Water Quality Tap Filtered Campus

Water Quality Of Tap And Filtered Water On Campus
Terez Chapman
Amelia Gardner
Fiona Lien
How does the water quality of tap and filtered water on campus
compare to bottled water?
Background Information
Potable water is becoming more available in modern society and there are more ways of accessing it than before. On Georgia College's campus it can
be accessed through bottled, filtered and tap water. In some places, droughts are affecting the amount of clean water when surface water is the main
source for drinking water (Leland et al 1993). This can cause water quality concerns that lead to people buying bottled water rather than using tap water.
Studies have been conducted that show positive aspects for both tap and bottled water use (Doria 2006). Depending on the area that you ... Show more
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There might be a leak somewhere in the area if excessive amounts of coliform bacteria is found in the water (Kissel 2014). Iron, although considered
an aesthetic contaminant, has no ill health effects and may have some benefits. The experiment will test water from on campus sources and compare
them in terms quality as a source of drinking water. The tap water should have the best water quality compared to filtered and bottled water.
Ideally, all major sources of potable water should be safe and contain reasonable levels of contaminants/additives due to the passing of the Safe Drinking
Water Act(SDWA) in 1974. Although the SDWA has gone through numerous changes over the years to accommodate for the widening body of
knowledge concerning drinking water safety, its main purpose is to set legal limits of harmful substances and encourage reasonable monitoring of said
substances. The EPA cannot and does not directly monitor the levels of harmful substances in drinking water, but it does require strict monitoring
(including reports when fecal contamination is detected) and regulates water sources to ensure the safety of the public.

Bottled water is required to follow the same regulations that municipal water is. Oftentimes, this is because the sources of bottled water is virtually
identical. The FDA regulates the labeling of bottled water and with enough general knowlege about the labeling process, one can determine
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The Need to Control Water Pollution
When you turn on the tap and drink a glass of water, Does it taste funny? Is it clear? The water you are drinking may be toxic without any such
indicators. Water is all around us; it is essential for life. Over two thirds of earth's surface is covered by water, but everyone only wants and need clean
water. Each year, water pollution increases and continues to be responsible for harming our environment. According to Duhigg (2009) of the New York
Times, more than 100 wells were polluted by agricultural runoff within a few month time period, affecting livestock such as pigs and cows . Water
pollution is a silent and deadly pollution – bacterium can be tasteless, colorless, and scentless. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
(2009) says that the United States has the safest water supplies in the world, but states that when water sources became contaminated, they can easily
cause widespread sickness and disease from waterborne germs including Cryptosporidium, E. coli, Hepatitis A., and other pathogens. Despite progress
reducing water pollution from the largest sources, our country still faces serious pollution challenges. Violations are still too widespread, and
enforcement too uneven. We need to do better controlling pollution.
Water pollution can occur through natural process, but many times water pollution is mostly a result of human activities. Water is used every day in
our homes and industries; the average of water use in the United States is

Water Contamination Experiment
This lab experiment was to examine the effects of water contamination. This experiment was based on the quality of water in a town named
Fruitvale in which the water had been infected due to rubbish and litter. Our task was to conduct an experiment using the different water samples
and universal indicator. The universal indicator displays the ppb(contamination level) level in the water. In total there were 40 well that could be
possibly be tested. I tested 23 wells in all. My final hypothesis is: if I tested wells 12, 9, 6, 16, 15 then the ppb level would be higher because these
wells are near the old chemical company, the farm that uses pesticides and the trash land. This project was based off of a story of a village named
Fruitvale in which

Water Supply As A Critical Infrastructure
One of the basic elements required to sustain life is water. Water is of extreme importance as the body cannot go without water for more than a few
days. Therefore, the supply of water is a paramount concern amongst society. The availability of water is not the only concern. Another factor is the
purity of the water supply. Imagine the catastrophic sequence of events if the water supply for a region were to be contaminated with Ebola or any
plethora of deadly viruses. Following such a tragedy to conclusion would leave thousands or possibly millions dead depending upon the detection and
response procedures. It is no surprise that water supply is considered a critical infrastructure. This paper will discuss these topics in depth to cover what
measures are currently in place to detect water anomalies and response methods to any such contamination, accidental or intentional. Furthermore, we
will look at how water is scrutinized in many different areas from chlorine levels to salt levels. The level of scrutiny in water will likely shock anyone,
yet fear will set in at the reality of how vulnerable this water supply system is to attack.
In society we take many things for granted, especially those that would be deemed a basic necessity such as water. Nevertheless, we give no thought to
the consequence of disruption in availability until it happens. Natural catastrophes have recently reminded us of how vital these necessities are that we
take for granted.

Testin the Quality of Water Essay
Introduction During lab on Monday, April 9, 2002 our class conducted a lab on water chemistry and pollution. The two bodies of water that were
choose as samples where, the Wall pond and the HGTC pond. Each group had to test the water for Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate,
Phosphate, pH, and Turbidity. Only two people where chosen to test the waters for Coliform bacteria. "Coliform bacteria are not pathogenic (disease
causing) organisms, and are only mildly infectious. For this reason these bacteria are relatively safe to work with in the laboratory". (Wilkes, 2001)
This experiment is closely related to the study of science because it is a direct study of the environment. "The World Heath Organization estimates that
80 percent of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next two Dissolved Oxygen TesTab where dropped into the test tube. After that screw the cap on the tube, make check to make sure there are no air
bubbles present. Next invert the tube for a time limit of 4 minutes until the tablets and disintegrated. After a five minute time period as elapsed a color
should start to develop, compare the color sample to the dissolved oxygen color chart and record the data. After the dissolved oxygen data was
recorded, the group tested the Wall pond for Nitrate. First, fill the square–sided test tube with 5mL of the water sample. Next add one Nitrate WR CRA
TesTab. Next, put the cap on the test tube and invert until the tablets have disintegrated. After the five–minute time–period has passed, wait for the red
color to develop, compare the color of the sample to the Nitrate color chart, and record the results as ppm Nitrate. Next the group studied the wall pond
for Phosphate. First fill the tall square–sided with 10mL of the water sample. Next, add one Phosphorus TesTab. Next, screw the cap on the test–tub and
invert until the tablet has disintegrated, and after five minutes a blue color should start to develop. Lastly, compare the color to the sample to the
Phosphate color chart and record the results has ppm Phosphate. Next the wall pond was tested for pH. First fill the square–sided test tube with 10mL
of the water sample. Next add one pH tablet. Then screw the cap on the test tube and invert until the

Urban Storm Water Decline
As literature reviewed, by (Harrmoes, 1982)(Hvitved–Jacbseb, 1982), the dissolved oxygen (DO) of receiving water body can decline due disposing
of storm water discharge which can be its water quality meaningfully changes, those reduction of DO can have definite the biological impacts, and
cause for fish kill in water. Odour problems, caused by putrescin in the spilling over water and on the banks of the receiving water furthermore effect
related with low oxygen concentrations. (House, et al., 1993) , In NRUT report both water quality and water quantity impacts related with urban storm
water combine to impact aquatic and riparian habitat in urban water way. Higher levels of contaminants, augmented flow velocities and erosion,
alteration of riparian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bathers and others coming in interaction with dirty water at beaches and other recreational sites can become extremely ill. Beach closures caused by
urban runoff have a adverse impact on the quality of life, and can obstruct economic development as well. Similarly, the bacterial contamination of
shellfish beds poses a public health threat to consumers, and shellfish bed closures undesirably impact the fishing industry and local economies
(Jacobs, J. and Ellis, J. B. , 1991) .Additionally other literature supports the above idea, The US EPA (1999a) thus, ''the significant real impacts of
urban area and highway storm water runoff is caused by the high concentrations of faecal indicator organisms in the runoff waters. These organisms are
a threat to the use of the receiving waters for domestic water supply and for contact recreation, such as swimming, wading, etc.''. As part of its
"beaches" program, is devoting significant attention to handling the sanitary quality

The Importance Of Pollution Of Water
"Before we saw the first sandpiper prancing on a sandbar or bald eagle sitting high in a nest or the swaying oak savannas, we took a water sample" is
a very powerful quote from Mike Kilen, the author of many articles dealing with water quality issues. It shows that locations are more than just their
looks. Little do most people know, pollution of water can cause a lot of problems and has several different sources. As Miken Kilen believes, elements of
nature are interconnected. One thing always affects another. This is demonstrated through his writings on the North Raccoon River, the relationship
between farming and the environment, and lawn care.
Pollution of water can cause a lot of problems. In his article "The North Raccoon: A river of controversy and undiscovered beauty," Mike Kilen they
took a water sample that found nitrates at fifteen milligrams per liter which is five milligrams higher than the level safe for drinking water. That
indicates that the water of this river is polluted with nitrates which is an issue as far as drinking water goes. The author further states that nitrates in
drinking water can lessen the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. This can greatly affect the brain considering that it needs oxygen to function. This
informs people of the danger behind this pollution. Kilen concludes that "Eighty percent of its watershed is covered with two crops–corn and
soybeans." This gives insight as to where the problems is coming from. In this article there is

Susquehanna River Essay
The health of the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay was found based on Biological (macroinvertebrates and wildlife) and Chemicals
characteristics (pH, dissolved oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, etc.) as well as physical observations (amount of forested buffers, wetlands, etc.) Overall it
was concluded that the health of the water was good to excellent. What was found was that many of the macroinvertebrates found in the water were
sensitive or facultative, meaning the water quality was good enough for them to live in. Also, the level of ph, temperature, dissolved oxygen,
phosphates, nitrates, and turbidity showed that the water quality was good. Finally, while we were canoeing down the Susquehanna River, observations
were made on the land ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Underwater grasses, or Elodea, was observed as well. This wide variety of life is a good indicator of the water's health.
The chemical characteristics observed and documented were pH, temperature, phosphate, nitrate, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. Each of these
chemical levels were documented and found differently. Most were found using a kit or a device. The numbers found, would tell us how polluted
the stream was and how much nutrients were in the water. Each chemical has a scale for telling what a good level is and what a bad level is. If an
excess amount of nutrients was found in the water, algae could be formed. When algae is formed it blocks sunlight from shining into the water, which
creates dead zones. This is called eutrophication. A dead zone is an area where there is no life. This can cause major problems like population issues
and more. If the algae continues to grow in the river, the whole body of water can die out, and people as well as other organisms are very dependent
on the Susquehanna. While on the river though, there was an absence of algae, so sunlight is able to get through the water, which is very good.
Physical characteristics are important as well. While canoeing, many things were observed and notices. Tires were seen at the bottom of the river.
This is most likely because of the highway that runs on both sides or the river, and over it –on bridges– too. Because of the highway, there is a high risk

Describe Ecosystem 's Location And Ecosystem Significance
Field Trip Report
Introduction
Describe ecosystem's location and ecosystem significance. (1/2 page)
The seagrass ecosystem is one which is very important in the world's equilibrium. The ecosystem consists of various species of seagrasses, which are a
submerged vegetation that are specialised to live under water.
The seagrass ecosystem is located throughout the world. They are able to adapt to both tropical and temperate regions, but they are more common in
the warmer waters (AIMS, 2016). They are mainly found in estuaries, sheltered bays and intertidal coastal regions and are mainly found less than 2m
under the water (AUSECO, n.d.). They can also sustain almost all types of ground from mud to rock, but are mostly found in soft substances like sand
or mud (AIMS, 2016). Overall the presence of seagrasses depends on sediment condition, water movement, fresh water supply and connection to the
ocean, as well as other factors which influence all aquatic plants such as light, nutrient availability, pressure, floods and human disturbance
(Government of Western Australia, n.d.). Figure 1 shows why Botany Bay has the ability to support seagrass meadows.
There is an estimated 60 species of seagrasses in the world and Australia has the highest diversity of these, as it is home to over half of these species
(OzCoasts, 2015). The most extensive sea meadows in Australia occur in the waters of Northern Queensland, in the Great Barrier Reef, but are also
prevalent all around Australia as

A Brief Note On Asian Development Bank ( Adb )
This section outlines concise summary on various published repots that have used performance indicators to analyze collected data to provide
information on performance of water utilities. The researches that were studied on are:
1.Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2004)
2.International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) (2009)
3.Ministry of Environmental Protection (2009)
1.Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Andrews & YnМѓiguez, 2004)
This study on Water in Asian Cities provides information onwater supply and sanitation utilities in 18 Asian cities. The efforts of collecting the data
for the period of 2001–2002 were made by the domestic consultants, the report was then released in 2004. A range of performance indicators were
used in the data book in order to evaluate the performance of water utilities. In Table 3, it displays the set of performance indicators that used in the
water utilities data book and also shows how they were computed from various formulas.
1.The IBNET Water supply and Sanitation Blue Book 2014 (Van den Berg & Danilenko, 2011)
The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) provides a large database for sharing of data in order to improve
water and sanitation utility performance, which supports and promotes good benchmarking practices among water supply sector by providing guidance
on indicators, definitions and methods of data collection. The IBNET blue book (Van den Berg & Danilenko, 2011)

Safe Drinking Water In Bangladesh Essay
Safe drinking–water is essential for healthy life, and United Nations (UN) General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking–water as a human right
essential to the full enjoyment of life [1]. Moreover, the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene for health and development has been reflected in
the outcomes of a series of international policy forums [1]. These have also included health and water–oriented conferences, but most importantly in the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) adopted by the General Assembly of the UN in 2000. The UN General Assembly declared the period from
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, "Water for Life" [1]. Access to safe drinking–water is important as a health and development
issue at national, regional and local levels. Bangladesh, a developing country from South Asian (SA) region also takes several steps for ensuring
sanitation and safe drinking water facilities among the people. As a result, Bangladesh has made great progress in this sector. The government also
claimed that it has achieved the MDG indicator of ensuring safe drinking water for 85% people of the country. According to different demographic
and health surveys, the percentage of using improved sources of drinking water is about 98% (reported in the latest two surveys Multiple Indicator
Cluster Surveys (MICS) 2012–13 and Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014) [2,3]. But, this achievement statistics are
overlooking the shortcomings. The MICS

Case Study: The New Almaden Mine, California
The New Almaden Mine, California" explains the environmental issues related to the bay area of California. This case study explains that heavy
industrial waste were extracted from the mine and mixture with the seas. This cause many problems for the fish and aquatic life. This article showing
some of the pictures related to contaminant water. Contaminants entering the natural water, cause a change in the physical properties of the medium
(violation of the original transparency and coloring, odors and flavors, and the like); change in chemical composition, in particular the appearance of
harmful substances therein; appearance of floating substances on the surface of the water and sediments at the bottom; a reduction in the water of
dissolved... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists estimate that it fell to the present time by 10%. Accordingly, it is reduced and the annual growth of the other inhabitants of the sea. Arriving
in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the sea, pollutants make significant changes in the steady state and disrupt the equilibrium state of aquatic ecosystems.
As a result of the transformation process of polluting substances waters flowing under the influence of natural factors, water sources in complete or
partial restoration of their original properties. This can form secondary pollutants decomposition products that have a negative impact on water quality
(Cunha, et.al, 2015). Industrial wastewaters contain soluble, insoluble and colloidal substances that are dangerous for the fish and aquatic life. The
nature and concentration of contaminants may have on the state of water in the reservoirs of the most diverse influences. Suspended solids in the river
after resetting can partially dissolve, and the insoluble portion of the slurry will increase in water content. Some materials being dumped into the
reservoir in a soluble state, due to changes in environmental pH, or other chemical reactions can cause the formation of secondary suspended solids.
An example of such changes is the oxidation of ferrous salts in the river, under aerobic conditions, to form insoluble iron

Water Filter Research Paper
The water we drink straight out of the tap contains chlorine. The municipal water supply companies have to add the chlorine to kill bacteria and make
our water safe. However, chlorine is a known carcinogen. In addition the EPA estimates that one
–fifth of our public water supplies contain VOC's
(volatile organic chemicals) which can create a wide variety of health problems. One of he most simple ways of removing these contaminants is to
use a water filter pitcher that will filter them out. This type of water filter is easy to use and maintain and requires no installation. In addition filter
pitchers and their replacement filters are readily accessible at local retailers and at online shopping malls. Each one of the water filter pitchers listed...
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Probably the most popular of the PuR pitchers is the CR–6000C. It has a 7 cup capacity and includes a convenient LED light that lets you know if your
filter is good or needs replacement. The pitcher which comes with a single filter sells for about $24.99. The filter is recommended to be replaced
every 1 to 2 months and a set of 3 replacement filters, PuR CRF–950Z, retails for $31.99 Brita is another very popular brand. If styling is important to
you the Brita may be your choice. At the time of this writing they have 13 different styles ranging in capacity from 5 to 10 cups in a variety of
styles and colors. The Slim is the 5 cup pitcher that sells for $10.99. You can choose from 5 models of six cup capacity pitchers ranging in price from
$20.99 to $27.99. Brita has 2 different 8 cup models and 5 choices of 10 cup water filter pitchers topping out at $31.99. Some of the Brita pitchers
also come with LED indicators for filter replacement. The Brita 35503 3–pack replacement filters are available for about $20.99 Crystal Quest is not as
popular as PuR and Brita but it is a quality brand worth considering. They offer 2 styles, the CQE–PI–00600 which is clear and the CQE–PI–00601
that has a blueish tint to the pitcher. Crystal Quest is able to boast four stages of filtration media. Both models sell for $24.99 and replacement filters
sell for $15.50

Ia Water Quality
I would like to inform you on an experiment that we have completed in my Biology 1103 Lab. My class hiked over to the Lake Herrick to learn about
the quality of water and what we can do to improve it. A lot of Athens water supply has been polluted and had become underground due to the building
of UGA. Since we are all students at The University of Georgia, The Athens community has become near and dear to our hearts. We want nothing more
than to see Athens environment in a healthy condition. The University has taken a toll on Athens, now it is time that we as students take the initiative
to keep Athens healthy and beautiful. By completing this experiment, we have received value information on the quality of water in Athens. Now we can
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biological Sampling: A very good indicator of water quality is the species that live in the water. The species we were looking for where divided into
three categories: sensitive, somewhat sensitive, and tolerant. Sensitive means an animal is sensitive to pollution and tolerant mean an animal has
tolerance against pollution. In lake Herrick, we found only found sensitive and what sensitive animal. These results are an indicator that the water
quality is not that bad. Watershed Survey: Based on our visual survey we found no huge indicators of pollutions. There were no construction sights
or commercial areas near the lake. Though littering is a very small problem, we found a few pieces of trash. All in all, found no major indicators of
pollution based on the watershed survey. Physical and chemical Sampling: Since the water was a dirty brown color, we were almost sure we would
find something wrong with the chemical balance. We tested pH and alkalinity, Nitrates and orthophosphates. Surprisingly, everything appeared to be
normal based off of our

Essay On Water Pollution
Chapter One
The Problem and Its Setting
Water is essential to life. It provides an efficient way to transfer substances from a cell to the cell's environment. Which is why there is usually no
positive impacts when referring to water pollution as it is a major global problem. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies. It exist as a
result of harmful substances being inserted into water bodies whether purposely or accidently. When observed it has an affect on the entire ecological
system, and most occurrences negatively impact whole species as it is the leading cause of death and disease. On account of water being an vital
component of life on Earth, if it is indeed contaminated, it will deplete the health of the plant and every living thing on it.
Background of the Study
Water pollution can affect the macroinvertebrates that live in the water and they can become contaminated. When the consumption of influenced
macroinvertebrates occur and travel throughout the food chain based around the body of water, toxins that contaminated the supply are now spread.
The water quality can determine which type of macroinvertebrates inhabit the bodies of water because there are pollution sensitive and pollution
tolerant macroinvertebrates. If the bodies of water are only inhabited by pollution tolerant macroinvertebrate that suggest that the water is highly
contaminate and those are the only macroinvertebrates that can survive there. Although, if there is a balance of both

Methods for Testing Water Quality
This report shows in details different methods that may be conducted in order to test the quality of the water. First of all, the water quality is defined
by its characteristics. They may be biological, chemical, and physical. The water quality standards differ due to several environmental impacts.
Physically, the first tested impact is temperature. It has a high influence on the quality since it may cause different type of pollution and will also have
a high influence on biological activities. When the temperature of water will become very far from its acceptable range, there will have a direct
negative impact on species and living organisms. The water temperature is inversely proportional to the dissolved oxygen level. The second factor that
affects the water quality is the potential of hydrogen 'pH'. Many organisms are affected by their medians' pH. If the pH gets outside of its
acceptable range, plants and animals die. It is divided into three categories: acidic (< 7), neutral (= 7), basic (> 7). When the median is acidic, it
causes corrosion for the pipes and aesthetic problems. When the median is alkaline, the water will become bitter. Solids are divided into two
categories: suspended and dissolved. They are present in lakes and streams. Suspended solids are particles that will be retained by filtering. It
includes silts and sediments. Aquatic life is negatively affected when the level of TDS is high. They are mostly found in acidic rainfall like H+ and
hard water like

Lake Forsyth Case Study
Identification of impacting activities on Lake Forsyth
Lake Forsyth has undergone major natural and anthropogenic changes since European settlement (3). Following the arrival of European settlers during
the 1830s deforestation occurred on a large scale. Prior to this Lake Forsyth would have been surrounded by Podocarp and Conifer–hardwood forests.
The ridges and peaks would have been covered with low scrub and tussock. These changes have increased nutrient inputs above what would have
occurred naturally.
Basaltic soils of the Lake Forsyth catchment are naturally high in inorganic phosphorus and removal of forest has caused an increase in sediment
entering the system than would have naturally.
The increased erosion caused the formation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This included quantifying the water flow into the lake under dry summer conditions for 2011/2012. The aim of this research project was to gather
information on the inputs into the lake, then use this information to design a phosphorus and sediment budget. The Okana and Okuti were found to be
the dominant inputs (7) shown in figure 4. Below. This study is a good indication of the water budget over general summer conditions but cannot be
extrapolated for the annual water budget. The report also recommends continuous monitoring of the two river flows the Okana and Okuti for a
minimum of one

Questions On Properties Of Soils
2.3 Results and discussion
2.3.1 Physicochemical properties of soils
Soil properties are shown in Table 2.1. These soils had a loamy texture with different contents of clay, sand and silt. pH values ranged from 4.45 to
7.73. TC was in the range of 1.6 to 8.37 % without significant amounts of TN and TS detected. TOC varied between 1.48 and 8.37% whilst DOC
showed a wide range from 106 to 400 mg kg–1. CEC values ranged from 2.9 to 17.9 cmol kg–1. Concentrations of Fe oxide, Al oxide, and Mn oxide
were 0.28–12.49 g kg–1, 0.5–12.6 g kg–1 and 0.0252–0.302 g kg–1, respectively. Total concentrations of As and Cd in control and spikedsoil after
one–year aging were listed in Table S1 (Appendix 2). The difference between the spiked concentrations and measured ones may be due to the particle
size (spiked soils were sieved to < 250 Ојm particle size was used for all measurements.
2.3.3 Relationships between the bioaccessibility, total concentrations and selected soil properties
Strong linear relationships between bioaccessible As/Cd (both gastric and intestinal phases) and total As/Cd in soils were observed with R2 varying
between 0.72 and 0.98 (Figure 2.1). Therefore, within the spiked concentrations of As and Cd in this study, the soluble As and Cd during UBM
extraction increased proportionally along with total concentrations in soils. Relations in gastric phase was stronger than that in intestinal phase
probably due to the high solubility of both As and Cd in the gastric phase. These

How Does Different Levels of Pollution in Streams or Ponds...
How does Different Levels of Pollution in Streams or Ponds Affect Macro invertebrate Species? Organisms without back bones are Macro Invertebrate
species (Seminole.Wateratlas.Usf.Edu ,2012) . These organisms are small but can be seen without a magnifying glass (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002) .
Size ranges from 3–20mm long (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002) .Insects, crustaceans, mollusks, worms, leeches, and anemones are classified a Macro
invertebrate species (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). Streams that are free frompollution will contain a variety of these animals. Streams that have higher
pollution levels will less of these animals. Macro invertebrates that live in the stream can determine information about the stream. These organisms can
Piping the stream is when the streams are piped underground to permit city expansion (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). Piping the streams can cause the
invertebrates to starve. The animals will starve because algae need light to survive (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). In the pipes, algae are not receiving
any light causing the plant to die .Invertebrates can't eat leaves because there are no trees in the pipes. Straightening the streams is when the streams
are smoothed out or straightened with concrete (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). This can cause the stream to lack objects such as rocks. The
invertebrates attach to these objects to prevent being washed down the stream(Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). If the stream lacks objects invertebrates
will be washed down the stream. The objects in the stream also used for protection from predators (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). Fewer objects in the
stream will result in less hiding places for invertebrates (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). Therefore, predators will easily find them. Flow reduction is
when some water from the stream is taken and sent elsewhere (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). This can happen in many ways. One way this can occur is
when water is taken out of the stream for urban supplies and agriculture (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). This can result in making the stream smaller or
destroying the steam entirely (Waitakere.Govt.Nz , 2002). If the stream gets reduced in sized or destroyed most

Determining the Water Quality of a Body of Water Essay
Water quality is a complex term to evaluate. The health of a water ecosystem depends on so many variables. These parameters are each intertwined and
connected. For simplicity there are several mainstream parameters that are used in conjunction with each other to determine the water s quality. These
include: alkalinity, ammonia content, carbon dioxide, chlorine, nitrates, dissolved oxygen, phosphates, temperature, and turbidity. The most visible sign
of poor water quality is reduced animal populations. Almost all animals will suffer if pollutants are in the water supply. There are several ways to
lower pollution levels in water.
Alkalinity is not a measure of pollution. It is a total measure of the substances in water that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pollution occurs when ammonia levels rise above .1mg/L. Ammonia concentrations may be eliminated by reducing farm runoff. Often times, when
there are many trees and rooted plants runoff can be greatly reduced.
Carbon Dioxide is a universal problem. Recently the news has been parading the information about global warming. Well, carbon dioxide is also a
problem for water systems. All animals and many bacteria use oxygen and release carbon dioxide. This includes underwater animals and bacteria.
Green plants, in turn, absorb the carbon dioxide and, by the process of photosynthesis, produce oxygen. When carbon dioxide levels become high
animals usually suffer detrimentally. A good way to lower carbon dioxide levels is to increase the number of green vegetation in the water. This will
allow for the oxygen levels to increase and the carbon dioxide levels to decrease.
Chlorine is used all over the world. It remains one of the most effective means to disinfect water supplies. The problem resides when too much chlorine
enters a natural ecosystem. Chlorine hurts animals, and in some cases people too. When chlorine combines with products in water it produces tri
halomethanes or THMs. These THMs in high concetrations can cause cancer in people. In other words they are carcinogenic. An effective means to
lower chlorine content is to monitor this at industrial and water supply plants. That way by the time it enters the ecosystem the levels of chlorine won't

Ecological State Of Reddam House Wetland Essay
BIOLOGY PROJECT Ecological State of Reddam House Wetland Daanyaal Abdool Grade 12 Mr. Smee Introduction: Wetlands play a major role
in the ecosystem as the provides habitats for animals as well as purify water and our wetland at Reddam House acts as a purification for water that
passes it as well as a habitat for many birds and insects. Within this task we were required to determine the ecological state of the Reddam House
wetland, which I presume is at a good standard. I decided to test the ecological status of the wetland by gathering samples from the wetland and testing
it for various aspects in the water and the plants that are found within the area. Literature review: http://www.environmental+science+.org
/bird–environmental–indicators (Refer to appendix 1 for article) In this article it speaks about many different types of indicators that one could see in
order to determine the ecological state of the wetland by my factors such as the biodiversity, pollution levels, the fauna and flora in the wetland. This
relates to our wetland as we have a large biodiversity in our wetland with little pollution as well as plants such as reeds growing which indicate a
healthy wetland. We also occasionally see a large variety of birds in our wetland therefore another indicator that our wetland is healthy. http:/
/www.scientificamerican.com/article/why–are–wetlands–so–important–to–preserve/ (Refer to appendix 2 for article) This article touches on the
importance of

Environmental Pollution
The detrimental pollution issue regarding the Lake of the Ozarks is one that has been floating among the Ozarks for about a decade or two. The water
quality has gone down the drain in recent years due to numerous factors such as leaking sewage and trash pollution. This issue is an environmental
concern because it makes the Escherichia coli (E. coli) levels in the water go up, which can lead to illnesses and deaths of people and animals across the
area. There was said to have been as much as 15,000 gallons of sewage that led directly into the Lake of the Ozarks (DNR). This is a problem because it
is affecting the health of landowners near the area, fishermen, and local businesses, native wildlife, and aquatic organisms; however, people are asking
why it may matter.
Residents care about the pollution issue that is going on at the Lake of the Ozarks because more and more people are deciding to live by the lake full
time, which increases lake pollution even further. Wildlife such as fish and aquatic plants are also negatively affected by the polluted water. When the
fish or other animals in the water take in the bacteria it can cause an increase in deaths among the local organisms that have been previously mentioned
such as fish and smaller bug–like critters (DNR). The E. coli levels in the area are shifting because of the pollution issues (Bechtold, 2014). Actions
towards this lake pollution needs to be taken in hand by the local government in order to solve any of the

E. Coli : An Indicator Of Water Quality
In order to detect any seasonal or spatial patterns in the prevalence and phenotypic diversity of Salmonella, E. coli, and Enterococcus species in
surface waters, the phenotypic analyses of these bacteria will be conducted. Salmonella will be serotyped, E. coli will be phylo–grouped, and
Enterococcus species will be determined using multiplex PCR methods 11, 12, 13. Common serotypes or species of bacteria from different
seasons, years, or locations along the rivers and streams in the Upper Oconee watershed will be determined in order to find out if these serotypes and
species are genetically related. E. coli will also be enumerated as an indicator of water quality. Water samples will be collected with the help of the
Upper Oconee... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 37В°C incubation for 18–20 hours, colonies having the appearance of E. coli and coliform will be counted. Magnetic filter funnels, fitted with
47–mm glass fiber filters (Pall Corporation; Ann Arbor, MI), will be preloaded with 0.5–g cellulose filter powder (Aqua Dewв„ў; Lahore, Pakistan)
dissolved in 15 mL of sterile water. Another 0.5 g of cellulose filter powder will be dissolved in 1 L of water sample, which will then be drawn
through a preloaded filter. The glass fiber filter with the cellulose fiber cake will then be incubated overnight at 37В°C in 25 mL of buffered
peptone water (BD; Sparks, MD). For the isolation of Salmonella, 1 ml of the peptone broth enrichment will be added to each of two culture media:
gram negative Hajna (GN) (BD) and tetrathionate broth (Tet) (BD). All cultures will be incubated at 37В°C. At 24 hour, 100ul of the GN culture will
be transferred into Rappaport (GN–R) (BD). At 48 hour, 100ul of the Tet culture will be transferred into Rappaport (Tet
–R). All GN–R and Tet–R
media will be incubated at 37В°C for 18–20 hours, then plated on brilliant green agar with sulphadiazine (BGS) (BD) and xylose–lysine tergitol 4
(XLT4) (BD). After the plates are incubated at 37В°C for 18–20 hours, one colony having the typical appearance of Salmonella will be picked from
each plate positive for Salmonella and subjected to biochemical

Does Location Of Water Affect The Ph And Turbidity?
My science fair topic is how does the location of water affect the pH and turbidity. I chose this topic because water pollution is a big problem
because the water may no longer be drinkable. Thee hypothesis is, the water sample from my pool will have the least amount of turbidity and highest
pH because we put chlorine in the water and it is cleaned often. The manipulated variable is the water samples. The responding variable is the water
pH and turbidity. The manipulated variable would be the amount of water, turbidity tube, technique the pH kit and turbidity tube is used, pH kit, and
environment. There isn't very much fresh water and we need to conserve it, polluting the water just wastes it which doesn't help. I want to learn how
to measure how safe the water may be by testing pH and turbidity. I also wanted to learn about how pH affects water and what turbidity is. Water is
very important for many organisms so everyone should help conserve.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PH is the measure of how acidic or alkaline water is. Drink only acidic or alkaline because it is harmful. Part of the procedure would be seeing
which water sample would be most harmful or safest and water pH would be a big factor in the decision. Water with a pH less than 6.5 is acidic,
soft, or corrosive. This means there are higher levels of toxic metals and there are health risks for these metals. Water with a pH greater than 8.5
indicates that the water is hard. Alkalinity is the measure of how much the water can resist change in pH that would make the water more

The Effect Of Water Quality On Faecal Contamination
The aim of this research project is to investigate the water quality in the Barcombe Mills tributary. By collecting samples along the stream, becomes an
attempt to be illustrated the qualitative state of water, centring on faecal contamination. It is attempted to assess the risk of water–related illnesses from
faecal contamination to persons coming in contact with the river. It will also be a review of the causes of poor water quality in Barcombe Mills
tributary, in order to be applied techniques to mitigate them. It is hypothesized that Barcombe Mills tributary is not safe for individuals to use it for
recreation and they were at risk of water–related illness from faecal contamination.
1.2Objectives:
To review, and to report on... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.Literature Review
In order to be able to make an effective water analysis of Barcombe Mills tributary and to meet the objectives of the project, there should be a
collecting and understanding of previous studies to identify the possible causes of the deterioration of water quality in the basin. By analysing the work
of previous years, it is possible to detect gaps in the previous research. Furthermore, attention should be given to ways in which the various stakeholders
interact with the river, determining the impact on the quality and quantity of water.
In recent decades the natural water quality has changed significantly. The Barcombe Mills has to face many pollution threats with the most significant
the sewage treatment plant which is located there. The dissolved nitrates, phosphates and other harmful chemicals increases since the faecal contain a
large amount of ammonia, posing a risk for river 's rich variety of wildlife (Oart.org.uk, 2015). Water–borne human infectious diseases are associated
with human or animal faeces. Animals are becoming a worry, globally and they place an enormous trouble on the human population of many countries
(Domingo et al. 2007).Bacteria known as Faecal indicator organisms (FIO) were used to indicate the occurrence of faecal contamination. The most
common FIO are Escherichia coli and Enterococci. These organisms are ideal to

Malathion Case
Note: Even though Malathion was mentioned as one of the suspected pollutants in the Pasion River fish kill and EPA recognized the potential pollution
effects of this pesticide, the Malathion's analytical results were not share with the EPA team. Consequently, the agency cannot formulate a technical
opinion on this particular case. If the Malathion analytical results are provided, EPA will be available to present a technical opinion on this matter, if
requested.
5Conclusions and Recommendations
EPA recognized the professional experience and expertise of MARN inspectors and its well–developed inspections and sampling program. EPA
recommends the implementation of an annual review program for the improvement of MARN's sampling program.
Sediments from the runoff of agricultural activities and wastewater from residential activities have affected the water quality of the Pasion River. In
addition, unauthorized discharges of anaerobic wastewater/sludge into the river watershed by a palm oil processing company could create a negative
impact in the aquatic life and human health of the Pasion River, moreover that the river is used by several communities in the nearby areas for drinking
water, agricultural activities, irrigation, and fishing activities for human consumption. EPA offers the following... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This plan should also describe the roles and responsibilities of the different agencies and other stakeholders that have jurisdiction in the emergency
response activities. The plan should also require specific qualifications and training of the personnel responsible to respond to such emergencies. In case
of a future emergency, the plan will help the government to act with an organizational framework in place, with assigned responsibilities to each of the
accountable

Water Quality Data ( Fixed Interval Sampling )
Water quality data (fixed–interval sample) collected bi–monthly from 1999–2008 and monthly from 2009–2013 for all 18 monitoring sites within the
Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins over a 15–year period was obtained from The City of Greensboro Stormwater Division, North Carolina. The
sampled data were grouped in ranges of years from 1999–2002, 2003–2008, 2009–2010 and 2011–2013 so as to obtain a detailed analysis on the data.
The sampling sites in the study area were numbered for simplicity of result presentation. Sites 1 to 6 were located at the highly sub–urban and
agricultural area and sites 7 to 18 were located in the highly urbanized area of Greensboro. This sites include; Bluff Run (1), Fleming (2),
Friendship Church Rd (3), Old Oak Ridge Rd. (4), Pleasant Ridge (5) and Battleground Ave. (6), are located in the Reedy Fork Creek basin (Figure
1). Whereas Aycock (7), North Church St. (8), Fieldcrest Dr. (9), McConnell (10), Merritt Dr. (11), 16th St. (12), Randleman Rd (13), Rankin Mills
Rd. (14) West JJ (15), White St. (16), Mcleansville (17), and Summit Ave. (18) sites are located in the Buffalo Creek basin. Twelve water quality
parameters were selected for statistical analysis (Total suspended solids (TSS, mg/L), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN, m/L), chemical oxygen demand
(COD, mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5, mg/L), total dissolved solids (TDS, mg/L), total Phosphorus (TPhos, mg/L),Turbidity (TURB,
NTU) nitrite nitrogen (NO2–N, mg/L), nitrate nitrogen (NO3–N,

Analysis Of The Water Related Adaptation Interventions For...
At the community level, from my observation in work, I recognized that the local communities have the best capability to adapt with the adverse
impacts. People had managed to protect their livelihood resources such as cropping fields, ponds, aquaculture farms and domestic facilities. For
example, in the early rainy season, some focal groups of local residents are formed. These groups are responsible for monitoring the water levels and
protecting proactively the irrigation facilities and the critical areas of dykes. In order to cope with inundation, local residents have to work together to
dredge the small channels and to upgrade the paddy field embankments when they get the heavy rain forecast. They have stored fresh water and
changed in their water use to cope with potential floods, storm, inundation and drought.
In short, the water–related adaptation interventions in Thai Binh province focuses on upgrading hard facilities in irrigation and water supply systems;
capacity building programs; afforestation in coastal zones and developing the local communities respond effectively to climate change. iii.
Management operation
Management in climate change adaptation plays an important role to ensure the success of interventions. The primary approach in Vietnam
administrative management is a top–down approach. In climate change adaptation management, national organizations develop the policies, strategies,
plans and national programs to adapt with adverse impacts. The lower

Questions On Drinking Water
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
–What type of health issues can be related to water quality?
The existence of some contaminants in the water can result in health problems, including gastrointestinal diseases, neurological disorders, and
reproductive complications. Newborn children, youthful kids, pregnant ladies, the elderly, and immunocompromised people might be particularly in
danger of developing illness as a consequence of drinking contaminated water. Certain contaminants need to be reduced to established standards, as per
the federal laws, so as to protect human health. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017)
How do contaminants (germs and chemicals) get into my drinking water?
Our water systems can be contaminated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2017). Typically, it is not a huge concern for the average healthy person, but it can be detrimental to old aged persons, young people, and individuals
with a weakened immune system.
–How can I protect myself? You can protect yourself by only drinking from tested water sources, and by following instructions from your local public
health unit. When there is a fecal contamination, it is common that there will be a boil water advisory, and buying bottled water from stores until the
water has been treated and restored is always an option.
–How do i know if i have been contaminated?
Possible signs and symptoms of E. coli ingestion include diarrhea which may range from mild and watery to severe and bloody, abdominal cramping,
pain or tenderness, nausea and vomiting. Signs and symptoms typically begin three or four days after exposure to the bacteria, though you may
become ill as soon as one day after to more than a week later.
–How does bacterial contamination of the water supply occur?
Bacterial contamination has occur in many ways, first of which can be from runoff from heavy rainfall. Another possible way of contamination can be
a break in the water line that allows debris and other bacteria to enter the water line.
–Where can I learn more?

We have a variety of media sources being used in order to display information regarding the contamination. Continue to follow your local news channel
and regularly check our twitter page for updates

A Report On The Buffalo Creek Basin
Geographically, Greensboro is located at the headwaters of the Cape Fear River Basin, the largest of the 17 major river basins in North Carolina.
The Reedy Fork Creek and Buffalo Creek basin (Figure 1) in Greensboro are formed from rainfall that runs off of streets and rooftops, and from water
that seeps up from local springs. This water ultimately ends up in the Atlantic Ocean, just south of Wilmington, NC. The basin is located in a transition
zone between warm–temperate and sub–tropical climates and belongs to a warm–temperate, semi–moist continental climate with cold and arid winters
and warm and humid summers. Its annual high and low temperatures are 69.3В°F to 48.8В°F. Its average annual precipitation is about 42.36inches
(City of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data collection Water quality data (fixed–interval sample) collected bimonthly from 1999–2008 and monthly from 2009–2013 for all 18 monitoring
sites within the Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins over a 15–year period were obtained from The City of Greensboro Stormwater Division, North
Carolina. The sampled data were grouped in range of years from 1999–2002, 2003–2008, 2009–2010 and 2011–2013 so as to obtain a detailed analysis
on the data. The sampling sites in the study area were numbered for simplicity of result presentation. Bluff Run (1), Fleming (2), Friendship Church
Rd (3), Old Oak Ridge Rd. (4), Pleasant Ridge (5) and Battleground Ave. (6), are located in the Reedy Fork Creek basin (Figure 1). Whereas Aycock
(7), North Church St. (8), Fieldcrest Dr. (9), McConnell (10), Merritt Dr. (11), 16th St. (12), Randleman Rd (13), Rankin Mills Rd. (14) West JJ
(15), White St. (16), Mcleansville (17), and Summit Ave. (18) sites are located in Buffalo Creek basin. Twelve water quality parameters were
selected for statistical analysis. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), is the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria in the decomposition of
organic material. It also includes the oxygen required for the oxidation of various chemical in the water, such as sulfides, ferrous iron and ammonia.
While a dissolved oxygen test tells you how much oxygen is available, a BOD test tells you how much oxygen is being

Environmental Impacts Of Urban Storm Water
are: Solids, Oxygen–demanding substances, Nitrogen and phosphorus, Pathogens, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Metals, Synthetic organics (EPAUS, 1999)
.These pollutants decrease water quality in receiving waters near urban areas, and often contribute to the impairment of use and exceedances of criteria
included in State water quality standards. (EPAUS, 1999) As studied by (USEPA, 2015) indicate that urban storm water runoff negatively affects
waterways and receiving waters near urban and suburban areas. But the degree and type impact different from catchment to catchment, it is often
significant relative to other sources of pollution and environmental degradation (EPAUS, 1999). The main impacts are on its water quality, water
quantity,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shock–loadings or immediate loadings in a short period of time usually bring dramatic changes in water quality. These changes may become permanent
if shock–loadings take place several times in a year. As these pollutants travel along a river, they may settle down at various distances from the
original point of introduction, and slowly start affecting the local environment. Slow dissolving toxic substances, such as heavy metals and PCBs,
usually show such characteristics as ( VASSILIOS A. TSIHRINTZIS and RIZWAN TSIHRINTZIS , 1997) cited (Gjessing, et al., 1984) Various
chemicals have different types of impacts on the water quality. For example, lead bio–accumulates on the bottom, and may retard fish growth and
reduce photosynthesis. At certain concentrations, zinc and copper are toxic to fish and aquatic micro–invertebrates. Cadmium and chromium could be
mutagenic and carcinogenic. Biochemical oxygen demanding material can deplete the oxygen level in the aquatic ecosystem resulting in decrease in
the fish population. Excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, cause algal blooms which block sunlight and consume oxygen as they
decompose. Oil and grease from automobile usage, as well as improper

The Importance Of Drinking Water In Bangladesh
Introduction
Safe drinking–water is essential for healthy life, and United Nations (UN) General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking–water as a human right
essential to the full enjoyment of life [1]. Moreover, the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene for health and development has been reflected in
the outcomes of a series of international policy forums [1]. These have also included health and water–oriented conferences, but most importantly in the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) adopted by the General Assembly of the UN in 2000. The UN General Assembly declared the period from
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, "Water for Life" [1]. Access to safe drinking–water is important as a health and development
issue at national, regional and local levels. Bangladesh, a developing country from South Asian (SA) region also takes several steps for ensuring
sanitation and safe drinking water facilities among the people. As a result, Bangladesh has made great progress in this sector. The government also
claimed that it has achieved the MDG indicator of ensuring safe drinking water for 85% people of the country. According to different demographic
and health surveys, the percentage of using improved sources of drinking water is about 98% (reported in the latest two surveys Multiple Indicator
Cluster Surveys (MICS) 2012–13 and Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014) [2,3]. But, this achievement statistics are
overlooking the shortcomings.

Water Quality Lab
Water Quality Lab Reports: "Water Quality Lab Report– First and Last Name."
Before you begin writing, make a copy of this document and rename it this
Share your document with me, allow editing, UNCHECK "notify people via email," and fill out the Submission Form to share your link with me.
After you copy, share, and submit your Lab Report: Write your lab report in complete sentences and use paragraphs to organize your ideas. Use your
lab handout guide and the Water Quality lab report questions to help you as you write your lab report.
Proofread your work carefully! Check for misspelled words, fragments, and clearly written sentences.
Delete these instructions once you have finished your lab report.
Purpose
The purpose of this lab ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost every experiment had good results. The only to bad results were the pH– using strips and the turbidity. The pH – using trips was a 4 but doing
the pH – using tablets had a 7. So it can go either way. Turbidity was 20 but that isn't that high. The DO was 4ppm and that is almost perfect. That
means that it has plants, but not a lot of them. The temperature of the pond was not cold and not warm. The temperature varies though throughout the
seasons. There were 0 ppm results for the nitrates. That is very good. It doesn't increase the plant growth but also doesn't decrease the plant growth.
The ammonia levels were also 0ppm. That means that the insects and animals don't get sick by drinking the water or swimming in it. There were
many bioindicators in the pond. There were water striders, tadpoles, grass, flowers, algae, gnats, and cat tails. The Voyager pond is very healthy and it
should stay

Water Temperature And Its Influence On Water Chemistry
Water Temperature Water temperature is important as it influences the water chemistry. As the temperature increases the amount of oxygen held begins
to decrease, this decrease in oxygen may not be sufficient for aquatic life. Water temperature also affects the photosynthesis of aquatic plants, sensitivity
to pollutants, and the organism's metabolic rates. A measured water temperature of 22в„ѓ is within the ideal water temperature range. Water
temperature varies due to air temperature, shade, and deeper water temperature.
Air Temperature Air temperature affects the water temperature which impacts the dissolvedoxygen levels and presence of aquatic life. The measured air
temperature of 22.7в„ѓ allows for the water temperature to remain in the ideal range as well as promote good dissolved oxygen levels and
photosynthesis.
Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved oxygen is essential for the aquatic life and vegetation. The warmer the temperature, the less amount of oxygen
dissolved in the water. Dissolved oxygen also decreases with the increase of decomposition of organic material. Dissolved oxygen levels below 6 mg
/L can be detrimental to aquatic life, causing risk for fish kills. The measured DO level is 4 mg/L, meaning the water temperature may be too high or
there are algal blooms.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by decomposing organic matter. An excessive
amount of organic material, such as sewage, manure, and dead algae,

The Role Of Estuarine Carbon Fluxes On Improving Estimate...
Understanding the role of estuarine–carbon fluxes is essential to improve estimates of the global carbon budgets. Dissolved organic matter (DOM)
properties, including chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient (ag412) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were
examined in Apalachicola Bay, a National Estuarine Research Reserve located in the northeast Gulf of Mexico using in situ and satellite observations
during spring and fall, 2015. Synoptic and accurate representation of estuarine–scale processes using satellite ocean color imagery necessitates the
removal of atmospheric contribution (~90%) to the signal received by the satellite sensor to successfully link to in situ observations. Three atmospheric
Several allochthonous and autochthonous sources, such as microbial activities (McCarthy et al. 1998), atmospheric diffusion (Jurado et al. 2008),
ground water and rivers (Hedges et al. 1992; JaffГ© et al. 2004), and bottom sediments (Hansell and Carlson 2014), add approximately 15 Pg to 25 Pg
of DOM to the oceans (Bauer and Bianchi 2011). The roles of allochthonous and autochthonous DOC have been widely studied using the field
observations for investigating the source and sink processes, examining the spatial and temporal distributions, and estimating estuarine–DOC transport
to adjacent coastal waters in various regions of the globe (Bianchi et al. 2009; Fellman et al. 2009; Fichot and Benner 2011, 2014; Huguet et al. 2009;
Moyer et al. 2015; Osburn et al. 2015; Osburn and Stedmon 2011; Sleighter and Hatcher 2008; Vantrepotte et al. 2015). Although in situ observations
have been widely used, they provide limited spatial and temporal coverage. Satellite remote sensing with its synoptic and repeated coverage over large
regions could enhance monitoring of estuarine–DOC for better understanding of the role of estuaries in the global carbon cycle (Bauer et al. 2013;
Borges et al. 2005). Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is an optically–active fraction of the DOM pool that is characterized by
increasing light–absorption towards the UV–visible wavelengths

The Effects Of Water Quality On The Reedy Fork Creek And...
Descriptive Statistics
The spatiotemporal pattern of water quality in the Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek watersheds exhibits a trend of river deterioration, mainly due to
Fecal Coliform. Our study suggests that most of the pollution sources were related to human activities. Looking at table 2a to 5b, it is clear that, F.Col,
coliform is the dominant parameter with the highest means in all the sites, both at the Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek watersheds. However, there are
higher mean values of this nutrient in the Buffalo Creek watershed than the Reedy Fork creek watershed. This is clearly visible by looking at the
variation in mean variable concentrations for the individual sites through the years under study from the graphs.
In comparison to the States Standards in table 10, Fecal Coliform for sites 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, and 18, all in the urbanize Buffalo Creek watershed have
mean values of 1613.95, 1189.52, 2447.38, 3167.71, 1410.86, 1178.30 CFU/100ml respectively which are within the states watch zone for the 1999 to
2002 parameters. Subsequently, above normal levels were recorded for Buffalo Creek Watershed sites 9, 12, 15, 18 for 2003 to 2008, sites 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 for 2009 to 2010, and sites 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 for 2011 to 2013with fecal coliform concentrations of 1459.56,
1078.11,1340.28,1113.34; 1890.46, 1517.04, 4115.75, 1863.17, 1475.29, 2078.82, 2165.17, 1314.42, 1389.96, 4427.21, 4684.38, 2026.25; and
1172.76, 1928.00, 2507.14,

Use Of Remotely Sensed Imagery From Landsat Multispectoral...
Data Types and Sources
The study will use remotely sensed imagery from Landsat Multispectoral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper
(ETM+) imagery for the periods 1980s, 1990s, 2000s. It will also use Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from the ASTER satellite for the periods
2010s will be collected and employed for analyzing the spatial and temporal changes in land use land cover in the study area. Water quality data from
rivers will be in form of physical–chemical water parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, BiologicalOxygen Demand (BOD),
and nutrient levels (silicates, nitrogen and phosphorous). Species richness and abundance and total versus fecal coliform bacteria in river water will also
be used.
Data Collection
Pilot Survey
A one week pilot survey will be conducted in the study area, focusing on the areas surrounding Ruiru and Ndarugu Rivers to familiarize the researchers
with the area, the people and the topography. Informal interviews will also be conducted to collect information that will assist in the preparation of the
main study.
Acquisition of Satellite Imagery
Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery for the periods 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s will be collected and employed for analyzing the spatial and
temporal changes in land use land cover in the study area. Other available reference data such as high resolution imagery on Google Earth, aerial
photography and topographic maps will be acquired. Food and

Drinking Water Qualty and Water Pollution Essay
"Saving our planet, lifting people out of poverty, advancing economic growth... these are one and the same fight. We must connect the dots between
drinking water quality, global health, and climate change. Solutions to one problem must be solutions for all."
–– Ron Fleischli –– Water Program Director––
When we think about life on earth, what is the main component that other planets do not have in order to sustain life? Although there are many
differences between earth and the other planets in the solar system, it is the presence of water on the earth's surface that makes life possible. It has
come to knowledge that water is one part of the building blocks of existence on earth. Mankind has discovered that water has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With an already incredibly small percentage of water available to drink (about 1%), the issue of water quality came into focus. In the 1970's, a "Green
Revolution" raised concerns about the possible pollution of the drinking water supply. In 1972, the federal government adopted the Clean Water Act
with its main goals being to "eliminate the discharge of pollutants, maintain the policy that protects the public from cancer–causing pollutants and other
toxic poisons, maintain the concept that industry must use the best available technology to control pollution, and to provide an adequate funding for
publicly owned treatment plans" (EPA). These goals were established for the sole purpose of keeping a close eye on the quality of America's water.
This Act was the first major step towards controlling the nation's pollution problems with reference to water. The EPA set up 4 standards to water
quality. They are as follows: "Designated uses of the water body, such as recreation, water supply, etc, water quality criteria to protect designated uses,
an anti–degradation policy to maintain and protect existing uses and high quality waters, and general policies addressing implementation issues such as
variances" (EPA). These standards are in place throughout the country, and the better they are enforced, the likelihood that water ways will not suffer
from pollution

Water Pollution Essay
"Water is life's matter and matrix, mother, and medium. There is no life without water. (Szent
–Gyorgyi)" This powerful phrase was coined by Albert
Szent–Gyorgyi, a Nobel Prize winning biochemist. Even in the early 1900's when Albert lived, people were talking about water pollution. Pollution is
still even today, a hot topic of politics. According to Merriam–Webster Dictionary,pollution is "the action of polluting, especially by environmental
contamination with man–made waste." Pollutants can be more than synthetic waste. Pollutants can be natural such as soil, volcanic ash, and minerals.
Whether the pollution is natural or accidental, humans should always carefully monitor pollution in our waterways. Pollution can affect the life from
plants to wildlife, and even humans. Therefore, having regular water testing is important for maintaining and monitoring pollution, animal populations,
and overall water quality. Water testing can consist of PH, hardness, nitrate/nitrite, in addition to bacteria testing. The North Carolina Health and
Human Services require far more testing for the local waterways such as testing for uranium and radionuclide levels. This project will focus on the
local water sources such as ditches, streams, and bays. The water samples came from around Dixon High School, Chadwick Shores Neighborhood, and
various ditch systems within Onslow County. Regular water testing is important for monitoring pollution because of the lethal damage pollution can
cause.

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