We can use this as an initial document for meeting notes and updates, then create other docs when necessary.
Stakeholder: World Trade Organization (WTO)
–
Mission Brief
Situation: Trade War (US tariff on Chinese products and vice versa)
You as an agent of the World Trade Organization need to address the following questions:
Who are our allies and adversaries in the debate
The WTO has no allies or adversaries, as it seeks to mediate trade and trade disputes among the international community. In the debate, the WTO seeks to create a peaceful de-escalation of the trade war between the United States and China with German assistance. Brandon
What statements could other stakeholders have
Explain the mission of the WTO. - Valeria
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/what_stand_for_e.htm
How does the Trade War contradict the mission of the WTO?
-Harshdeep
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds543_e.htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds565_e.htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds563_e.htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds562_e.htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds558_e.htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds544_e.htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds542_e.htm
When and Why was the WTO established? What is its purpose? - Tessa
The WTO was established on 1 January 1995.
The WTO was born out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was found in 1947. Before World War II (WWII) there was no forum for global trade negotiations or procedures for settling disputes. As a consequence there was a desire for peace and security after this war, so the GATT was established. This agreement was part of the Bretton Woods system, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The GATT mainly dealt with trade in goods and in 1995 the WTO replaced GATT as a global trading system. The WTO also covered trade in services and intellectual property.
https://www.investopedia.com/investing/what-is-the-world-trade-organization/
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/history_e/history_e.htm
The purpose of the WTO is to open trade for the benefit of all and to ensure that global trade commences freely and smoothly.
https://www.investopedia.com/investing/what-is-the-world-trade-organization/
When did the Trade War initiate? How and why?
-Harshdeep
In January of 2018, the United States began imposing tariffs on impo ...
This presentation exposes relevant information about trade agreements. What are trade agreements, what are tariff and non-tariff barriers, what main trade agreements exist today, what is the WTO.
Outlining the role of WTO in global politics by deploying sufficient and relevant primary and seconday sources of independent research.
The document also contains some of the main dilemmas and criticisms of the organization.
1. One of the basic components of any meta-population model is the .docxelliotkimberlee
1. One of the basic components of any meta-population model is the identification of suitable habitat. Describe in detail five considerations for delineating suitable habitat. Make sure to address pros and cons of each, and how you would implement with each one. Provide examples.
2. Describe how ecosystem processes are affected by spatial heterogeneity. In your answer make sure to discuss the role of spatial
heterogeneity
on point processes and lateral transfers. How are these processes affected by spatial
scale?
Explain why a landscape ecology perspective is necessary for understanding ecosystem function and dynamics (i.e., what does landscape ecology have to offer ecosystems ecology)?
.
1. n,1.What are the principles of ethical decision maki.docxelliotkimberlee
1.
n,
1.
What are the principles of ethical decision making?
2.
What steps should organizational leaders take to encourage ethical decision making on the part of employees?
3.
Describe the steps in analyzing an ethical dilemma.
4.
Discuss three of the five types of police misconduct, with examples of each type.
5.
Describe the ethical issues faced by prosecutors and defense attorneys.
6.
Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral- specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.
7.
Under corrective justice, distinguish between substantive and procedural justice.
8.
Provide justification for police power and the basic ethical standards that derive from this justification and what are the ethical issues involved in proactive & reactive investigations?
9.
Describe the types of misconduct by community corrections professionals and provide some of the explanations for this misconduct.
10.
What are the elements of any ethical system?
.
More Related Content
Similar to We can use this as an initial document for meeting notes and updates
This presentation exposes relevant information about trade agreements. What are trade agreements, what are tariff and non-tariff barriers, what main trade agreements exist today, what is the WTO.
Outlining the role of WTO in global politics by deploying sufficient and relevant primary and seconday sources of independent research.
The document also contains some of the main dilemmas and criticisms of the organization.
Similar to We can use this as an initial document for meeting notes and updates (20)
1. One of the basic components of any meta-population model is the .docxelliotkimberlee
1. One of the basic components of any meta-population model is the identification of suitable habitat. Describe in detail five considerations for delineating suitable habitat. Make sure to address pros and cons of each, and how you would implement with each one. Provide examples.
2. Describe how ecosystem processes are affected by spatial heterogeneity. In your answer make sure to discuss the role of spatial
heterogeneity
on point processes and lateral transfers. How are these processes affected by spatial
scale?
Explain why a landscape ecology perspective is necessary for understanding ecosystem function and dynamics (i.e., what does landscape ecology have to offer ecosystems ecology)?
.
1. n,1.What are the principles of ethical decision maki.docxelliotkimberlee
1.
n,
1.
What are the principles of ethical decision making?
2.
What steps should organizational leaders take to encourage ethical decision making on the part of employees?
3.
Describe the steps in analyzing an ethical dilemma.
4.
Discuss three of the five types of police misconduct, with examples of each type.
5.
Describe the ethical issues faced by prosecutors and defense attorneys.
6.
Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral- specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.
7.
Under corrective justice, distinguish between substantive and procedural justice.
8.
Provide justification for police power and the basic ethical standards that derive from this justification and what are the ethical issues involved in proactive & reactive investigations?
9.
Describe the types of misconduct by community corrections professionals and provide some of the explanations for this misconduct.
10.
What are the elements of any ethical system?
.
1. Make specific and general discussion comments that define and di.docxelliotkimberlee
1. Make specific and general discussion comments that define and differentiate between the inchoate crimes of
"attempt, solicitation, and conspiracy."
Give examples of each of these criminal law key term words.
(Answer the question using the textbook and supplement the response by citing outside sources (the web) to expand the textbook information).
2. How does
"legal impossibility"
differ from
"factual impossibility?"
Include how
"extraneous factors"
can become involved.
Explain by defining each of these key term criminal law words and commenting with general information and conclude the responses with examples of each.
3.
Samaha explains that
"voluntary abandonment"
to commit criminal offenses is treated differently, depending on the respective states. Explain the premise of voluntary abandonment (just what is it) and the
"defense of voluntary abandonment."
What reasons do supporters of voluntary abandonment defenses favor? Which position would you take if making the decision to allow voluntary abandonment defenses .... and why would take the position you selected?
.
1. Describe the basic assertions of the Broken Windows” theory.docxelliotkimberlee
1. Describe the basic assertions of the
“Broken Windows”
theory. In other words, provide a general discussion of the theory that will provide why run-down neighborhoods create havens for criminal activity.
2. List
the major findings of the
"Flint Neighborhood Foot Patrol
Program"
as mentioned in the textbook. If you can't find a little info on the flint neighborhood foot patrol on the internet its okay and I will get info from the book.
What's your personal opinion
regarding the benefit of neighborhood foot
patrol (a community policing strategy) in
creating a trust between
police and
citizens?
3. Define and describe the difference between
"Community-oriented policing"
and
"Problem-oriented policing."
List traits and characteristics of each and contrast their
similarity. Do you believe
these philosophies
of policing have
accomplished their
objectives? Why or why
not do you believe
this?
(
.
1. Based on the reading (C)Donnelly, Burgess, Simonds, explain how .docxelliotkimberlee
1. Based on the reading (C)Donnelly, Burgess, Simonds, explain how each of the following theories view human sexuality: functionalism, conflict theory, and social constructionist theory. How do feminist theory and queer theory challenge the above theories? That is, how do feminist theory and queer theory approach human sexuality? Finally, what is intersectionality?
2. According to lecture but primarily the movie “Kinsey,” what was Kinsey’s background? That is, what was his training, what was he famous for studying before he started studying human sexuality? What prompted Kinsey to begin studying human sexuality? What was Kinsey’s research methodology, and how/why did he train his research team? What were Kinsey’s two publications, and what did they reveal about sex? How was each publication received by the general public? That is, how did people react to each of his books? Finally, based on lecture, explain what it means to practice good ethics when doing human sexuality research. Explain with examples from the reading (9)Brandt how the Tuskegee Syphilis Study committed huge ethical violations.
3. According to the reading (C)Alavi, what was this study’s methodology? In other words, what was Alavi studying? What were this study’s research findings? Give examples of how the dildos themselves as well as their packaging and descriptions reinforce racist stereotypes.
4. According to the reading (16)Simonds and Jungels, what are some limitations of children’s sex education books in their study? Specifically explain with examples how these books oversimplified differences between girls and boys as well as reinforced heterosexuality while making homosexuality seem deviant. According to the reading (20)Schalet, how do American vs Dutch parents (on average) differ in how they view teen sexuality? How does Schalet explain these differences?
5. Based on lecture as well as reading (2)Davis, explain what it means to be intersex. According to the reading, how are the outcomes for individuals who were put into surgeries as infants? Give examples. Finally, what is the difference between the terms DSD vs intersex, and who usually identifies with each term and why?
.
1.You must provide a 1-page outline of your paper THE TOPIC .docxelliotkimberlee
1.
You must provide a 1-page outline of your paper
THE TOPIC OF THE PAPER IS:The Process of Auditing Information Systems
It must include the following:
TOPICS AND SUBTOPICS: detailed outline of topics and subtopics,
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: as well as an annotated bigliography. The annotated bibliography must include at least three of the references you will use in your paper, written in APA style, with each one followed by a brief description of the reference.
.
1.Your textbook discusses the return of the repressed in moder.docxelliotkimberlee
1.
Your textbook discusses the "return of the repressed" in modern culture and literature. To what "repressed" groups does this refer, and how were they represented in politics, society, and literature?
2.
Analyze the similarities and differences between “Dulce et Decorum Est” and “The Rear-Guard.”
3.
Analyze the effect of the last two stanzas of “The Hollow Men.” Why doesn’t the speaker finish the Lord’s Prayer, and what is the effect of ending with a parodied nursery rhyme? What is the effect of having the world end with a whimper, rather than a bang?
.
1. What does this pattern indicate What matches up and defines th.docxelliotkimberlee
1. What does this pattern indicate? What matches up and defines the ababcdcdefefgg sequence?
These pattern indicates that the a’s share the same rhyme, while b’s share another rhyme, etc.
2. Interpreters of sonnets need to identify the clues the author provides. Count the syllables in each line and mark each individual foot. Remember a foot consists of two syllables; the first unstressed the second stressed.
ie. But SOFT / what LIGHT / through YON / der WIN / dow BREAKS
3. What notes does the author provide you? Do you have clues on how to pronounce certain words? Share your discoveries.
4. Does punctuation help? How?
5. Look up and define words which may be familiar but had different meanings in the past.
temperate darling buds lease
fair course owest brag
Overemphasizing the stressed syllables of the sonnet, read the poem out loud in this singsong pattern.
This requires stressing the second syllable strongly; the first syllable is short the second syllable long
6. How does this exaggerated reading affect the images of the poem?
7. How does the exaggerated reading affect the meaning of the poem?
.
1. What is the impact of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.docxelliotkimberlee
1. What is the impact of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) payment denial on the healthcare system, and what are the implications for our nursing practice related to documentation?
2. From the American Revolution to the present time, military nurses have played an integral role. After completing the assigned readings, select ONE situation, area, event, or person in military nursing history from those or other sources that you found to be most interesting or inspiring. Discuss this information and its impact on nursing today.
.
1.Write a one page paper about the future of nursing. Includ.docxelliotkimberlee
1.
Write a
one page paper
about the future of nursing. Include the following: 1.) Based on the handout on the future of nursing, what do you believe is the most significant change, and why? 2.) As a nursing student and a future nurse, what role will you play in bringing about this change? All questions should be answered
using "
your own"
ideas, paraphrasing additional information, with no direct quotes
.
* Rerefences cited on a different page.(APA format)
*** One page
.
1. Nora lies to her boss. So, she lies to everyone2. Alex must .docxelliotkimberlee
1. Nora lies to her boss. So, she lies to everyone
2. Alex must not be a con artist. After all, he makes them feel so good.
3. There is no evidence that my bud Tay lied to me. No doubt,
he must have told me the truth.
1. hasty (and over) generalization 2. appeal to emotion
3. appeal to ignorance
.
1.Which of the following is considered a hybrid organizational for.docxelliotkimberlee
1.Which of the following is considered a hybrid organizational form?
Corporation
limited liability partnership
sole proprietorship
partnership
3. Teakap, Inc., has current assets of $ 1,456,312 and total assets of $4,812,369 for the year ending September 30, 2006. It also has current liabilities of $1,041,012, common equity of $1,500,000, and retained earnings of $1,468,347. How much long-term debt does the firm have?
$1,844,022
$2,303,010
$2,123,612
$803,010
5. Efficiency ratio: Gateway Corp. has an inventory turnover ratio of 5.6. What is the firm's days's sales in inventory?
61.7 days
57.9 days
65.2 days
64.3 days
6. Leverage ratio: Your firm has an equity multiplier of 2.47. What is its debt-to-equity ratio?
1.74
0
0.60
1.47
8. Present value: Jack Robbins is saving for a new car. He needs to have $ 21,000 for the car in three years. How much will he have to invest today in an account paying 8 percent annually to achieve his target? (Round to nearest dollar.)
$22,680
$26,454
$16,670
$19,444
9. PV of multiple cash flows: Ferris, Inc., has borrowed from their bank at a rate of 8 percent and will repay the loan with interest over the next five years. Their scheduled payments, starting at the end of the year are as follows—$450,000, $560,000, $750,000, $875,000, and $1,000,000. What is the present value of these payments? (Round to the nearest dollar.)
$2,735,200
$2,615,432
$2,431,224
$2,815,885
10. PV of multiple cash flows: Ajax Corp. is expecting the following cash flows—$79,000, $112,000, $164,000, $84,000, and $242,000—over the next five years. If the company's opportunity cost is 15 percent, what is the present value of these cash flows? (Round to the nearest dollar.)
$480,906
$414,322
$477,235
$429,560
11. Future value of an annuity: Jayadev Athreya has started on his first job. He plans to start saving for retirement early. He will invest $5,000 at the end of each year for the next 45 years in a fund that will earn a return of 10 percent. How much will Jayadev have at the end of 45 years? (Round to the nearest dollar.)
$3,594,524
$5,233,442
$1,745,600
$2,667,904
12. Serox stock was selling for $20 two years ago. The stock sold for $25 one year ago, and it is currently selling for $28. Serox pays a $1.10 dividend per year. What was the rate of return for owning Serox in the most recent year? (Round to the nearest percent.)
40%
12%
16%
32%
13. Bond price: Regatta, Inc., has six-year bonds outstanding that pay a 8.25 percent coupon rate. Investors buying the bond today can expect to earn a yield to maturity of 6.875 percent. What should the company's bonds be priced at today? Assume annual coupon payments. (Round to the nearest dollar.)
$1,066
$923
$972
$1,014
14. PV of dividends: Next year Jenkins Traders will pay a dividend of $3.00. It expects to increase its dividend by $0.25 in each of the following three years. If their required rate of return is 14 pe.
1.why do some theologians refer to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam .docxelliotkimberlee
1.why do some theologians refer to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as forms of Abrahamic Monotheism? How are they related to eachother?
2. what is the offical position of the catholic church since the second vatican council with regard to the other world religions?(You should mention concepts such as the search for ultimate meaning, "scattered seeds of the Logos" and "fullness of truth in Christ" Why does the catholic church assert that its relationship with Judaism is unique?)
.
1.When should you use a factorial ANOVA rather than a simple A.docxelliotkimberlee
1.
When should you use a factorial ANOVA rather than a simple ANOVA to test the significance of the difference between the average of two or more groups?
2.
Create a drawing or plan for a 2 x3 experimental design that would lend itself to a factorial ANOVA.
Be sure to identify the independent and dependent variables.
3.
#4 Use Chapter 14 Data set 3 (below) and answer the following questions in an analysis of whether level of stress and gender has an impact on caffeine consumption (measured as cups of coffee per day).
a.
Is there as difference between the levels of caffeine consumption for the high-stress, low-stress, and no-stress groups?
b.
Is there a difference between males and females, regardless of stress group?
c.
Any interactions?
Chapter 14 Data set 3
severeity
treatment
Pain Score
severity
Treatment
Pain Score
1
Drug #2
5
2
Placebo
5
1
Drug #2
4
2
Placebo
6
1
Drug #2
5
2
Placebo
5
1
Drug #2
4
2
Placebo
4
1
Drug #2
3
2
Placebo
4
1
Drug #2
3
2
Placebo
6
1
Drug #2
3
2
Placebo
5
1
Drug #2
4
2
Placebo
4
1
Drug #2
5
2
Placebo
2
1
Drug #2
5
2
Placebo
1
1
Drug #2
5
2
Placebo
3
1
Drug #2
6
2
Placebo
2
1
Drug #2
6
2
Placebo
2
1
Drug #2
7
2
Placebo
3
1
Drug #2
6
2
Placebo
4
1
Drug #2
5
2
Placebo
3
1
Drug #2
7
2
Placebo
2
1
Drug #2
6
2
Placebo
2
1
Drug #2
8
2
Placebo
1
Gender
Caff_Consumption
Stress
1
5
1
1
6
3
2
7
3
1
7
2
1
5
3
1
6
1
8
2
1
8
2
2
9
1
2
8
1
2
9
1
2
7
2
2
4
1
2
3
1
1
0
1
2
4
2
1
5
1
2
6
2
1
2
2
1
4
3
1
5
3
2
5
3
1
4
2
1
3
2
1
7
3
2
8
2
1
8
2
1
11
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
1.
Given the following information, Use Table B.4 in Appendix B to determine whether the correlations are significant and how you would interpret the results.
a.
The correlation between speed and strength for 20 women is 567.
Test these results at the .01 level using a one-tailed test.
b.
The correlation between the number correct on a math test and the time it takes to complete the test is -.45.
Test where the correlation is significant for 80 children at the .05 level of significance.
Choose either a one –or a two –tailed test and justify your choice.
c.
The correlation between number of friends and grade point average (GPA) for 50 adolescents is 37. Is this significant at the .05 level for a two-tailed test?
One Tailed Test(
DF)
0.05
0.01
Two-Tailed (df)
0.05
0.01
1
0.9877
0.9995
1
0.9969
0.9999
2
0.9
9800
2
0.95
9900
3
0.8054
0.9343
3
0.8783
0.9587
4
0.7293
0.8822
4
0.8114
0.9172
5
0.6694
0.832
5
0.7545
0.8745
6
0.6215
0.78887
6
0.7067
0.8343
7
0.5822
0.7498
7
0.6664
0.7977
8
0.5494
0.7155
8
0.6319
0.7646
9
0.5214
0.6851
9
0.021
0.7348
10
0.4973
0.6581
10
0.576
0.7079
11
0.4762
0.6339
11
0.5529
0.6835
12
0.4575
0.612
12
0.5324
0.6614
13
0.4409
0.5923
13
0.5339
0.6411
14
0.4259
0.5742
14
0.4973
0.6226
15
0.412
0.5577
15
0.4821
0.6055
16
4000
0.5425
16
0.4683
0.5897
17
0.3887
0.5285
17
0.4555
0.5751
18
0.3783
0.5155
18
0.4438
0.5614
19
0.3687
0.5034
19
0.4329
0.5487
20
0.3598
0.4921
20
0.4227
0.
1.What processes do MNCs need to establish in order to reduce .docxelliotkimberlee
1.
What processes do MNCs need to establish in order to reduce prosecution risk? Many MNCs have decided to confront concerns about ethical behavior by developing worldwide practices that represent the company's policy. What are four policies used to address this issue? How would you implement these four policies in your business strategy? (210 Words)
2.
What are the seven cultural variables in the communication process? Explain. (210 Words)
3.
What are the four critical operational value differences based in culture? Explain each of them. (210 Words)
4.
A cultural profile is a good starting point to help managers develop some tentative expectations—some cultural context—as a backdrop to managing in a specific international setting. Using the GLOBE cultural dimensions, what are the first four dimensions and their usefulness to managers? Explain. (210 Words)
5.
What are the differences in a low-context culture and a high-context culture? How would you advise a friend with a low-context culture to do business in a high-context culture? (210 Words)
Reference:
Deresky, H. (2011). International management: Managing across borders and cultures (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
.
1.What is the main difference between the 3rd Internet revo.docxelliotkimberlee
1.
What is the main difference between the 3
rd
Internet revolution and 4
th
UbiCom revolution? (20)
2.
How can UbiCom enhance the personal memory service?(15)
3.
How can UbiCom enhance the transportation service? (15)
4.
How can UbiCom enhance the foodstuff management scenario? (15)
5.
How can UbiCom enhance the Utility Regulation scenario?
.
1.Watch Programs 2 and 3. Heres a link to the descriptions of.docxelliotkimberlee
1.
Watch Programs 2 and 3.
Here's a link to the descriptions of the programs.
http://www.learner.org/resources/series211.html
Here's the description for Program 2 and 3.
Program 2 Dreams and Visions
http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/theme/2/index.html
Through art, we can perceive more than what we see with our eyes. From Aboriginal artists painting unseen forces to Surrealists exploring the recesses of the unconscious mind, individuals have found ways to give form to unknowable mysteries, personal fantasies, and inner visions. Artist Sandy Skoglund talks about the life of the imagination.
Program 3 History and Memory
http://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/theme/3/index.html
People have documented history, and also have shaped it through art. Art commemorates achievements and failures, recording and creating communal and personal memories. At times painters and sculptors have appropriated artistic forms of the past to make statements in the present. Multimedia artist Shimon Attie shares work that concerns questions of memory, place, and identity.
Describe what each program is about. Then, describe your reaction or opinion of what you saw in each the programs. Give at least 4 major topics from each program. Name 2 or 3 items in each show that you thought were interesting.
2.
This painting by Dante Gabriel Rossetti is called the Bower Meadow. Both this painting by Rossetti and the Raphael are examples of realistic paintings that are considered "idealism". The artist paints realistically but, emphasizes certain aspects for the sake of beauty. This painting is also good as an example of our concept "texture" so be sure to let me know about how textures are depicted - Are they realistic? Are the marks for design's sake?
discuss how this artist uses this elements to create the desired effect in the final work. Be sure to discuss how LINE, SHAPE, LIGHT, SPACE, MASS, VOLUME, TEXTURE and COLOR are used in the paintings. If any other concepts from the lectures are noticeable, please include them.
Some of the Visual Elements that we are studying do not apply to paintings as much as they apply to sculpture. Mass is not something that applies to paintings to the same extent as it does for sculptures. Since this is a painting AND we are seeing it on the internet, it is hard to get a sense of size of this painting. So, "Mass" is not going to be an area that is covered to much of an extent. It will be important in later works.
Sometimes, an artist concentrates on some elements. Sometimes, they don't use one of the elements in order to concentrate on others. If you feel this is the case, explain why. There are a couple of interesting features in the design layout and composition of this painting. Can you spot them? There are also a few elements repeated in different places.
- Line, Shape and Light. How does Rossetti use these elements?
Do a quick search using google on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Did Rossetti have any involvement .
1.We have discussed many times the distinctions between fina.docxelliotkimberlee
1.
We have discussed many times the distinctions between financial management for ordinary business and financial management for health care-based businesses.
Identify up to five (5) distinctions between ordinary business and health care-related businesses.
Identify the distinguishing difference and the approach taken by the health care financial manager and why.
2.
Health care related businesses have various stakeholders.
Identify up to four (4) stakeholder constituencies and how their interests are related to the health care facility and industry.
.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
We can use this as an initial document for meeting notes and updates
1. We can use this as an initial document for meeting notes and
updates, then create other docs when necessary.
Stakeholder: World Trade Organization (WTO)
–
Mission Brief
Situation: Trade War (US tariff on Chinese products and vice
versa)
You as an agent of the World Trade Organization need to
address the following questions:
Who are our allies and adversaries in the debate
The WTO has no allies or adversaries, as it seeks to mediate
trade and trade disputes among the international community. In
the debate, the WTO seeks to create a peaceful de-escalation of
the trade war between the United States and China with German
assistance. Brandon
What statements could other stakeholders have
Explain the mission of the WTO. - Valeria
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global
international organization dealing with the rules of trade
between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements,
2. negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations
and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to ensure that trade
flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/what_stand_for
_e.htm
How does the Trade War contradict the mission of the WTO?
-Harshdeep
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds543_e.
htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds565_e.
htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds563_e.
htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds562_e.
htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds558_e.
htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds544_e.
htm
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds542_e.
htm
3. When and Why was the WTO established? What is its purpose?
- Tessa
The WTO was established on 1 January 1995.
The WTO was born out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT), which was found in 1947. Before World War II
(WWII) there was no forum for global trade negotiations or
procedures for settling disputes. As a consequence there was a
desire for peace and security after this war, so the GATT was
established. This agreement was part of the Bretton Woods
system, including the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund (IMF). The GATT mainly dealt with trade in
goods and in 1995 the WTO replaced GATT as a global trading
system. The WTO also covered trade in services and intellectual
property.
https://www.investopedia.com/investing/what-is-the-world-
trade-organization/
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/history_e/history_e.htm
The purpose of the WTO is to open trade for the benefit of all
and to ensure that global trade commences freely and smoothly.
https://www.investopedia.com/investing/what-is-the-world-
trade-organization/
4. When did the Trade War initiate? How and why?
-Harshdeep
In January of 2018, the United States began imposing tariffs on
imported goods in an effort to support local businesses and the
national economy. The belief was that consumers would “buy
American” if foreign goods became more expensive. (
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44529600
) A misunderstanding between the two countries about the
other’s motives has led to tit-for-tat tariff retaliations with
neither side willing to budge. President Trump has alleged that
there have been "unfair transfers of American technology and
intellectual property to China" and that U.S. firms have had
restricted access to the Chinese market. Mr. Wang Huiyang,
president of the Centre for China and Globalisation, defended
China stating, “All the major US companies are in China. Some
are even bigger here than they are in the US. You can't say that
is not a success.” (
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45556345
) To date, more than $250 billion worth of tariffs have been
imposed by the U.S. on Chinese goods, and $110 billion worth
of tariffs have been imposed by China on U.S. goods. (
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45899310
)
https://www.cfr.org/blog/us-china-trade-war-how-we-got-here
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-30/u-s-
china-trade-war-timeline-what-s-happened-and-what-s-next
5. How does the WTO view the situation regarding the trade war
between the US and China? -Rasmus
T
http://tass.com/politics/1026704
Look for other countries
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/sep/19/wto-head-
offers-to-mediate-between-china-and-us-over-trade-war
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45899310
https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/19/the-trade-war-has-
claimed-its-first-victim/
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/28/WS5b8491eca310ad
d14f3880fc.html
What capabilities or tools does the WTO have to mitigate a
trade war?
https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/disciplining-
chinas-trade-practices-wto-how-wto-complaints-can-help
https://www.ft.com/content/84d54206-30ac-11e8-ac48-
10c6fdc22f03
The WTO insists that it is not an international court, with its
6. focus on settling disputes through negotiations. WTO can
impose trade sanctions on countries that ignore its rulings, but
it provides little detail on how such sanctions can be applied.
https://news.cgtn.com/news/78417a4e326b7a6333566d54/share_
p.html
Has the WTO intervened in other trade wars? Nick
https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/11/business/us-tariffs-on-
steel-are-illegal-world-trade-organization-says.html
The 2002 Steel Tariff
https://www.history.com/news/7-trade-wars-boston-tea-party-
smoot-hawley
The 1993 Banana Wars
Does the WTO always promote free trade? Under what
circumstances would they promote trade restrictions? -
Harshdeep
For the most part, the WTO does promote free trade. “[It] is
7. sometimes described as a “free trade” institution, but that is not
entirely accurate. The system does allow tariffs and, in limited
circumstances, other forms of protection. More accurately, it is
a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and undistorted
competition.” (
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.ht
m
) Its most-favored nation (MFN) principle states that countries
cannot discriminate between their trading partners. “In general,
MFN means that every time a country lowers a trade barrier or
opens up a market, it has to do so for the same goods or services
from all its trading partners — whether rich or poor, weak or
strong.” (
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.ht
m
) Nevertheless, there exist circumstances under which the WTO
would promote trade restrictions. For example, it permits trade
restrictions that promote the protection of the environment. The
WTO grants every member nation the freedom to establish its
own level of protection as it deems appropriate. Still, it
demands that members remain consistent with their embargos.
“If a country bans the importation of asbestos from another, for
example, it must ban asbestos imports from all countries, as
well as banning domestic sales.” (
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/bkgrnd_climate_e
.pdf
) Further, a nation can raise trade barriers against certain goods
if it believes that specific nations are trading those goods
unfairly. It can also allow special access to its markets to
developing nations, and it can set up an FTA that allows for
goods to be traded only within a specific group, thereby
discriminating against goods from outside. (
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.ht
m
) When there exists a “threat to national security,” the WTO’s
free trade rules do not apply. (
8. https://news.cgtn.com/news/78417a4e326b7a6333566d54/share_
p.html
)
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.ht
m
“Some exceptions are allowed. For example, countries can set
up a free trade agreement that applies only to goods traded
within the group — discriminating against goods from outside.
Or they can give developing countries special access to their
markets. Or a country can raise barriers against products that
are considered to be traded unfairly from specific countries.
And in services, countries are allowed, in limited
circumstances, to discriminate. But the agreements only permit
these exceptions under strict conditions. In general, MFN means
that every time a country lowers a trade barrier or opens up a
market, it has to do so for the same goods or services from all
its trading partners — whether rich or poor, weak or strong.”
“The WTO is sometimes described as a “free trade” institution,
but that is not entirely accurate. The system does allow tariffs
and, in limited circumstances, other forms of protection. More
accurately, it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and
undistorted competition.”
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/bkgrnd_climate_e
.pdf
“The WTO rule book permits governments to restrict trade when
the objective is protecting the environment. The legality of such
restrictive measures depends on a number of conditions
9. including whether they constitute justifiable discrimination.
These measures should not constitute disguised protectionism.”
“Every member is free to determine its appropriate level of
protection but must do so in a coherent manner. If a country
bans the importation of asbestos from another, for example, it
must ban asbestos imports from all countries, as well as banning
domestic sales.”
the WTO has a term, ratified by all of its members, that states
its rules on free trade do not apply when there is a “threat to
national security,” without going into further details on what
that constitutes.
https://news.cgtn.com/news/78417a4e326b7a6333566d54/share_
p.html
What actions do you think the WTO will take to address the
US/China trade war? - Brandon
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/opinion/us-china-trade-
war-tariffs-wto.html
The WTO must urge the United States to stop blocking the
appointment of new judges to the WTO’s Appellate Body,
which primarily dictates trade disputes.
The United States has always had the rare privilege of having at
least one American on the Appellate Body, and as such, should
consider stopping the belief that the US loses trade disputes due
10. to a lack of American presence in the Body
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-wto/u-s-blocks-
wto-judge-reappointment-as-dispute-settlement-crisis-looms-
idUSKCN1LC19O
Currently, there are only three judges, the minimum amount for
the Appellate Body to function, whereas there are normally
seven.
If the US could agree to the appointment of four new,
international judges independent of both countries within the
summer, the WTO Appellate Body can more effectively research
and determine a course of action and desired outcome for the
trade war
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-wto/trumps-tariffs-
head-for-a-legal-minefield-idUSKCN1GS1KL
The US must look to refrain from circumventing and breaking
WTO policies by invoking the “national security” clause under
Section 232 of the 1962 U.S Trade Expansion Act.
In this regard, the WTO’s ‘General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade’ allows an exemption from its rules if a country declares
its action towards “national security.” Donald Trump recently
enacted this clause to levy 25% tariffs on US steel imports and
10% on aluminum without informing the WTO
As such, the WTO urges the United States to discontinue its
11. abuse of the “National Security” clause and look to impose
tariff and trade regulation solely through the WTO and its
Appellate Body. The WTO will thus look to de-escalate the
former acts
As a delegate of the WTO, what would you propose be done
about the trade war between the US and China? Niannu
What are the issues behind the war? - Nick
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2174419/c
hina-and-us-hurl-claims-hypocrisy-each-other-trade-war
US President Donald Trump has outraged US trading partners
by erecting a tariff wall against importers of steel and aluminum
- justified by US national security concerns - and has hit cinese
goods with huge tariffs over accusations of stealing US
intellectual property
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-43512098
US President Donald Trump reckons trade wars are "good" and
easy. He's not afraid to raise tariffs.
Mr Trump also wants to cut the trade deficit with China - a
country he has accused of unfair trade practices since before he
became president.
12. Mr Trump made a big point on the campaign trail about cutting
the country's trade deficits…. He's convinced it hurts US
manufacturing, and has said time and time again on the stump
and on Twitter that the US must do more to tackle them.
The Trump administration claims the US relies too much on
other countries for its metals, and that it couldn't make enough
weapons or vehicles using its own industry if a war broke out.
The world's second-largest economy has taxed US agricultural
and industrial products, from soybeans, pork and cotton to
aeroplanes, cars and steel pipes.
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45899310
The US launched an investigation into Chinese trade policies in
2017. It imposed tariffs on billions of dollars worth of Chinese
products last year, and Beijing retaliated in kind.
Tariffs, in theory, make US-made products cheaper than
imported ones, and encourage consumers to buy American.
Beijing hit back with tariffs on $110bn of US goods, accusing
the US of starting "the largest trade war in economic history".
What are the 2 countries trying to accomplish by imposing
13. barriers to trade? - Valeria
US
U.S. President Donald Trump said trade wars were “good, and
easy to win” in March as he started a dispute with China that
has seen its administration impose tariffs on steel, aluminum
and various Chinese products.
Figures on U.S.-China trade put China’s disadvantages into
sharp relief. According to UN figures, the United States
depends on China to buy only some 8% of all U.S. exports,
whereas China depends on the United States to buy almost one-
quarter of all its exports. U.S. goods and services constitute
only some 7.3% of all Chinese imports, whereas Chinese
products account for over 21% of all American imports.
What these figures say is that a cession of trade would hurt
China’s real economy much more than it would the U.S.
economy. And indeed, the Standard and Charter Bank of Hong
Kong, clearly close to the situation from the Asian side,
estimates that the existing 10% tariffs imposed by Trump will
slow Chinese economic growth some 0.4 percentage points next
year, and if Trump raises the tariffs to 25% on January 1 as
planned, it will cut China’s real growth pace 0.6 percentage
points, not a small disruption even an economy growing 6-6.5%
a year. Meanwhile, a consensus of economists here in the States
estimates that the tariffs imposed by China on U.S. products
will slow this economy a mere 0.1-0.2 percentage points.
These figures also say that China will have an increasingly hard
time matching the U.S. tariffs dollar-for-dollar, as Beijing has
tried to do so far in this dispute. Indeed, the problem has
already arisen. The recently announced 10% tariffs will fall on
14. some $200 billion of Chinese products imported into this
country. China has countered with 5-10% tariffs on $60 billion
worth of American products entering that country. This latest
raft of Chinese tariff making has brought the total on which
China has raised duties to $110 billion, awfully close to the
$150 billion total that country imports from the United States.
Beijing is loath to burden the other $40 billion of U.S. imports
because they consist of semiconductors and other components
essential to China’s huge output of assembled electronics.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/miltonezrati/2018/10/03/trade-
war-from-the-chinese-side/#625688b26e10
China
The ECB study simulates a 10 percent U.S. tariff on all imports
and an equivalent retaliation from other countries. It suggests
the United States would bear the brunt of diminished trade and
of damage to consumer and investor confidence.
“Estimation results suggest that the United States’ net export
position would deteriorate substantially,” the ECB said in the
study. “In this model, U.S. firms also invest less and hire fewer
workers, which amplifies the negative effect.”
The ECB estimates U.S. growth would be cut by more than 2
percentage points. The International Monetary Fund currently
expects the U.S. economy to expand by 2.9 percent this year and
2.7 percent the next.
By contrast, China would gain by exporting more to third
15. countries where U.S. goods are subject to tariffs, although that
slight gain would be temporary and partly offset by a negative
effect on confidence.
The ECB model is purely theoretical; it does not replicate actual
trade conditions. The United States has imposed tariffs on $200
billion of Chinese goods and China has retaliated with tariffs on
$60 billion of U.S. goods.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-ecb/u-s-has-most-
to-lose-from-trade-war-china-would-benefit-ecb-
idUSKCN1M60XB
Will this tit for tat strategy work? - Nick
https://www.livemint.com/Politics/78YKGldxbKUlNTFqYEB1O
P/Top-5-infamous-trade-wars-in-history.html
The Banana Wars of 1933
To restrict import of Bananas to its colonies in Africa and
Caribbean, Europe imposed heavy tariffs on import of Latin
American bananas in 1993.
Since the US companies own most of the banana farms in Latin
America, the US filed eight separate complaints in the WTO
After filing eight complaints with the World Trade
Organization, the European Union, in 2009, agreed to gradually
16. ease the tariffs, and, in 2012, the banana war finally ended
Tactic worked, war eventually ended peacefully
https://www.history.com/news/7-trade-wars-boston-tea-party-
smoot-hawley
The Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930
President Herbert Hoover originally set out to deal with a farm
crisis during the early years of the Great Depression, proposing
tariffs on agricultural imports. But Senators Reed Smoot and
Willis C. Hawley offered their own legislation, and added a
slew of industrial tariffs. The world responded with tariffs on
U.S. exports, adding more strain to the already-devastated
economy.
Considered a disaster by many...It contributed to U.S. exports
falling by 61 percent in 1933, and stalled economic recovery
during the Depression.
Tactic did not work, harmed both parties
The Chicken Tariff War of the 1960s
With the rise of mass-produced, factory chicken farming in
America, the world responded by buying up cheaper U.S.
17. poultry, and chicken imports in Europe soared. That didn't sit
well with France and West Germany, who imposed tariffs on the
birds, leading to big losses in the U.S. poultry industry.
The United States, led by President Lyndon Johnson, fought
back with a 25 percent tax on “light trucks,” including
Volkswagen buses, French brandy, potato starch and dextrin.
The Japanese auto industry also took a big hit from the tax,
which remains on light trucks. Some brands, including Toyota
and Isuzu, have found loopholes, such as erecting assembly
plants on U.S. territory, to circumvent them.
Tactic did not work, harmed both parties
Should the WTO intervene or will the US and/or Chinese
governments alter their perspectives regarding trade
restrictions?
Yes
Global trade, meanwhile, could fall by up to 3 percent relative
to the baseline.
The Trump Administration is not working, rather consciously,
fully within the framework of the World Trade Organization.
The big cases—the 301 versus China, the (coming?) 232 versus
autos—are being pursued through U.S. law, and they will be
18. subject to a challenge in the WTO. An alternative strategy—
challenging China in the WTO for violation of its WTO
commitments—hasn’t been the administration’s focus.
No
For understanding trade law, I rely on the work of others. A
trade war
[1]
is, among other things, a legal process—at least in the United
States. Congress has delegated a lot of authority over the
regulation of international commerce to the executive branch,
which has given the Trump Administration a lot of latitude. But
Trump and his team are still working within the
framework
of U.S. trade law (“
232
s”, “
301
s,” “
201
s,” etc.).
https://www.cfr.org/blog/us-china-trade-war-how-we-got-here
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-
defence/article/2155640/china-us-trade-dispute-what-role-can-
world-trade
19. You will need to form a vision surrounding the outcome of the
trade war and its implication to the US and Chinese economies.
In particular the role of the WTO in supporting its mission and
what actions should be taken?
https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/articles/why-america-
would-lose-a-trade-war-with-china/
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/12/a-blueprint-for-trading-the-
different-trade-war-outcomes.html
https://ihsmarkit.com/solutions/us-china-trade-war-impacts.html
After creating a vision, the goal is to come up with a response
to the current situation.
How does the WTO respond to US/China trade war?
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/sep/19/wto-head-
offers-to-mediate-between-china-and-us-over-trade-war
What about other countries?
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10thi_e/10thi09
_e.htm
20. What is the WTO’s responsibility in protecting other countries?
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.h
tm