Bulw 5380 Ch. 1 Part 2
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This document discusses various international trade risks and concepts. It covers tariffs, non-tariff barriers, quotas, embargoes, and boycotts as potential trade risks. It also discusses trade liberalization through organizations like the WTO and GATT which aim to reduce these barriers. Intellectual property rights through agreements like TRIPS and organizations like WIPO are also summarized. Franchising models and risks of foreign direct investment are briefly outlined.
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The cultural environment includes factors such as customs, traditions, religion, language, and attitudes that influence consumer behavior in foreign markets. Understanding differences in cultural values is important for international marketers to effectively adapt marketing strategies for different cultures. Failure to account for cultural differences can negatively impact acceptance of products and services in foreign markets.
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This document discusses key concepts related to international trade, including balance of payments, protectionism, trade barriers, efforts to ease trade restrictions, and international organizations that influence the global trade environment. It defines balance of payments and explains that protectionism involves various legal and non-tariff barriers countries use to restrict imports. Common trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, standards and subsidies are outlined. Agreements like GATT and the WTO as well as the IMF and World Bank aim to reduce barriers and promote stable international trade.
International Trade
The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with global trade rules between nations. It has three main functions: 1) serving as a negotiating forum for trade agreements, 2) establishing a set of rules for international commerce through negotiated agreements, and 3) providing a place to settle trade disputes between member governments. The overriding goal of the WTO is to help trade flow freely while preventing undesirable side effects, which is important for economic development.
Trade system
The document discusses regional trade systems and the principles of the international trading system. It outlines five key principles: non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable commitments, transparency, and safety valves. It then lists recommendations to promote free trade, continue institutions like the WTO, progressively deregulate and free trade while providing consumer information, and assist poor countries in participating in the international trading system.
Trade insvestment polices
This document discusses various trade and investment policies including barriers to trade such as tariffs, quotas, and standards as well as measures to facilitate trade like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It also covers US trade policies and efforts to promote exports and foreign investment through subsidies, tax incentives, and infrastructure development as well as special economic zones like Foreign Trade Zones.
2. International trade has grown rapidly in the recent years, yet tra.pdf
2. International trade has grown rapidly in the recent years, yet trade liberalization may be more
difficult to achieve in the near future. And states sometimes need to take certain measures as a
matter of public policy that conflict with GATT\'s general goal of liberalizing trade. Does GATT
allow these exceptions? Could you list the specific Article of GATT and provide a case as an
example to illustrate the situation that excuse a WTO member state from complying with its
GATT obligations in order for the state to protect certain essential public policy objectives?
(30%)
Solution
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was never intended to be a remain solitary
understanding. Rather, it was intended to be only one a player in a significantly more extensive
consent to build up an International Trade Organization (ITO). The ITO was proposed to
advance exchange progression by building up rules or decides that part nations would consent to
embrace. The ITO was imagined amid the Bretton Woods gathering went to by the principle
united nations in New Hampshire in 1944 and was viewed as integral to two different
associations likewise considered there: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Bank. The IMF would screen and manage the worldwide settled swapping scale framework, the
World Bank would help with credits for remaking and improvement, and the ITO would control
global exchange.
The GATT comprises of an arrangement of guarantees, or responsibilities, that nations make to
each other with respect to their own exchange strategies. The objective of the GATT is to make
exchange more liberated (i.e., to advance exchange progression), and along these lines the
guarantees nations influence must to include decreases in exchange obstructions. Nations that
make these responsibilities and consent to on to the arrangement are called signatory nations.
One of the key standards of the GATT, one that signatory nations consent to stick to, is the
nondiscriminatory treatment of exchanged merchandise. Most-favored country (MFN) alludes to
the nondiscriminatory treatment toward indistinguishable or exceedingly substitutable products
originating from two distinct nations. National treatment alludes to the nondiscriminatory
treatment of indistinguishable or exceedingly substitutable locally created merchandise with
remote merchandise once the outside items have cleared traditions. In this manner it is
reasonable to separate by applying a levy on imported merchandise that would not be connected
to household merchandise, but rather once the item has gone through traditions it must be dealt
with indistinguishably.
There are a few circumstances in which nations are permitted to abuse GATT nondiscrimination
standards and past responsibilities, for example, tax ties. These speak to passable special cases
that, when actualized by the rules, are GATT authorized or GATT legitimate. The most essential
special cases are exchange cures and organized commer.
Shubham 2020A96M WTO.pptx
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides information on:
1. The WTO operates as a forum for negotiations among its member countries regarding trade agreements and settling trade disputes. It oversees a system of global trade rules.
2. Important agreements under the WTO include the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
3. The WTO's Doha Round of negotiations, launched in 2001, aims to make global trade more inclusive but has faced obstacles over issues like agricultural subsidies.
Wto
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) including its origins from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), objectives, relationship with India, dispute settlement process, progress made in trade liberalization, pending issues, and opportunities for development through global trade. It also briefly outlines some recent WTO events and India's proposals to revive negotiations.
Wto, gatt
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It provides a forum for negotiating trade agreements, settling disputes, and overseeing a system of trade rules. The WTO currently has 164 member countries and agreements cover trade in goods, services and intellectual property. Its overarching goal is to help trade flow freely by removing obstacles and ensuring predictable and transparent trade policies.
Gbe unit 3
The document discusses the history and evolution of global trade organizations and agreements. It begins with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was formed in 1947 and governed international trade until 1995. The eighth and final GATT round of negotiations, known as the Uruguay Round, established the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 to replace GATT. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and provide a framework for negotiating and resolving trade disputes between member countries. The document then covers various trade agreements and principles under the WTO including TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS, and rules around tariffs, quotas, and anti-dumping measures.
Lecture 5 ib 404 institutional framework for international business
The WTO is run by its member governments through councils and committees made up of all members. Major decisions are made by consensus of members. The highest authority is the Ministerial Conference which meets every two years. Between conferences, the General Council handles day-to-day work. Three broad councils oversee trade in goods, services, and intellectual property. Subsidiary committees address specific issues. The WTO system is based on principles of non-discrimination, freer trade through negotiation, predictability, fair competition, and encouraging development.
Similar to Bulw 5380 Ch. 1 Part 2 (20)
2. International trade has grown rapidly in the recent years, yet tra.pdf
2. International trade has grown rapidly in the recent years, yet tra.pdf
Lecture 5 ib 404 institutional framework for international business
Lecture 5 ib 404 institutional framework for international business
More from Frank Cavaliere
International business law preface 2011
International business law encompasses international trade, licensing, and direct investment between multinational corporations. The economics of international trade is based on the principles of absolute and comparative advantage, where specialization creates efficiencies. However, some argue that being too specialized can be limiting, and that business students should also develop critical thinking skills through a more liberal arts-focused curriculum to consider multiple perspectives, as advocated in a New York Times article.
International business law ch. 18
This document discusses several topics related to international business regulation, including host country corporate law and taxation, currency risk, buying foreign stock, and establishing foreign subsidiaries or branches. It explores how less developed and more developed countries may regulate different types of foreign investment differently. It also examines how currency risk can be hedged when loans are paid in different currencies, defines various currency exchange mechanisms, and compares the legal and tax implications of setting up foreign subsidiaries versus branches.
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This document discusses licensing intellectual property rights and international agreements related to IP protection. It notes that licensing IP allows companies to expand globally without large capital investments. Key points covered include typical license provisions, definitions of intellectual property, international treaties like the Paris and Berne Conventions, protections for trademarks, patents, copyrights, and the TRIPS agreement under the WTO. Enforcement challenges and the gray market are also summarized.
International Bus Law Ch 13
The document discusses regulations around exporting goods from the United States. It covers several key topics:
1. Most US exports do not require licenses, but some are restricted for national security, foreign policy, or supply reasons. Regulations are administered by agencies like Commerce and State Departments.
2. Exporting military or dual-use goods requires licenses. Violations of rules, like unauthorized exports to sanctioned countries, can result in penalties.
3. Trade sanctions are sometimes used as foreign policy tools, though their effectiveness is debated. New laws in recent years increased penalties for sanctions violations.
International Business Law Ch 11
This document summarizes US laws and regulations around import competition and unfair trade. It discusses:
1) Temporary tariffs and quotas that can be imposed under safeguard provisions to protect domestic industries from surges in imports that cause injury.
2) Antidumping laws that impose duties on imports sold at unfairly low prices to drive out competition. Dumping margins are calculated as the price difference between domestic and export prices.
3) Countervailing duties that can be imposed to offset foreign government subsidies provided to their exporters, which distort trade. Prohibited subsidies include export subsidies and import substitution subsidies.
International Business Law Chapter 9
The document discusses the history and structure of global trade agreements and organizations. It begins with the Truman Doctrine in 1947 and the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that same year. GATT established rules for international trade but had limitations. In 1994, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was created through the Uruguay Round agreement to replace GATT and address its limitations, establishing a stronger system for global trade. The WTO has 153 member countries and its goals are to liberalize trade and improve the welfare of member nations through negotiated agreements and a dispute resolution process.
International Business Law Ch 8
The document discusses national lawmaking powers over U.S. trade. Congress has the power to regulate commerce under the Constitution, while the President handles day-to-day trade relations. Treaties require Senate approval, while executive agreements do not require congressional approval but have been used since the early days of the U.S. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff worsened the Great Depression but some argue it was not the sole cause. Reciprocal trade agreements lowered tariffs starting in the 1930s.
Employment Law Harassment
This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding harassment. It defines sexual harassment and discusses the two types: quid pro quo and hostile work environment. It summarizes the landmark Supreme Court case Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, which established the concept of hostile work environment harassment. The document also discusses employer liability for harassment and how harassment differs from other types of discrimination in addressing adverse employment actions.
International Business Law Ch 3
This document discusses how international commercial disputes are resolved through judicial and non-judicial means. It outlines different cultural attitudes toward contracts between high and low context cultures. It then discusses alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods like arbitration, mediation, and conciliation that are commonly used in international contracts. The document provides examples of arbitration clauses and international ADR organizations. It also discusses challenges with international litigation like jurisdiction, service of process, venue, applicable law, and enforcing judgments across borders.
International Business Law Ch. 2
International law is defined as rules governing relationships between nations and individuals that have been accepted by the international community. It is largely consensual and developed from agreements, consensus, and accepted practices over time. Public international law deals with rules between nations and individuals, while private international law deals with rights and responsibilities of individuals and companies operating internationally. Primary sources of international law include treaties, customs, and general principles recognized by nations. Secondary sources include decisions and teachings of legal experts. Custom and usage also contribute to international law.
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Bulw 5380 Ch. 1 Part 2
- 1. BULW 5380 Chapter 1 part 2
- 2. Trade Risks and Related Issues Tariffs – taxes on imported goods Non-tariff barriers – i.e. “fit and finish” rules on cars Quotas – voluntary or mandatory Embargoes – on countries such as Cuba Boycotts – refusal to trade with a country or firm Export Controls – i.e. EAR (see “Don’t Let This Happen to You” from the USDoCommerce’s BIS) www.bis.doc.gov/complianceandenforcement/dontletthishappentoyou-2008.pdf
- 3. Trade Liberalization The efforts of governments to reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Primarily GATT and its successor the WTO (see www.wto.org): “The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.” Key concepts: “most favored nation status” (mfn) and its successor “normal trade relations”
- 4. Intellectual property rights – the heart of information-based economies TRIPS stands for trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights and it is part of the WTO (see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm ) WIPO stands for The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest. (see http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en) See Case Study at http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/casestudies_e/case3_e.htm “In the present case, both India and Bangladesh as members of the WTO are bound by its rules. When some nationals or business firms of India infringed the copyright (included in the IPR) of the Bangladesh nationals —members of the band Miles — it was possible for the latter to seek legal redress for the injury caused by such infringement of copyright. And this was particularly provided for in the WTO rules (National Treatment Principle of TRIPS).”
- 5. IP, Technology, and International Trade See the recent WTO case brought by the U.S. against China at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds362_e.htm See the recent case brought by Antigua against the U. S. at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/1pagesum_e/ds285sum_e.pdf
- 6. Franchising (Domestic/Global) Business Format Franchising is a form of business license where the franchisor is licensing an entire way of doing business, or, as the book says, “a proven plan of business operation, in return for royalties, fees, or commissions.” The book refers to this as business operations franchising. Examples include most popular fast food eateries. Product or Tradename Franchising is an older form and occurs when the franchisor licenses the franchisee to sell its products and use its name. Examples include car dealerships, hardware store chains, and gas stations.
- 7. Franchising is a Marketing Method Who pays for the construction of facilities, etc. ? What does the franchisee get from the franchisor? What does the franchisor get in return? What is the legal liability of the franchisor?
- 8. FDI – foreign direct investment 1. Check out the Web site for UNCTAD at www.unctad.org FDI = MNC How to structure the FDI Subsidiaries Joint Ventures Mergers Acquisitions
- 9. FDI Risks Abound Protectionist policies, here and abroad Local participation requirements Repatriation of profits restrictions Technology transfer requirements Nationalization, expropriation, and confiscation Deep pockets litigation, see In re Union Carbide (Bhopal) Transaction risks from sales contracts Payment, delivery, marine, and pilferage risks Currency (or exchange rate) risk Language and cultural risks Legal and political risks