Water purification techniques can purify water on a large, medium, or small scale. On a large scale, sources like rivers and lakes undergo screening, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to remove contaminants. Methods include using coarse or fine screens, different types of aeration, adding chemicals like alum during coagulation, settling solids via sedimentation, and using sand or membrane filters along with chlorination, ozonation, or UV radiation for disinfection. On a medium scale from wells or springs, addition of chlorinated lime is used. Small scale purification involves boiling, adding chemicals like bleach or iodine, or demineralization through processes like reverse osmosis
In this presentation, application of some parameters of water wwater analysis (i.e., Acidity, Sulfate, Volatile Acid,Nitrogen,greases and oils) , procedure to measure that parameter, environmental significance of that parameter and importance of that parameter in waste water analysis.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
07 Treatment of water- Disinfection and Advanced and Miscellaneous treatmentsakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
Impact Of Municipal Solid Waste Dump On Ground Water Quality in kattamanchi, ...mahendra v
The present study deals with the physico-chemical characteristics of ground water quality. Such a water samples were collected from different identified bore wells for the purpose of studying the quality of groundwater during May 2014. The bore wells from which the samples were collected are extensively used for drinking purpose. It has been
proved from the present investigation findings that value of few parameters are pH,TDS, Total Hardness, Calcium, Sulphate, Chloride, Salinity, and Iron fall out of the permissible range with reference to WHO guideline levels for drinking water. The most serious pollution threat to groundwater is from TDS, Total Hardness, salinity, Calcium, chloride and Fe, which are associated with sewage and pollution of tannery waste. Hence, suggested to take proper care to avoid contamination of groundwater pollution through periodic monitoring of the water quality.
In this presentation, application of some parameters of water wwater analysis (i.e., Acidity, Sulfate, Volatile Acid,Nitrogen,greases and oils) , procedure to measure that parameter, environmental significance of that parameter and importance of that parameter in waste water analysis.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
07 Treatment of water- Disinfection and Advanced and Miscellaneous treatmentsakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
Impact Of Municipal Solid Waste Dump On Ground Water Quality in kattamanchi, ...mahendra v
The present study deals with the physico-chemical characteristics of ground water quality. Such a water samples were collected from different identified bore wells for the purpose of studying the quality of groundwater during May 2014. The bore wells from which the samples were collected are extensively used for drinking purpose. It has been
proved from the present investigation findings that value of few parameters are pH,TDS, Total Hardness, Calcium, Sulphate, Chloride, Salinity, and Iron fall out of the permissible range with reference to WHO guideline levels for drinking water. The most serious pollution threat to groundwater is from TDS, Total Hardness, salinity, Calcium, chloride and Fe, which are associated with sewage and pollution of tannery waste. Hence, suggested to take proper care to avoid contamination of groundwater pollution through periodic monitoring of the water quality.
Water :the universal need. As we all know water is most essential component to mankind yet its quality is in hazardous state and quantity is declining. This slide contains crucial information about water purification systems like what happens to water before we get it I'm our home?!
A presentation on Potential Technology for Water Treatment by Romeo Afrin Upama, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong. The presentation is on the available and potential water treatment technologies.
This powerpoint presentation describes the concept of safe and wholesome water, daily requirements of water, sources of water supply (describing each sources in brief) but giving emphasis on sanitary well, purification of water on a large scale in brief and purification of water on small scale focusing on household level and disinfection of well. Emphasis is given on chlorination.
Introduction: Wastewater flow and its characteristics, Wastewater collection systems, Estimation and variation of wastewater flows. Problems of industrial wastewaters, sampling protocol, equalization, neutralization, proportioning processes, volume and strength reduction. Preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment processes. Theory
and design of screens, grit chambers, sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation
All living things require clean, uncontaminated water as the most crucial compound for life on Earth
Ideally, drinking water should be clear, colorless, and well aerated, with no unpalatable taste or odor, and it should contain no suspended matter, harmful chemical substances, or pathogenic microorganisms.
Wastewater discharge from industries, agricultural pollution, municipal wastewater, and poor environmental sanitation are the main sources of water contamination
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. WHAT IS WATER PURIFICATION ?
• Water treatment is the transition of dirty harmful ( contaminated ) water into
clean safe water ( Potable water).
• Freeing water from any kind of impurity it contains, such as contaminants or
microorganisams.
3. WHY PURIFY WATER ?
Water is of major importance to all living things.
To get rid of contaminants that can be harmful to our health.
The drinking water should be totally clean, pure and free of any disease causing MICROBES,
and that’s why it should be properly treated and DISINFECTED before using it for drinking
purpose.
4. METHODS OF PURIFYING WATER
LARGE SCALE
RIVERS
STREAMS
LAKES
MEDIUM SCALE
WELLS
SPRINGS
TANKS
SMALL SCALE
SMALL QUANTITY
DOMESTIC METHODS
5. PURIFICATION ON LARGE SCALE
When sources of water are Rivers, Streams, Lakes etc. Then water is purified by
a) Screening
b) Aeration
c) Flocculation
d) Sedimentation
e) Filtration
f) Disinfection
g) Storage
6. SCREENING
• Raw Material allows to pass through a screen having a large number of holes which removes the
small and large floating matters like Plastics, wooden material, leaves etc.
• Size of the floating substance should be greater than the hole size.
2 Types
Coarse Screen Fine Screen
7. SCREENING
COARSE SCREEN
• It is used when the raw water containing large
solid particles.
• It’s holes size is 6mm or larger
FINE SCREEN
• It is used when the raw water containing very
little sized solid particles.
• It’s holes size is 1.5 to 6mm
8. 2. AERATION
• Supply of air
• Water is brought in intimate contact with O2.
• Can be remove Odor/Gas like CO2, H2S and Fe2+.
• Basically used to treat ground water.
• Mainly there are 3 types of Aerators.
a) Spray nozzle aerator
b) Cascade aerator
c) Diffused air aerator
9. 3 TYPES OF AERATOR
SPRAY NOZZLE
AERATOR
it is very costly
maintenance required
efficiency of releasing CO2 = 90%
H2S = 99%
CASCADE AERATOR
it is very cheap.
No maintenance required.
Steps are made up of RCC ( Reinforced
Cement Concrete ).
efficiency of releasing CO2 = 20% - 45%
H2S = 35%
DIFFUSED AIR
AERATOR
it removes color and odor.
it is very costly.
maintenance required.
11. 3. COAGULATION/FLOCCULATION
• Main goal is to reduce the turbidity of the water.
• Removal of inorganic ( clay / silt ) and organic ( Algae, Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa and natural organic matters)
suspended in water by addition of some chemicals.
• Inorganic coagulants such as Aluminum sulfate ( Alum) or Iron(III) salts, such as Iron(III) chloride ( Ferric
chloride).
• When we add these chemicals to the water, form tiny sticky particles called “Floc” which attracts dirty particles.
• The combined weight of floc and suspended particles become heavy and sink to the bottom during sedimentation.
• Coagulation is a Rapid mixing process ( Detention time in seconds) and Flocculation is a gentle mixing process
• ( Detention time 15 to 45 minutes)
12.
13. 4. SEDIMENTATION
• Using gravity to remove suspended solids from the water.
• The particles which is settle out from the suspension is called Sediment ( Sludge )
2 types
Plain Sedimentation
Sedimentation with
coagulation
14. PLAIN SEDIMENTATION
QUIESCENT TYPE
• Water is collected and kept in a tank
• Detention time is 24-36hrs
• Period of cleaning 8-12hrs
• Minimum 3 tanks required ( 2 operational &
1 standby)
CONTINUOUS FLOW TYPE
2 types
Horizontal
flow type
Vertical flow
type
Ex: Rectangular
sedimentation tank
Ex: Circular
sedimentation
tank
16. 5. FILTRATION
• After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended
particles and unsettled floc.
• Two commonly used filtration methods are :
Sand filters
Membrane filters
17. SAND FILTERS
RAPID SAND FILTER
• Most commonly used
• Water moves vertically through the sand
which often has a layer of activated carbon.
• To clean the filter, water passed upward
through the filter, opposite the normal
direction. It is called back washing.
SLOW SAND FILTER
• It is used where there is sufficient land and space.
• Water moves horizontally
• Constructed with finest sand at the top and gravels at
the bottom
• No backwash.
• Top layer of sand scrapped of when flow is eventually
obstructed by biological growth.
19. MEMBRANE FILTERS
• Widely used for filtering both drinking water and sewage water
• It can remove all particles larger than 0.2µm
• They are widely used in drinking water industries.
• Available in wide range of defined pore size.
• Mainly made up of cellulose acetate.
20.
21. 6. DISINFECTION
• To make drinking water free of any disease causing bacteria and other microbes.
3 methods
Chlorination Ozonation UV Radiation
22. CHLORINATION
• Chlorine is the most common cost-effective means of disinfecting water.
• The addition of a small amount of chlorine is highly effective against most bacteria, viruses, and
protozoa.
• But cysts (durable seed-like stages) formed by parasitic protozoa such as cryptosporidium and
giardia can survive chlorine.
• Chlorine is applied to water in one of Four forms:
Elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), hypochlorite solution (bleach), or dry calcium hypochlorite,
Chlorine tablet. All three forms produce free chlorine in water.
24. OZONATION
• Strongest disinfectant available.
• More effective against microbes than chlorination.
• Difficult to monitor and control under different condition.
• Process : Ozone (o3) is generated on-site at water treatment facilities bypassing dry oxygen or air
through a system of high voltage electrodes.
25. UV RADIATION
• When UV radiation penetrates the cell wall of an organism, it damages genetic material, and
prevents the cell from reproducing.
• Ultraviolet light is most typically generated from a low pressure or a medium pressure lamp
generating UV light.
26.
27. PURIFICATION ON MEDIUM SCALE
• When sources of water are wells, springs, tanks etc.
• Then water is purified by the addition of bleaching powder/chlorinated lime as it is
Cheep
Easy to use
Reliable and safe
28. PURIFICATION ON SMALL SCALE
• BOILING : For 5-10 minutes kills almost all organisms & removes temporary hardness.
• DISTILLATION : Not commonly used due to higher cost, used in labs. Etc.
BY ADDITION OF CHEMICALS :
• Bleaching powder
• Iodine solution
• KMnO4 (Potassium permanganate)
• Alum
29. DEMINERALIZATION
• Process of removing TDS from the water.
• Mainly used methods are :
Membrane processes
a) Reverse Osmosis
b) Electodialysis
Distillation
32. 1) According to BIS the maximum permissible limit of dissolved solids in drinking water is
a) 1000 mg/l b) 500 mg/l c) 2000 mg/l d) 1500 mg/l
2) Indian Standard for drinking water is
a) IS 14543 b) IS 10500 c) IS 13428 d) IS 1165
3) Which of the following chemical is sometime added in the process of coagulation and
flocculation ?
a) Aluminum sulphate b) Aluminum oxide c) Calcium chloride d) None of these
4) The common methods used for disinfection in water treatment plants are
a) Chlorination c) UV light c) both (a) and (b) d) Phenolic solvent
5) Sedimentation is a physical process used in water treatment to
a) Remove particles that are less dense than water
b) Remove particles that are more dense than water
c) Remove the pertinacious material from the water
d) None of the above
33. 6) An addition of small dose of chlorine gas to the filtered water is known as
a) Sedimentation b) Filtration c) Coagulation d) Chlorination
7) The total dissolved solids (TDS) can be reduced by the following method
a) Distillation b) Reverse osmosis c) Ion Exchange d) all of the above
8) Devices remove materials which would damage equipment or interfere with a process.
a) Grit b) Screening c) Oxidation d) Reduction
9) Which is the primary force acting on the settleable particles ?
a) Gravitational force b) Centrifugal force c) Mechanical force d) Radial force
10) What is the product obtained when a coagulant is mixed with contaminated water ?
a) Sediment b) Acid c) Floc d) Grit
11) A reverse osmosis membrane is a semi permeable membrane that allows the passage of ?
a) Water b) Dissolved salts c) Organics d)Bacteria
34. 12) Which year was the safe drinking water act passed ?
a) 1990 b) 1992 c) 1994 d) 1996
13) Means the deactivation or killing of pathogens.
a) Reduction b) Disinfection c) Oxidation d) Pyrolysis
14) Which of the following is not a chemical disinfectant ?
a) UV b) Ozone c) Chlorine d) Bromine
15) Coliform bacteria in water is the indication of the presence of
a) Radio active waste b) Excess fertilizer c) Decaying animals and plants
d) Human feces
16) Which of the following substances are commonly used in a filter ?
a) Charcoal b) Sand c) both (a) & (b) d) Aluminium chloride
35. 17) The common methods used for disinfection in water treatment plants are
a) Chlorination b) UV light c) both (a) & (b) d) Phenolic solvent
18) As per BIS Standard, acceptable limit of the pH of drinking water is
a) 6.5 – 8.5 b) 5.5 – 7.5 c) 6.5 – 9.5 d) 7.5 – 9.5
19) What is TDS stands for ?
a) Total Diluted Solids b) Total Dissolved Solids c) Total Diagnosed Solids
d) Total Diffused Solids
20) The total dissolved solids (TDS) can be reduced by the following method
a) Ion Exchange b) Distillation c) Reverse Osmosis d) All of the above