital signal can only have a limited number of defined values, often 1 and 0.
- Logic gates are basic building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations. Common logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.
This document discusses various data types in C programming language. It begins by defining what a data type is and then provides examples of common data types like char, int, float, and double. It explains that each data type requires a different amount of memory and has an associated range for storing values. The document then provides a table listing the typical ranges and memory requirements for each data type on a 32-bit compiler. It also includes an example C program demonstrating the usage of different data types.
The document provides an introduction to compiler design, including:
- A compiler converts a program written in a high-level language into machine code. It can run on a different machine than the target.
- Language processing systems like compilers transform high-level code into a form usable by machines through a series of translations.
- A compiler analyzes source code in two main phases - analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase creates an intermediate representation, and the synthesis phase generates target code from that.
- XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language that is designed to store and transport data. It was released in the late 1990s and became a W3C recommendation in 1998.
- XML is not meant to display data like HTML, but rather to carry data. It is designed to be self-descriptive, platform independent, and language independent. Tags are defined by the user rather than being predefined.
- A markup language uses tags to highlight or underline parts of a document. Modern markup languages like XML use tags to replace highlighting and underlining.
The <frame> tag in HTML is used to divide the browser window into multiple frames. Each frame displays a separate HTML document and the tags are not supported in HTML5 as frames cause accessibility and usability issues. Frames were commonly used in the past to divide web pages for navigation menus, headers/footers and content but have been replaced by CSS for layout.
Automata theory deals with logic of computation using simple machines called automata. Automata enables understanding how machines compute functions and solve problems. The main concepts are strings, languages, finite automata, regular expressions, and regular grammars. Finite automata recognize patterns in input strings and transition between states, accepting or rejecting strings. Deterministic finite automata (DFAs) uniquely transition to one state for each input, while non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs) can transition to multiple states. Regular expressions and regular grammars also define regular languages recognized by finite automata.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation of HTML documents, including how elements are displayed on screen, paper, or in other media. The document discusses various CSS properties such as display, background, border, and their values and usage. CSS can control the layout, formatting, and styles of HTML elements and is commonly used alongside HTML and JavaScript to create visually appealing web pages and user interfaces.
The document discusses memory organization and hierarchy in a computer system. It explains that memory hierarchy is used to minimize access time by organizing memory such that frequently used parts are closer to the CPU. It describes the different levels of memory including main memory, cache memory, and auxiliary memory. It provides details on RAM, ROM, and how the computer starts up using the bootstrap loader stored in ROM. It also discusses associative memory and different mapping techniques used to transfer data between main and cache memory such as direct mapping and set-associative mapping.
The document discusses addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division algorithms for signed binary numbers. It describes the process for each operation step-by-step including comparing sign bits, performing the operation, and determining the final result. Hardware implementations for addition/subtraction and multiplication are also covered, showing how the algorithms can be physically realized using components like registers, adders, and shift registers.
The document discusses microprogrammed control in CPUs. It explains that the control unit can be implemented using either hardwired logic or microcode. Microprogramming allows flexible control by storing sequences of microoperations in a control memory. It describes the components of a CPU like registers, ALU, and buses. Common microoperations like push/pop on a register stack are also summarized.
This document discusses register transfer and microoperations. It defines registers, their designations, and how information is transferred between registers. A microoperation is an elementary operation performed on data stored in registers, such as shift, count, clear, and load. Information can be transferred between registers using a replacement operator like R2<-R1. Control functions with conditions like if P=1 can control when a transfer occurs. The document also discusses arithmetic microoperations like addition, subtraction, incrementing and decrementing registers. Binary adders and arithmetic circuits are shown for implementing addition and subtraction.
Testing web applications presents unique challenges compared to traditional software testing. Key areas for web application testing include functionality, user interface, navigation, forms, browser compatibility, security, performance via load and stress testing, databases, and metrics. Thorough testing is needed to ensure applications work across different devices, browsers, and environments with varying bandwidths and firewalls. Web application testing aims to evaluate the application's usability, response time, and ability to handle traffic spikes while providing accurate information to users.
Unit testing involves testing individual software units or modules independently. Integration testing combines units and tests their interfaces and interactions. System testing evaluates the full system against requirements. Acceptance testing is done by customers to determine if they will accept the final product. There are four levels of testing - unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing - each with specific objectives to test the software at different stages.
This document discusses various functional testing techniques, including:
- Boundary value analysis, which tests inputs at minimum, maximum, and nominal values to find faults.
- Equivalence class testing, which divides the input domain into classes and tests one representative from each class.
- Decision table testing, which represents logical relationships between inputs and outputs in a table to derive test cases.
The techniques aim to design test cases that have a higher probability of failure and cover all possible program functionality through a black box approach. Functional testing treats the program as a black box and ignores internal structure.
- "Testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding faults."
- Good testing involves more than just executing a program a few times, including testing all possible paths and inputs. However, exhaustive testing of everything is impossible due to constraints.
- The costs of fixing errors increases drastically from early phases like specification to later phases like testing and maintenance. Early testing helps find errors at lower cost.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
3. • Image Format describes how data related to
the image will be stored.
• Data can be stored in compressed,
Uncompressed or vector format.
• Each format of the image have a different
advantage and disadvantage.
• Image types such a TIFF are good for printing
while JPG or PNG, are best for web.
4. • JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg)
Joint Photographic Experts Group is a loss-prone (lossy)
format in which data is lost to reduce size of image.
Due to compression, some data is lost but that loss is
very less. It is a very common format and are good for
digital cameras, nonprofessional prints, E-Mail,
Powerpoint etc., making it ideal for web use.
• GIF (.gif)
GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are used for
web graphics.They can be animated and are limited to
only 256 colors, can allow for transparency. GIF files
are typically small is size and are portable.
• PNG (.png)
PNG or Portable Network Graphics files are a lossless
image format. It was designed to replace gif format as
gif supported 256 colors unlike PNG which support 16
million colors.
5. Difference between Server Side
Scripting and Client Side Scripting
• 1. Client side scripting :
web browsers execute client side scripting. It is use when
browsers has all code.
• Source code used to transfer from web server to user’s
computer over internet and run directly on browsers. It is
also used for validations and functionality for user events.
• It allows for more interactivity.
• It usually performs several actions without going to user.
• It cannot be basically used to connect to databases on web
server.
• Pages are altered on basis of users choice. It can also used
to create “cookies” that store data on user’s computer
8. • 2. Server side scripting :
Web servers are used to execute server side scripting.
They are basically used to create dynamic pages.
• It can also access the file system residing at web server.
Server-side environment that runs on a scripting
language is a web-server.
• Scripts can be written in any of a number of server-side
scripting language available.
• It is used to retrieve and generate content for dynamic
pages. A dynamic page displays different content for
different users while retaining the same layout and
design
• It is used to require to download plugins. In this load
times are generally faster than client-side scripting.
When you need to store and retrieve information a
database will be used to contain data. It can use huge
resources of server.
• It reduces client-side computation overhead. Server
sends pages to request of user/client.
9. For example in a social media site, if you request info about @myFriend
the server will look up that user and return his profile if found.
10.
11. What is JavaScript
• JavaScript (js) is a light-weight object-oriented
programming language which is used by several
websites for scripting the webpages.
• It is an interpreted, full-fledged programming
language that enables dynamic interactivity on
websites when applied to an HTML document.
• It was introduced in the year 1995 for adding
programs to the webpages in the Netscape
Navigator browser.
• Since then, it has been adopted by all other
graphical web browsers. A process is said to be lightweight if it occupies
less Memory and takes less processor time to
complete.
14. JavaScript Example
The write() method in HTML is used to write some
content or JavaScript code in a Document. This method
is mostly used for testing purpose.
15. JavaScript Example
• Javascript example is easy to code.
• JavaScript provides 3 places to put the
JavaScript code: within body tag, within head
tag and external JavaScript file.
• Let’s create the first JavaScript example.
16. • The text/javascript is the content type that
provides information to the browser about the
data.
• The document.write() function is used to
display dynamic content through JavaScript.
We will learn about document object in detail
later.
17. 3 Places to put JavaScript code
1. Between the body tag of html
2. Between the head tag of html
3. In .js file (external javaScript)
18. 1) JavaScript Example : code between
the body tag
• In the above example, we have displayed the
dynamic content using JavaScript.
• Let’s see the simple example of JavaScript that
displays alert dialog box
19.
20.
21. 2) JavaScript Example : code between
the head tag
• Let’s see the same example of displaying alert
dialog box of JavaScript that is contained
inside the head tag.
• In this example, we are creating a function
msg().
• To create function in JavaScript, you need to
write function with function_name as given
below.
• To call function, you need to work on event.
Here we are using onclick event to call msg()
function.
25. 3. External JavaScript file
• We can create external JavaScript file and
embed it in many html page.
• It provides code re usability because single
JavaScript file can be used in several html
pages.
• An external JavaScript file must be saved by .js
extension. It is recommended to embed all
JavaScript files into a single file. It increases
the speed of the webpage.
26. • Let's create an external JavaScript file that
prints Hello Javatpoint in a alert dialog box.
message.js
function msg(){
alert("Hello JavatScript");
}
• Let's include the JavaScript file into html page.
• It calls the JavaScript function on button click.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. JavaScript String replace() Method
• The JavaScript string replace() method is used
to replace a part of a given string with a new
substring.
• This method searches for specified regular
expression in a given string and then replace it
if the match occurs.
• We can use global search modifier with
replace() method to replace all the match
elements otherwise the method replace only
first match. JavaScript also provides ignore flag
to make the method case-insensitive.
32.
33. Parameter
• originalstr - It represents the string to be
searched and replaced.
• Newstr - It represents the new string that
replaced with the searched string.
34.
35.
36.
37. JavaScript String charAt() Method
• The JavaScript string charAt() method is used
to find out a char value present at the
specified index in a string.
• The index number starts from 0 and goes to n-
1, where n is the length of the string.
• The index value can't be a negative, greater
than or equal to the length of the string.
42. JavaScript Math abs() method
• The JavaScript math abs() method returns an
absolute value of a given number.
• The abs() is a static method of Math.
48. JavaScript Date getDate() method
• The JavaScript date getDate() method returns
the day for the specified date on the basis of
local time.
49.
50.
51. Difference between var and let in
JavaScript
• var and let are both used for variable
declaration in javascript but the difference
between them is that var is function scoped
and let is block scoped.
It can be said that a variable declared with var
is defined throughout the program as
compared to let.
55. Javascript Data Types
• JavaScript provides different data types to
hold different types of values.
• There are two types of data types in
JavaScript.
1. Primitive data type
2. Non-primitive (reference) data type
56. • JavaScript is a dynamic type language, means
you don't need to specify type of the variable
because it is dynamically used by JavaScript
engine.
• You need to use var here to specify the data
type.
• It can hold any type of values such as
numbers, strings etc.
• For example:
57. JavaScript primitive data types
• There are five types of primitive data types in
JavaScript.
• They are as follows:
70. JavaScript Arithmetic Operators
• Arithmetic operators are used to perform
arithmetic operations on the operands.
• The following operators are known as
JavaScript arithmetic operators.
71.
72. JavaScript Comparison Operators
• The JavaScript comparison operator compares
the two operands.
• The comparison operators are as follows:
73.
74.
75. JavaScript Bitwise Operators
• The bitwise operators perform bitwise
operations on operands.
• The bitwise operators are as follows:
98. JavaScript Loops
• The JavaScript loops are used to iterate the
piece of code using for, while, do while or for-
in loops.
• It makes the code compact.
• It is mostly used in array.
• There are four types of loops in JavaScript.
1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do-while loop
4. for-in loop
99. 1) JavaScript For loop
• The JavaScript for loop iterates the elements
for the fixed number of times.
• It should be used if number of iteration is
known.
• The syntax of for loop is given below.
100. Let’s see the simple example of for
loop in javascript.
101.
102. 2) JavaScript while loop
• The JavaScript while loop iterates the
elements for the infinite number of times.
• It should be used if number of iteration is not
known.
• The syntax of while loop is given below.
103. Let’s see the simple example of while
loop in javascript.
104.
105. 3) JavaScript do while loop
• The JavaScript do while loop iterates the
elements for the infinite number of times like
while loop.
• But, code is executed at least once whether
condition is true or false.
• The syntax of do while loop is given below.
106. Let’s see the simple example of do
while loop in javascript.
107.
108. 4) JavaScript for in loop
• The JavaScript for in loop is used to iterate the
properties of an object.
109.
110.
111. JavaScript Functions
• JavaScript functions are used to perform
operations.
• We can call JavaScript function many times to
reuse the code.
• Advantage of JavaScript function
• There are mainly two advantages of JavaScript
functions.
• Code reusability:
• We can call a function several times so it save
coding.
• Less coding:
• It makes our program compact.
• We don’t need to write many lines of code each
time to perform a common task.
112.
113. • where, function_name represents the name
of the function and parameter-1, ... ,
parameter-n represents list of parameters.
114. JavaScript Function Syntax
• The syntax of declaring function is given
below.
JavaScript Functions can have 0 or more arguments.
119. JavaScript Function Arguments
• We can call function by passing arguments.
Let’s see the example of function that has one
argument.
120.
121.
122.
123. Function with Return Value
• We can call function that returns a value and
use it in our program.
• Let’s see the example of function that returns
value.
124.
125.
126. Using Iterative approach
• Here, we are iterating a loop over the
sequence of numbers to get the factorial of a
given number.
• Using this approach, the consumption of
memory is less than the recursive
implementation.
• But the code is lengthier than the recursive
method.
127. Example
• In this example, there is a text field that
requires a number and a button, which gives
us the factorial of the entered number.
• We have to enter a number in the given
textfield to find the factorial of that number.
• Then we need to click the given button
named Factorial to get the result.
• If we enter a negative number, then the
program calculates the factorial of 0, which
is 1.
132. Using Recursive approach
• In this approach, we are using recursion to
calculate the factorial of a number.
• Here, we call same function again and again to
get the factorial. Using recursion, we have to
code less than the iterative approach.
• Now, we will see an example of finding the
factorial of number using recursion in
JavaScript.
133. Example
• Here there is a function fact(), which accepts a
parameter num. It is a number for which we
need to calculate the factorial.
• The function returns 1 when the value
of num is 0.
• In the output we will see a text field that
requires number and a button which gives us
the factorial of the entered number.
• We have to enter a number in the given
textfield to find the factorial of that number.
Then we need to click the given button named
as Factorial to get the result.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142. JavaScript Objects
• A javaScript object is an entity having state
and behavior (properties and method).
• For example: car, pen, bike, chair, glass,
keyboard, monitor etc.
• JavaScript is an object-based language.
Everything is an object in JavaScript.
• JavaScript is template based not class based.
Here, we don't create class to get the object.
But, we direct create objects.
143.
144.
145. Creating Objects in JavaScript
• There are 3 ways to create objects.
1. By object literal
2. By creating instance of Object directly (using
new keyword)
3. By using an object constructor (using new
keyword)
146. 1) JavaScript Object by object literal
• The syntax of creating object using object
literal is given below:
As you can see, property and value is separated by : (colon).
147.
148.
149. 2) By creating instance of Object
• The syntax of creating object directly is given
below:
150.
151.
152. 3) By using an Object constructor
• Here, you need to create function with
arguments.
• Each argument value can be assigned in the
current object by using this keyword.
• The this keyword refers to the current object.
• The example of creating object by object
constructor is given below.
153.
154.
155. Defining method in JavaScript Object
• We can define method in JavaScript object.
But before defining method, we need to add
property in the function with same name as
method.
• The example of defining method in object is
given below.
156.
157.
158. JavaScript Array
• JavaScript array is an object that represents a
collection of similar type of elements.
• There are 3 ways to construct array in
JavaScript
1. By array literal
2. By creating instance of Array directly (using
new keyword)
3. By using an Array constructor (using new
keyword)
159. 1) JavaScript array literal
• The syntax of creating array using array literal
is given below:
As you can see, values are contained inside [ ] and
separated by , (comma).
Note: Literals are constant values that can be assigned to the
variables
160. • Let's see the simple example of creating and
using array in JavaScript
162. 2) JavaScript Array directly (new
keyword)
• The syntax of creating array directly is given
below:
• Here, new keyword is used to create instance
of array.
165. 3) JavaScript array constructor (new
keyword)
• Here, you need to create instance of array by
passing arguments in constructor so that we
don't have to provide value explicitly.
166. The example of creating object by
array constructor is given below.
168. Array Methods
• The following table lists the standard methods
of the Array object.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186. JavaScript Built-in Objects
• Built-in Objects
• Built-in objects are not related to any Window
or DOM object model.
• These objects are used for simple data
processing in the JavaScript.
203. JavaScript Events
• The change in the state of an object is known as
an Event.
• In html, there are various events which represents that
some activity is performed by the user or by the
browser.
• When javascript code is included in HTML, js react over
these events and allow the execution. This process of
reacting over the events is called Event Handling.
• Thus, js handles the HTML events via Event Handlers.
• For example, when a user clicks over the browser, add
js code, which will execute the task to be performed on
the event.
• Some of the HTML events and their event handlers are:
229. JavaScript addEventListener()
• The addEventListener() method is used to attach
an event handler to a particular element.
• It does not override the existing event handlers.
Events are said to be an essential part of the
JavaScript.
• A web page responds according to the event that
occurred.
• Events can be user-generated or generated by
API's. An event listener is a JavaScript's procedure
that waits for the occurrence of an event.
• The addEventListener() method is an inbuilt
function of JavaScript. We can add multiple event
handlers to a particular element without
overwriting the existing event handlers.
232. Example
• It is a simple example of using the
addEventListener() method.
• We have to click the given HTML button to see
the effect.
233.
234.
235.
236. • Now, in the next example we will see how to
add many events to the same element
without overwriting the existing events.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241. Example
• In this example, we are adding multiple events
of a different type to the same element.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246. Using JavaScript
• In this example, we are using
JavaScript's onclick event.
• Here we are using the onclick event with the
paragraph element.
• When the user clicks on
the paragraph element, the corresponding
function will get executed, and the text of the
paragraph gets changed.
• On clicking the <p> element, the background
color, size, border, and color of the text will
also get change.
247.
248.
249.
250. Using addEventListener() method
• In this example, we are using
JavaScript's addEventListener() method to
attach a click event to the paragraph element.
• When the user clicks the paragraph element,
the text of the paragraph gets changed.
• On clicking the paragraph, the background
color and font-size of elements will also
change.
251.
252.
253.
254. Window Object
• The window object represents a window in
browser.
• An object of window is created automatically
by the browser.
• Window is the object of browser, it is not the
object of javascript.
• The javascript objects are string, array, date
etc.
275. What is CSS
• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
• It is a style sheet language which is used to
describe the look and formatting of a document
written in markup language.
• It provides an additional feature to HTML.
• It is generally used with HTML to change the
style of web pages and user interfaces.
• It can also be used with any kind of XML
documents including plain XML, SVG and XUL.
• CSS is used along with HTML and JavaScript in
most websites to create user interfaces for web
applications and user interfaces for many mobile
applications.
276. • The major points of CSS are given below:
• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet.
• CSS is used to design HTML tags.
• CSS is a widely used language on the web.
• HTML, CSS and JavaScript are used for web
designing.
• It helps the web designers to apply style on
HTML tags.
279. CSS Syntax
• A CSS rule set contains a selector and a
declaration block.
280. • Selector:
• Selector indicates the HTML element you want
to style.
• It could be any tag like <h1>, <title> etc.
• Declaration Block:
• The declaration block can contain one or more
declarations separated by a semicolon.
• For the above example, there are two
declarations:
• color: yellow;
• font-size: 11 px;
281. • Each declaration contains a property name
and value, separated by a colon.
Property:
• A Property is a type of attribute of HTML
element.
• It could be color, border etc.
Value:
• Values are assigned to CSS properties.
• In the above example, value "yellow" is
assigned to color property.
282. CSS Selector
• CSS selectors are used to select the content
you want to style.
• Selectors are the part of CSS rule set.
• CSS selectors select HTML elements according
to its id, class, type, attribute etc.
283. • There are several different types of selectors
in CSS.
1. CSS Element Selector
2. CSS Id Selector
3. CSS Class Selector
4. CSS Universal Selector
5. CSS Group Selector
284. 1) CSS Element Selector
• The element selector selects the HTML
element by name.
285.
286.
287. 2) CSS Id Selector
• The id selector selects the id attribute of an
HTML element to select a specific element.
• An id is always unique within the page so it is
chosen to select a single, unique element.
• It is written with the hash character (#),
followed by the id of the element.
• Let?s take an example with the id "para1".
288.
289.
290. 3) CSS Class Selector
• The class selector selects HTML elements with
a specific class attribute.
• It is used with a period character .
(full stop symbol) followed by the class name.
291.
292.
293. CSS Class Selector for specific element
• If you want to specify that only one specific
HTML element should be affected then you
should use the element name with class
selector.
• Let's see an example.
294.
295.
296. 4) CSS Universal Selector
• The universal selector is used as a wildcard
character.
• It selects all the elements on the pages.
297.
298.
299. 5) CSS Group Selector
• The grouping selector is used to select all the
elements with the same style definitions.
• Grouping selector is used to minimize the
code. Commas are used to separate each
selector in grouping.
• Let's see the CSS code without group selector.
300.
301. • As you can see, you need to define CSS
properties for all the elements.
• It can be grouped in following ways:
302.
303.
304. How to add CSS
• CSS is added to HTML pages to format the
document according to information in the
style sheet.
• There are three ways to insert CSS in HTML
documents.
1. Inline CSS
2. Internal CSS
3. External CSS
305. 1) Inline CSS
• Inline CSS is used to apply CSS on a single line
or element.
306. • Inline CSS: Inline CSS contains the CSS
property in the body section attached with
element is known as inline CSS.
• This kind of style is specified within an HTML
tag using the style attribute.
311. Disadvantages of Inline CSS
• You cannot use quotations within inline CSS.
• If you use quotations the browser will
interpret this as an end of your style value.
• These styles cannot be reused anywhere else.
• These styles are tough to be edited because
they are not stored at a single place.
• It is not possible to style pseudo-codes and
pseudo-classes with inline CSS.
• Inline CSS does not provide browser cache
advantages.
312. 2) Internal CSS
• Internal CSS is used to apply CSS on a single
document or page.
• It can affect all the elements of the page.
• It is written inside the style tag within head
section of html.
• For example:
313. • Internal or Embedded CSS:
• This can be used when a single HTML
document must be styled uniquely.
• The CSS rule set should be within the HTML
file in the head section i.e the CSS is
embedded within the HTML file.
318. 3) External CSS
• External CSS is used to apply CSS on multiple
pages or all pages.
• Here, we write all the CSS code in a css file.
• Its extension must be .css for example
style.css.
319.
320. • External CSS:
• External CSS contains separate CSS file which
contains only style property with the help of
tag attributes (For example class, id, heading,
… etc).
• CSS property written in a separate file with
.css extension and should be linked to the
HTML document using link tag.
• This means that for each element, style can be
set only once and that will be applied across
web pages.
348. Advantages of CSS
• Saves time: It allows you define a style for
each HTML element. You can apply this style
to as many web pages as you want.
• Easy maintenance: You can easily update
document formatting and maintain
consistency in multiple documents.
• Faster page loading: It allows multiple pages
to share formatting that reduces file transfer
size which helps pages load faster.
349. • Platform Independence:
• It offers platform independence and also
supports the latest browsers.
• Multiple device compatibility:
• It allows you optimize content for more than
one type of devices.
• You can present a HTML document in
different viewing styles for different devices
like computer, cell phone and printer.
350. Superior styles to HTML:
It has more presentation capabilities than HTML.
It allows you enhance the look of your HTML
pages better than using HTML presentational
elements and attributes.