In chapter 1 we discuss the all important lowest layer of the atmosphere, called the troposphere. In the beginning of chapter 2 we are discussing the basics of weather forecasting….the clouds.
Weather2020 Long Range Forecasting Weather SchoolGary Lezak
This document provides an introduction to meteorology and weather forecasting from 1 day to 200 days into the future. It discusses Gary Lezak's background and the Lezak Recurring Cycle technology. The first chapter discusses the troposphere, including its composition and temperature profile. It notes that 99% of water vapor and 75% of atmospheric mass is contained within the troposphere. Chapter 1 also uses cumulonimbus clouds to visualize the top of the troposphere. Chapter 2 begins covering cloud types, how they form through condensation, and the role of condensation nuclei. It presents the 10 basic cloud types in 3 categories and provides examples of stratus and altostratus clouds.
Weather2020 Long Range Forecasting Weather School Chapters 1 & 2Gary Lezak
This document provides an introduction to meteorology and weather forecasting from 1 day to 200 days into the future. It begins with an overview of meteorologist Gary Lezak's background and forecasting approach using the Lezak Recurring Cycle technology. The document then covers the following key points in subsequent chapters:
- Chapter 1 discusses the atmosphere, specifically the troposphere where weather occurs. It notes the troposphere extends 5-13 miles high and its temperature decreases with height.
- Chapter 2 introduces cloud types as the basics of forecasting. It explains cloud formation through the water cycle and need for condensation nuclei. The 10 main cloud types are defined by their low, middle, and high levels
A tropical storm forms from warm moist air and ocean winds blowing in different directions due to the Earth's rotation. Tropical storms have winds between 39-74 mph and cause heavy rain and big waves. They can intensify into hurricanes, and 2005 saw a record number of named tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin. On average, there are around 11 tropical storms and 6 hurricanes each year.
The document discusses the weather and atmosphere. It defines key weather concepts like air temperature, air pressure, and wind. It explains that the atmosphere is made up of different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It describes how the sun heats the air and Earth's surface, causing air temperature to vary between day and night and across locations. Air pressure is defined as the pressing down force of air on Earth. Wind is moving air from high to low pressure areas. When different air masses meet, it is often cloudy, rainy, or stormy.
The document discusses the relationship between altitude and temperature in Earth's atmosphere. It describes how the atmosphere is made up of different layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The main points are:
1) Temperature decreases with increasing altitude in the troposphere and mesosphere, but increases with altitude in the stratosphere and thermosphere.
2) Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude, as there is less air above to exert pressure. The troposphere experiences all weather phenomena and contains almost all air.
3) The atmosphere regulates temperature and protects the Earth, providing gases for life and shielding from radiation and meteors.
1. The document lists four names: Elsa Maharani, Esti Ratnasari, Putri Ayu, and Rifqannisa Divaby.
2. Mammatus clouds do not produce severe weather by themselves, but are often associated with large thunderstorm clouds. They form on the underside of the anvil cloud portion of a thunderstorm.
3. Mammatus clouds form when ice crystals that were lifted high into the thunderstorm cloud begin sinking below the main cloud, creating pouches underneath the anvil cloud base.
The document is a quiz about the atmosphere and weather. It covers topics like the greenhouse effect, different methods of heat transfer, wind patterns, cloud formation, air pressure, and layers of the atmosphere. Questions are multiple choice or require short answers about concepts such as what absorbs UV radiation, how convection works, types of winds, and tools used to measure temperature and pressure.
Weather2020 Long Range Forecasting Weather SchoolGary Lezak
This document provides an introduction to meteorology and weather forecasting from 1 day to 200 days into the future. It discusses Gary Lezak's background and the Lezak Recurring Cycle technology. The first chapter discusses the troposphere, including its composition and temperature profile. It notes that 99% of water vapor and 75% of atmospheric mass is contained within the troposphere. Chapter 1 also uses cumulonimbus clouds to visualize the top of the troposphere. Chapter 2 begins covering cloud types, how they form through condensation, and the role of condensation nuclei. It presents the 10 basic cloud types in 3 categories and provides examples of stratus and altostratus clouds.
Weather2020 Long Range Forecasting Weather School Chapters 1 & 2Gary Lezak
This document provides an introduction to meteorology and weather forecasting from 1 day to 200 days into the future. It begins with an overview of meteorologist Gary Lezak's background and forecasting approach using the Lezak Recurring Cycle technology. The document then covers the following key points in subsequent chapters:
- Chapter 1 discusses the atmosphere, specifically the troposphere where weather occurs. It notes the troposphere extends 5-13 miles high and its temperature decreases with height.
- Chapter 2 introduces cloud types as the basics of forecasting. It explains cloud formation through the water cycle and need for condensation nuclei. The 10 main cloud types are defined by their low, middle, and high levels
A tropical storm forms from warm moist air and ocean winds blowing in different directions due to the Earth's rotation. Tropical storms have winds between 39-74 mph and cause heavy rain and big waves. They can intensify into hurricanes, and 2005 saw a record number of named tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin. On average, there are around 11 tropical storms and 6 hurricanes each year.
The document discusses the weather and atmosphere. It defines key weather concepts like air temperature, air pressure, and wind. It explains that the atmosphere is made up of different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It describes how the sun heats the air and Earth's surface, causing air temperature to vary between day and night and across locations. Air pressure is defined as the pressing down force of air on Earth. Wind is moving air from high to low pressure areas. When different air masses meet, it is often cloudy, rainy, or stormy.
The document discusses the relationship between altitude and temperature in Earth's atmosphere. It describes how the atmosphere is made up of different layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The main points are:
1) Temperature decreases with increasing altitude in the troposphere and mesosphere, but increases with altitude in the stratosphere and thermosphere.
2) Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude, as there is less air above to exert pressure. The troposphere experiences all weather phenomena and contains almost all air.
3) The atmosphere regulates temperature and protects the Earth, providing gases for life and shielding from radiation and meteors.
1. The document lists four names: Elsa Maharani, Esti Ratnasari, Putri Ayu, and Rifqannisa Divaby.
2. Mammatus clouds do not produce severe weather by themselves, but are often associated with large thunderstorm clouds. They form on the underside of the anvil cloud portion of a thunderstorm.
3. Mammatus clouds form when ice crystals that were lifted high into the thunderstorm cloud begin sinking below the main cloud, creating pouches underneath the anvil cloud base.
The document is a quiz about the atmosphere and weather. It covers topics like the greenhouse effect, different methods of heat transfer, wind patterns, cloud formation, air pressure, and layers of the atmosphere. Questions are multiple choice or require short answers about concepts such as what absorbs UV radiation, how convection works, types of winds, and tools used to measure temperature and pressure.
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere nearest to Earth's surface, containing 90% of water vapor and dust particles. Clouds, winds, rain, snow, and storms originate in this layer. Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere, which extends to 50 km, contains ozone but little water vapor or dust, and has a constant lower temperature increasing at the top. Above that is the mesosphere, reaching 80 km and cooling with height, reaching a minimum of -83°C at the top. Above this is the thermosphere from 80-650 km, the lower part of which is the ionosphere.
The document provides an overview of key concepts to learn about the atmosphere including its layers, composition, air pressure, weather factors like heat transfer and winds, clouds, and electromagnetic radiation from the sun. It includes review questions testing understanding of these concepts like what absorbs ultraviolet radiation, the greenhouse effect, types of heat transfer, what causes wind, tools to measure variables, and more.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a thin layer of air that protects the planet and regulates its temperature. The original atmosphere contained mostly carbon dioxide and nitrogen with little oxygen, but as organisms evolved and released oxygen through photosynthesis, oxygen levels rose. Today the atmosphere is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. It also contains small particles and varies in temperature and pressure at different layers. The ozone layer shields the surface from UV rays but is threatened by pollutants. Heat transfers through conduction, convection and radiation in the atmosphere and water cycles between atmosphere and hydrosphere through evaporation and condensation. Uneven heating drives global wind patterns that influence climate and weather.
The atmosphere is composed of four main layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which protects the Earth from UV radiation. The thermosphere is the hottest layer due to absorption of solar radiation.
The document discusses key concepts about the atmosphere, including its composition and structure. It varies spatially, affecting climate and weather conditions globally and regionally. Students should understand the atmosphere's effects on radiation receipt, energy redistribution through atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and global climate change. They should also understand air mass origins and movements and their impacts on climates, such as in tropical Africa. Students need skills in interpreting climatic maps, diagrams, graphs, and constructing and analyzing climate graphs.
Earthquakes occur when stress causes rocks within the Earth's crust to rapidly fault or fracture, releasing energy. They originate at a focus below the surface and the point directly above on the surface is called the epicenter. By measuring the arrival times of P and S waves from an earthquake at three different seismograph locations, triangulation can be used to locate the epicenter on a map. The Earth has a solid crust and mantle underlain by a liquid outer core and solid inner core, with increasing temperatures and densities toward the center.
The document discusses the Earth's atmosphere, including its composition and structure. It notes that the atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, and also contains trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. The atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - with the troposphere being the lowest layer where weather occurs and we breathe. Each higher layer extends further from the Earth's surface, with the thermosphere aiding radio transmission and the exosphere being where light gases escape into space.
The atmosphere is composed of several layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer varies in temperature and composition as altitude increases. The troposphere contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation and provides protection. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor trap heat in the lower atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global climate change.
The document summarizes the layers of Earth's atmosphere. It begins with the troposphere, the lowest layer where weather occurs and life exists. Above is the stratosphere where temperature increases with altitude due to ozone absorption. Next is the mesosphere where temperatures decrease with altitude to as low as -143°C. The thermosphere follows, with temperatures reaching 2000°C from solar radiation. The outermost layer is the exosphere, where molecules can escape into space. The greenhouse effect is also mentioned, where gases trap heat radiating from the surface.
This document discusses meteorology and cloud classification. It begins with definitions of clouds and their formation processes. Clouds are classified into four main categories (high, middle, low, vertically developed clouds) based on their heights and appearances. Key cloud types like cumulus, stratus, cirrus and cumulonimbus are described in detail. Cumulonimbus clouds can develop into large vertically structures and pose aviation hazards. The document concludes with references on meteorology.
This document outlines learning objectives and outcomes about factors that influence solar insolation and temperature. It discusses how insolation decreases with increasing latitude from the equator to the poles. Other factors like the sun's distance, angle, and day length are covered. The effects of latitude, altitude, and temperature inversions on atmospheric heating are summarized. Examples of temperature inversions trapping pollutants in Mexico City are provided. The homework asks students to study climate graphs for cities at different latitudes.
The document summarizes the different layers of Earth's atmosphere:
- The troposphere is the lowest layer where all weather occurs, containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass.
- The stratosphere contains the ozone layer and is free of weather.
- The mesosphere is the coldest layer where many meteors burn up seen as shooting stars.
- Above this is the ionosphere within the thermosphere that extends up to 400km.
- The exosphere, the outermost layer, extends outward from the thermosphere for thousands of miles.
The atmosphere is composed of several layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer varies in temperature and composition as altitude increases. The troposphere contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation and allows life to exist on Earth. Rising levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and leading to issues like global climate change.
The document discusses the layers of the Earth's atmosphere and their properties. It also describes how hot air balloons are able to fly by harnessing the principle that warmer air rises above cooler air. Additionally, it explains the greenhouse effect and how the atmosphere traps heat from the sun, maintaining temperatures suitable for life.
The Earth's atmosphere is known as the gas layer, commonly known as air, which is maintained around the Earth's planet and by the gravity of the Earth. Earth's atmosphere creates pressure for liquid water on the surface of the Earth, protects the Earth's atmosphere, absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, warms the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect) and decreases the temperature of the temperature (daily temperature variation) between day and night.
The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by gravity. It protects life by absorbing UV rays, provides warmth through the greenhouse effect, and moderates temperature extremes. The ozone layer located 15-35km above the surface protects the Earth from UV rays by absorbing most of them. Weather occurs over short periods of time, while climate describes patterns over 30+ years and determines temperature and precipitation averages. Climate is influenced by several factors like latitude, altitude, distance from oceans, wind and pressure systems, and ocean currents.
The atmosphere is composed of several layers that protect the Earth. It is made up primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) as well as trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. The layers include the troposphere closest to the surface, the stratosphere above it that contains the ozone layer, the mesosphere above that which is the coldest layer, and the thermosphere, the hottest layer extending from 85-500km. Each layer varies in temperature, with the troposphere cooling with altitude and the stratosphere warming due to ozone before temperatures decrease again in the mesosphere and increase greatly in the thermosphere and exosphere.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It discusses how the atmosphere is divided into distinct layers based on temperature, with the troposphere and stratosphere making up most of the lower atmosphere. It also outlines some key functions of the atmosphere in stabilizing Earth's temperature, protecting the planet, and enabling life and transportation.
The distance between the sun and earth is 150,000,000,000 metres. Light travels at 300,000 km per second, and light year is the distance light travels in one year which is about 9.5x1015 metres. The document also provides comparative sizes and masses of planets in our solar system.
This document summarizes a study on the photo polymerization of butyl acrylate sensitized by fluoroscein sodium in an aqueous solution using β-cyclodextrin as a host molecule. The polymerization was carried out in a citrate-phosphate buffer and ascorbic acid medium with UV light irradiation. The effect of various parameters like monomer concentration, dye concentration, temperature, and time on the polymerization rate and conversion were examined. The polymerization rate and conversion were higher when butyl acrylate was complexed with β-cyclodextrin compared to the uncomplexed monomer. A mechanism involving dye excitation, radical formation through hydrogen abstraction, initiation, propagation and termination steps was proposed based on the
Nadiah binti Abdul Ghapar has over 10 years of experience in management, tendering, marketing, procurement, and project engineering roles in manufacturing and construction companies. She has a proven track record of securing numerous orders and projects on time and within budget, including over 70 orders totaling millions in revenue over 3 years at her previous companies. Her expertise includes managing entire product development lifecycles, developing proposals, cost estimation, purchasing, and project scheduling.
This document outlines the planning and risk assessment for a student photography project to create a music magazine. It includes details on locations, permission from subjects, potential hazards, health and safety regulations, intellectual property considerations, and examples of press code violations. Compliance with regulations around risk assessment, permissions, and ethics are emphasized.
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere nearest to Earth's surface, containing 90% of water vapor and dust particles. Clouds, winds, rain, snow, and storms originate in this layer. Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere, which extends to 50 km, contains ozone but little water vapor or dust, and has a constant lower temperature increasing at the top. Above that is the mesosphere, reaching 80 km and cooling with height, reaching a minimum of -83°C at the top. Above this is the thermosphere from 80-650 km, the lower part of which is the ionosphere.
The document provides an overview of key concepts to learn about the atmosphere including its layers, composition, air pressure, weather factors like heat transfer and winds, clouds, and electromagnetic radiation from the sun. It includes review questions testing understanding of these concepts like what absorbs ultraviolet radiation, the greenhouse effect, types of heat transfer, what causes wind, tools to measure variables, and more.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a thin layer of air that protects the planet and regulates its temperature. The original atmosphere contained mostly carbon dioxide and nitrogen with little oxygen, but as organisms evolved and released oxygen through photosynthesis, oxygen levels rose. Today the atmosphere is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. It also contains small particles and varies in temperature and pressure at different layers. The ozone layer shields the surface from UV rays but is threatened by pollutants. Heat transfers through conduction, convection and radiation in the atmosphere and water cycles between atmosphere and hydrosphere through evaporation and condensation. Uneven heating drives global wind patterns that influence climate and weather.
The atmosphere is composed of four main layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which protects the Earth from UV radiation. The thermosphere is the hottest layer due to absorption of solar radiation.
The document discusses key concepts about the atmosphere, including its composition and structure. It varies spatially, affecting climate and weather conditions globally and regionally. Students should understand the atmosphere's effects on radiation receipt, energy redistribution through atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and global climate change. They should also understand air mass origins and movements and their impacts on climates, such as in tropical Africa. Students need skills in interpreting climatic maps, diagrams, graphs, and constructing and analyzing climate graphs.
Earthquakes occur when stress causes rocks within the Earth's crust to rapidly fault or fracture, releasing energy. They originate at a focus below the surface and the point directly above on the surface is called the epicenter. By measuring the arrival times of P and S waves from an earthquake at three different seismograph locations, triangulation can be used to locate the epicenter on a map. The Earth has a solid crust and mantle underlain by a liquid outer core and solid inner core, with increasing temperatures and densities toward the center.
The document discusses the Earth's atmosphere, including its composition and structure. It notes that the atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, and also contains trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. The atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - with the troposphere being the lowest layer where weather occurs and we breathe. Each higher layer extends further from the Earth's surface, with the thermosphere aiding radio transmission and the exosphere being where light gases escape into space.
The atmosphere is composed of several layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer varies in temperature and composition as altitude increases. The troposphere contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation and provides protection. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor trap heat in the lower atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global climate change.
The document summarizes the layers of Earth's atmosphere. It begins with the troposphere, the lowest layer where weather occurs and life exists. Above is the stratosphere where temperature increases with altitude due to ozone absorption. Next is the mesosphere where temperatures decrease with altitude to as low as -143°C. The thermosphere follows, with temperatures reaching 2000°C from solar radiation. The outermost layer is the exosphere, where molecules can escape into space. The greenhouse effect is also mentioned, where gases trap heat radiating from the surface.
This document discusses meteorology and cloud classification. It begins with definitions of clouds and their formation processes. Clouds are classified into four main categories (high, middle, low, vertically developed clouds) based on their heights and appearances. Key cloud types like cumulus, stratus, cirrus and cumulonimbus are described in detail. Cumulonimbus clouds can develop into large vertically structures and pose aviation hazards. The document concludes with references on meteorology.
This document outlines learning objectives and outcomes about factors that influence solar insolation and temperature. It discusses how insolation decreases with increasing latitude from the equator to the poles. Other factors like the sun's distance, angle, and day length are covered. The effects of latitude, altitude, and temperature inversions on atmospheric heating are summarized. Examples of temperature inversions trapping pollutants in Mexico City are provided. The homework asks students to study climate graphs for cities at different latitudes.
The document summarizes the different layers of Earth's atmosphere:
- The troposphere is the lowest layer where all weather occurs, containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass.
- The stratosphere contains the ozone layer and is free of weather.
- The mesosphere is the coldest layer where many meteors burn up seen as shooting stars.
- Above this is the ionosphere within the thermosphere that extends up to 400km.
- The exosphere, the outermost layer, extends outward from the thermosphere for thousands of miles.
The atmosphere is composed of several layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer varies in temperature and composition as altitude increases. The troposphere contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation and allows life to exist on Earth. Rising levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and leading to issues like global climate change.
The document discusses the layers of the Earth's atmosphere and their properties. It also describes how hot air balloons are able to fly by harnessing the principle that warmer air rises above cooler air. Additionally, it explains the greenhouse effect and how the atmosphere traps heat from the sun, maintaining temperatures suitable for life.
The Earth's atmosphere is known as the gas layer, commonly known as air, which is maintained around the Earth's planet and by the gravity of the Earth. Earth's atmosphere creates pressure for liquid water on the surface of the Earth, protects the Earth's atmosphere, absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, warms the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect) and decreases the temperature of the temperature (daily temperature variation) between day and night.
The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by gravity. It protects life by absorbing UV rays, provides warmth through the greenhouse effect, and moderates temperature extremes. The ozone layer located 15-35km above the surface protects the Earth from UV rays by absorbing most of them. Weather occurs over short periods of time, while climate describes patterns over 30+ years and determines temperature and precipitation averages. Climate is influenced by several factors like latitude, altitude, distance from oceans, wind and pressure systems, and ocean currents.
The atmosphere is composed of several layers that protect the Earth. It is made up primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) as well as trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. The layers include the troposphere closest to the surface, the stratosphere above it that contains the ozone layer, the mesosphere above that which is the coldest layer, and the thermosphere, the hottest layer extending from 85-500km. Each layer varies in temperature, with the troposphere cooling with altitude and the stratosphere warming due to ozone before temperatures decrease again in the mesosphere and increase greatly in the thermosphere and exosphere.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It discusses how the atmosphere is divided into distinct layers based on temperature, with the troposphere and stratosphere making up most of the lower atmosphere. It also outlines some key functions of the atmosphere in stabilizing Earth's temperature, protecting the planet, and enabling life and transportation.
The distance between the sun and earth is 150,000,000,000 metres. Light travels at 300,000 km per second, and light year is the distance light travels in one year which is about 9.5x1015 metres. The document also provides comparative sizes and masses of planets in our solar system.
This document summarizes a study on the photo polymerization of butyl acrylate sensitized by fluoroscein sodium in an aqueous solution using β-cyclodextrin as a host molecule. The polymerization was carried out in a citrate-phosphate buffer and ascorbic acid medium with UV light irradiation. The effect of various parameters like monomer concentration, dye concentration, temperature, and time on the polymerization rate and conversion were examined. The polymerization rate and conversion were higher when butyl acrylate was complexed with β-cyclodextrin compared to the uncomplexed monomer. A mechanism involving dye excitation, radical formation through hydrogen abstraction, initiation, propagation and termination steps was proposed based on the
Nadiah binti Abdul Ghapar has over 10 years of experience in management, tendering, marketing, procurement, and project engineering roles in manufacturing and construction companies. She has a proven track record of securing numerous orders and projects on time and within budget, including over 70 orders totaling millions in revenue over 3 years at her previous companies. Her expertise includes managing entire product development lifecycles, developing proposals, cost estimation, purchasing, and project scheduling.
This document outlines the planning and risk assessment for a student photography project to create a music magazine. It includes details on locations, permission from subjects, potential hazards, health and safety regulations, intellectual property considerations, and examples of press code violations. Compliance with regulations around risk assessment, permissions, and ethics are emphasized.
Este documento presenta una guía de aprendizaje para los módulos de formación especial complementaria del Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA) sobre tecnologías de la información y comunicación e Internet. La guía incluye instrucciones para crear un blog educativo con cinco entradas que cubren temas como una bienvenida, reglamentos, enlaces a recursos en línea, y la biografía del autor. El objetivo es proporcionar a los aprendices una herramienta virtual para compartir conocimientos sobre estas tecnologías.
Although the street was once a multi-use space, the rise of vehicles has resulted in the street being regarded as a place for motorists with the primary purpose of moving vehicles quickly. Home zone represents an opportunity to restore the role of streets as a shared space to be used by pedestrians and cyclists as well as motorists with the privilege of pedestrians over the other road users. The most important aim of a Home Zone is to improve the quality of life in residential streets by making them
places for people not for vehicles. Research conducted on residents’ feelings about their neighbourhoods before and after implementing Home Zone show, if principles of Home Zone design are fully implemented, Home Zones can be safe, secure, pleasant, and attractive areas which not only decrease through traffic and vehicles’ speed but also improve social interactions and residents’ quality of life.
San Quei Lin – Vocational Education, Training & Economic Development in TaiwanGlobal Education Futures
This document discusses vocational education, training, and economic development in Taiwan. It provides information on:
- WorldSkills International's growth to 74 member countries hosting skills competitions across various sectors.
- Taiwan's success in WorldSkills competitions, ranking 3rd in the recent competition with 6 gold, 4 silver, and 8 bronze medals.
- Taiwan shifting its industrial development focus to innovation-driven and knowledge-intensive industries.
- Taiwan's strategies to develop human resources through lifelong learning, training programs, talent recruitment, and improving vocational education.
The document introduces Benjamin Augustine and outlines his background and career. It states that he was born in Arizona and lived in several other states before settling in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He works as an on-air radio personality and master of ceremonies. More importantly, he is an educator who created a music education program called M4L that is used in charter schools to teach through music. While performing on stage is enjoyable, Benjamin finds helping shape the future generation even more rewarding.
This document discusses different strategies for teaching literature to children. It describes how reading helps children learn and develop creative talents like writing, vocabulary, and sensitivity. Some strategies discussed for gaining literary appreciation skills include listening, speaking, oral interpretation, dramatization, reading, writing, and art. The document also covers teaching poetry, fables, legends, choral reading, storytelling, and drama to children.
Stefano Bracciale has over 25 years of experience in the food and catering industry. He has worked in various roles such as chief cook, camp boss, owner, and maître. His experience includes positions with catering companies serving Asia, Africa, and Europe as well as hotels and restaurants in Italy. Bracciale has strong skills in food preparation, purchasing, customer service, and managing personnel. He is proficient in Italian, English, French, and Spanish.
Mahkota Protection & Control Sdn Bhd is an engineering company located in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia that has been manufacturing control relay panels for over 45 years. They have produced over 20,000 panels and have the capacity to manufacture 350 panels per year. The company aims to consolidate their strategies and expand into niche markets. Their panels are designed and manufactured locally by experienced engineers and technicians.
The shape of a country can impact its development. Countries can have compact shapes like France which approaches a circle, or elongated shapes like Chile whose length is much greater than its width. Some countries have multiple disconnected parts, known as a broken shape like Malaysia which consists of three separate areas. Countries with many islands across a defined region have a fragmented shape, such as the Philippines which has over 7,000 islands. A country's shape can influence factors like transportation infrastructure, economic growth, national unity, and language development. The elongated and fragmented shape of the Philippines presents challenges for road and rail construction, accelerating economic development, administering policies across its islands, and achieving national cohesion.
Photo Journal projectBy Saud AljammazID302729Geograp.docxrandymartin91030
Photo Journal project
By: Saud Aljammaz
ID:302729
Geography 1
Professor: B. Wallace
Table of contents
1. Ch.2 The Geographer’s Tools : Planimetric Map ……………………………………………………………3
2. Ch.3 Earth–Sun Geometry and the Seasons: Winter Season………………………………………………….4
3. Ch.4 The Global Energy System : Sunrise ………………………………………………………………………………….5
4. Ch.5 Global temperature patterns : Snow ………………………………………………………………………………6
5. Ch7. Atmosphere Moisture and Precipitation: Nimbostratus Clouds ………………………………………7
6. Ch.7 Atmosphere Moisture and Precipitation: Fog ……………………………………………………………....8
7. Ch.10 Plants : Riparian Zone…………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
8. Ch.11 The Global Distribution and Character of Soils: Soil Horizon ………………………………………….10
9. Ch.12 Earths Internal Structure, Rock Cycle : Sedimentary rocks……………………………………………..11
10. Ch.19 : Coastal Processes and Landforms: Waves …………………………………………………………………..12
11. Work Cited …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..13
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Topic: Planimetric Map
Location: The Park Apartments
Date: 9/22/2014
Time: 10:30pm Chapter 2 (Geographer’s Tools)
Planimetrics is the study of plane measurements, such as the locations and distances of objects and buildings from one another, their incident angles, as well as relevant areas and perimeters of these objects. These types of maps are viewed from a top-down perspective, as if viewed from the air. It shows things such roads, rivers and lakes, building footprints, and other relevant landmarks. The planimetric map does not usually show elevation, though this can be done by contour lines if so desired.
Topic: Winter season
Location: Big Bear Lake
Date: 12 / 7 / 2014
Time: 7: 00 am
Chapter: 3 (Earth-Sun Geometry and Seasons)
The planet Earth experiences four seasons, those of spring, summer, fall and winter. The start of winter and summer are noted by the occurrence of the winter and summer solstices, respectively, while the start of spring and fall are marked by the vernal and autumnal equinoxes. The Northern and Southern hemispheres experience opposite seasons, but for the Northern Hemisphere, the processions of seasons is as follows: winter begins when the sun is directly over the tropic of Capricorn, and the sun is at its lowest in the northern sky. This also results in the longest night of the year From here, the Earth begins to tilt so that the sun moves closer to the center of the northern sky. The vernal equinox is when the sun is directly over the equator, and the length of day and night are about equivalent. The sun moves farther towards the center of the northern sky, until the summer equinox, where the sun is over the tropic of Cancer, or otherwise farthest to the center of the sky. This day has the longest amount of sunlight. From here, the sun moves back down towards the tropic of Capricorn, and the autumnal equinox occurs when the sun is back over the equator.
Topic: Interaction of Solar Rad.
Celebrate Earth Day with Your Library - Possible SlidesNCIL - STAR_Net
This document provides instructions and slides for a presentation about observing clouds for Earth Day. It encourages using the GLOBE Observer app to record and submit cloud observations and photos to help scientists study Earth's climate and environment. The slides cover topics like cloud formation, the water cycle, how clouds affect weather and Earth's energy budget. They describe how to observe and classify clouds, sky color, visibility and cloud cover using standardized methods. Submitting observations through the GLOBE Observer app with the referral code "earth2017" allows contributions to be mapped.
The document discusses the process of rain formation. It begins with a general statement that rain is a primary source of freshwater that provides suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems. It then explains the water cycle process where the sun heats water on Earth's surface causing evaporation, the water vapor rises and cools in the atmosphere condensing into liquid droplets, and the droplets fall to Earth as precipitation such as rain or snow. However, not all rainfall reaches the surface as some evaporates through dry air in a phenomenon seen in hot, dry desert regions.
The document summarizes key aspects of air and the atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere, which is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. It also notes that the atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. The first layer, the troposphere, extends from the Earth's surface to around 13 km and contains the air we breathe. Weather occurs within the troposphere, while climate refers to average weather conditions over a longer period of time. The document also discusses air pressure, winds, moisture, clouds, precipitation and the different types of rainfall.
This document provides information about climatology and weather elements. It discusses how weather is the short-term atmospheric conditions in an area, while climate describes conditions over 30+ years. Climatology studies the distribution of atmospheric phenomena. Key weather elements discussed include temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind systems, solar radiation, and air masses. Temperature is influenced by factors like the sun's angle, cloud cover, elevation, distance from bodies of water, and ocean currents. Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude, temperature, latitude, and the Earth's rotation. Local winds include land/sea breezes and anabatic/katabatic winds, while global winds are trade winds, westerlies, and polar winds.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It explains how solar energy is transferred throughout the atmosphere using radiation, conduction, and convection. The document also mentions clouds and the water cycle.
The document summarizes different types of weather phenomena and precipitation. It discusses how water vapor contributes to atmospheric pressure and humidity. Various forms of precipitation are described, including rain, snow, hail, and others. The key types of weather systems that produce widespread precipitation are convectional storms, orographic lifting over mountains, and mid-latitude cyclones. Convectional storms can produce thunderstorms and lightning, while orographic lifting causes rain on the windward sides of mountains and rain shadows on the leeward sides. Mid-latitude cyclones are large low pressure systems that move across temperate latitudes and affect large regions.
Atmospheric Layers, Air Pressure, Weather Variablesrebelbrindley
The atmosphere is composed of several thin layers that surround the Earth. It is made up mostly of nitrogen and oxygen and protects life by trapping heat, providing breathable air, and blocking harmful radiation. Weather occurs in the lowest layer, the troposphere, where conditions vary daily. Climate describes average weather conditions over many years. Higher layers include the ozone-containing stratosphere, cooling mesosphere, and very thin thermosphere and exosphere at the top, where temperatures are extremely high despite low air density.
The document discusses the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It begins by explaining that the atmosphere protects Earth and drives weather patterns. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and traces of other gases. Early atmospheres lacked oxygen but organisms began producing it over billions of years, forming an ozone layer. The atmosphere has five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - defined by temperature trends. Solar radiation and the greenhouse effect warm the atmosphere, while convection currents driven by temperature differences and the Coriolis effect produce global wind patterns like the trade winds and jet streams that influence weather. Clouds form through condensation in rising air.
The Sun is the primary driver of weather on Earth. It supplies heat that warms the atmosphere and causes air movements like wind. The Sun also fuels evaporation, which adds water vapor to the air and leads to cloud and precipitation formation. Uneven heating of land and water surfaces creates pressure differences that produce winds. Larger scale movements of warm and cold air masses, driven by the Sun, result in weather fronts that can develop into severe storms like hurricanes over warm ocean waters.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into multiple layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere - based on how temperature varies with altitude. Each layer has distinct characteristics and contains different gases. The troposphere contains around 80% of atmospheric mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which absorbs harmful UV radiation. The main atmospheric gases are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with trace amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases. Dust and water particles are also present and influence cloud formation and precipitation.
The document provides information about geography, weather, climate and their related concepts. It defines key terms like weather, climate, precipitation and clouds. It describes the formation of clouds and precipitation. It also explains factors that influence weather and climate such as latitude, altitude, winds, temperature etc. Measurement instruments for different weather elements are defined. The three main thermal zones of the earth are described along with how various geographic factors affect temperature.
The document discusses the atmosphere and its layers, which include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It explains that the troposphere is where almost all weather occurs and air pressure decreases with higher altitudes. The layers above the troposphere are the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Temperature, precipitation, wind, and pressure are important elements that define both weather and climate in a particular location.
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are large storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by strong winds that spiral inward toward the eye of the storm. They develop when warm, moist air rises and condenses, releasing latent heat that powers the storm. Tropical cyclones strengthen over warm ocean waters due to evaporation that fuels thunderstorms and heavy rain. They weaken rapidly when moving over land away from their heat source. Major tropical cyclone basins are monitored by regional warning centers that track storms and issue advisories.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a thin layer of air that protects the planet and maintains a balance of absorbed and emitted heat. The atmosphere is made up primarily of nitrogen and oxygen but originally contained more carbon dioxide. Over time, oxygen increased through photosynthesis while other layers like the ozone layer developed. The atmosphere has lower layers like the troposphere where weather occurs and upper layers that absorb sunlight. Gases in the atmosphere contribute to pressure and temperature variations and the protective ozone layer.
The document provides information about the Earth, its atmosphere, seasons, and weather. It discusses how the Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago and its layers, composition, and size. It describes the atmosphere as made up of invisible gases, explains why the sky is blue and red at sunset, and discusses rainbows. It also covers why we have seasons each year and how thunderstorms form from built up electric charges in clouds.
This document provides information about weather and climate as part of a science lesson. It begins with an opening prayer and introduces a lesson on weather phenomena through a game of identifying true and false statements. The main body of the document then defines and distinguishes between weather and climate. It describes different types of weather phenomena like blizzards, clouds, and heat waves. It also outlines five main climate classification types according to the Koppen system. The document aims to educate students on key concepts and terminology related to meteorology.
20.Tropical_cyclones Nd disaster related Cyclones_small.pptxSomu Somu
This document provides instructions for a lesson on tropical cyclones. It includes objectives, outcomes, and activities for students. The objectives are to understand the weather and hazards of tropical cyclones, describe their structure, and explain how and why they form. The outcomes involve answering questions about a hurricane video, diagramming the structure of a tropical cyclone, and annotating the diagram to explain formation. The lesson includes content on tropical cyclone characteristics, location, formation process, and impacts. It incorporates videos, diagrams, maps, and discussion questions to engage students in learning about these storms.
Grandmother Earth (Educación Primaria - School of stars - Pamplonetario)Planetario de Pamplona
Primaria.
Do you know the history of your planet? The Earth tells its own story of how it was formed and how life began and how we human beings arrived.
We find out at first hand about the moment when the Moon was formed and who the Earth’s brothers and sisters the planets are.
escuela.pamplonetario.org
Similar to Weather2020 Long Range Forecasting Weather School Chapters 1 & 2 (20)
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
2. Introduction
Meteorologist Gary Lezak will introduce us
to meteorology. Gary received his Bachelor
of Science Meteorology degree in 1985
from the University of Oklahoma. He has
been rated one of the most accurate
weather forecasters in the nation and he is
going to be providing some insight into
weather forecasting both short and long
range using the Lezak Recurring Cycle
(LRC). This is breakthrough technology that
is now being used around the world in the
1Weather app and on Weather2020.com.
This introduction into weather forecasting
will begin with an understanding of the
troposphere. We will then take you through
one of the most important and visual parts
of weather forecasting, the clouds, storm
systems, and surface analysis. By the end
of this educational series you should have
enough knowledge to strengthen your
weather forecasting skills.
3. Chapter 1: The Atmosphere
Most of the weight of the atmosphere
is within the troposphere, which is
78% Nitrogen, and 21% Oxygen.
The troposphere begins at the
surface of the earth and extends up
to around 5 to 13 miles depending
on the location and season. During
the winter the troposphere is lower
and it is more expansive during the
warm months. For the same reason
it is much higher at the equator than
it is at the poles.
The temperature in the troposphere
decreases with height due to lower
density of the gasses with height.
The air becomes thinner and the
temperature drops. The top of the
troposphere is called the tropopause.
Did you know that you have visually
experienced the top of troposphere
many times in your life?
4. The cumulonimbus cloud, you can see
here, showcases the entire troposphere.
In the troposphere the temperatures cool
with height. When a cumulus cloud is
growing, water vapor is condensing into
cloud droplets and heat is released in this
condensation process. The heat allows
the air within the rising cloud to be
warmer than the surrounding
environment and the air will continue to
rise and the cloud grows. There is an
upper limit, however, to how high the
cloud can grow. Once the cloud hits the
stratosphere, where the air begins
warming again, the cloud is forced to stop
growing and this can be seen in every
thunderstorm that forms. The anvil
spreads out, the top of the thunderstorm,
and this shows that where the top of the
troposphere is located. So, when it is
raining, we are literally seeing the effects
of the cumulonimbus cloud from the
ground all the way up to the bottom of the
stratosphere.
5. All of the weather we experience here on earth
forms within the troposphere. The other layers of
the atmosphere likely have very little influence on
the turbulent layer that lies near the surface.
What’s incredible is how thin this layer really is.
Remember the troposphere goes up to around 12
to 14 miles at the most. The largest
cumulonimbus clouds have been known to reach
close to 70,000 feet up. So, let’s say the upper
limits of the troposphere is 14 miles. And now,
let’s imagine you driving from Shawnee, KS
across the Kansas/Missouri border to Raytown,
MO, both suburbs of Kansas City. If you were to
draw a straight line that distance would be 14
miles. Now, look at the second map below. Look
how tiny of a distance that is when you think of
the bigger global picture.
99% of the atmosphere’s water vapor is
contained in this area near the earth’s surface,
within the troposphere. And 75% of the weight of
the atmosphere is in this layer.
The next time you look up at the sky, try to think
of the troposphere, and what is happening in this
layer. This is just one of the basic topics that we
need to learn to become a great weather
forecaster.
6. This diagram comes from http://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/troposphere-overview. This shows
what is happening within the troposphere and what happens above the tropopause. The Ozone
layer is up in the stratosphere, and the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface of the
earth is affected, but the weather we experience on earth is driven by what happens within the
lowest layer, the troposphere. The process of developing clouds and precipitation can be quite
violent and we will be discussing this turbulence in the cloud series.
7. Clouds are the basics
of weather forecasting.
Getting a good
understanding of the
cloud types, being able
to identify them in the
sky, and understand at
least a little bit in how
they form will help you
become a better
weather forecaster.
In this chapter we will
go over the process of
how clouds form and
we will begin testing
our skills by just
looking up at the sky.
The cloud chart here
shows all of the basic
cloud types and the
levels that you are
most likely to
experience these.
Chapter 2: Clouds
8. As we discussed in chapter 1 99% of
the water vapor in the atmosphere is
contained within the troposphere.
The process of cloud development
begins with by looking at the water
cycle here on Earth.
In this diagram you can see the full
water cycle. It begins with
evaporation. Water evaporates from
the large water areas around our
world. The water vapor that is added
to the air just needs a lifting
mechanism, something to create
rising air, and then water vapor can
condense into clouds. This is the
next process, condensation. Then,
incredibly, the clouds can build with
precipitation forming and then being
released back down to the ground
and the water cycle is then
completed by the runoff of the rain
and melted snow back into the
ground and bodies of water.
9. For a cloud to develop there is one essential ingredient that must be in the air. Extremely small
particles called condensation nuclei must be in the air for water vapor to condense. If the air is
perfectly clean then there would be no clouds. Condensation nuclei come in the form of salt
particles from the oceans, dust particles, and other very small airborne particles that are too small
to see. The main ways in which these get in the air are from ocean sprays, fires, dust storms, and
other ways that we pollute the air as humans. In this diagram below you can see the complex
process of forming a raindrop beginning with the nucleus of a very small airborne particle. These
particles are called hygroscopic (“water seeking”) with an extremely light massof less than one-
trillionth of a gram. Sea salt and table salt are hygroscopic. When it is extremely humid, salt from
a salt shaker can become difficult to pour due to water vapor condensing onto the salt.
Sometimes you can see these small particles before condensation occurs when there is an
abundance of them in the air. This is visible when it seems hazy outside. So, what is a cloud. Yes,
it begins with the condensation nuclei, but clouds are really visible when condensation occurs and
billions of these small particles come together to form into clouds. Clouds are the basics of
weather forecasting and we will begin a look into the cloud types in the next section.
10. There are ten basic cloud types and we will begin this discussion next week.
Cloud Types